Browse by: "T"
Index
Title Index
Year Index
Interest in expanding nuclear power to cope with rising demand for energy and potential climate change places increased attention on the nuclear fuel cycle and whether significant moves are being taken towards ensuring sustainability over the long term. Future nuclear power programme decisions will be increasingly based on strategic considerations involving the complete nuclear fuel cycle, as illustrated by the international joint projects for Generation IV reactors. Currently, 90% of installed reactors worldwide operate on a once-through nuclear fuel cycle using uranium-oxide fuel. While closing the fuel cycle has been a general aim for several decades, progress towards that goal has been slow. This report reviews developments in the fuel cycle over the past ten years, potential developments over the next decade and the outlook for the longer term. It analyses technological developments and government actions (both nationally and internationally) related to the fuel cycle, and examines these within a set of sustainability parameters in order to identify trends and to make recommendations for further action.
A shared value-system and guidance, aimed at streamlining the various approaches to commercial capital targeting SDGs. The 2019 Roadmap recognises that market-wide, co-ordinated action is necessary to mobilise the financing, and deliver the development impact that will lead to the Sustainable Development Goals.
This Third International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics, held in Rome 23-26 September 1969, covered freight traffic between different modes of transport, the role of traffic in the physical planning of urban areas and the effects of state intervention on transport enterprises.
Trust plays a very tangible role in the effectiveness of government. Few perceptions are more palpable than that of trust or its absence. Governments ignore this at their peril. Yet, public trust has been eroding just when policy makers need it most, given persistent unemployment, rising inequality and a variety of global pressures. This report examines the influence of trust on policy making and explores some of the steps governments can take to strengthen public trust.
Public service is a public trust. Citizens expect public servants to serve the public interest with fairness and to manage public resources properly on a daily basis. Fair and reliable public services inspire public trust and create a favourable environment for businesses, thus contributing to well-functioning markets and economic growth. Public ethics are a prerequisite to public trust and a keystone of good governance.
At a time when there is a growing consensus among governments on what should constitute the essential elements of an effective and comprehensive ethics strategy, this book constitutes a unique source of comparative information on ethics management measures in OECD countries. It is designed to facilitate mutual learning and to support the development of modern ethics strategies in both OECD and non-member countries, by providing, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of ethics measures in all 29 OECD countries, including overall trends and promising practices.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences.
The guiding principles of Turkish energy policy continue to be market reform and energy security. Rapid economic and population growth in the past two decades have not only driven strong growth in energy demand but also an associated increase in import dependency.
Turkey has prioritised security of energy supply as one of the central pillars of its energy strategy, including efforts to boost domestic oil and gas exploration and production, diversify oil and gas supply sources and associated infrastructure, and reduce energy consumption through increased energy efficiency.
Turkey has seen considerable diversification of its energy mix in the past decade, in particular through the growth of renewable electricity generation. The commissioning of Turkey’s first nuclear power facility in 2023 will further diversify the country’s fuel mix.
Notwithstanding many positive changes Turkey has made toward liberalising its energy markets and diversifying its energy sources, the government should ensure that policies in place to bolster energy security – including growth in coal-fired generation and support for various forms of electricity generation – do not impede the economic efficiency of markets and the country’s longer-term decarbonisation efforts.
In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Turkey smoothly manage the evolution of its energy sector.
African agriculture is a sleeping giant. Agribusiness remains in its infancy in most sub-Saharan African countries. Many of them now pay higher prices for imported food products and struggle to keep inflationary pressures under control. Given the strong long-term prospect for world food prices, increasing the productivity of food crops becomes a top priority. It requires sizeable investments in irrigation, storage, transport infrastructure and logistics, as well as better access to markets for inputs (fertilizers, seeds, planting materials and credit).
While successful contract-farming schemes exist for export crops, they remain rare for food crops. Greater involvement of the private sector in designing and implementing such food-crop commercialisation programmes could develop viable local food industries. Existing international financing facilities such as the Enhanced Private Sector Assistance (EPSA) for Africa should get full use. Whether Africa can unleash the potential of commercial agriculture in the coming decades also depends in no small part on the continuous and effective support of the international development community.
The findings summarised in this volume can serve as building blocks for further international discussions on fostering agro-based private-sector development and lifting smallholders out of poverty.
This report presents the results of the first international survey on the patenting and licensing activities of public research organisations in OECD countries. It includes data on the stock and number of patents and licenses, the amount of licensing revenue, the size and activities of technology transfer offices, the types of licensing agreements concluded with firms, as well as information on the government and institutional policies for owning and exploiting intellectual property. In addition to the survey results, policy makers, business managers and university and research administrators will find several case studies on how OECD countries are moving to unlock the social and economic benefits of public research. These case studies will also provide insight into how research institutions deal with issues such as whether to license a patent or create a spin-off, how to create technology transfer programmes and how to license IP to firms while preserving access for future research and discovery.
Les intermédiaires jouent un rôle clé dans les transactions commerciales internationales. Si nombre d'entre eux accomplissent des tâches légales, beaucoup se livrent également à la corruption d'agents publics étrangers. Ce rapport se concentre sur l'utilisation des intermédiaires dans les cas de corruption d'agents publics étrangers.
Commodity trading presents specific and heightened risks of corruption due to the large amount of money involved in commodity trading transactions, which are source of important revenues for developing countries, and due to the sophisticated mechanisms used to channel corrupt payments. These include complex and opaque corporate structures, the use of off-shore entities, that render the identification of beneficial owners more difficult, the use of intermediaries (including briefcase or shell companies) and joint ventures with politically exposed persons (PEPs).
This report maps out corruption risks of cross-cutting relevance for the sales of oil, gas and minerals that can arise at several points in commodity trading transactions. It contributes to advancing the global transparency and accountability agenda in commodity trading, by improving understanding and raising awareness of corruption red flags and evolving corruption patterns across a wide range of stakeholders, including home jurisdictions of buying companies, trading hubs, host governments, state-owned enterprises and buying companies.
In the fight against foreign bribery, the serious problems that hinder mutual legal assistance (MLA) in foreign bribery cases can make effective enforcement of the Anti-Bribery Convention difficult. This report catalogues MLA problems and it offers potential solutions. Many of the challenges and solutions identified are applicable to MLA generally and not specific to foreign bribery investigations.
Was hat der Wettbewerb mit dem Gender zu tun? Die Wettbewerbsbehörden spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Gestaltung fairer und florierender Märkte. Die Verbindung zwischen Wettbewerb und Gender wird jedoch oft übersehen. Dieses Toolkit gibt den Wettbewerbsbehörden das nötige Wissen und die Instrumente in die Hand, um Aspekte, die das Gender berücksichtigen, in ihre Arbeit einzubeziehen. Das Toolkit bietet einen evidenzbasierten Ansatz, der über die Theorie hinausgeht und konkrete Empfehlungen liefert, die die Genauigkeit der Analyse verbessern, Kartelluntersuchungen erleichtern und die Advocacy-Bemühungen optimieren können. Das Toolkit stützt sich auf die Gender-Forschung in verwandten Politikbereichen wie Unternehmensführung, Korruptionsbekämpfung und Verhaltensökonomie und bietet einen umfassenden Rahmen für die Einbeziehung von Gender-Überlegungen. Indem sie dieses Toolkit in ihre tägliche Arbeit einbeziehen, können die Wettbewerbsbehörden noch mehr zur Förderung fairer und effizienter Märkte beitragen, von denen Menschen aller Gender profitieren.
Al igual que en el resto de los países de América Latina, la transición verde traerá grandes desafíos en Colombia, pero también la oportunidad de construir un nuevo modelo de desarrollo que sea más sostenible, inclusivo y que genere mayor valor agregado. Por un lado, este proceso involucrará la transformación del aparato productivo y, en particular, la renovación de varios sectores económicos para mitigar sus emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Por otro lado, la transición verde demandará la creación de nuevas prácticas en materia de adaptación para fortalecer la resiliencia del país ante eventos climáticos extremos. La aprobación de la Ley 2169 de 2021 en Colombia se une a una serie de esfuerzos del país para impulsar el progreso de la transición verde y hacer frente al cambio climático. Esta ley tiene como objetivo promover el desarrollo bajo en carbono del país mediante el establecimiento de metas y medidas mínimas en materia de carbono-neutralidad y resiliencia climática. Anticipar las futuras disrupciones en el mercado laboral como consecuencia de la transformación del aparato productivo a lo largo de la transición verde es clave para asegurar que dicha transición no solo sea sostenible sino también justa e inclusiva.
Despite progress, open government reforms remain uneven across the Arab region and are hampered by the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This report assesses the economic and social impact of open government based on experiences and good practices in OECD and Arab countries. It builds on the OECD’s extensive work in this field and provides a robust set of examples of legal and policy frameworks, governance arrangements, and successful initiatives on the ground. Based on this analysis, the report provides a series of policy recommendations for governments in the Arab region to promote open government.
Indonesia telah menjadi tujuan dambaan para investor di sektor energi bersih berkat potensi energi terbarukan dan efisiensi energi yang luar biasa serta ekonomi yang stabil dan dinamis. Namun, investasi energi bersih masih jauh di bawah tingkat yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan energi bersih dan keuangan berkelanjutan Indonesia yang ambisius. Sebaliknya, investasi bahan bakar fosil terus mendominasi.
Tinjauan Kebijakan Pembiayaan dan Investasi Energi Bersih pertama di Indonesia ini mendukung upaya untuk membalikkan tren ini dan mewujudkan transisi energi bersih. Laporan ini memberikan gambaran menyeluruh tentang kerangka kebijakan saat ini, menyoroti kemajuan dan mengidentifikasi peluang yang belum dimanfaatkan untuk memperkuat intervensi kebijakan yang dapat membantu meningkatkan pembiayaan dan investasi energi bersih. Laporan ini juga memberikan sejumlah rekomendasi yang disesuaikan untuk Pemerintah Indonesia dan mitra pembangunan. Tinjauan dilakukan dalam Program OECD Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation (CEFIM), yang mendukung pemerintah di negara berkembang untuk membuka pembiayaan dan investasi dalam energi bersih.
Indonesia adalah negara dengan populasi tertinggi keempat dan negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia. Pertumbuhan ekonominya yang kuat telah mengangkat jutaan orang keluar dari kemiskinan. Namun, keberhasilan ekonomi menimbulkan kerugian lingkungan. Dengan perubahan guna lahan yang pesat dan ketergantungan pada energi fosil, Indonesia adalah salah satu penghasil emisi gas rumah kaca terbesar dunia. Deforestasi dan polusi menciptakan tekanan pada ekosistem Indonesia yang luar biasa beragam. Jasa lingkungan hidup seperti pasokan air, sanitasi, dan pengelolaan limbah perlu terus diperluas dan diperbaiki. Agar Indonesia dapat bergerak menuju perekonomian hijau, dibutuhkan upaya untuk mengembangkan kebijakan, menguatkan aspek kelembagaan, dan memastikan ketersediaan sumber daya.
Terbitan ini laporan Tinjauan Kebijakan Pertumbuhan Hijau Indonesia yang pertama. Tinjauan mencakup kemajuan Indonesia menuju pembangunan berkelanjutan dan pertumbuhan hijau, dengan fokus pada neksus guna lahan, ekosistem, dan perubahan iklim.