Southeast Asia’s exposure to increasingly frequent and intense weather-related disasters is a growing concern for agricultural producers of the region. This study reviews policy approaches to droughts, floods and typhoons in Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam in an effort to identify good practices and strengthen the resilience of the agricultural sector. The study assesses the risk exposure of this sector to weather-related disasters and reviews risk management policies using an OECD policy framework on the mitigation of droughts and floods in agriculture as a benchmark.
The analysis reveals several priority areas to strengthen the resilience of the agricultural sectors in these four Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, including: 1) improving the prevention and mitigation components of disaster risk management by aligning policy incentives and by integrating risk-reduction measures into infrastructure planning and extension systems; 2) implementing and enforcing water allocation and water use restriction instruments to steer farmers towards more efficient water use; 3) enhancing the co-ordination of government and partner institutions' activities to enable a more timely response to disasters; and 4) improving the timely distribution of inputs, equipment and social protection measures like disaster-linked cash transfers to strengthen the capacity of farmers to recover from disasters.
This report is the 31st in the series of OECD reports that monitor and evaluate agricultural policies across countries, and the 6th report to include all 35 OECD countries, the 6 non-OECD EU Member States and a set of emerging economies: Brazil, the People’s Republic of China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Ukraine and Viet Nam. This annual report is a unique source of up-to-date estimates of support to agriculture and uses a comprehensive system of measuring and classifying support to agriculture – the Producer and Consumer Support Estimates (PSEs and CSEs), the General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) and related indicators. These estimates provide insight into the increasingly complex nature of agricultural policy and serve as a basis for OECD’s agricultural policy monitoring and evaluation. Detailed data and documentation for the calculation of support are available on line www.oecd.org/agriculture/PSE.
Comprehensive country chapters and the Statistical Annex containing detailed background tables with indicators of agricultural support are available in electronic form at the publication website http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr_pol-2018-en.
Agricultural innovation in Sweden has sought to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the agri-food sector by ensuring a high level of environmental and animal welfare standards, while raising the productivity and financial viability of farms. The policies enacted to date have contributed to a high level of consumer confidence in the quality and methods of food production, but challenges remain. These include adapting new technologies that will further strengthen the high environmental, animal welfare and food standards within a more balanced regional and open trading system. In view of the high production costs in Sweden, there is a need to continue with structural adjustments and better targeted investments in the agri-food sector, as well as to improve the level of interactions between research institutions and farmers to ensure that innovative techniques are adopted by all participants.
Le rapport annuel du Secrétaire général de l’OCDE aux ministres revient sur les activités de l’OCDE en 2017 et quelques temps forts de 2018. Il couvre les activités du Secrétaire général et des membres de son Cabinet, les programmes horizontaux de l’OCDE et les activités de ses directions, ainsi que celles de ses agences, entités spéciales et comités consultatifs.
Depuis plus de 50 ans, l’OCDE s'efforce de promouvoir des politiques meilleures pour une vie meilleure dans presque tous les domaines de l’action politique, de son élaboration à sa mise en œuvre. Elle s'appuie pour ce faire sur la coopération, le dialogue, la recherche du consensus et l’examen par les pairs.
Les statistiques de l’OCDE font référence dans le monde entier. Elles offrent un large éventail de données comparatives dans des domaines tels que l’économie, le commerce, l’emploi, l’éducation, la santé, les enjeux sociaux, la migration ou l’environnement.
The OECD Secretary-General's annual report to ministers covers the OECD’s 2017 activities and some 2018 highlights. It includes the Secretary-General's activities and those of his office, the OECD’s horizontal programmes and directorate activities, as well as the activities of its agencies, special entities and advisory committees.
For more than 50 years, the OECD has sought to promote better policies for better lives in almost all areas of policy making and implementation through co-operation, dialogue, consensus and peer review. The OECD is one of the world’s largest and most trusted sources of comparable statistical data on economics, trade, employment, education, health, social issues, migration, the environment, and many other fields.
This publication investigates key aspects surrounding the sustainability of bioeconomy development: the use of biomass as feedstock for future production; the design and building of biorefineries for the manufacture of a range of fuels, chemicals and materials, and also for electricity generation; and the use of biotechnologies such as synthetic biology, metabolic engineering and gene editing.
Today more than 50 countries have a dedicated bioeconomy strategy or related policies. While the bioeconomy is consistent with sustainability policy (examples are the circular economy, the UN Sustainable Development Goals, green growth, re-industrialisation, rural regeneration, climate change mitigation), synergies must be ensured to avoid over-exploitation of natural resources and conflicting global needs.
Poland has seen impressive growth in recent years, and yet regional disparities in economic and social outcomes remain large by OECD standards. The overall living conditions in rural communities generally remain below those of urban communities, and rural households face higher poverty rates. This study examines the range of policies impacting rural development in Poland. It offers recommendations on how to boost agricultural productivity, support economic diversification, enhance inter-municipal co-ordination, deepen decentralisation, and improve multi-level governance.
Estonian agriculture has undergone significant growth and structural change since the 1990s in a policy and regulatory environment that has been mostly supportive of investment. The implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy has contributed to the modernisation of the country's agriculture, leading to high productivity growth with relatively limited environmental pressure. High educational levels and strong public research institutions have also provided a fertile environment for innovation in Estonia, although Estonian agri-food companies struggle to participate in food and agricultural research activities. Attracting and retaining people in the agriculture sector at a time of growing labour and skills shortages in rural areas is an increasing challenge. Further innovation and adaptation will be needed to sustain and expand agriculture and food in Estonia.
El Programa de Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) proporciona análisis independientes de los avances de cada país en el cumplimiento de los compromisos de sus políticas ambientales nacionales e internacionales y formula las recomendaciones pertinentes sobre esas políticas. El objetivo de las evaluaciones es promover el aprendizaje mutuo, fortalecerla rendición de cuentas de los gobiernos ante otros gobiernos y ante los ciudadanos y mejorar el desempeño ambiental de los países, tanto de forma individual como colectiva. Desde 1992, la OCDE viene realizando estas evaluaciones sobre la base de una amplia gama de datos económicos y ambientales, y cada ciclo abarca atodos los Estados miembros de esta Organización y a una serie de países socios. Algunas de las evaluaciones más recientes se han centrado en Colombia (2014), España (2015), el Brasil (2015) y Chile (2016). La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) ha impulsado evaluaciones ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe en cooperación con la OCDE y ha llevado a cabo análisis similares en los estados de Amazonas y Acre en el Brasil.
Este informe corresponde a la primera evaluación del desempeño ambiental del Perú. En él se examinan los avances logrados en el ámbito del desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde, prestando especial atención a la ordenación ambiental (aire, residuos y sustancias químicas, agua y biodiversidad) y al aprovechamiento sostenible de la base de recursos naturales. Se analiza con mayor detenimiento el desempeño ambiental de los sectores agropecuario, pesquero y minero.
Esta publicación se encuentra disponible en www.cepal.org y en www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews.
Over the ten-year Outlook period, agricultural markets are projected to remain weak, with growth in China weakening and biofuel policies having less impact on markets than in the past. Future growth in crop production will be attained mostly by increasing yields, and growth in meat and dairy production from both higher animal stocks and improved yields. Agricultural trade is expected to grow more slowly, but remain less sensitive to weak economic conditions than other sectors. These demand, supply and trade pressures are all evident in Southeast Asia, where this report identifies scope to improve agricultural productivity sustainably. Real prices are expected to remain flat or decline for most commodities.
O relatório tem como principal foco a cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos no Brasil. Avalia o seu estado atual e os desafios de implementação. Proporciona orientações para o avanço da implementação da cobrança no País como instrumento econômico e financeiro de gestão, visando prevenir e responder a situações de conflito pelo uso da água e de poluição, contribuindo para a segurança hídrica, e, consequentemente, favorecendo o crescimento econômico e o bem-estar social. O relatório evidencia a necessidade de informações, a aproximação da cobrança ao planejamento da bacia e a aplicação eficiente dos recursos arrecadados. O relatório inclui uma avaliação de três estudos de caso: o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a Bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul e a Bacia do rio Piancó-Piranhas-Açu. Conclui com um plano de ação com etapas de implementação prática e delimitação de funções: quem pode fazer o quê para implementar as recomendações a curto, médio e longo prazo.
The Environmental Performance Review programme of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) provides independent assessments of countries’ progress in achieving their domestic and international environmental policy commitments, together with policy-relevant recommendations. The reviews are conducted to promote peer learning, enhance governments’ accountability to each other and to the public, and to improve countries’ environmental performance, individually and collectively. The OECD has been conducting these reviews since 1992, supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data. Each cycle of the Environmental Performance Reviews covers all OECD member countries and selected partner countries. The most recent reviews include: Colombia (2014), Spain (2015), Brazil (2015) and Chile (2016). The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has promoted environmental reviews in Latin America and the Caribbean, in cooperation with the OECD, and has undertaken similar assessments in the states of Amazonas and Acre in Brazil.
Part I. Progress toward sustainable development
Chapter 1. Background and key environmental trends
Chapter 2. Policy-making environment
Chapter 3. Economy and the environment
Chapter 4. Society and environment
Chapter 5. International co-operation and commitments
Part II. Environmental quality of life
Chapter 6. Air quality management
Chapter 7. Management of waste and chemicals
Chapter 8. Water resources
Chapter 9. Biodiversity
Part III. Use of natural resources base
Chapter 10. Farming and forestry
Chapter 11. Fisheries
Chapter 12. Mining sector
Annex I: Selected Data
Volume 7 of the Series compiles the OECD consensus documents for use in environmental risk assessment of transgenic organisms (biosafety) issued in 2016 and 2017.
The first two chapters cover the biology of plant species (sorghum and tomato) and include elements of taxonomy, centres of origin, reproductive biology, genetics, outcrossing, crop production and cultivation practices, interactions with other organisms, main pests and pathogens, and biotechnological developments.
The third chapter relates to Atlantic salmon, the first OECD biosafety publication to address an animal species. It describes the biology and ecology of wild salmon (including classification, life stages, reproduction, centres of origin, geographical distribution, population dynamics, interaction with other organisms) and of the farmed form (domestication, aquaculture rearing practices, biocontainment, interactions with the external environment). It also provides elements of genetics, research on genetically engineered salmon and resources for its risk assessment.
Pour diverses raisons, la consommation d'énergie dans le secteur agroalimentaire continue d'augmenter et, dans de nombreux pays, dépend fortement des combustibles fossiles, contribuant ainsi de manière significative aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Il devient donc urgent d'examiner comment la chaîne d'approvisionnement alimentaire peut améliorer son efficacité énergétique. Ce rapport analyse les moyens d'améliorer l’efficacité d’utilisation de l’énergie dans le secteur agro-alimentaire, aussi bien pour les producteurs que pour les consommateurs, et propose un ensemble de recommandations d’action que les pouvoirs publics peuvent mettre en œuvre pour atteindre les objectifs de croissance verte et parvenir au développement durable.
The OECD Review of Fisheries provides information on developments in policies and activities in the fishing and aquaculture sectors of OECD countries and participating economies, mainly for the period 2015-16. This year’s edition includes 35 countries and economies, comprising 28 OECD countries as well as a regional chapter covering developments in the European Union. Also participating in this edition are Argentina, the People’s Republic of China, Colombia, Indonesia, Lithuania, Chinese Taipei, and Thailand. Together, the participants in this Review represent nearly half of global fisheries production, and the majority of aquaculture production.
Chapters 1, 2 and 3, known as the “General Survey”, provide an overview of the activities in the sector and outline country summary statistics and key developments in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors. The Country Snapshots in Chapter 4 provide additional country level data and details on institutions and policies based on contributions by participating countries and economies.
This report examines the current system of water abstraction and pollution charges in operation in Brazil. It assesses the current system’s implementation challenges and provides possible solutions. The report explores how water charges can be both an effective means for dealing with water security issues, and a tool for enhancing economic growth and social welfare. Specific analysis is put forward for three case studies in the State of Rio de Janiero, the Paraiba do Sul River Basin and the Piancó-Piranhas-Açu River Basin. The report highlights that water charges need to operate in conjunction with an effective water regulatory regime and concludes with an Action Plan based on practical steps and recommendations for its implementation in the short, medium and long-term.
O relatório tem como principal foco a cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos no Brasil. Avalia o seu estado atual e os desafios de implementação. Proporciona orientações para o avanço da implementação da cobrança no País como instrumento econômico e financeiro de gestão, visando prevenir e responder a situações de conflito pelo uso da água e de poluição, contribuindo para a segurança hídrica, e, consequentemente, favorecendo o crescimento econômico e o bem-estar social. O relatório evidencia a necessidade de informações, a aproximação da cobrança ao planejamento da bacia e a aplicação eficiente dos recursos arrecadados. O relatório inclui uma avaliação de três estudos de caso: o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a Bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul e a Bacia do rio Piancó-Piranhas-Açu. Conclui com um plano de ação com etapas de implementação prática e delimitação de funções: quem pode fazer o quê para implementar as recomendações a curto, médio e longo prazo.
La Guía OCDE-FAO para la cadena de suministro responsable para el sector agrícola, en adelante “la Guía”, es una, dentro de varias guías desarrolladas por la OCDE para ayudar a las empresas a adoptar estándares de conducta empresarial responsable a lo largo de las cadenas de suministro agrícola, incluyendo las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales, los Principios para la Inversión Responsable en la Agricultura y los Sistemas Alimentarios y las Directrices Voluntarias sobre la Gobernanza Responsable de la Tenencia de la Tierra, la Pesca y los Bosques en el Contexto de la Seguridad Alimentaria Nacional.
La Guía se encuentra dividida en cuatro secciones:
· Un modelo de política empresarial que describe los estándares que las empresas deberían considerar para construir cadenas responsables de suministro para el sector agrícola (Sección 1);
· Un marco de trabajo para la debida diligencia basada en riesgos, que describe los cinco pasos que las empresas deberían seguir para identificar, evaluar, mitigar, prevenir y rendir cuentas sobre la forma en que enfrentan los impactos negativos de sus actividades (Sección 2);
· Una descripción de los principales riesgos que enfrentan las empresas, y las medidas para la mitigación de estos riesgos (Anexo A);
· Un marco de trabajo para el relacionamiento con las comunidades y los pueblos originarios. (Anexo B).
Groundwater allocation determines who is able to use groundwater resources, how, when and where. It directly affects the value (economic, ecological, socio-cultural) that individuals and society obtain from groundwater, today and in the future. Building on the 2015 OECD publication Water Resources Allocation: Sharing Risks and Opportunities, this report focuses on groundwater and how its allocation can be improved in terms of economic efficiency, environmental effectiveness and social equity. Drawing on an analysis of groundwater’s distinctive features and nine case studies of groundwater allocation in a range of countries, the report provides practical policy guidance for groundwater allocation in the form of a "health check". This health check can be used to assess the performance of current arrangements and manage the transition towards improved allocation.
Durante el periodo de 10 años abarcado por las Perspectivas, se estima que los mercados agrícolas permanecerán en una posición débil, que el crecimiento de China disminuirá y las políticas relacionadas con los biocombustibles influirán menos en los mercados que en el pasado. El crecimiento futuro de la producción de cultivos se logrará sobre todo con el incremento de los rendimientos y de la producción de carnes y lácteos, debido tanto a las mayores reservas de animales como a la mejora en rendimientos. Se espera que el comercio agrícola aumentará con mayor lentitud, pero se mantendrá menos sensible a las frágiles condiciones económicas que el comercio en otros sectores. Estas presiones sobre la demanda, la oferta y el comercio son evidentes en el Sudeste Asiático, donde se detecta que hay margen para mejorar la productividad agrícola de manera sostenible. Se espera que los precios reales de casi todos los productos básicos permanecerán planos o bajarán.