Diversity among new OECD member countries and emerging economies highlights the structural diversity of countries included in the Monitoring and Evaluation report and the evolving role of emerging economies in the world agricultural landscape. This chapter focuses on the two new OECD member countries, Chile and Israel, and on the five emerging economies included in the report: Brazil, China, Russia, South Africa and Ukraine. The chapter first focuses on the economic development and agricultural structure, and on issues such as the dualistic structure in the farming sector, poverty and malnutrition. It then focuses on agro-food trade and the increasing role of emerging economies.

The key economic and market developments which provide the framework for the implementation of agricultural policies and related support to farming sector are analysed in the first part of this chapter. Highlights are then presented of the main recent changes and new initiatives in agricultural policies in 2009-10 in OECD countries and key emerging economies covered in this report: Brazil, China, Russia, South Africa and Ukraine. Finally, the developments in the estimated support (using the OECD PSE methodology) are evaluated in terms of its level, composition and changes over time in OECD countries and the emerging economies included in the report.