Paraguay

This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2020 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

Governments can use artificial intelligence (AI) to design better policies and make better and more targeted decisions, enhance communication and engagement with citizens, and improve the speed and quality of public services. The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is seeking to leverage the immense potential of AI to promote the digital transformation of the public sector. The OECD, in collaboration with CAF, Development Bank of Latin America, prepared this report to help national governments in the LAC region understand the current regional baseline of activities and capacities for AI in the public sector; to identify specific approaches and actions they can take to enhance their ability to use this emerging technology for efficient, effective and responsive governments; and to collaborate across borders in pursuit of a regional vision for AI in the public sector. This report incorporates a stocktaking of each country’s strategies and commitments around AI in the public sector, including their alignment with the OECD AI Principles. It also includes an analysis of efforts to build key governance capacities and put in place critical enablers for AI in the public sector. It concludes with a series of recommendations for governments in the LAC region.

Muchos países de América Latina han experimentado mejoras en sus ingresos en las últimas décadas, y varios de ellos han entrado en la categoría de países de ingresos altos o medio-altos en términos de métricas convencionales. ¿Acaso se han reflejado estas mejoras económicas en los distintos ámbitos de la vida de las personas? ¿Cómo va la vida en América Latina? Medición del bienestar para la formulación de políticas públicas aborda esta cuestión al presentar datos comparativos del bienestar en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), centrándose en 11 países de ALC (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, República Dominicana, Ecuador, México, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay). El informe se basa sobre el Marco de Bienestar de la OCDE y presenta los datos disponibles sobre el bienestar antes y después del inicio de la pandemia, incluyendo condiciones materiales, calidad de vida, recursos para el bienestar futuro y desigualdades. El informe también identifica las prioridades para abordar las deficiencias en materia de bienestar y analiza el uso de marcos de bienestar en la formulación de políticas públicas en América Latina y otras partes del mundo, aportando lecciones sobre qué se necesita para que el bienestar de las personas sea el eje central de las actuaciones de los gobiernos. Este documento se ha elaborado en el marco del Mecanismo Regional de la UE para el Desarrollo en Transición para América Latina y el Caribe.

Le Paraguay compte cinq conventions fiscales en vigueur, comme l’indique sa réponse au questionnaire d’examen par les pairs. L’une de ces conventions, celle conclue avec l’Uruguay, est conforme au standard minimum.

Paraguay has five tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire. One of those agreements, the agreement with Uruguay, complies with the minimum standard.

El impacto económico de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el crecimiento de Paraguay fue moderado y uno de los más bajos de la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), pues el producto interno bruto (PIB) solo se contrajo un 0.6% anual y la pobreza se ha mantenido invariable. A su vez, las tasas de pobreza y pobreza extrema se han mantenido (del 19.7% y el 6.2%, respectivamente, en 2020, de acuerdo con las últimas estimaciones internacionales comparables), siendo más bajas que en la región de ALC (del 30.9% y el 10.0%, respectivamente). Previo a la crisis, el gasto público en salud de Paraguay era del 6.7% del PIB, un porcentaje similar al de la región de ALC del 6.8%, pero muy inferior al 8.8% correspondiente a los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). No obstante, en el último decenio el gasto público en salud creció dos puntos porcentuales del PIB y alcanzó el nivel de la región, que registró un ligero aumento de 0.3 puntos porcentuales. En 2020, el 38.4% de las personas se declaraban satisfechas con la calidad de la atención sanitaria, un porcentaje más bajo que en la región de ALC (48.2%) y considerablemente inferior al de la OCDE (70.7%). La calidad percibida ha disminuido más de 15 puntos porcentuales en el último decenio, frente a una reducción de casi diez puntos porcentuales en la región de ALC y un aumento de más de un punto porcentual en la OCDE. Entre marzo de 2020 y mayo de 2021, las escuelas han estado cerradas durante 32 semanas, frente a 26 semanas en la región de ALC y 15 semanas en la OCDE. En 2020, el 87.2% de los ciudadanos creían que el gobierno era corrupto, lo que supone un aumento de siete puntos porcentuales en un decenio. Los paraguayos comparten esta preocupación con otros latinoamericanos, dado que el 72.4% de las personas de la región tienen la misma percepción negativa, muchas más que en la OCDE (58.8%).

The economic impact of the crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic on Paraguay’s growth was modest – one of the smallest in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region – as gross domestic product (GDP) contracted annually by only 0.6%. In addition, poverty has been unchanged in the last few years. The modest shock has not much affected the poverty and extreme poverty rates (19.7% and 6.2%, respectively, in 2020 based on the latest international comparable estimations), which are lower than in LAC (30.9% and 10.0%, respectively). Just before the crisis, Paraguay’s public expenditures on health stood at 6.7% of GDP, similar to LAC (6.8%) but much lower than Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (8.8%). However, in the last decade, Paraguay made significant progress, as public expenditures on health grew by two percentage points of GDP, catching up with the region, which recorded a modest increase of 0.3 percentage points. In 2020, 38.4% of people declared being satisfied with the quality of health care, a proportion lower than in LAC (48.2%) and considerably lower than in the OECD (70.7%). The perceived quality has decreased by more than 15 percentage points in the last decade, compared to a decrease of almost ten percentage points in LAC and an increase of more than one percentage point in the OECD. Between March 2020 and May 2021, schools were fully closed for 32 weeks, compared to 26 weeks in LAC and 15 weeks in the OECD. In 2020, 87.2% of citizens thought that the government was corrupt, up by seven percentage points in a decade. Paraguayans share the concern with other Latin Americans, as 72.4% of people in the region have similar negative perceptions, much more than in the OECD (58.8%).

Many Latin American countries have experienced improvements in income over recent decades, with several of them now classified as high-income or upper middle-income in terms of conventional metrics. But has this change been mirrored in improvements across the different areas of people’s lives? How’s Life in Latin America? Measuring Well-being for Policy Making addresses this question by presenting comparative evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with a focus on 11 LAC countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay). Spanning material conditions, quality of life, resources for future well-being, and inequalities, the report presents available evidence on well-being both before and since the onset of the pandemic, based on the OECD Well-being Framework. It also identifies priorities for addressing well-being gaps and describes how well-being frameworks are used in policy within Latin America and elsewhere around the world, providing lessons for governments on what is needed to put people’s well-being at the centre of their action. The report is part of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean.

Paraguay does not yet have legislation in place to implement the BEPS Action 13 minimum standard.

Using household data from 15 countries in Latin America and Africa, this paper explores linkages between informality and education-occupation matching. The paper applies a unified methodology to measuring education-occupation mismatches and informality, consistently with the international labour and statistical standards in this area. The results suggest that in the majority of low- and middle-income developing countries with available data, workers in informal jobs have higher odds of being undereducated as compared to workers in formal jobs. Workers in formal jobs, in contrast, have higher chances of being overeducated. These results are consistent for dependent as well as for independent workers. They also hold for men and for women according to the gender-disaggregated analysis. Moreover, in the majority of countries considered in this paper, the matching-informality nexus is also related to the extent of informality in a given area: in labour markets with higher informality, informal workers in particular have a higher chance of being undereducated. The paper discusses policy implications of these findings.

This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2019 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The 2021 edition is produced with the support of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean, which results from joint work led by the European Union, the OECD and its Development Centre, and ECLAC.

Le Paraguay compte trois conventions fiscales en vigueur, comme l’indique sa réponse au questionnaire d’examen par les pairs. L’une de ces conventions, celle conclue avec l’Uruguay, est conforme au standard minimum.

Paraguay has three tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire. One of those agreements, the agreement with Uruguay, complies with the minimum standard.

Perú se ha esforzado por mejorar el acceso y uso de las tecnologías digitales por parte de todos sus ciudadanos. Ha aumentado el número de usuarios de Internet y de suscripciones a servicios de banda ancha móvil activa y fija en la última década. Perú ascendió en el índice de desarrollo de gobierno electrónico del 0.53 en 2008 al 0.65 en 2018, una evolución coherente con el promedio de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) (0.65) e inferior al promedio de la OCDE (0.82).

A terceira edição do Panorama das Administrações Públicas: América Latina e Caribe contém as evidências disponíveis mais atualizadas sobre as administrações públicas e seu desempenho na ALC, comparando-as aos países da OCDE. Esta publicação inclui indicadores sobre finanças públicas e economia, emprego público, centros de governo, governança regulatória, dados abertos governamentais, integridade do setor público, aquisições públicas e, pela primeira vez, sobre os resultados centrais dos governos (p.ex., confiança nas instituições, redução da desigualdade). Os indicadores de governança são especialmente úteis para monitorar e comparar o desempenho dos governos nas suas reformas da administração pública. Cada indicador é apresentado em formato acessível para o leitor, e consiste em figuras ou quadros que ilustram as variações nos países e ao longo do tempo, análises descritivas breves, enfatizando os temas principais em cada área, e uma seção metodológica com a definição do indicador bem como qualquer limitação na comparabilidade dos dados.

Paraguay was reviewed as part of the 2017/2018 and the 2018/2019 peer reviews. This report is supplementary to those previous reports (OECD, 2019[1]) (OECD, 2018[2]).

Paraguay continues to improve in terms of shaping an inclusive digital economy and society. The country has made efforts to enhance digital access for all. Internet users, active mobile broadband and fixed broadband subscriptions increased in the last decade. Paraguay rose in the E-Government Development Index from 0.47 in 2008 to 0.53 in 2018, which is below the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average (0.65) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (0.82). The index measures national administrations’ willingness and capacity to use information and communications technology (ICT) to deliver public services.

This paper studies the potential drivers of governments’ approval rates in 18 Latin American countries using Internet search query data from Google Trends and traditional data sources. It employs monthly panel data between January 2006 and December 2015. The analysis tests several specifications including traditional explanatory variables of governments’ approval rates – i.e. inflation, unemployment rate, GDP growth, output gap – and subjective explanatory variables – e.g. perception of corruption and insecurity. For the latter, it uses Internet search query data to proxy citizens’ main social concerns, which are expected to drive governments’ approval rates. The results show that the perception of corruption and insecurity, and complaints about public services have a statistically significant association with governments’ approval rates. This paper also discusses the potential of Internet search query data as a tool for policy makers to understand better citizens’ perceptions, since it provides highly anonymous and high-frequency series in real-time.

Panorama de la Salud: Latinoamérica y el Caribe 2020 presenta indicadores clave sobre la salud y los sistemas de salud en 33 países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Esta primera edición del Panorama de la Salud sobre Latinoamérica y el Caribe fue preparada en conjunto por la OCDE y el Banco Mundial. Los análisis se basan en los datos comparables más recientes de alrededor de 100 indicadores sobre equidad, situación de salud, determinantes de la salud, recursos y actividades, gasto y financiación, y calidad en la atención de salud. El editorial discute los principales desafíos para la región en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, incluyendo tanto el manejo de la epidemia como la movilización y el uso eficiente de recursos para asegurar una respuesta efectiva. El capítulo inicial, que resume el desempeño comparativo de los países antes de la crisis actual, está seguido por un capítulo especial sobre el malgasto en los sistemas de salud que redunda en acciones inefectivas o no mejora resultados, con el fin de redirigir esos recursos a otras áreas donde son altamente necesarios.

Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020 presents key indicators on health and health systems in 33 Latin America and the Caribbean countries. This first Health at a Glance publication to cover the Latin America and the Caribbean region was prepared jointly by OECD and the World Bank. Analysis is based on the latest comparable data across almost 100 indicators including equity, health status, determinants of health, health care resources and utilisation, health expenditure and financing, and quality of care. The editorial discusses the main challenges for the region brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as managing the outbreak as well as mobilising adequate resources and using them efficiently to ensure an effective response to the epidemic. An initial chapter summarises the comparative performance of countries before the crisis, followed by a special chapter about addressing wasteful health spending that is either ineffective or does not lead to improvement in health outcomes so that to direct saved resources where they are urgently needed.