Inflation has risen sharply
Female employment falls significantly after childbirth
Parents’ socio-economic status strongly affects school performance
Emissions and energy intensity are high
Russia’s war against Ukraine brought new challenges
Fiscal sustainability pressures have increased
Tackling labour shortages and lifting productivity would increase living standards
Greenhouse gas emissions and energy intensity are high
The economy has slowed
Inflation has risen to very high levels
The labour market remains tight
Inflation is broad-based
Inflation has soared amid growth in household incomes over 2020-21
Inflation expectations have increased markedly
Housing prices continued rising steeply
Expansionary fiscal policy has weakened a strong fiscal position
Energy prices have risen steeply
Medium to long term fiscal pressures threaten fiscal sustainability
Tax revenues rely heavily on social security contributions
The tax wedge is high
Progressivity of the personal income tax remains low
The VAT tax compliance gap remains above the EU average
Effective taxation of carbon is low
Property tax revenues are low
Pensions will exert high pressures on public spending from 2030
The economic old-age dependency ratio will rise
The old-age poverty rate is relatively low
Net replacement rates are close to the OECD average, but low for higher earners
The effective age of retirement is low
Employment rates fall sharply after 60
Performance in control of corruption and perceived corruption is poor
There is scope to strengthen anti-bribery enforcement across borders
The Czech labour market is strong in many respects
The unemployment rate has remained one of the lowest in the OECD
The employment gaps of certain groups are large
The overall employment rate of women is high and has risen over time
Motherhood has a big effect on employment
The risk of poverty in old age is significantly higher for women
Public support to families is tilted towards cash benefits
The use of part-time work is low, but rising
Parental leave specific to fathers is short
Enrolment of children under three in early childhood education and care is among the lowest
Immigration has been rising steadily
Most work contracts for third country nationals are for medium- and low-skilled positions
Conditions for highly skilled migrant workers are less favourable than in OECD peers
The Czech Republic has received the highest inflow of Ukrainian refugees per capita
Close to half of current jobs face a high risk of automation or may be significantly changed by technology
A high share of 15-year-old students expect to work in occupations projected to decline
The Czech Republic scores well on various measures of skills and quality of education
PISA tests indicate a decline in performance in mathematics and science
Tertiary attainment still lags behind OECD peers
Socio-economic background has a strong impact on performance in school
The attractiveness of the teaching profession is low
Teachers could be better prepared to deliver on strategic priorities
Significant GHG reductions, especially over the 1990s
CO2 intensity remain among the highest in the OECD because of fossil fuel use in energy industries
Figure 2.3: Sanitary logging to contain insect infestation has increased LULUCF GHG-emissions
Achieving long-term climate goals will require accelerating emission reductions
The share of renewables is low
A relatively large share of Czechs disagree that climate change is a serious problem
Czech households are very vulnerable to high energy prices
Figure 2.8: Progress in environmental policy stringency stalled in the 2010s
Raising the EPS can significantly reduce CO2-emissions
Reaching the EU’s Fit-for-55 necessitate a rapid tightening of environmental policies
Czech GHG-emissions outside the ETS have fallen only slightly
Effective carbon rates are among the lowest in the OECD
Figure 2.13: Coal remains core to the energy mix
Cumbersome and lengthy processes hamper green investments
Environmental R&D spending is relatively low
Figure 2.16: Heating consumption in residential spaces is high
More environmentally friendly vehicles can help reduce transport CO2 emissions
Poorer households spend a larger share on energy
Labour reallocation will continue with some regions and sectors more at risk
Spending on training programmes is low
Adult training should be geared towards workers with less education
The automotive sector is a driver of value added and is relatively CO2-efficient
Electric and hybrid electric make up a large share of the European car market
There is room to reduce the administrative burden on start-ups