United States
OECD’s periodic surveys of the United States economy. Each edition surveys the major challenges faced by the country, evaluates the short-term outlook, and makes specific policy recommendations. Special chapters take a more detailed look at specific challenges. Extensive statistical information is included in charts and graphs.
Études économiques consacrées périodiquement par l'OCDE à l’économie des États-Unis. Chaque étude analyse les grands enjeux auxquels le pays fait face. Elle examine les perspectives à court terme et présente des recommandations détaillées à l’intention des décideurs politiques. Des chapitres thématiques analysent des enjeux spécifiques. Les tableaux et graphiques contiennent un large éventail de données statistiques.
The United States signed a new treaty with Croatia, and the United States Senate has approved the Chilean treaty for ratification. Neither treaty has entered into force.
Ensuring equality for LGBTI+ individuals is a human rights imperative, but it also makes a lot of economic sense. Inclusion enables LGBTI+ individuals to achieve their full employment and labour productivity potential, benefitting not only their economic and social well-being, but also society as a whole. Yet, robust evidence supporting the economic case for greater LGBTI+ equality is still scarce due to challenges in accurately measuring the size and life situation of the LGBTI+ population. This report bridges this gap by using a unique set of microdata from the United States. The report begins with an overview of the share of US adults identifying as LGBTI+, their geographic distribution and key demographics. It then evaluates the extent to which LGBTI+ Americans face discrimination, assessing how this population fares, including in the labour market. Finally, utilising the OECD long-term model, the report quantifies the potential increase in GDP resulting from closing the unexplained LGBTI+ gaps in employment and labour productivity. The findings highlight significant economic gains, although they capture only a portion of the potential benefits. Notably, the broader societal impacts, such as the advancement of women's empowerment through the disruption of heteronormative standards, are not quantified.
Ensuring equality of opportunities in the labour market and society for LGBTI+ individuals is a human rights imperative, but it also makes a lot of economic sense. Yet, solid evidence supporting the economic case for greater LGBTI+ equality is still scarce due to challenges in accurately measuring the size and life situation of the LGBTI+ population. This report bridges this gap by using a unique set of microdata from the United States, offering the first extensive nationally representative sample of the LGBTI+ US adult population. The report presents current data on the share of US adults identifying as LGBTI+, their geographic distribution and key demographics, followed by an evaluation of the state of equality for LGBTI+ Americans. Finally, the report provides an estimate of the potential increase in GDP resulting from levelling the playing field for LGBTI+ Americans.
This chapter analyses the economic returns of levelling the playing field for LGBTI+ Americans. It first explores the potential increase in GDP that could result from closing unexplained LGBTI+ labour market gaps, drawing on the OECD long-term model, before discussing several additional benefits that would emerge from eliminating anti-LGBTI+ discrimination. The chapter concludes by quantifying the economic and well-being burden of mental health disparities among LGBTI+ individuals. Considering only the mechanisms included in the OECD long term model, the economic consequences of achieving LGBTI+ equality appear substantial. Under realistic assumptions, if the United States reaches this milestone by 2050, it could expect an increase in GDP equal to 2.6% of the baseline GDP. This corresponds to a yearly increase in GDP equal to 0.1%, which amounts to 5% of the average annual US GDP growth over the past ten years. Of course, a more ambitious goal of closing the gaps by 2030 would lead to a higher yearly GDP increase, representing about 10% of the average annual US GDP growth observed between 2013 and 2023.
The OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (ELS) has been supporting the inclusion of increasingly diverse groups in member countries through its work on gender equality, ageing and employment, the labour market integration of youth, the inclusion of people with disability, or the integration of immigrants and visible minorities. Since 2016, following a Call to Action signed in 2014 by 12 member countries, ELS has been leading the OECD’s work on the inclusion of LGBTI+ people, i.e. lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgender and intersex individuals.
This country profile features selected environmental indicators from the OECD Core Set, building on harmonised datasets available on OECD.stat. The indicators reflect major environmental issues, including climate, air quality, freshwater resources, waste and the circular economy, biodiversity, and selected policy responses to these issues. Differences with national data sources can occur due to delays in data treatment and publication, or due to different national definitions and measurement methods. The OECD is working with countries and other international organisations to further improve the indicators and the underlying data. The text of this country profile is complementary to the OECD Environmental Performance Review of the United States 2023 (forthcoming).
This chapter presents the latest data on the share of US adults who identify as LGBTI+ and delves into information on their geographic location and demographics, including sex assigned at birth, age, race/ethnicity, family structure, and educational attainment. Over the past decade, the percentage of US adults who identify as LGBTI+ has nearly doubled, reaching 11.2% (or nearly 30 million) in 2023. LGBTI+ self-identification is more commonly reported in accepting neighbourhoods, as well as among individuals assigned female at birth, young people, and Whites. LGBTI+ adults are less likely to live with a partner or in a household with children. Historically, non-cisgender individuals have faced educational disadvantages, and this trend is now also emerging among younger generations of cisgender individuals who identify as non-heterosexual. This chapter explores the reasons for these disparities, beyond documenting them.
This introductory chapter summarises the report’s findings on the economic case for greater LGBTI+ equality, drawing from a unique set of nationally representative microdata from the United States. The report first presents the latest data on the percentage of US adults identifying as LGBTI+, their geographic distribution and essential demographics. It reveals that 11.2% (or nearly 30 million) of US adults self-identified as LGBTI+ in 2023, a number that has nearly doubled in the past decade. In addition, self-identified LGBTI+ Americans differ on their geographic location and key demographic characteristics (sex assigned at birth, age, race/ethnicity, family structure, and educational attainment), compared to their cisgender straight peers. The report then focuses on evaluating equality for LGBTI+ Americans, underscoring persistent disparities faced by LGBTI+ Americans, especially in labour market outcomes, household income, and mental health. Finally, the report quantifies the substantial economic returns of levelling the playing field for LGBTI+ Americans.
This chapter explores whether LGBTI+ Americans benefit from a level playing field. It begins by examining the degree of social acceptance towards LGBTI+ Americans and their perception of discrimination. The chapter then assesses their economic situation before focusing on their labour market outcomes. The analysis concludes by delving into their health and well-being status. This investigation underscores the persistent disparities faced by LGBTI+ Americans. While social acceptance towards them has increased, perceptions of discrimination remain prevalent. After adjusting for demographics, LGBTI+ Americans consistently have lower household income, which reflects the significant challenges they face in the labour market, both in terms of employment and labour earnings. These disparities, at least partly driven by societal stigmatisation, are also manifest in substantial health and well-being gaps for LGBTI+ Americans.
Executive Order 14057, Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal Sustainability (December 8, 2021) and the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 23 - Environment, Energy and Water Efficiency, Renewable Energy Technologies, Occupational Safety, and Drug-Free Workplace, last revised in 2021 constitute the US legal framework on GPP.
The United States economy has continued to expand at a solid pace and price pressures have eased somewhat. However, a sustained fiscal deficit has contributed to raising public debt as a share of GDP to its highest level since World War II, with a further substantial increase in prospect over coming decades as the population ages. To put the public finances on a more sustainable path, a multi-year fiscal adjustment should be enacted that achieves savings on pensions and healthcare and raises taxation, including on capital incomes. A more medium-term oriented and less complicated federal budgeting process would support this. At the same time, economic growth would benefit from productivity enhancing reforms that promote competition, including through maintaining international trade openness and reinforcing relevant skills in the workforce. Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have accelerated, but further policy measures will be needed to achieve emission reduction targets. Policy options include a package of broad-based carbon pricing, taxes and sectoral policies. As the climate transition further progresses, additional measures will be needed to support displaced workers from fossil fuel industries and for climate adaptation.
SPECIAL FEATURE: MANAGING FISCAL PRESSURES IN THE UNITED STATES
Improving rural development, well-being and maximising the potential in rural areas requires greater horizontal and vertical co-ordination at the national, regional, and local level as well as the mainstreaming of rural issues across all policies. However, taking an integrated approach to rural development - where rural ministries and non-rural ministries coordinate in the development of polices and initiatives - is often very challenging. Rural proofing is a tool to help policy makers overcome this challenge and develop more nuanced rural-friendly policies. It involves making policy decisions based on evidence on rural dynamics available in a timely fashion to enable changes and adjustments. In practice, however, it is a mechanism that has proved complex to design, implement, and sustain. This article explores how more robust rural proofing models can be developed, with health as a focal point. Drawing on lessons from different OECD member countries, it develops a roadmap for more effective rural proofing mechanisms to help embed the practice in the policy space and culture of governments.
As the world’s largest provider of official development assistance (ODA), the United States has substantial development programmes in all sectors and regions. Foreign assistance priorities include global health and security, tackling the climate crisis, promoting democracy and good governance while countering authoritarianism, and addressing discrimination and inequality. The United States’ total ODA (USD 66 billion, preliminary data) increased in 2023, representing 0.24% of gross national income (GNI).
Secondo le proiezioni, il PIL reale dovrebbe registrare una crescita del 2,6 % nel 2024 e dell'1,8 % nel 2025. La crescita è stata vigorosa nel 2023 e dovrebbe continuare a un ritmo piuttosto sostenuto per tutto il 2024. Il disavanzo di bilancio resterà ampio, ma registrerà una lieve contrazione. L'inflazione di fondo PCE è diminuita nel corso del 2023 e continua a calare su base annua, sebbene a un ritmo moderato. Nel secondo semestre del 2024, la politica monetaria dovrebbe iniziare ad adottare un approccio meno restrittivo. Tra i rischi al ribasso per le previsioni di crescita figurano i ritardi nella prevista riduzione dei tassi di riferimento e l'imposizione di ulteriori restrizioni agli scambi. I rischi al rialzo includono una crescita del mercato del lavoro più vigorosa del previsto, che contribuirebbe a stimolare la spesa delle famiglie.
Real GDP is projected to grow by 2.6% in 2024 and 1.8% in 2025. Growth was strong in 2023 and is expected to continue at a fairly robust pace through 2024. The fiscal deficit will remain large but tighten modestly. Core PCE inflation declined during 2023 and continues to ease year-on-year, though at a modest pace. Monetary policy easing is expected to begin in the second half of 2024. Downside risks to the growth forecast include delays in the anticipated policy rate cuts and the imposition of additional trade restrictions. Upside risks include stronger‑than‑expected labour market growth, helping to boost household spending.
Le PIB réel devrait progresser de 2.6 % en 2024 et de 1.8 % en 2025. La croissance a été forte en 2023 et elle devrait se poursuivre à un rythme plutôt soutenu tout au long de 2024. Le déficit budgétaire restera important, mais il se réduira modérément. L’inflation sous-jacente mesurée à partir de l’indice PCE a reculé en 2023, et reste sur sa trajectoire baissière en glissement annuel, quoiqu’à un rythme modeste. L’assouplissement de la politique monétaire est attendu à compter du second semestre de 2024. Les risques de divergence à la baisse par rapport aux prévisions de croissance tiennent à des baisses des taux directeurs plus tardives que prévu et à l’imposition de nouvelles restrictions aux échanges. Les risques de divergence à la hausse tiennent pour leur part à une croissance du marché du travail plus forte que prévu, qui stimulerait les dépenses des ménages.