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This report was prepared on the basis of the framework for collaboration established by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) of Indonesia on the topic of power system enhancement and renewable energy integration, and in support of the implementation of the upcoming Presidential Decree on renewable energy. It is part of the assistance provided by the IEA towards Indonesia’s efforts to reform its energy sector and is consistent with IEA’s forthcoming Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia. The overarching objective of the assignment was to assist Indonesia in tackling short-term power system challenges, by achieving key targets such as reaching a 23% share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix by 2025 in a secure and affordable fashion, and by making grids progressively smarter. The assignment included the organisation of a number of workshops for Indonesian stakeholders and a techno-economic study performed by the IEA. It benefited from the support of the state-owned utility Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). This public report summarises the information gathered from the workshops and presents the results of the study in a set of recommendations for Indonesia.

Costa Rica busca consolidar sus logros democráticos para salvaguardar la confianza en el gobierno y desarrollar una resiliencia económica. Este Estudio de Integridad analiza cómo Costa Rica puede traducir su reciente Estrategia Nacional de Integridad y Prevención de la Corrupción en una política de integridad concreta y coherente. También revisa el marco para gestionar conflictos de intereses y considera la mejor manera de abordar la falta de regulación sobre lobby y promover la integridad y la transparencia en todas las actividades destinadas a influir en la toma de decisiones públicas. Finalmente, el Estudio de Integridad revisa el régimen disciplinario de Costa Rica con miras a reforzar la credibilidad y eficacia de sus políticas de integridad.

Occupational exposure limits (OELs) are derived internationally by many government agencies and professional organisations. The absence of a globally harmonised approach contributes towards differences in derivation approaches and resulting OEL values. The purpose of this report is to summarise the results of a survey of OECD stakeholders on OEL derivation activities, with the goal of highlighting similarities and differences. The report presents roles, responsibilities and scope of the responding organisations; methods of OEL development; successes and challenges of OEL development; and interest in and potential areas of focus for international harmonisation of OELs. The discussions within the report can be used to inform potential priorities or opportunities for international collaboration or case studies.

The impact of the work of supreme audit institutions (SAIs) largely depends on the ability and willingness of the audited entities to implement the changes suggested in the audit reports issued by the SAIs. Applying behavioural insights (BI) can help SAIs promote the uptake of their audit reports and recommendations. BI is a perspective based on psychology, cognitive science, and social science that takes into account how humans actually make choices, and can be used to help design better policies. The report analyses how the SAI of Chile, the Comptroller General of the Republic (CGR), produces audit reports and monitors their follow-up. Based on this analysis, the report identifies and discusses challenges hampering the timely follow-up and identifies opportunities to use behavioural insights to address them. Ultimately, a behaviourally informed review of the auditing and follow-up process could help significantly improve the added value of the CGR’s work and thus the effectiveness and efficiency of the public administration in Chile.

O Comité de Ajuda ao Desenvolvimento (CAD) da OCDE realiza exames pelos pares a cada um dos membros em intervalos regulares de cinco a seis anos. Os exames visam melhorar a qualidade e a eficácia da cooperação para o desenvolvimento dos membros, realçando as boas práticas e recomendando melhorias. Portugal mobiliza todo o seu conhecimento especializado governamental, com grande ênfase na apropriação pelos países parceiros. Com base em relações bilaterais estreitas e de longa data, concentra o seu financiamento nos países com mais necessidades. Através de um processo de sensibilização internacional eficaz o país é reconhecido como um campeão em matéria de cooperação triangular e durante a sua Presidência do Conselho da União Europeia (UE) promoveu o consenso entre os Estados Membros sobre questões como o reforço do compromisso da Equipa Europa para com o desenvolvimento humano. No entanto, Portugal pode tirar maior partido da ampla participação de atores estatais e não-estatais na sua cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Este exame pelos pares apresenta um conjunto de recomendações para melhorar a coordenação intergovernamental, conjugar esforços bilaterais, aumentar o enfoque nos resultados e tomar medidas para aumentar a Ajuda Pública ao Desenvolvimento (APD). Esta versão abreviada contém o sumário executivo e as recomendações do CAD a Portugal; do Exame pelos Pares da Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento da OCDE: Portugal 2022.

To realise Colombia’s clean energy ambitions and enable the necessary mobilisation of finance and investment, the government has set forth a number of important policy strategies, including the 2018 Green Growth Policy, the 2019 National Circular Economy Strategy and the forthcoming 2022 Energy Transition Policy. These high-level policies all note the role clean energy solutions like sustainable bioenergy and waste-to-energy can play in supporting decarbonisation objectives. These solutions can also achieve a number of other socioeconomic ambitions, including improved reliability of energy supply, improved access to affordable and reliable energy in areas that are not connected to the national electricity grid, and reduced amounts of waste going to capacity-limited landfills. This report aims to support Colombia’s renewable energy ambitions, focusing on current clean energy trends, opportunities for bioenergy and measures that can increase finance and investment in those solutions. Through five case studies from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, India and Turkey, the report also considers the enabling environment and lessons learnt from bioenergy developments in different countries.

The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a regular publication on regional economic growth and development in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam, as well as China and India. It comprises two main parts. The first part presents the regional economic monitor, depicting the economic outlook and macroeconomic challenges in the region. The second part consists of special thematic chapters addressing a major issue facing the region. The 2022 edition addresses financing sustainable recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is proving to be extremely costly, both economically and socially and sustainable financing solutions are crucial for an equitable and inclusive recovery. The report explores how governments can obtain additional financing by harnessing bond markets, and use green, social and sustainability bonds to achieve policy objectives.

One of a series of studies on vocational education and training (VET), this report focuses on how international evidence can inform reforms of the VET system in Brazil. The reforms aim to considerably expand provision of initial VET, tripling enrolment between 2014-2024. Today, few upper-secondary students participate in VET in Brazil as compared to many OECD countries. The reform is a welcome initiative, provided that the expansion is coupled with investments in quality. Expansion of VET is likely to diversify the students attending VET programmes and increase the demand for VET teachers, and schools will need the support to make this work while ensuring that the programmes they offer are relevant for the labour market. By international standards, employers in Brazil provide limited input into VET policy and very few VET students have an opportunity of training with employers, and the reforms could be an opportunity to strengthen their involvement. Moreover, the reform could reinforce assessment strategies, as a lack of reliable assessment may decrease the value of VET qualifications. To support reform efforts in Brazil, this report brings in international evidence and discusses how other countries are addressing various related challenges encountered in their VET systems.

El Estudio examina la recuperación económica de Colombia tras la crisis de COVID-19, así como los retos para asegurar un crecimiento más fuerte y sostenible. El Estudio también analiza en profundidad el sistema de protección social y discute las reformas que podrían mejorar la sostenibilidad de las finanzas públicas, impulsar el crecimiento de la productividad y mejorar las oportunidades para todos los colombianos.

Spanish society values families and family life highly, but the way that families look and live has been changing drastically over the past decades. From being one of the countries with the highest fertility rates in Europe, Spain now has the lowest rate in the region and the legalisation of divorce and social acceptance of co-habitation has led to a decline in the traditional nuclear family model. At the same time, the share of mothers who are employed increased by more than 50% over the past two decades, though it remains below the OECD average. While family law has evolved quite strongly alongside these societal changes, family policy – i.e. the combination of benefits, services, tax breaks and leave arrangements that support family members in raising and providing care to minor children and other dependent persons – has undergone some changes but few major reforms. This report suggests ways to adapt Spain’s family policy to incorporate family diversity into the national policy framework, improve family well-being, reduce child poverty and make family life easier for all.

The year 2021 placed exceptional demands on electricity markets around the world. Strong economic growth, combined with more extreme weather conditions than in 2020, including a colder than average winter, boosted global electricity demand by more than 6% – the largest increase since the recovery from the financial crisis in 2010. The fast rebound in overall energy demand strained supply chains for coal and natural gas, pushing up wholesale electricity prices. Despite the impressive growth of renewable power, electricity generation from coal and gas hit record levels. As a result, the global electricity sector’s annual carbon dioxide emissions leaped to a new all-time high after having decreased for the previous two years.Building on our analysis of these recent events, the January 2022 edition of the IEA Electricity Market Report presents our forecasts for demand, supply and emissions in global electricity markets through 2024. While renewables are set to meet the vast majority of the increase in global electricity demand in the coming years, this trend would only result in a plateauing of emissions from electricity generation. That is insufficient for the power sector to fulfil its critical role as a leading force in the decarbonisation of economies around the world.

A Revisão da Política RBC do Brasil da OCDE busca fomentar o papel do governo brasileiro na promoção e viabilização de uma conduta empresarial responsável. Examina as políticas brasileiras nas áreas abrangidas pelas Diretrizes da OCDE para Empresas Multinacionais, bem como em outras áreas através das quais o governo pode alavancar e incentivar práticas empresariais responsáveis.

A atenção primária à saúde tem um modelo bem organizado no Brasil, o que é resultado de compromissos contínuos com a prestação de serviços de atenção primária de alta qualidade para toda a população. Nas últimas décadas, o Brasil implementou uma série de reformas a fim de aprimorar a distribuição de médicos pelo país, o desenvolvimento de novas formas de organização de serviços, a introdução de novos modelos de financiamento e a execução de uma série de iniciativas para o aprimoramento da qualidade. Esta avaliação utiliza-se de indicadores e métodos de análise em políticas públicas para examinar o desempenho do sistema de atenção primária brasileiro, em uma perspectiva comparada reconhecida internacionalmente. Embora o estudo ressalte exemplos notáveis de sucesso, o Brasil continua a enfrentar desafios na atenção primária à medida que sua população envelhece, fatores de risco como obesidade encontram-se em ascensão e ameaças de novas pandemias demandam maior resiliência e adaptabilidade do sistema de saúde. O estudo aponta ações-chave que o Brasil deveria considerar nos próximos anos a fim de fortalecer o desempenho da atenção primária à saúde, especialmente no tocante à realização da prevenção e rastreamento das principais doenças não transmissíveis, melhoria de indicadores de qualidade do provimento da atenção primária, enfrentamento dos déficits de força de trabalho e a busca de uma transformação digital. Uma publicação adicional sobre o sistema de saúde no Brasil examina os principais desafios e abordagens necessários para aprimorar o desempenho do sistema de saúde brasileiro.

Nos 30 anos desde a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o Brasil diminuiu desigualdades em saúde e expandiu a cobertura e o acesso a serviços de saúde. No entanto, a mobilização de financiamento suficiente para garantir uma cobertura universal tem sido um desafio constante, situação essa que é agravada pelas persistentes ineficiências no uso de recursos no sistema de saúde brasileiro. Mudanças demográficas e epidemiológicas, o aumento das expectativas por parte da sociedade e as novas demandas que se apresentam para o período de recuperação pós-COVID-19 deixam claros que melhorias e reformas contínuas são necessários para fortalecer o sistema de saúde e garantir sua sustentabilidade. Este estudo utiliza-se de indicadores e métodos de análise em políticas públicas para examinar o desempenho do sistema de saúde brasileiro, em uma perspectiva comparada reconhecida internacionalmente. O relatório aponta ações-chave que o Brasil deveria considerar priorizar nos próximos anos a fim de fortalecer o desempenho de seu sistema de saúde, especialmente no tocante à melhoria da eficiência, eficácia e sustentabilidade de seu financiamento, a modernização de sua infraestrutura de dados em saúde como forma de impulsionar uma transformação digital e o enfrentamento aos principais fatores de risco à saúde da população, tais como o sobrepeso e o consumo nocivo de álcool. Uma publicação adicional sobre a atenção primária no Brasil publicado simultaneamente examina o papel central da modernização e fortalecimento da atenção primária à saúde no desempenho do sistema de saúde brasileiro.