Immigration has increased rapidly
Immigration comes with benefits and challenges
The large influx of foreign citizens changed the migration landscape
Migration flows appear to be largely influenced by the business cycle
The geographical diversity of immigrant inflows has increased
Inflows of refugees and asylum seekers increased sharply
Immigrants are mainly young, with a balanced gender distribution
Immigrants tend to live in the capital area and more have been staying longer
On average, immigrants have lower educational attainment levels than natives
Immigrants are concentrated in low-skill sectors
The issuance of temporary work permits has increased in recent years
Immigration yields large demographic benefits
The Phillips curve has flattened
Changes in employment suggest sectoral shifts among native workers
An increasing share of students has a foreign background
The average class size remains relatively small
Immigration can create additional demand for educational resources
Spending on compulsory education is comparatively high
The labour market outcomes of immigrants can improve in some respects
The immigrant-native unemployment gap persists across all age groups
Immigrants are much more likely to be over-qualified than natives
Immigrants are under-represented in the public sector
There is scope to increase immigrant participation in adult training
Socio-economic background has a small impact on students’ outcomes
PISA scores for reading literacy are weak for immigrant students
Immigrant students also underperform on other educational indicators
Vocational education and training could be strengthened
Teachers need to be better prepared for increasing diversity in classrooms
Immigrants live mostly in rented dwellings
Low-income households face high housing costs
The social housing stock needs to increase further in view of rapidly rising demand
The foreign-born are more likely to live in overcrowding dwellings
Support for housing could be better targeted