House prices and rents have risen faster than inflation in most OECD countries
Housing increasingly weighs on household budgets
Low-income households spend much of their earnings on housing
Housing supply has not kept pace with income growth in most countries
Supply elasticities differ across metropolitan areas
House prices can evolve very differently across regions
Governments are investing less in housing
House prices and business cycles are tightly linked
A rebound followed the construction crash in many countries
Mortgages account for the bulk of household debt
High homeownership countries feature low residential mobility
Low-income households face a housing quality challenge
High-homeownership countries tend to exhibit low wealth inequality
CO2 emissions from housing vary considerably across countries
Building energy codes and standards vary in stringency across the world
Urban areas have expanded differently across OECD countries
Marginal effective taxation of residential property
The governance of land-use lacks efficiency in many countries
Rental market regulations are often restrictive
Most measures to alleviate the housing impact of COVID‑19 targeted tenants and homeowners
Necessary energy-efficiency upgrading of buildings will weigh on affordability
Much of the EU housing stock was built many decades ago
Housing crowds out other consumption expenditures
House prices have increased over time in most OECD countries
Low-income households face a dual housing affordability and quality challenge
Public investment in housing development has halved since 2001, while spending on housing allowances has risen slightly
The size of the social housing stock varies considerably across countries
House prices and business cycles are tightly linked: Annual real percentage change, OECD average
House price cycles have often been associated with severe recessions
Resilience differs across countries
Macroprudential measures often target mortgage loans
Rental market regulations and housing taxation vary considerably across countries
House price-to-income ratios have risen in most countries
Average commuting times vary considerably across countries
Segregation in high in many metropolitan areas
Selected housing policy indicators
Past and projected developments of housing demand drivers
Baseline changes in the housing stock, house prices and price-to-income ratios
Simulated impact of reform scenarios on price-to-income ratios by 2050
Necessary energy upgrading of buildings will weigh on affordability
Wealth inequality is much higher than income inequality
High-homeownership countries tend to exhibit low wealth inequality (graph)
Housing wealth is much more equally distributed than non-housing wealth
Homeownership is more equally distributed across income groups in high-homeownership countries
Housing is the chief asset of the middle class
Mortgage debt is the largest part of household debt
Participation in mortgage markets increases with household income
Access to mortgage finance is particularly important for young cohorts
Mortgage debt can make low-income households financially vulnerable
Housing is the most important reason for moving
Selected OECD countries display wide variation in residential mobility
Homeowners are much less mobile than renters
High-homeownership countries tend to have low residential mobility
The probability to move depends on taxes, transaction costs and housing supply
Estimated regional migration elasticities to local house prices at origin and destination
Rental market regulations and social housing also affect the probability to move
Energy intensity of the residential sector varies considerably across countries
Link between energy intensity and carbon footprint
Housing accounts for the bulk of emissions in many countries
Exposure to emissions has been reduced in most countries
Urbanisation threatens biodiversity
House price evolution under alternative land-use policy scenarios in Auckland
Social housing responsibilities are spread across government levels
Social housing spending is decentralised in most countries
The objectives of spatial planning vary among OECD countries
In most countries, multiple ministries are involved in housing policymaking
House prices are higher where built-up density is low
Japan has high rates of housing starts