The case study of Vietnam highlights that market reform and market opening during the last two decades have resulted in an average annual growth rate of around 7%. Viet Nam has set out its vision for bringing the development agenda forward in the ten-year Socio- Economic Development Strategy and the five-year Socio-Economic Development Plans. The monitoring and evaluation of these plans in general, and the public investment resources (including ODA) in particular, have been established but are still far from complete. The case study finds that this is due to the decentralised public management systems, the complexity of performance indicators, and the limited capacity for collecting quality data in a timely, reliable and consistent manner. The concept of managing for development results is more popular at the national level than at the sub-national and sectoral levels. In fact, local authorities are less enthusiastic about adopting a resultsbased approach due to the lack of knowledge, technical skills, and resource constraints. Thus, the study concludes that there is especially a need to strengthen the institutional capacity for introducing the results-based framework in the development planning at the national, sub-national and sectoral level in general and in aid for trade in particular.