Productivity growth has declined over the past 20 years
Real median wages have decoupled from labour productivity
Average wages and productivity for leading firms and others
Wage growth in the bottom half of the distribution has decoupled from the top
Jobs have become more polarised
Employment gaps remain large, particularly for underrepresented groups
Broad performance challenges
Contribution of education, literacy and numeracy to the variation in wages
Qualification mismatch in OECD countries
High-performance work and management practices
Employment protection in OECD and key emerging economies
Gross and net minimum wages and labour cost at the minimum wage
Trade union density and collective bargaining coverage have trended to fall
The tax wedge and its principal components
Unemployment benefit schemes protect workers against the income losses during joblessness
Work incentives for unemployment-benefit recipients vary significantly across OECD countries
Public spending on active labour market policies
Only a minority of unemployed workers receive unemployment benefits
The quality of the work environment affects health and well-being
Inequality is not only high by historical standards but also very persistent
The gender gap in labour income
Intergenerational mobility tends to be low
Employment protection, temporary work and contractual segmentation
The equalising effect of taxes and transfers
Employment gaps for disadvantaged groups with respect to prime-age men
Low-skilled young people are more likely to be unemployed
Participation in early childhood education and care services
Disability benefit caseloads are rather high in many OECD countries
Contrasting the effective retirement age with the legal pension age
Share of own-account workers in total employment
Share of own-account workers who generally do not have more than one client
Share of own-account workers who generally do not have more than one client and have little control over how their work is carried out
Persistent deviations of output and unemployment from pre‑crisis crisis trends
Fiscal policy contributed to labour market resilience in most countries
Short-time work schemes preserved jobs during the Great Recession
The responsiveness of spending on labour market programmes to changes in unemployment
Young firms account for an important share of job creation
OECD indicator of insolvency regimes
Skill imbalances have tended to widen over the last decade
The temporary employment costs of regulatory reforms
Network industry regulation and wage premium for network industry workers
Productivity levels are well below the OECD average, despite some catch-up in recent decades
Emerging economies exhibit low wages and high wage inequality
Informality rates have only decreased slowly
Skill mismatches are high in emerging economies
Severance pay represents the main form of unemployment compensation in emerging economies
Identifying policy challenges by broad performance area
Figure 17.4.Large differences in absolute performance for countries with the same policy challenge
Large differences in disaggregate relative performance for countries with the same policy challenge
Tax revenue varies widely across countries
The old-age dependency ratio will almost double in the next 35 years on average