GDP has surpassed its pre-crisis level
Interest rates are lower than appropriate
Inflation and wages keep accelerating
Poverty is high
The taxation of dividends is low
Emissions intensity is high
The income gap continues to narrow
The economy bounced back strongly before the war, pushing up inflation
COVID-19 cases are low
Economic sentiment is declining
The labour market is recovering from a marked drop
Rapid wage growth could re-apply pressure on competitiveness
Export performance remains robust
Interest rates are lower than appropriate given inflationary pressures
The largest deficit on record helped to cushion the pandemic
Gross public debt has increased but remains very low
Ageing costs will add to fiscal pressures
Unemployment insurance contributions are pro-cyclical
The banking sector displays healthy ratios
House prices have regained momentum but affordability remains
Students and businesses are little involved in VET
Work experience during vocational education lacks availability
The engagement in vocational programmes leading to tertiary education could be improved
ALMPs participation is comparatively low for those with skill obstacles
Severe material deprivation has been continuously reduced but relative poverty stays high
Poverty prevalence is especially high for some populations and regions
There is room to increase the effectiveness of the transfers system for the poorest
Cash transfers are not tightly targeted and lack coverage
In-work poverty is high
The minimum wage is lower than in other countries
The tax wedge for low wage earners could be further reduced
The gender pay-gap remains high
Tax revenues are tilted toward indirect taxation
Income tax progressivity is low
Income concentration at the top is contained
The taxation of dividends is very low
Health outcomes continue to improve
There is room to improve efficiency in health care
The share of generics in the total pharmaceutical market is low
The health workforce is under ageing pressure
Data governance is hampering the secondary use of health data
The perceived quality of infrastructure remains low
The download speed of fixed broadband is lagging behind
The quality of logistics infrastructure is lagging behind
Perceived corruption is declining
Greenhouse gas emissions have decreased substantially but should be reduced further
GHG emissions in transport have risen since the early 1990s
Energy industries account for most of the GHG emissions
Effective carbon prices are low and apply to a narrow range of economic activity
Oil shale accounts for most of Estonia’s total primary energy supply
Domestic production of energy is much larger than consumption
The composition of energy use can vary widely across sectors
Oil shale is increasingly used to produce liquid fuel
Low-carbon electricity can be cheaper than fossil fuels
Spending on active and passive labour market policies is average
The generosity of long-term unemployment benefits could be expanded for the affected workers in the oil shale industry
Renewables account for a relatively high share of energy but are not diversified
Bioenergy accounts for almost all the renewables in energy production
Forest felling rates are relatively high but are deemed sustainable
Wind generation has increased although wind capacity has stalled since 2015
R&D spending is relatively low and could be increased
Public R&D spending on environment-related issues is among the lowest in the OECD
Car use is intensive
Estonia’s passenger car fleet is relatively old
Environment-related tax revenues are high but mostly come from transport
The share of registered electric and hybrid vehicles is very low
The share of biofuels remains relatively low
GHG emissions from buildings have been broadly stable since the mid-1990s
More dwellings pushed up on GHG emissions but energy efficiency improved between 2000 and 2018
Energy use in residential space heating is comparatively high
Most of Estonia’s buildings are old