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Fostering SME development and digital transformation helps increase productivity, in turn fostering stronger, more diversified and dynamic economies. The Government of Georgia has made significant policy efforts in recent years to build an environment conducive to private-sector development and entrepreneurship, and to support small and medium-sized enterprises in particular. The OECD has supported this reform impetus, working closely with the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development to help identify gaps and develop relevant measures to create a conducive policy environment for Georgian SMEs.
Compared to other OECD countries, the EU only attracts a small share of highly qualified migrants from abroad. This report presents a revised provisional Talent Pool scenario and includes a cost-effectiveness analysis as well as recommendations on the actions required to develop the Talent Pool.
The COVID-19 crisis caused profound disruptions in the global economy, with SMEs and entrepreneurs, particularly hard hit. Swift measures implemented by governments and public financial institutions provided a crucial lifeline for liquidity-strapped SMEs.
The 10th edition of Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2022: An OECD Scoreboard sheds light on the impacts of the crisis on SME finance, tracking the latest developments in debt, equity, asset-based finance, and framework conditions, along with recent policy developments for 48 countries around the world. It shows that lending continued to flow to SMEs during the pandemic, with unprecedented growth in outstanding SME loans. What is more, credit conditions relaxed significantly: interest rates registered record lows, interest rate spreads narrowed considerably, and collateral requirements declined in most Scoreboard countries. In contrast, alternative sources of finance such as leasing and factoring declined significantly, in part because of the large uptake of credit. Evidence on equity finance shows a resilient venture capital sector, with some fragility in early-stage finance.
The thematic chapter of this report assesses the evolution of SME financing support during the crisis, from the rescue to recovery phases. It documents a fall in the level of SME-related support in national recovery packages compared to earlier rescue measures.
This report presents a summary of the key challenges and opportunities related to financing that contributes to water security and sustainable growth distilling insights from the Roundtable on Financing Water and related analyses. It covers a broad range of water-related investments, including water and sanitation services, water resources management, agricultural water and managing water-related risks (“too much”, “too little” and “too polluted”). It summarises findings from analysis of investments needs and financing capacities, trends in development finance for water and explores how water risks generate financial impacts for corporates. The report highlights options to address the financing challenge by strengthening the enabling environment for investment, making the best use of existing sources of finance, strategic investment planning and mobilising additional finance via a range of financing approaches. Finally, the report sets out a vision for future OECD work on financing water and for the Roundtable on Financing Water.
After a long period of employment growth that led to the lowest unemployment rate since the German reunification, Berlin’s labour market is now tightening. Accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, global labour market megatrends such as the automation of production processes and the increasingly advanced digital skills required to perform many jobs pose new challenges to Berlin’s policymakers. Preparing and improving its adult learning system to adapt to the rapidly changing demand for skills will be vital for the future competitiveness of Berlin’s economy and socio-economic mobility. The report Future-Proofing Adult Learning in Berlin, Germany analyses strengths and bottlenecks in Berlin’s adult learning programmes. It stresses the importance of developing a long-term vision for continuing education and training in Berlin that brings together different actors from an adult learning landscape that offers a wide range of diverse services. It further highlights the need to expand local adult learning programmes that account for the city’s highly dynamic population and labour market.
This document contains a set of 15 fact cards on major groups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The fact cards aim to provide non-expert stakeholders a quick initial glance into these groups of PFASs with some basic information on: (1) chemical identities, synthesis and inherent properties such as bioaccumulation and transformation, (2) historical and ongoing industrial practices and commercial uses of some major commercial products, (3) regulatory status, (4) examples of reported occurrences in the environment and humans, and (5) major knowledge gaps in terms of previous sections. The fact cards also provide references where interested readers may find additional information; note that due to the fast-moving nature of the science and knowledge on PFASs, the listed references are by no means complete. For information and practical guidance on the use of terminology in regard to PFASs, readers are referred to the OECD PFAS Terminology report.
Brazil made significant progress in managing water resources since the adoption of the National Water Law in 1997 and the creation of the National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA) in 2000. Nevertheless, water security challenges persist and will be aggravated by megatrends such as climate change, population growth, urbanisation, and the economic, social and environmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The report calls for a modern approach to water security, balancing supply and demand management, grey and green infrastructure, and risk management and resilience while embracing a holistic view that connects water to other strategic areas such as environment, land use and territorial development. The report builds on a decade of policy dialogue between the OECD and the National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA) of Brazil. It provides an action plan to support the country to: (1) shift from a risk-based approach to a resilience approach to understand vulnerabilities and minimise the duration and magnitude of failures; (2) make river basin organisations deliver and use economic instruments to tackle water risks; and (3) accompany infrastructure development with regulatory oversight and monitoring.
The European Commission and the OECD International Network on Financial Education (OECD-INFE) have released the joint EU/OECD-INFE financial competence framework for adults. The framework promotes a shared understanding of the financial competences adults need to make sound decisions on personal finance. It supports public policies, financial literacy programmes and educational materials to be developed by EU Member States, educational institutions, industry and individuals. It also supports the exchange of good practices by policy makers and stakeholders within the EU.
The Regulation 2019/452 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union (the EU Regulation) became fully applicable on 11 October 2020. It contains legally binding rules that engage national authorities from EU Member States (Member States) and the European Commission (the EU Commission) in cooperation on screening of foreign direct investment into the Union. This report summarises the findings of analytical work undertaken by the OECD, which consisted of desk research and interviews with many actors involved in or concerned by investment screening, including Member States’ authorities, the EU Commission, and other stakeholders. The study was carried out between October 2021 and June 2022 and reflects information as of 30 June 2022
El cumplimiento fiscal voluntario generalizado desempeña un papel importante en los esfuerzos de los países por recaudar los ingresos necesarios para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Como parte de este proceso, los gobiernos se esfuerzan cada vez más por enseñar, comunicar y ayudar a los contribuyentes – actuales y futuros –con el objetivo de fomentar una cultura de moral tributaria general basada en derechos y responsabilidades, en la que los ciudadanos vean el pago de impuestos como un aspecto esencial de la relación con su gobierno. Esta atención de los gobiernos hacia la educación tributaria y asistencia al contribuyente tiende un puente entre la administración tributaria y los ciudadanos la cual, si se lleva a cabo de forma adecuada, puede ser una herramienta clave para transformar la cultura fiscal.
Basándose en análisis anteriores de la OCDE, este informe pretende ayudar a las autoridades tributarias a diseñar y poner en marcha iniciativas de educación cívico-tributaria. Este nuevo informe analiza 140 iniciativas que se están llevando a cabo en 59 países desarrollados y en desarrollo, proponiendo una tipología para clasificar los diferentes enfoques de la educación cívico-tributaria e identificando los obstáculos y soluciones comunes a todas ellas. En términos más generales, este informe contribuye al trabajo más amplio de la OCDE sobre la moral tributaria y pretende fomentar más investigaciones, debates e iniciativas, especialmente en los países en desarrollo, en aras de comprender mejor – y, en última instancia, reforzar la moral tributaria y el cumplimiento de las obligaciones fiscales por parte de los contribuyentes.
Fiscal Federalism 2022 surveys recent trends and policies in intergovernmental fiscal relations and subnational government. Accessible and easy-to-read chapters provide insight into: good practices in fiscal federalism; the design of fiscal equalisation systems; measuring subnational tax and spending autonomy; promoting public sector performance across levels of government; digitalisation challenges and opportunities; the role of subnational accounting and insolvency frameworks; funding and financing of local government public investment; and early lessons from the COVID-19 crisis for intergovernmental fiscal relations.
Este estudio tiene dos objetivos. El primero es proporcionar datos abiertos y análisis, confiables y comparables sobre el alcance, la escala y la diversidad del financiamiento filantrópico doméstico en Colombia. Se estima que Colombia recibe cerca de USD 34,5 millones anuales de fundaciones internacionales, aunque cifras comparables con la financiación al interior del país no estaban disponibles. El segundo objetivo es estimar cómo la filantropía en Colombia contribuye a la igualdad de género, dado que sólo una pequeña proporción (menos del 1%) del financiamiento filantrópico mundial hacia los países en desarrollo se dirige a las necesidades de las mujeres, como la prevención de la violencia de género o el apoyo a las organizaciones de derechos de las mujeres (OCDE, 2018[3]). Colombia ha realizado importantes avances hacia la igualdad de género en los últimos años, aunque todavía persisten desafíos para las mujeres como la carga de proporcionar cuidados no remunerados, la violencia de género y el acceso a la justicia, desafíos que además son mayores para las mujeres que habitan en zonas rurales.
This report provides an overview of financial literacy - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation.This is the second wave of financial literacy surveys conducted by the OECD in the CIS countries. It contains a comprehensive section on financial resilience defined by four clusters of financial behaviours and attitudes.
This profile provides a concise and policy-relevant overview of health and the health system in France as part of the broader series of the State of Health in the EU country profiles. It provides a short synthesis of: the health status in the country; the determinants of health, focussing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the health system; and the effectiveness, accessibility and resilience of the health system. This edition has a special focus on the impact of COVID‑19.
This profile is the joint work of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, in co-operation with the European Commission.
This profile provides a concise and policy-relevant overview of health and the health system in Finland as part of the broader series of the State of Health in the EU country profiles. It provides a short synthesis of: the health status in the country; the determinants of health, focussing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the health system; and the effectiveness, accessibility and resilience of the health system. This edition has a special focus on the impact of COVID‑19.
This profile is the joint work of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, in co-operation with the European Commission.
A consolidação das políticas de integridade em todos os órgão e entidades da administração pública é um desafio compartilhado por muitos países. No Brasil, a Controladoria-Geral da União (CGU) desenvolveu os Programas de Integridade Pública, que incluem a designação de uma Unidade de Gestão da Integridade (UGI) e a elaboração de Planos de Integridade em todas os 186 órgãos e entidades da Administração Pública federal direta, autárquica e fundacional. Recentemente, este esforço conduziu à implantação do Sistema de Integridade Pública do Poder Executivo Federal (SIPEF). Este relatório analisa o desenvolvimento dessas ações e propõe recomendações para fortalecer o SIPEF, as UGIs e a CGU, com vistas à promoção de uma cultura de integridade. Ao fazer isso, o relatório também evidencia oportunidades para aperfeiçoar a compreensão e a coerência das políticas destinadas a promover a integridade pública, a ética pública, a gestão de conflitos de interesse e a fomentar a gestão de riscos para a integridade, simplificando essas áreas sob a égide da integridade pública.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences.
In 2019, France put its target to reach net zero emissions by 2050 into law and updated its energy transition framework the following year with a new National Low-Carbon Strategy and 10-year energy plan. However, France’s energy transition has experienced significant delays, and implementation remains challenging despite the many reforms underway. Moreover, new European Union climate goals will compel the French government to upgrade its 2030 targets and track progress more stringently.
For decades, French power generation has produced a relatively low level of carbon dioxide emissions compared with similar economies, owing to the significant share of nuclear energy. However, the country’s nuclear fleet is ageing, and overall emissions are rising because energy consumption across the economy as a whole remains dominated by fossil fuels, notably in transport. Maintaining low-carbon power generation as a base for further decarbonisation and electrification requires timely decisions on the future electricity mix and accelerated investments.
France’s economic recovery plan from the Covid-19 crisis and its 2030 investment plan will help accelerate its energy transition by driving progress in sustainable mobility, building retrofits and hydrogen.
This report includes a series of recommendations to support France’s efforts to tackle these challenges and to meet its energy and climate goals.
The financial management of disaster risks, such as floods, earthquakes, cyclones, terrorist attacks, cyberattacks and pandemics, remains a key public policy challenge for governments around the world, particularly those faced with significant exposures to such risks and/or limited capacity to manage the financial impacts. This short report provides a brief overview of the key findings and lessons from the last five years of OECD work3 on the financial management of disaster risks
A series of reviews of mental health and work policies in selected OECD countries revealed the challenge of mental health for social and labour market outcomes and policies and the high costs of the continued stigmatisation of mental health for individuals, employers and societies. To better respond to this challenge, in early 2016 health and employment ministers from the 38 OECD countries endorsed a Recommendation of the Council on Integrated Mental Health, Skills, and Work Policy. The Recommendation asked for a holistic mental-health-in-all-policies approach, with particular attention to a timely and integrated delivery of services and the involvement of frontline actors.
Five years later, it is time to assess progress achieved in the policy areas covered by the Recommendation (health policy, youth policy, workplace policy, and welfare policy). This report complements a legal document prepared by the OECD on the implementation of the Recommendation five years after its adoption, and adds quantitative evidence to it as well as considerations about the implications of the experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic on future versions of the Recommendation. Policy is in flux in most countries but much more will have to be done to implement the principles and fulfil the promises of the Recommendation.
This technical note presents two forward-looking scenarios for climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries in the context of the USD 100 billion goal set under the UNFCCC. The analysis of public climate finance provided is based on the stated intentions, pledges and targets of individual developed countries and multilateral development banks, as submitted for the specific purpose of this exercise. It also relies on analytical steps and methodological assumptions to make this information compatible with the accounting framework and scope of the goal. The two scenarios include further assumptions on both the level of private finance mobilised by this public finance and of climate-related export credits. Canada and Germany requested the OECD to conduct this analysis as an input to the Delivery Plan towards the USD 100 billion goal prepared by developed countries prior to COP26.