1887

Slovenia

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Une forte expansion économique a permis à la Slovénie de rattraper une bonne partie de son retard sur les pays de l’UE15 au cours de la décennie passée. Cette croissance dynamique a été interrompue par la récession mondiale qui a affaibli les exportations et réduit les possibilités de refinancement des banques. Face à la récession, les pouvoirs publics ont pris des mesures adaptées : la plupart des initiatives de soutien aux banques sont bien conçues et la position budgétaire relativement favorable de la Slovénie a permis d’adopter un programme de relance budgétaire discrétionnaire. Cependant, les autorités devraient veiller à ce que ce dispositif de soutien de l’activité reste temporaire et axé spécifiquement sur la stimulation de la croissance. Dorénavant, les autorités budgétaires devront prêter davantage attention aux conditions monétaires (qui sont maintenant fixées au niveau de la zone euro) afin d’éviter une surchauffe. Une fois la reprise économique amorcée, il faudra reprendre l’effort en vue de parvenir à une réelle convergence. Les gains de productivité du travail, qui avaient tiré la croissance par habitant, devront être soutenus par une hausse plus marquée de la productivité totale des facteurs et une meilleure utilisation de la main-d’oeuvre. Il faudrait maintenir la compétitivité au sein de la zone euro en faisant en sorte que la progression des salaires ne dépasse pas celle de la productivité. Au total, la vitesse de la convergence réelle dépendra principalement de la mise en oeuvre de politiques structurelles visant à favoriser la viabilité des finances publiques, à rendre l’emploi plus attractif et à améliorer les conditions d’activité des entreprises.

English

Depuis 1997, la Slovénie a bénéficié d’une croissance dynamique, et s’est régulièrement rapprochée du produit intérieur brut (PIB) par habitant moyen de la zone OCDE. Cette expansion vigoureuse a reflété un environnement entrepreneurial favorable et d’amples réformes structurelles qui ont ouvert la voie à l’adhésion à l’Union européenne (UE) en 2004. Des politiques macroéconomiques prudentes ont aussi contribué à maintenir la croissance sans créer de déséquilibres majeurs, ce jusqu’à une date récente. En particulier, l’accord social de 2002 visant à maintenir la croissance des salaires au dessous de celle de la productivité a contribué à ramener l’inflation vers le taux de la zone euro en l’espace de deux ans. Cet accord a également amélioré la compétitivité tout en évitant une dégradation marquée de la balance des opérations courantes, contrairement à ce qui s’est produit dans beaucoup d’autres économies en transition. Un strict accord de freinage des salaires publics en vigueur depuis 2004 et une application prudente de la règle de budgétisation sur deux ans ont aidé à rétablir l’excédent budgétaire en 2007. Ces évolutions positives dénotent un rattrapage durable pendant cette période. Cependant, quelques signes de surchauffe sont apparus après l’entrée dans la zone euro en 2007, qui a coïncidé avec de fortes hausses des prix des produits alimentaires et de l’énergie : l’inflation a culminé à la mi-2008 au niveau le plus élevé de la zone euro, tandis que le chômage est tombé nettement au dessous de son taux naturel estimé.

English

La Slovénie fait partie des nouveaux États membres de l’UE qui ont privilégié la prudence budgétaire. Cela a permis de stabiliser l’économie et de préparer l’entrée dans l’UE en 2004 et l’adoption de l’euro en 2007. La Slovénie peut ainsi disposer d’une marge pour contrecarrer l’affaiblissement actuel de son économie. Mais la politique budgétaire se trouve confrontée à quatre problèmes majeurs : i) faciliter le retour à l’assainissement budgétaire après le ralentissement économique actuel; ii) assurer la viabilité budgétaire à plus long terme en poursuivant la réforme des retraites; iii) freiner la croissance des dépenses publiques et améliorer la qualité de ces dépenses; et iv) faire en sorte que le système fiscal fausse moins la création d’emplois et la croissance.

English
Labour market outcomes have improved markedly in the past years as the beneficial effects of the economic upswing were reinforced by important structural reforms.With the economy on the verge of a severe economic downturn, it is important to avoid alleviating measures that adversely affect the functioning of the labour market in the long run. Moreover, several structural challenges remain which require further reform efforts. Firstly, to raise labour force participation of the elderly the pension system needs to be reformed by removing incentives for early retirement and facilitating gradual exits from the labour force. Secondly, to increase employment rates of younger age cohorts, the length of tertiary studies needs to be reduced by strengthening incentives for rapid graduation. Moreover, potential negative employment effects associated with the relatively high minimum wage compared to the average wage should be avoided. Thirdly, to combat increasing labour market dualism, employment protection legislation on regular work contracts needs to be eased once the current economic crisis subsides and the preferential treatment of student work should be phased out. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of the Slovenia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/slovenia).
This paper examines various aspects of fiscal policy in Slovenia, in particular fiscal consolidation, pension reform, efficiency of government spending and the tax system. It finds that Slovenia belongs to the group of new EU member countries, which have given in the past a high priority to fiscal prudence. This both stabilised the economy and paved the way for entry to the EU in 2004 and adoption of the euro in 2007. It also created room to counteract the current weakening of the economy. But fiscal policy has to cope with four main challenges: i) ensuring a return to fiscal consolidation after the current economic downturn; ii) achieving longer-term fiscal sustainability by continuing pension reform; iii) limiting growth of public spending and improving its quality; and iv) making the tax system less distorting for job creation and growth. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of the Slovenia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/slovenia).

La présente étude sur le système budgétaire slovène fait partie intégrante du Projet sur le budget du Groupe de travail des Hauts responsables du budget. Le projet sur le budget vise à mettre en place et renforcer des réseaux régionaux de hauts responsables du budget en dehors de la zone de l’OCDE. Cette étude a servi de base à l’examen du système budgétaire slovène lors de la première réunion du réseau des hauts responsables du budget d’Europe centrale et orientale, les 10 et 11 novembre 2004 à La Haye.

English

OECD Accession countries exports of telecommunication equipment appears in OECD Communications Outlook 2009.

OECD Accession countries trade in telecommunication equipment appears in OECD Communications Outlook 2009.

Le premier amendement modifie le financement des activités de l’Agence fédérale de contrôle nucléaire (AFCN) dans la mesure où une partie des frais de fonctionnement est transformée en ressource d’origine fiscale. En plus de ces ressources fiscales, des frais de fonctionnement et des amendes administratives, le financement peut s’opérer par le biais de donations, de legs et d’autres modes de financement.

English

One amendment changes the funding of the activities of the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) whereby part of the fees is transformed into taxes. Besides taxes, fees and administrative fines, funding is possible by means of donations, legacies and extra fees.

French

This report analyses the main challenges for labour market and social policies in Slovenia and considers the available policy options from the perspective of OECD countries' experience. It finds that Slovenia has one of the most equal income distributions in the world and a tradition of social dialogue. However, its unemployment insurance and employment service system are not sufficient to deal effectively with the present economic crisis and the country is also faced with rapid population ageing and a low employment rate among 55-to-64 year olds. This report makes recommendations to deal with these issues.

A successful transition followed by rapid catching-up with the EU average has permitted Slovenia to increase employment over the past decade. The overall employment rate is now close to the Lisbon target of 70%. Human resources have been largely reallocated towards more productive activities, not least within a manufacturing sector that is still large by OECD standards, and which has become increasingly export-oriented.

Nevertheless, young people continue to face high barriers to entering the labour market, largely reflecting the difficulty of combining education with work. For older workers, low employment and a high incidence of long-term unemployment remains a structural problem. A better integration of both young and older workers in the labour market will be especially important to help deal with a rapidly ageing population. However, the combination of a well-developed safety net and a moderately progressive tax system results in low overall income inequality, thus attenuating the rather wide wage inequality that is related to differences in human capital.

The Slovenian Pension System’s Reform process Slovenia has been reforming its public earnings-related pay-as-you go pension pillar since the early 1990s. In 1999 an important reform programme has been approved by the government and is to be phased in by 2024. Key reforms included increasing the pensionable age, lowering pension entitlements and lengthening the calculation of the pension base. Most importantly, it introduced the second private pension pillar, a fully funded collective and individual voluntary supplementary pension scheme. Nevertheless, in light of the rapid population ageing in Slovenia, financial sustainability of the system is challenged and further reforms appear necessary. The effective retirement age, even though increasing, remains low especially for women, as well as incentives to postpone retirement. Moreover the supplementary scheme does not manage to compensate for the loss of pension income resulting from the reforms in the public pension scheme. This chapter will describe the Slovenian pension reform process, point out the main issues and discuss the challenges for future pension policy.

Slovenia’s labour market institutions and co-ordinated collective bargaining have responded well to changes in the economic environment. However, relatively strict employment protection legislation (EPL) fosters an excessive use of precarious forms of employment to the detriment of young people who would prefer regular jobs. Recent changes in EPL have been too cautious.

One of the main social safety nets in Slovenia, unemployment insurance (UI), has holes that loom large in the current economic downturn. Coverage of the unemployed is low due to very strict qualifying criteria. It is appropriate in the present circumstances to relax these criteria so that a higher proportion of the newly unemployed can receive benefits. A key challenge is to ensure that they do not prematurely lose contact with the job market. This will put more pressure on the Employment Service of Slovenia (ESS) to adapt its activation programmes and to strengthen its co-operation with Centres for Social Work with a view to the unemployed recipients of social assistance. The planning and implementation of active labour market programmes (ALMPs) should be more flexible and there is a need for additional training programmes, notably for job seekers with long work experience.

Slovenia’s social protection system is well developed and social spending has a large impact on redistribution of resources, reducing the risk of poverty by half. Overall spending on social policy amounts to about a quarter of GDP which is around the OECD average. With economic growth and favourable employment trends, the number of social assistance beneficiaries went down. Although recent reforms aimed at activating unemployed people were implemented, they did not fully succeed. The participation of social assistance recipients in active labour market programmes remained low, at least initially. Hence increasing the activation of welfare recipients remains a policy challenge, all the more in time of economic slowdown.

Family policy is well developed, and includes a wide array of child benefits, parental leave and maternity leave allowances, and financial support towards childcare and kindergartens. On the whole childcare provisions are comparable with the OECD average and in terms of work and family outcomes, Slovenia generally scores well in international comparison. However, fertility rates are currently well below the replacement level. The reasons behind this low fertility rate can be found in difficulties young people encounter in getting established in stable employment as well as in difficulties they face in moving out of the parental home because of housing costs.

Social transfers have relatively broad coverage in Slovenia and social spending appears to have a high effectiveness with regard to poverty and inequality reduction. Nevertheless, the tax burden on low-wage work is high in Slovenia compared with other OECD countries with well developed outof- work support systems.

Slovenia, formerly the most economically advanced republic of the Yugoslav federation, accomplished a relatively smooth transition to a market economy and has sustained GDP growth at an annual average rate of 4.5% since 1996. It has therefore kept its place as the richest transition economy in central and eastern Europe, slightly ahead of the Czech Republic and only a little behind Greece and Italy in terms of GDP per capita. Slovenia’s manufacturing sector, which accounted for 29% of employment in 2007, has been efficiently restructured towards export-oriented production and it is now well integrated in European and wider international markets.

  • 01 Jul 2009
  • OECD
  • Pages: 160

This 2009 edition of OECD's periodic survey of Slovenia's economy  includes chapters discussing restoring a sustainable growth path within the Monetary Union, restoring public finances on a sustainable path and improving efficiency, improving the functioning of the labour market, and enhancing the business environment to foster productivity growth.

Slovenian, French

Impact on generation's net wealth of maintaining fiscal sustainability appears in OECD Economic Surveys: Slovenia.

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