This chapter examines the progress made by France in integrating energy and environmental policies. It analyses changes made to the strategic, institutional and legislative framework in order to meet national and supranational energy and climate targets, and presents the 2015 Energy Transition for Green Growth Act. It highlights changes in energy supply and demand and the main environmental impacts thereof, especially in terms of greenhouse gases and atmospheric pollutants. The chapter also analyses the effectiveness of measures designed to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency, the cost of support schemes and the importance of integrating European networks. Measures to fight against energy poverty are also covered.

This chapter analyses the efforts made by France to strengthen its policy framework for the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity. It describes the status and development of biodiversity in France, as well as the pressures upon it. The chapter analyses the strategic, legislative and institutional framework in place and ongoing efforts to streamline the governance of biodiversity. It examines the increase in protected areas, the instruments used for conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity, as well as funding resources. The manner in which biodiversity-related objectives are integrated into agriculture, land use planning, infrastructure and urban development is also analysed.