This chapter provides a brief overview of the targets of algal genetic modification followed by a short description of the Netherlands legislation concerning genetically modified organisms, an overview of what is already known about the risks related to production systems of (GM-) algae, and the potential risks of GM-algae for human health and the environment.

This chapter outlines the concept of integrated bioremediation and co-product development using microalgae. It ties potential products with taxonomically governed biochemical profiles, which are essential criteria for product-driven strain selection. It closes by briefly describing the current challenges to commercial cultivation and biomass harvesting.

The use of microalgae for biotechnological purposes has increased rapidly in the past few years. In the United States, oversight of the development of the use of microalgae is included in the purviews of many laws and the regulations that implement those laws. Part of the responsibilities encompassed by these laws is a need to evaluate the risks as well as the benefits from the biotechnology industry. In the United States, efforts to co-ordinate the evaluation of research and the commercialisation of biotechnology, which includes the use of microalgae, have been ongoing since 1986. The recent development of a biofuels and bioproducts component of the biotechnology industry has resulted in new examinations of the roles government agencies play in the oversight of this industry sector. Risk and sustainability assessments for production of microalgae have recently been highlighted by private and government sponsored panels. This chapter discusses the progress of co-ordination and evaluation of such oversight in the United States.