OECD Economics Department Working Papers
Working papers from the Economics Department of the OECD that cover the full range of the Department’s work including the economic situation, policy analysis and projections; fiscal policy, public expenditure and taxation; and structural issues including ageing, growth and productivity, migration, environment, human capital, housing, trade and investment, labour markets, regulatory reform, competition, health, and other issues.
The views expressed in these papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of the governments of its member countries.
- ISSN: 18151973 (online)
- https://doi.org/10.1787/18151973
Enhancing the Benefits of Financial Liberalisation in Belgium
The Belgian financial landscape has been transformed over the past two decades and now consists of
a relatively large, well-functioning and internationally integrated financial sector contributing directly
and indirectly, through its intermediary function, to long-term economic growth. One of the financial
system’s key characteristics is the concentration of activity among a small number of financial
conglomerates that offer a combination of banking and insurance services. Although this mix of
activities may contribute to financial stability, it has led to a widespread commercial practice of crossselling,
possibly dampening competitive pressures. Competition may also be hindered by regulatory
policies in the markets of mortgage loans and consumer credit; although these policies aim at
protecting consumers against the risk of over-indebtedness, they risk having the unintended
consequence of increasing entry costs for new providers, thus hindering competition and innovation
and hurting consumer interests. Besides regulatory policy, tax policy has also been used to shape the
development of the financial system. Tax credits are granted to influence investment and borrowing
decisions, notably to stimulate home ownership, encourage saving and stimulate private pension
accounts. International experience suggests that such tax expenditures, while influencing the
allocation of saving, have no obvious impact on the overall level of saving. However they result in
significant tax expenditure and necessitate higher tax rates elsewhere. Reforms recommended in this
paper would help to make a well-functioning system perform even better.
Keywords: consumer welfare, information and market efficiency, government regulation, competition
JEL:
G18: Financial Economics / General Financial Markets / General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation;
G21: Financial Economics / Financial Institutions and Services / Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages;
G14: Financial Economics / General Financial Markets / Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
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