This chapter discusses the reasons for energy taxation, patterns of energy use and pricing policies in the 41 countries included in the report. It outlines the methodology used to develop graphical profiles of energy use and taxation in each country and to conduct the cross-country analysis. It then presents the results of the cross-country analysis, considering general trends in energy use, the taxation of energy used in different sectors (transport, heating and process use and electricity generation), economy-wide tax rates on energy, and the links between taxes, GDP and energy use per capita. The final part of the section draws conclusions on the impact of current energy pricing and tax measures.