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Ce rapport du groupe de travail du Forum International des Transports sur la sécurité des cyclistes examine les tendances internationales en matière de cyclisme, de sécurité et de politiques et explore les options qui peuvent aider les décideurs politiques à concevoir des environnements sûrs pour les cyclistes. Les messages-clés s’ordonnent autour de la fixation d’objectifs stratégiques pour les politiues relatives à l’usage de la bicyclette, et de gestion des risques d’accidents dans un contexte de bénéfices accrus pour la santé. Le rapport se penche également sur la façon de mieux appréhender statistiquement les risques d’accident et l’usage du vélo. Les impacts en termes de sécurité d’un vaste ensemble de mesures en faveur du vélo sont examinés en détail.
This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used as chemical vapour deposition (CVD) precursors in the semiconductor industry. The document presents standard approaches for estimating environmental releases and occupational exposures, and discusses the typical engineering controls used to mitigate exposure to CVD precursors.
Les économies en développement continuent à croître plus rapidement que les pays plus avancés. En 2010, la part des pays non membres de l’OCDE dans le PIB mondial a dépassé celle des pays de l’OCDE. Depuis sa première édition en 2010, la publication annuelle des Perspectives du développement mondial étudie les tendances du processus de « basculement de la richesse », révélatrices du poids économique croissant des pays en développement dans l’économie mondiale. La montée en puissance de la Chine a donné une impulsion à ce « basculement de la richesse », ce qui a aussi eu des retombées positives sur les économies en développement qui approvisionnent la Chine en produits issus de ressources naturelles et en biens intermédiaires. Toutefois, en dépit de l’accélération de leur taux de croissance depuis 2000, le revenu par habitant des pays en développement – y compris de nombreux pays à revenu intermédiaire – n’atteindra pas d’ici 2050 le niveau de celui des pays développés. Stimuler la croissance de la productivité dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire pourrait avoir pour effet d’infléchir cette tendance, et c’est là la thématique centrale de ce rapport. En même temps, une telle croissance doit être inclusive pour qu’une réelle convergence des niveaux de vie puisse s’opérer.
Volume I of this series compiles the science-based consensus documents of the OECD Task Force for the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds from 2002 to 2008. They contain information for use during the regulatory assessment of food/feed products of modern biotechnology, i.e. developed from transgenic crops. Relevant information includes compositional considerations (nutrients, anti-nutrients, toxicants, allergens), use of the plant species as food/feed, key products and components suggested for analysis of new varieties for food use and for feed use, and other elements. These documents should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of novel foods and feeds, regulators and risk assessors in national authorities for their comparative approach, as well as the wider scientific community.
This review represents a new policy approach for public sector reviews, linking the traditional thematic public employment and strategic human resource management (HRM) framework to public sector innovation and service delivery challenges in the Dominican Republic. The study is based on lessons learned from the experience of OECD member and key partner countries, starting with an economic and institutional analysis of the Dominican context in a broader regional perspective. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of its public employment management and pragmatic solutions for improving it. The recommendations are based on assessments in the following priority areas: the use of strategic workforce planning and management, the state's ability to acquire and retain workforce competencies and enhancing government's core values, performance management and leadership, HRM reforms and the capacity to implement innovative approaches for a more efficient and effective public administration leading to better service delivery.
Water resources allocation determines who is able to use water resources, how, when and where. It directly affects the value (economic, ecological, socio-cultural) that individuals and society obtain from water resources. This report overviews how allocation works in a range of countries and how the performance of allocation arrangements can be improved to adjust to changing conditions.
Capturing information from 27 OECD countries and key partner economies, the report presents key findings from the OECD Survey of Water Resources Allocation and case studies of successful allocation reform. It provides practical policy guidance for water allocation in the form of a "health check", which can be used to assess the performance of current arrangements and manage the transition to improved regimes.
The establishment of dedicated regulatory bodies in charge of regulating water services, whilst being recent, is nevertheless a consistent trend among OECD and non-OECD countries. This report presents a picture as of September 2014 of the governance arrangements, operational modalities and use of regulatory tools across a sample of 34 established water regulators. It relies on the OECD Best Practice Principles for Regulatory Policy: The Governance of Regulators to structure the information collected through a survey exercise. It has been developed in close co-operation with the OECD Network of Economic Regulators (NER).
The results from the survey show that the 34 water regulators show generally a high level of adoption of good governance principles and practices. They display functions and powers that are in line with their objectives. Water regulators also show a strong culture of consultation. Other areas, in particular evaluation of regulatory impacts, could be further strengthened.
This report focuses on the urban water management challenges facing cities across OECD countries, and explores both national and local policy responses with respect to water-risk exposure, the state of urban infrastructures and dynamics, and institutional and governance architectures. The analyses focus on four mutually dependent dimensions – finance, innovation, urban-rural co-operation and governance – and proposes a solutions-oriented typology based on urban characteristics. The report underlines that sustainable urban water management will depend on collaboration across different tiers of government working together with local initiatives and stakeholders.
This report assesses the current trends, drivers, obstacles, mechanisms, impacts, costs and benefits of stakeholder engagement in the water sector. It builds on empirical data collected through an extensive survey across 215 stakeholders, within and outside the water sector, and 69 case studies collected worldwide. It highlights the increasing importance of stakeholder engagement in the water sector as a principle of good governance and the need for better understanding of the pressing and emerging issues related to stakeholder engagement. These include: the shift of power across stakeholders; the arrival of new entrants that ought to be considered; the external and internal drivers that have triggered engagement processes; innovative tools that have emerged to manage the interface between multiple players, and types of costs and benefits incurred by engagement at policy and project levels. This report provides pragmatic policy guidance to decision makers and practitioners in the form of key principles and a Checklist for Public Action with indicators, international references and self-assessment questions, which together can help policy makers to set up the appropriate framework conditions needed to yield the short and long-term benefits of stakeholder engagement.
Conveniently located near the world’s fastest growing energy markets, the resource-rich and transit countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia contribute significantly to world energy security. However, shared challenges across the region include aged infrastructure, high energy intensity, low energy efficiency, untapped alternative energy potential and poorly functioning regional energy markets.
This publication highlights the energy policies and sector developments of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan during 2013-14 and provides a summary of key recommendations for policy makers in the region.
Energy policy analysis is conducted in line with the INOGATE Programme’s four main pillars of energy development: energy market convergence, energy security, sustainable development and investment attraction. Started in 1996, the INOGATE Programme is one of the longest running energy technical assistance programmes funded by the European Union and works within the policy frameworks of the Baku Initiative and the Eastern Partnership. The INOGATE Programme co-operates with 11 Partner Countries to support reduction in their dependency on fossil fuels and imports, to improve the security of their energy supply and to mitigate overall climate change. It also supports the Eastern Partnership, a joint initiative between the European Union, EU Member States, and the Eastern European and Caucasus countries. Launched in 2009, the Eastern Partnership aims at advancing political association and economic integration.
This publication has been produced with European Union financial assistance provided through the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument.
Developing countries are increasingly moving towards more strategic national policies and plans, the effectiveness of which will depend upon proper assessment of a given country’s vulnerability to climate change. This report draws upon emerging monitoring and evaluation practices across developed and developing countries to identify four tools that countries can draw upon in their own assessment frameworks: 1) climate change risk and vulnerability assessments, 2) indicators to monitor progress on adaptation priorities, 3) project and programme evaluations to identify effective adaptation approaches, and 4) national audits and climate expenditure reviews.
The appropriate mix of tools to monitor and evaluate national climate-change adaptation will to a large extent be determined by data availability, monitoring and evaluation capacity, and the ability to bring together the producers and the users of relevant climate information. The report also examines how development co-operation providers can support partner countries in their efforts to monitor and evaluate adaptation.
The National Accounts of OECD Countries, Main Aggregates covers expenditure-based GDP, output-based GDP, income-based GDP, GDP per capita, disposable income, household debt, public debt, government spending, saving and net lending, population and employment. It also includes comparative tables based on purchasing power parities (PPPs) and exchange rates. Data are shown for 34 OECD countries and the Euro area back to 2005. Country tables are expressed in national currency. Data are based on the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA).
Este informe completo sobre la gobernanza pública en España identifica su necesidad, al igual que otros países de la OCDE, de adoptar una estrategia de gobierno entero para reformar. Esto es especialmente necesario dado el alto grado de descentralización y la fragmentación institucional del sector público. La experiencia de los países de la OCDE con la reforma de la administración es que esta es exitosa cuando no se percibe como un ejercicio excepcional, sino como un proceso de mejora continua para identificar constantemente desperdicio, limitaciones, y oportunidades de mejora. Es especialmente relevante para la administración pública convertirse en una influencia positiva para el desarrollo y superar los efectos de la crisis financiera que España ha padecido.
ÍNDICE
Acrónimos y abreviaturas 25
Resumen ejecutivo 31
Recomendaciones: creando un entorno para la mejora continua 35
Capítulo 1. El contexto del desarrollo del Estado en España 49
-La rápida transformación del Estado español 49
-El estado de gobernanza y la Administración pública 56
-Enfocándose en las instituciones: el énfasis en gobernanza dentro del paquete de reformas español 82
-Bibliografía 85
Capítulo 2. Simplificación administrativa y gobernanza multinivel 89
-Estructura administrativa y reformas de simplificación 89
-Reformas de la gobernanza multinivel 107
-Bibliografía 136
Capítulo 3. La mejora regulatoria como instrumento para incrementar la productividad española 139
-Las iniciativas de la CORA concernientes a la Mejor Regulación y la Simplificación Administrativa 141
-Antecedentes y diagnóstico 147
-Oportunidades de mejora 152
-Bibliografía 177
Capítulo 4. Fortaleciendo el gobierno digital para una Administración pública más estratégica en España 181
-Gobierno digital en España 183
-El papel transversal de las TIC para el cumplimiento de la reforma de la administración pública 186
-Transformar la gestión de las TIC en un instrumento estratégico 188
-Fortaleciendo la coordinación multinivel 193
-Una administración más sencilla para el usuario: simplificando el acceso y mejorando la provisión de servicios 195
-Servicios compartidos: incrementando la racionalización y la consolidación 206
-Acciones recomendadas 209
-Bibliografía 213
Capítulo 5. Uso y movilización de recursos: el manejo de las finanzas públicas y la licitación pública en España 215
-Gestión de las finanzas públicas 215
-Reformas sobre adquisición pública (licitación) en España 247
-Bibliografía 272
Capítulo 6. El desarrollo de un sistema de gestión de recursos humanos flexible y sostenible 277
-El servicio público español de hoy 278
-Logrando los retos a corto plazo en recursos humanos del informe de la CORA: reducciones sostenibles de puestos de trabajo y reformas administrativas 281
-Insertando consideraciones de gestión de recursos humanos en las reformas administrativas 285
-Centrándose en el largo plazo: capacitación para gestionar el desempeño desde los altos cargos hacia abajo 289
-Conclusiones y recomendaciones 311
-Bibliografía 313
Capítulo 7. Fortaleciendo la transparencia y cimentando la confianza pública en el Gobierno en España 315
-Transparencia en la reforma de la Administración pública española 320
-Transparencia en reformas complementarias 323
-Confianza, integridad y regeneración democrática 336
-Conclusiones y recomendaciones 360
-Bibliografía 362
Capítulo 8. La implementación de la reforma en gobernanza en España: desafíos y oportunidades 365
-Fortaleciendo la rendición de cuentas y la evaluación de resultados 366
-Asegurar la consistencia del paquete de reformas 383
-El equilibrio entre eficiencia y eficacia 389
-La promoción del compromiso colectivo como soporte de las reformas 393
-Lograr una reforma sostenible a largo plazo 417
-Bibliografía 431
Anexo Tabla de referencias cruzadas: el informe de la CORA y el informe de la OCDE 433
Les Comptes nationaux des pays de l'OCDE, Principaux agrégats couvrent le PIB suivant les trois optiques (dépenses, production et revenus), le revenu disponible, l'épargne et la capacité/besoin de financement, la population et l'emploi. Il comprend aussi des tableaux comparatifs basés sur les parités de pouvoir d'achat et taux de change. Les données sont exprimées en monnaie nationale. Ces statistiques sont basées sur le Système de Comptabilité Nationale 2008 (SCN 2008).