This Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2021 report provides up-to-date monitoring and evaluation of agricultural policies across countries from all six continents, including the 38 OECD countries and the five non-OECD EU Member States, and eleven emerging and developing economies: Argentina, Brazil, People’s Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Ukraine and Viet Nam. It is the 34th in the series of the OECD Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation reports, and the ninth report to include both OECD countries and emerging and developing economies.

A more central role for innovation systems is the key to delivering sustainable productivity growth and improved resilience – the main channels through which agricultural policies can address the challenges faced by food systems.

This chapter first provides an overview on recent economic and market developments that provide the context for the implementation of agricultural policies. The second section presents main changes and initiatives in agricultural policies in 2020-21, focusing on policy responses to the COVID‑19 pandemic that target, or strongly affect, agricultural producers, food consumers and other actors along the food supply chain. The subsequent analysis of levels and structures of agricultural support informs an assessment of the extent to which current support contributes to the food systems’ “triple challenge” of achieving food security and nutrition, providing livelihoods to those connected to the sector, and reducing the environmental footprint and greenhouse gas emissions of the sector. The chapter also explores how current policies perform across productivity, sustainability and resilience, key channels for contributing to addressing these challenges. It concludes with an assessment of policy developments, and with recommendations for concrete actions.

Gross Domestic Product – GDP (USD billion in PPP): OECD National Accounts Statistics (database), Gross domestic product, USD, current prices, current PPPs. World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI database) for Emerging Economies not available in the OECD database.