Italy benefits from driving forces within the political sphere as well as the profit and non-profit sectors that are favourable for improving the delivery of its policy priorities, in line with commitments made in Busan. However, Italy’s legislative constraints and strict administrative procedures are significant obstacles to effective programming, and major institutional changes are still needed. There are a number of alternatives for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to consider when improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the Italian system. When selecting the most suitable option, Italy is invited to address concerns related to transaction costs, institutional fragmentation and the relationship between headquarters and co-operation offices, and to consider experiences from other DAC members.