The cost of hours not worked for the government, firms and workers
The use of job retention schemes was very high across countries
The use of job retention schemes reflects variations in government restrictions and economic activity
The use of job retention schemes by industry and demographic group
The use of job retention schemes by education and contract type in Switzerland
The use of job retention schemes, average hours worked and employment
Job retention schemes have helped to contain the decline in employment, but there is considerable uncertainty by how much
In countries that have relied heavily on job retention schemes job vacancies remain depressed
Actual job-filling rates during COVID‑19 fell short of their predictions based on historical data
The shortfall in the job-filling rate during the COVID‑19 crisis is not related to the use of JR schemes
Some countries recently introduced co-financing by firms or increased the rate
The co-financing rate could be higher the lower the cost of labour hoarding and the higher the replacement cost of workers
Gross replacement rates in job retention schemes tend to be higher than in unemployment benefit systems
The use of training for workers on short-time work in France
Effective cost of hours not worked for workers, firms and the government
Unemployment benefit gross replacement rates