Global growth disappointed in the mid-2010s
In the mid-2010s, international prices of Kazakhstan's main exports all fell to the real levels of a decade earlier
Exports and inward investment weakened, and shifted the current account to deficit
Depreciating competitor currencies made the fixed exchange rate untenable, in due course leading to a sharp adjustment of the tenge
Public spending on wages and goods and services surged ahead of the economic slowdown
The mid-2010s slowdown had a larger impact on Kazakhstan's public finances than the 2009 global economic crisis
Kazakhstan natural gas production, imports, exports, and use by energy industry
Mineral oil compared to iron and steel exports from Kazakhstan
The concentration of Kazakhstan's exports has increased notably since 1990
The increase in concentration was driven mainly by price effects