SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Southeast Asia
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Achieving gender equality and tackling discriminatory laws, social norms and practices set a direct path toward a more inclusive economy and society. The SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Southeast Asia provides new evidence-based analysis on the setbacks and progress in achieving gender equality between 2014 and 2019 in 11 countries. The report uncovers the discrimination women face within social institutions in various dimensions; in the family and household context, in relation to physical integrity and access to productive and financial resources, as well within the political and civil spheres. The SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Southeast Asia explores the interaction between women’s empowerment and discriminatory social institutions by looking specifically at four core areas – health, education, the economic dimension and decision making. It also unveils the cost of discriminatory social institutions for Southeast Asian countries and the socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis for women and girls. Building on the regional analysis of how discriminatory social institutions continue to hinder efforts toward SDG 5, the report provides a set of policy recommendations to enhance governments’ efforts to deliver on their gender equality commitments by 2030.
Estimating the economic cost of discriminatory social institutions
Using empirical econometric methods combined with the results from the SIGI, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre explored the economic cost associated with gender-based discrimination. To analyse the relationship between gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income, the research uses different estimators – ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage least squares (2SLS) – and specifications. All resulting regressions have a high explanatory power and suggest a strong, negative and significant relationship between SIGI scores and income per capita in all specifications: higher levels of gender-based discrimination in social institutions are associated with lower levels of income per capita. The results are robust to the inclusion of additional controls, including gender gaps in outcomes. This means that the measurement obtained is the net effect of gender discrimination in social institutions on income, filtered from the effect of gender inequality in outcomes (Ferrant and Kolev, 2016[2]).
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