تعد مصر اقتصادًا ناشئًا سريع النمو وتمثل عبئًا ديموغرافيًا ثقيلًا على القارة الأفريقية. فيشكّلُ كلٌ من النمو السكاني المتزايد، وتغير استخدام الأراضي، والتلوث، وتغير المناخ، ضغوطا متزايدة على البيئة الطبيعية، بما في ذلك تنوعها البيولوجي الغني. ورغم أن مصر قد حقّقت فصلًا نسبيًا لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة عن النمو الاقتصادي، الا أنها لا تزال تحتاج إلى دمج العمل المناخي على نحوٍ أكبر، في مختلف القطاعات، ورفع سقف طموحاها تدريجيًّا. وباعتبارها واحدة من أكثر بلدان العالم معاناة من نقص المياه، فمن المفترض أن تساهم زيادة استخدام الأدوات الاقتصادية في معالجة ندرة المياه وتحسين نوعيتها. وقد التزمت الحكومة، كهدف من أهداف رؤية مصر 2030 بتحويل التحديات البيئية إلى فرص. فقد اتخذت خطوات للتحرك نحو إدارة أكثر استدامة للنفايات ومعالجة تلوث الهواء، الذي لا يزال مصدر قلق صحي. ولدى مصر إمكانات كبيرة لتسريع تحولها إلى الطاقة النظيفة. وفي حين تحسنت المعلومات والبيانات البيئية عموما، ينبغي تعزيز مشاركة الجمهور في صنع القرارات البيئية بشكلٍ أكبر.

إنّها المراجعة الأولى لسياسة النمو الأخضر في مصر. حيث يبحث التقرير في التقدم المحرز نحو تحقيق التنمية المستدامة والنمو الأخضر على مدى العقد الماضي. وتهدف التوصيات الـ 40 إلى مساعدة مصر في تحسين أدائها البيئي، مع التركيز على بناء مدن مراعية للمناخ ومرنة وشاملة.

Egypt is a rapidly growing emerging economy and a demographic heavyweight on the African continent. High population growth, land-use change, pollution and climate change are increasingly putting pressure on the natural environment, including on its rich biodiversity. Egypt has achieved relative decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, though it needs to further mainstream climate action across sectors and progressively raise ambition. As one of the world’s most water-stressed countries, greater use of economic instruments would help address scarcity and improve water quality. As part of Egypt’s Vision 2030, the government is committed to turning environmental challenges into opportunities. It has taken steps to move towards more sustainable waste management and address air pollution, which remains a health concern. Egypt has significant potential to accelerate its clean energy transition. While environmental information and data have improved overall, public participation in environmental decision making needs to be further enhanced.

This is the first Green Growth Policy Review of Egypt. It examines progress towards sustainable development and green growth over the past decade. The 40 recommendations aim to help Egypt improve its environmental performance, giving a special focus to building climate-smart, resilient and inclusive cities.

The Slovenian economy proved resilient following the energy crisis and devastating floods. Growth is projected to pick up gradually. The labour market remains tight, with widespread labour shortages leading to strong wage growth. Inflation has slowed but remains elevated in services. Fiscal consolidation is needed to rebuild fiscal buffers and address emerging pressures from ageing-related cost, notably on pensions. Productivity growth would benefit from lifting remaining barriers in retail trade and restrictions on professional services. Female labour market participation is high, but the gender wage gap could be reduced further through adjustments in the tax and benefit system. Greater harmonisation of carbon prices, notably the removal of reduced tax rates for fossil fuels, is needed to reach emissions targets. High homeownership rates and a limited rental market, combined with insufficient residential construction, constrain housing options for many, especially the young and vulnerable. Enhancing housing supply can be achieved by streamlining spatial planning and permitting systems, reforming housing taxation, improving rental regulations, expanding access to mortgage finance, and promoting the development of social and affordable housing.

SPECIAL FEATURE: ADDRESSING HOUSING MARKET CHALLENGES

Austria’s economy performed well over the past two decades. The country’s GDP per capita ranks among the highest in the OECD. Income inequalities are relatively low thanks to high redistribution through public transfers, which contributes to a relative poverty rate well below many other OECD countries. The domestic production of energy has a low carbon content largely due to significant hydropower resources. The economy is set to recover from a recession in 2023, but it will do so only slowly and remains fragile. The inflation shock in the wake of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is taking time to subside. Public debt has increased substantially, while the public deficit remains close to 3%. Greater capacity of the economy to adapt to future shocks and address structural challenges is needed. Sound public finances and low government debt provide fiscal space and strengthen a country’s resilience against short- and long-term shocks. Pension system reforms and efficiency measures in health care can help to mitigate long-term fiscal pressures. Public revenues need to be more friendly to sustainable and inclusive growth by shifting away from high levies on labour towards less growth-distortive taxes. Easing regulation, including strict entry requirements for certain professional services will help efficient allocation of resources towards promising activities and firms. Reducing the gap in skills for disadvantaged students and improving the integration of immigrants will be essential to provide equal access to the labour market. Achieving net zero emissions by 2040 will require a clear and comprehensive strategy including higher and more harmonised carbon prices. High exposure to future climate risks, in particular floods, needs to be addressed, and insurance coverage against natural disasters should be expanded.

SPECIAL FEATURE: ACHIEVING A SUCCESSFUL GREEN TRANSFORMATION IN AUSTRIA

La France a été confrontée successivement à deux chocs de grande ampleur, avec la pandémie de COVID-19 et la hausse de l’inflation. Les mesures gouvernementales d’urgence ont été décisives pour préserver le tissu productif, l’emploi et le pouvoir d’achat mais ont eu un coût élevé pour les finances publiques. Des efforts de réduction des dépenses seront impératifs pour abaisser la dette publique. Pour stimuler les gains de productivité, il faut diffuser plus largement les technologies numériques, réduire les obstacles réglementaires et renforcer l’innovation. La tarification du carbone pourrait être rendue plus efficace en éliminant progressivement les subventions et exemptions fiscales dont bénéficient certains secteurs.

Les résultats scolaires sont comparables à ceux obtenus dans d’autres pays de l’OCDE, mais le lien entre le milieu socio-économique et les résultats des élèves est particulièrement fort. Une répartition plus large des aides publiques en faveur des établissements scolaires défavorisés permettrait d’éviter les effets de seuil et de mieux répondre aux besoins des élèves. Rééquilibrer la répartition des dépenses d’éducation en faveur des établissements primaires permettrait d’apporter un soutien plus important aux enfants dès leurs premières années de scolarité. L’utilisation de pratiques pédagogiques modernes telles que les méthodes d’activation cognitive, qui sont associées à de meilleurs résultats scolaires, pourrait être renforcée.

CHAPITRE THÉMATIQUE : AMÉLIORER LES RÉSULTATS DANS LE DOMAINE DE L’ÉDUCATION

France has faced two significant, successive shocks: the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in inflation. Emergency government measures were decisive in protecting business, jobs and purchasing power, but at a high fiscal cost. Efforts to reduce public spending will be key to lower government debt. Lifting productivity growth hinges on a wider diffusion of digital technologies, reduced regulatory barriers and stronger innovation. The effectiveness of carbon pricing could be strengthened by gradually removing subsidies and tax exemptions that certain sectors benefit from.

Students perform at a similar level to OECD peers but the link between socio-economic background and educational outcomes is particularly strong. Spreading the allocation of public support to disadvantaged students more widely across schools would help to avoid threshold effects and to better respond to students’ needs. Rebalancing the distribution of education spending in favour of primary schools could provide greater support to children in the early years of their schooling. The use of modern teaching approaches, including cognitive activation practices, that are associated with better student achievement, could be reinforced.

SPECIAL FEATURE: IMPROVING EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES

GDP growth in Korea has recovered, supported by strong exports. Employment remains stable at a high level, while unemployment is low. Interest rates have likely peaked and housing prices have stabilised, all of which should support consumption going forward. Household debt remains high, and construction-related project finance has become a financial stability concern. Reforms to ensure fair competition in the domestic market would increase productivity in the SME sector. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in line with the 2030 target requires tightening the emissions trading scheme and reforming energy markets to incentivise clean electricity supply and energy savings. The Korean fertility rate has fallen to the lowest in the world, which will put labour supply and public finances under pressure. A large career cost for women who become mothers holds back female employment and fertility, and underpins the widest gender pay gap in the OECD. Improving the work-life balance for both genders, closing remaining gaps in family policies, addressing high housing and education costs, and tackling labour market dualism are key to reverse the trend. Such reforms, combined with increasing the legal retirement age, reducing the high significance of seniority in determining wages, and a more welcoming regime for work immigration, would also boost labour supply and tax revenue.

SPECIAL FEATURES: PRODUCTIVITY, CLIMATE POLICY, BOOSTING FERTILITY AND RESPONDING TO AGEING