This chapter assesses Belgium's performance in protecting its marine and terrestrial ecosystems and managing its trade impacts on global biodiversity, as well as the combination of biodiversity policy instruments. The chapter examines spatial planning policy, agricultural policy, forest policy and climate policy as key catalysts for mainstreaming biodiversity into decision making.

Belgium’s regions have used an effective mix of policy instruments to achieve high levels of recovery and recycling of municipal waste and other waste streams. However, further efforts will be needed to increase recycling and composting in coming years. Belgium has also undertaken pioneering initiatives for the transition to a circular economy, addressing key sectors including construction and food. This chapter gives an overview of trends in material use and waste generation and of related policies. It reviews the effectiveness of policy instruments for waste management and the circular economy, and it identifies opportunities for further progress towards a circular economy.