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This volume contains an analysis of energy policy and energy market developments in Member countries of the International Energy Agency.

Among its highlights are summaries of in-depth energy policy reviews of Australia, Belgium, the Czech Republic, New Zealand, Spain and Turkey which were conducted October 2000 to June 2001. The full reviews are published separately. It also includes short reviews of policy developments in Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan and Switzerland as well as energy balances and key statistical data for all Member countries and key energy statistics for the past 20 years.

The overview section examines trends in energy markets, including an analysis of energy demand and supply changes over the last decade and the price trends of fuels for the past two years. It examines the Member countries’ progress in regulatory reform with an analysis of the electricity crisis in California. It also analyses actions taken by the Member countries to meet their Kyoto targets. It contains a short study on developments in non-members including Russia, Saudi Arabia, India and China.

The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the Czech Republic's energy policies and programmes.

The Czech Republic became the twenty-fifth member of the IEA in February 2001. In its transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, the Czech Republic has thoroughly reformed its energy policies and regulatory framework and restructured its energy sector. The country established a new energy regulator in 2001 and adopted a schedule for opening its electricity and gas markets to competition. The effective introduction of competition, however, will depend on regulatory details still to be defined and the privatisation of the state energy companies that still dominate the internal market. The Czech Republic has only limited energy resources. Coal is still the leading fuel for power generation but its role is declining. This trend will accelerate with the commissioning of a second nuclear power plant, at Temelín. Oil and gas imports have been diversified and the Czech electricity grid has been connected to Western Europe. Emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants in the Czech Republic have been reduced, but remain higher than average for IEA Europe. There is also room for improvement in energy efficiency, which would contribute to the country's environmental goals as well as enhance its economic competitiveness.

 

The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Turkey's energy policies and programmes.  This edition finds that Turkey aspires to link the oil- and gas-rich Caspian area to Western markets. Several pipelines through Turkey are nearing completion. The projects could enhance diversity and security of supply in consuming countries. They could also relieve the environmental strain of heavy ship traffic through the Bosporus.

Numerous attempts have been made to open Turkey’s energy markets to competition and to ensure that energy supply grows in step with population and demand. Turkey has made early and extensive use of build-own-operate and build-own-transfer schemes to promote investment in power-plant capacity. In the last two years, decisive progress has been made.

The concept of privatisation was introduced into the Turkish constitution. Legislation was adopted in February 2001 to allow competition in the electricity market and to adapt Turkey’s legislation for European Union membership. A new Gas Market Law was adopted in May 2001, despite the macro-economic turmoil that Turkey has experienced since late 2000. These reforms must now be implemented.

Turkey’s carbon emissions are growing rapidly. They will grow even faster if coal use quadrupled by 2020, as the government expects. Air pollution is also a significant problem. Turkey has not signed the United Nations’ Climate Convention. But the government aims to comply with the general provisions of the Convention and to exploit the country’s energy efficiency potential. These efforts should be reinforced.

This volume contains comprehensive information on the OECD electricity sector. There are over 700 pages on production, consumption, prices and trade in electricity. The report also contains coverage of heat production for OECD countries. The statistics cover the 30 OECD countries, providing data for selected years.

Part I provides a detailed summary of the electricity and heat sectors, including production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade and prices for electricity and input fuels. These data are presented in a tabular format that permits easy analysis and comparison. Part I also provides a summary of gross electricity and heat production by country in non-OECD countries, including a breakout of electricity and heat production by combustible fuels. Part II contains electricity data for each of the 30 OECD countries, and for eight OECD and IEA regional aggregates for selected years. It also contains projections for most of the OECD countries up to 2020. Each country section presents up to 21 tables containing a comprehensive statistical database on energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels. These data are official country data and projections reported each year to the IEA.

The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the energy policies and programmes of Norway. It finds that oil and gas contribute about 40% of Norway’s exports, and up to 16% of GDP, depending on world oil prices. The government used production controls as a means of influencing prices in 1986, in 1998 and again in 2002.

Important changes are occurring in the oil and gas sector. Statoil has been partially privatised, the State Direct Financial Interest in oil and gas developments has been restructured, and the Gas Negotiations Committee is to be abolished. Private marketing of gas should be a guiding principle in future marketing policy, and depletion policy generally should balance the goals of optimising recovery with ensuring competition.

Growth in energy consumption has been limited by government policies, but consumption is rising with strong economic growth. A new agency has been established to promote energy efficiency and new renewables. Norway has the highest per capita electricity consumption in the world. New large-scale hydro is unlikely, and the future of gas-fired power is uncertain. New generating and transmission capacity may be necessary to avoid price instability or even failure of supply in a dry year.

There are limited opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases in the energy sector in Norway because of the extensive use of hydro in electricity generation. The Kyoto flexible mechanisms are therefore particularly important. Decisions on developing new generating capacity will also be influenced by environmental policies.

The International Energy Agency's 2002 comprehensive review of Korea's energy policies and programmes.  This report comes at a time when Korea has become the 26th Member of the IEA and when the country’s energy policies are being substantially reformed, to mobilise investments and increase efficiency.

The report brings information on all energy sectors (oil, gas, coal, nuclear, electricity, renewables) showing what role different energy sources could play in the context of a heavily dependency on external sources of energy.

The report analyses the effect of efficiency measures to reduce the energy intensity of the Korean economy, still one of the highest of the IEA countries. 

A special attention is paid to the assessment of the energy policy reforms currently unfolding in Korea, in particular in the electricity and in the gas sectors. The report analyses in details the electricity reforms, the gradual emergence of an electricity market in Korea and their implications. KEPCO has now been restructured and its partial privatisation is a matter of time. The report shows how the government’s ambitious plans still require a number of measures for the market to achieve a satisfactory outcome, the role of nuclear remaining a source of uncertainty for future competition in the generation industry. Though less advanced, the reforms in the gas sector are progressing well. The report shows the main challenges which the government will need to resolve for the market to deliver its promises.

The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Denmark's energy policies and programmes. It finds that over the past four years, Danish energy policy has made good progress towards meeting its high standards of environmental protection while opening its gas and power industries to competition. The concurrent pursuit of economic efficiency, energy policy and environmental protection is an issue of prime importance in Denmark. The country has adopted both international and national greenhouse-gas emissions targets. A host of measures is in place to reach these targets, and to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The targets are within reach. But actually attaining them requires the continued application of a system of power plant carbon dioxide quotas.

The Danish power market has been opened to competition beyond the requirements of the EU directive, but the scope for effective competition continues to be limited by priority dispatch for wind energy and combined heat and power plants. The gas market has been opened, but much less fully. The gas industry’s debt problem was addressed through industry restructuring, but this has led to a dominant position for the state-owned gas pipeline company DONG. The report recommends that foreign suppliers be encouraged to enter the market, in order to stimulate competition in electricity and gas markets. This report discusses the energy policies of Denmark based on a review visit in October 2001, before the recent general elections.

This publication contains data for over 100 non-OECD countries on the supply and demand of coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, combustible renewables and waste in an energy balance format. The figures are expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent. Historical tables summarise production, trade and consumption data and provide key energy and economic indicators. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows, explanatory notes on individual country data and conversion factors from original units to tonnes of oil equivalent. In Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, the sister volume of this publication, in-depth statistical data are expressed in original units.

This volume contains comprehensive information on the OECD electricity sector. There are over 700 pages on production, consumption, prices and trade in electricity. The report also contains coverage of heat production for OECD countries. The statistics cover 30 OECD countries, providing data for selected years.

Part I provides a detailed summary of the electricity and heat sectors, including production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade and prices for electricity and input fuels. These data are presented in a tabular format that permits easy analysis and comparison. Part I also provides a summary of gross electricity and heat production by country in non-OECD countries, including a breakdown of electricity and heat production by combustible fuels. Part II contains electricity data for each of the 30 OECD countries, and for eight OECD and IEA regional aggregates for selected years. It also contains projections for most of the OECD countries up to 2020. Each country section presents up to 21 tables containing a comprehensive statistical database on energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels. These data are official country data and projections reported each year to the IEA.

This annual publication contains - for over 100 non-OECD countries and regions - data on energy supply and demand for coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, combustible renewables and waste. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade and consumption of coals, crude oil and oil products, natural gas, electricity, heat and renewables. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on individual country data. In Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, the sister volume of this publication, the data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent.

This volume contains an analysis of developments in energy policies and markets in the Member countries of the International Energy Agency. It includes summaries of the in-depth reviews of Denmark, Germany, Greece, Korea, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States conducted from October 2001 to June 2002. The full reviews are published separately. It also includes short reviews of policy developments in Canada, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden as well as energy balances and key statistical data for all Member countries and key energy statistics for the past 20 years.

The overview section examines trends in energy markets, including an analysis of changes in energy demand and supply over the last decade and the price trends of fuels for the past two years. It highlights key issues related to energy security, which is again a major government preoccupation. It examines Member countries’ progress in regulatory reform, their actions to meet the Kyoto greenhouse gas emission targets and their R&D policies. It also analyses their policies on renewable energy. It contains a short study of developments in non-Member countries, including China, India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Russia, Central and Southeast Europe, the Baltic republics and the Middle East.