Conventional electricity and gas are the main sources of space heating and cooling
The median electricity burden ranges from 2% to 5% across countries
The electricity cost burden of low-emissions and conventional heating is similar
Differentiated electricity rates could be adopted by more households
A large share of households would like electricity generated from renewable sources
There is large scope to increase the uptake of technologies that optimise energy use
Installation of low-emissions technologies is not possible for many households
A minority of households have received government support for the installation of low-emissions energy technologies
Use of low-emissions heating or cooling varies by income level, tenant status, dwelling type, and environmental concern
The feasibility of installing energy efficiency measures varies by technology and country
Barriers to installation of low-emissions technologies differ across residence types
Expensive low-emissions energy technologies are less likely to be installed by low-income households
Reasons for not installing low-emissions energy technologies for low-income and high-income respondents
Turning off lights is the most common energy conservation behaviour
Most respondents minimise energy use for financial rather than environmental reasons
Habit and lack of knowledge are holding back energy conservation actions
Environmental concern and confidence in the national government drive support for energy policies
Environmentally concerned respondents are most in favour of government support to low-income households for low-emissions energy technologies
Reducing the cost of energy-efficient devices and renovation would be important in encouraging respondents to reduce their energy consumption