The period of expansion that started after the economic and financial crisis of 2001-02 was the first significant acceleration in GDP growth since the early 1970s, and the strongest expansion in GDP per capita since the last century. This chapter reviews long-term trends in economic growth from an aggregate and sectorial perspective. It explores the proximate causes behind income and labour productivity gaps, as well as some of the framework conditions and policies that might constitute a challenge to sustaining growth momentum. It places special emphasis on changes in the economic structure, in particular exports, given the small size of the Uruguayan economy and the importance of trade for economic performance. Lack of human capital and skills appear to restrict growth prospects, and policies are focusing on expanding infrastructure investment to overcome constraints in this area. Important changes within and across economic activities are taking place, including technological progress in several primary activities and the expansion of some high value-added services. These changes have been stimulated by external demand and investments, encouraged by recent generous government incentives. However, they also place greater pressure on human resources and require a rethinking of existing support policies to maximise their development impact.