What do you need to create a responsive 21st-century school? Three key ingredients are teachers who are confident in their ability to teach, a willingness to innovate, and strong school leaders who establish the conditions in their schools that enable the former two ingredients to flourish. This report, Schools for 21st-Century Learners: Strong Leaders, Confident Teachers, Innovative Approaches, uses evidence from the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), and the OECD Innovative Learning Environments project to identify school- and system-level policies that promote effective school leadership, strengthen teacher’s sense of self-efficacy, and encourage innovation in creating 21st-century learning environments.