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This OECD publication includes statistics by detailed type of service on international trade in services for the 35 OECD countries, the European Union, the Euro area, Colombia, Costa Rica, Lithuania and the Russian Federation as well as links to definitions and methodological notes. The data are reported within the framework of the fifth and sixth editions of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual and the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS), which is consistent with the balance of payments classification but is more detailed.
This book includes summary tables by country and by service category and zone totals for the European Union and the Euro area as well as tables for each individual country and for the EU and the Euro area showing data for detailed service categories. Series are shown in US dollars and cover the period 2012-2016.
This report, undertaken within the framework of the OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth initiative, assesses inclusive growth trends and challenges in the Seoul metropolitan area. The analysis goes beyond income to assess the barriers faced by specific groups - non-regular workers, youth, women, the elderly and migrants - across four dimensions: education, labour market, housing and the urban environment, and infrastructure and public services. The study then takes a closer look at two major policy efforts by the Seoul Metropolitan Government to advance inclusive growth. The study analyses the city’s efforts to ensure that strategies to address climate change also protect and benefit the most vulnerable populations, notably through the Promise of Seoul, which puts citizen welfare and social inclusion at the heart of the city’s efforts to tackle climate change. The study also assesses the efforts of city authorities to level the playing field for small firms and entrepreneurs through its Economic Democratisation Agenda.
This report highlights the latest trends in government innovation. The topics identified through this review are not the only trends and examples in government innovation, but they do provide a glimpse of where government innovation stands today and where it may be going tomorrow.
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of Viet Nam’s urban policies and analyses how national spatial planning for urban areas, along with specific sectoral policies, directly and indirectly affect Viet Nam’s urban development. It points to a number of policy areas which Viet Nam can tap into, in order to fully capitalise on the unique opportunities that its urbanisation process may bring about, including urban transport, housing, land, the quality of urban environment, and urban green growth. The review also assesses the efficiency and effectiveness of current urban governance arrangements, and makes recommendations for Viet Nam to develop an attractive and well-managed system of large and medium-sized cities, thereby contributing to achieving its sustainable development objectives.
Korea is often cited as a leading example of how sound economic policies can drive growth and development, blazing a trail from poverty to advanced industrialisation throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Building on its reputation as a development success, Korea now plays a highly valued role on the global stage, sharing its knowledge with others and helping to bridge the divide between developing and developed country interests. Among other issues, this review looks at how Korea shares its own impressive development experience with others and how it is dealing with key challenges in co-ordinating grants and loans across government. It also explores how Korea is expanding its aid programme to work on new priorities such as assistance to fragile and crisis-affected countries.
이 보고서는 OECD의 격년 발행 사회적 지표 개황인 한눈에 보는 사회(Society at a Glance)의 여덟번째 판이다. 이 보고서는 점점
커져가는 사회적 웰빙과 트렌드에 관한 정략적 증거 요구에 대응하기 위해 만들어졌다. 이번 판에서는 2001년 최초 발행시부터
다루었던 지표와 몇 개의 새로운 지표들을 추가하여 총 25개의 지표를 다루고 있다. 여기에는 35개 OECD 회원국 자료와 접근
가능한 핵심 파트너 국가(브라질, 중국, 인도, 인도네시아, 러시아, 남아공)의 자료, 기타 G20국가(아르헨티나와 사우디 아라비아)
자료도 포함하고 있다. 이번 보고서는 특별히 NEET Challenge와 실업 및 비활동 청년을 위한 조치에 어떤 것이 있을 수 있는지에
대해 다루었으며, 독자들이 OECD사회지표의 체계를 이해할 수 있도록 가이드를 제공하고 있다. 모든 지표는 OECD iLibrary의 e북과
웹북에서도 찾아볼 수 있다.
This report discusses key issues surrounding finance mobilisation for achieving Georgia’s climate change and green growth targets, and new investment opportunities for developing its capital market. The report focuses particularly on finance for climate change mitigation from various sources – private and public, national and international – but remains relevant for other issues around the country’s green growth agenda, such as energy productivity, air pollution prevention, climate change adaptation, better waste management, conservation of natural resources, and the technologies and innovations that help tackle these issues.
Le droit et la politique de la concurrence du Vietnam ont été soumis à un examen par les pairs lors du Forum mondial sur la concurrence le 8 décembre 2017. Ce rapport est le résultat de cet exercice et fournit au pays une feuille de route pour aider à aligner son droit et sa politique de la concurrence aux normes internationales et aux meilleures pratiques.
Die Verbesserung der Streitbeilegungsmechanismen ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der Arbeiten zu BEPS. Die unter Aktionspunkt 14 des BEPS-Projekts erarbeiteten Maßnahmen, die in diesem Bericht behandelt werden, sollen die Gefahr von Rechtsunsicherheiten und unbeabsichtigter Doppelbesteuerung auf ein Mindestmaß begrenzen. Dies erreichen sie, indem sie die einheitliche und ordnungsgemäße Umsetzung von Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen gewährleisten, einschließlich der wirksamen und zügigen Beilegung von Streitigkeiten über deren Auslegung oder Anwendung im Rahmen des Verständigungsverfahrens. Die Staaten haben wesentlichen Änderungen in ihrem Ansatz zur Streitbeilegung zugestimmt, u.a. mit einem Mindeststandard für die Beilegung abkommensbezogener Streitigkeiten. Sie haben sich zu dessen schneller Umsetzung sowie zur Gewährleistung einer wirksamen Implementierung durch Einrichtung eines stabilen Überwachungsmechanismus nach dem Peer-Review-Verfahren verpflichtet. Zudem hat sich eine große Gruppe von Staaten bereit erklärt, in ihren bilateralen Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen ein obligatorisches, verbindliches Schiedsverfahren vorzusehen, das die Beilegung abkommensbezogener Streitigkeiten innerhalb eines bestimmten Zeitrahmens gewährleistet.
This report evaluates the corporate governance framework for the Argentinian state-owned enterprise sector relative to the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises (the “SOE Guidelines”). It was prepared at the request of the Republic of Argentina and is the fourth country review conducted by the OECD Working Party on State Ownership and Privatisation Practices (the "Working Party").
Chile’s energy policy has evolved dynamically in recent years. In response to changes in the domestic and international environment, significant institutional and policy reforms as well as major infrastructure projects have been carried out. The National Energy Policy 2050 was adopted in 2015, following an exceptionally inclusive public consultation. The electricity sector, in particular, has developed quickly.
This second review of Chile’s energy policies by the International Energy Agency finds that the country has emerged as a world-class destination for solar and wind energy developers. New legislation encourages investment in generating capacity across the electricity sector. The expanded role of the state in energy planning has helped to boost project development, especially in electricity transmission. The country now also has an interconnected national electricity system.
Integrating growing shares of variable renewable energy requires a flexible power system. More transmission infrastructure, storage, and demand-side response are needed. The government should now ensure that the electricity market design and infrastructure facilitate the integration of solar and wind power. By exploiting its vast renewable energy potential, Chile can help reduce electricity prices and dependency on fuel imports.
Renewables and energy efficiency can also help limit carbon emissions and air pollution. Chile should make more use of mandatory energy performance standards for products, equipment, vehicles and buildings. Efficient and clean use of firewood and alternative heating technologies can be supported through policies, regulation and financial incentives. Energy and climate aspects should also be an integral part of the long-term policies for transport and urban development.
L'édition annuelle des Statistiques de la population active fournit des statistiques détaillées sur la population active, l'emploi et le chômage, décomposées par sexe, situation dans la profession et secteur d'activité; il y a aussi des séries sur la durée du chômage et le travail à temps partiel. Pour chaque pays, les taux d'activité et de chômage sont ventilés par sexe et tranche d'âge. Des tableaux comparatifs permettent d'analyser les principales composantes de la population active. Les données y sont disponibles pour chaque pays membre de l'OCDE et pour OCDE-Total, Zone euro et l'Union Européenne . Les séries chronologiques présentées sont disponibles sur dix ans pour la plupart des pays. Cette édition comprend également des informations sur les sources et définitions qu'utilisent les pays membres pour compiler ces statistiques.
This annual edition of Labour Force Statistics provides detailed statistics on labour force, employment and unemployment, broken down by gender, as well as unemployment duration, employment status, employment by sector of activity and part-time employment. It also contains participation and unemployment rates by gender and detailed age groups as well as comparative tables for the main components of the labour force. Data are available for each OECD member country and for OECD-Total, Euro area and European Union. The time series presented in the publication cover 10 years for most countries. It also provides information on the sources and definitions used by member countries in the compilation of those statistics.
The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises acknowledge and encourage the positive contributions that business can make to economic, environmental and social progress, and also recognise that business activities can result in adverse impacts related to workers, human rights, the environment, bribery, consumers and corporate governance. This Guidance helps businesses to understand and implement due diligence for responsible business conduct. It also seeks to promote a common understanding on responsible business conduct amongst governments and stakeholders.
Les Principes directeurs de l’OCDE à l’intention des entreprises multinationales établissent que les entreprises peuvent contribuer au progrès économique, environnemental et social, et incitent ces dernières à poursuivre leurs efforts en ce sens, mais également que leurs activités peuvent entraîner des risques d’impacts négatifs sur les travailleurs, les droits de l’Homme, l’environnement, la corruption, les consommateurs et la gouvernance d’entreprise. Ce Guide aide les entreprises à comprendre et à mettre en œuvre le devoir de diligence pour une conduite responsable des entreprises. Il vise également à promouvoir une définition commune aux gouvernements et aux parties prenantes du devoir de diligence pour une conduite responsable des entreprises.
Dieser Bericht enthält die Änderungen der Betriebsstättendefinition des OECD-Musterabkommens, mit denen Strategien zur Vermeidung einer steuerpflichtigen Präsenz in einem Staat im Kontext von Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen begegnet werden soll. Diese Änderungen werden gewährleisten, dass im Fall eines Intermediärs, der in einem Staat Tätigkeiten im Hinblick auf den regulären Abschluss von Verträgen nachgeht, die von einem ausländischen Unternehmen erfüllt werden sollen, von einer steuerpflichtigen Präsenz dieses Unternehmens im betreffenden Staat auszugehen ist, sofern der Intermediär diese Tätigkeiten nicht im Rahmen einer unabhängigen Geschäftstätigkeit ausübt. Außerdem werden die Änderungen dafür sorgen, dass die Ausnahmen von der Betriebsstättendefinition nur auf Tätigkeiten angewendet werden können, die vorbereitender Art sind oder Hilfstätigkeiten darstellen. So wird verhindert, dass diese Ausnahmen ausgenutzt werden, indem eine zusammenhängende Geschäftstätigkeit in mehrere kleinere Tätigkeiten aufgespalten wird. Darüber hinaus begegnen sie Situationen, in denen die für Bauausführungen geltende Ausnahme durch die Aufteilung von Verträgen auf eng verbundene Unternehmen missbraucht wird.
그 어느 때보다 학생들은 수학 개념을 다루고, 정량적이고 분석적으로 생각하며 수학을 사용한 의사소통이 가능해야 합니다. 이러한 모든 기술은 미래를 준비하는 학생들이 직장이나 교실 밖 실제 생활에서 발생하는 문제들을 해결하는 데에 매우 중요합니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 많은 학생들이< 기본적인 수학 개념에 익숙하지 못하고, 학교에서는 학생들의 정량적인 사고와 실생활의 복잡한 문제들을 해결하는 능력을 키워주지 못하는 반복 적인 문제만을 연습하고 있습니다. 이 패턴을 깨뜨릴 수 있는 방법은 무엇인가? 본 보고서는 PISA 2012의 결과를 바탕으로, 모든 학생들이 핵심 수학 개념을 배우고 도전적인 수학
과제를 해결하는 데에 “참여하는” 시간을 늘리는 것을 한 가지 방법으로 제시합니다. 수학 내용을 학습하는 기회 – 학생들이 학교에서 수학과관련된 주제를 학습하고 수학 과제를 연습하는 시간 – 는 수학 소양을 정확하게 예측할 수 있습니다. 학생들의 수학에 대한 친숙도의 차이는 사회 경제적 특혜층과 사회 경제적 취약 계층 학생들 간 보이는 PISA 성취도 차이의 상당 부분을 설명합니다. 수학에 대한 접근성을 넓히는 것을 통해 수학에 대한 평균 성취도를 높임과 동시에 교육 및 사회 전반의 불평등을 감소시킬 수 있습니다.
The global community has spoken loud and clear: more resources must be mobilised to end extreme poverty and mitigate the effects of climate change. Blended finance - an approach to mix different forms of capital in support of development - is emerging as an important solution to help raise resources for the Sustainable Development Goals in developing countries. But scaling up blended finance without a good understanding of its risks could have unintended consequences for development co-operation providers. This report presents a comprehensive assessment of the state and priorities for blended finance as it is being used to support sustainable development in developing countries. It describes concepts and definitions, presents an overview of actors and instruments, and discusses lessons learned from blending approaches, tracking and data, and monitoring and evaluation. Its findings and recommendations are useful for policy makers and practitioners.
'Blended finance will contribute to faster economic growth, but to achieve this it is vital to get donors into alignment.'
Martin Wolf, Chief Economics Commentator, Financial Times
'Official development assistance continues to be a key way to finance efforts aimed at eradicating extreme poverty. However, the challenge is more than governments alone can manage. We must all think, work, finance and deliver development differently to mobilize private-sector resources and expertise to help the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people. Canada continues to promote innovative approaches to finance development and achieve sustainable growth for everyone.'
The Honourable Marie-Claude Bibeau, Canada's Minister of International Development and La Francophonie.
The risk of the Seine flooding the Ile de France region is a major one. In 2014, the OECD estimated that flooding comparable to the historic 1910 flood could affect up to 5 million citizens and cause damage costing up to 30 billion euros. This update tracks the progress made since 2014 and identifies remaining challenges.