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International Migration Outlook 2015

Please cite this publication as:
OECD (2015), International Migration Outlook 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2015-en.

Metadata, Legal and Rights

ISBN: 978-92-64-24345-3 (epub) - 978-92-64-23694-3 (print) - 978-92-64-23695-0 (pdf)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2015-en

Annual: International Migration Outlook

ISSN: 1995-3968 (print) - 1999-124X (online)

This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries.

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Photo credits: Cover © David Rooney.

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© OECD 2015

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Foreword

This publication constitutes the thirty-ninth report of the OECD’s Continuous Reporting System on Migration. The report is divided into four chapters plus a statistical annex.

Chapter 1 provides a broad overview of recent trends in international migration flows and migration policies. Chapter 2 takes a close look at the employment situation of immigrants and highlights major changes in policies to support the integration of immigrants and their children.

Chapter 3 looks at changing patterns in the international migration of doctors and nurses to OECD countries. It examines how the international migration of health workers to OECD countries has evolved since 2000. It analyses flows against the background of shifts in migration and health policies and economic and institutional change.

Chapter 4 presents succinct country-specific notes and statistics on developments in international migration movements and policies in OECD countries in recent years. Finally, the statistical annex includes a broad selection of recent and historical statistics on immigrant flows, the foreign and foreign-born populations and naturalisations.

This year’s edition of the OECD International Migration Outlook is the joint work of staff of the International Migration Division in the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. Chapters 1,  2 and 4 are a collective work of the staff of the International Migration Division with contributions from John Salt (University College London, United Kingdom) for Chapter 1 and from Martina Lubyova (Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic) and Ioannis Kaplanis (OECD) for Chapter 2. Chapter 3 was prepared by Clémence Merçay (University of Neuchâtel), Jean-Christophe Dumont (OECD) and Gaétan Lafortune (OECD). Jean-Christophe Dumont edited the report. Research assistance and statistical work were carried out by Véronique Gindrey and Philippe Hervé. Editorial assistance was provided by Sylviane Yvron. Finally, thanks go to Ken Kincaid for his editing of Chapters 1 and 3.

Editorial: Now more than ever, migration policy needs to be comprehensive and co-ordinated

OECD countries are facing an unprecedented refugee crisis. In 2014, more than 800 000 asylum applications were recorded, an historical high, but the figure for 2015 is expected to be even higher. Even if humanitarian migration is an issue of increasing concern in several parts of the world, notably in Asia, most asylum applications were made in Europe (more than 600 000 in 2014). This is clearly an emergency situation that requires a co-ordinated response at both European and global levels.

In Europe, this humanitarian crisis is taking place in the broader context of increasing challenges associated with irregular migration. The absence of controls at Libyan borders has created a unique situation and the number of irregular entries, as recorded by the European agency Frontex, is on a constant rise. In the first six months of 2015, about 137 000 people landed in Greece, Italy, Malta and Spain, corresponding to a staggering 83% increase on the 75 000 recorded for the same period of 2014. The fact that these landings include not only potential refugees but also migrants who are not always in clear need of protection adds to the pressure.

Images of people landing on the European shores and information on the many who died in their attempt to find a better life are as powerful as the tragedy of these people is real. The current refugee crisis also takes place in a context of relatively weak European economic and labour market conditions, as well as against the background of a global fight against terrorism. The anxiety regarding migration issues has reached new highs and anti-immigrant sentiment is spreading.

Building consensus among European countries to identify and agree on ad hoc emergency solutions has proven particularly challenging, in part because of expected negative reactions in public opinion at the national level. Nevertheless, in light of the worsening situation, current policy responses may need to be prolonged and enhanced. The failure to anticipate – and to communicate on – ongoing trends may actually have a very detrimental effect on trust and ultimately on the capacity to adapt further emergency policy responses but also, more generally, to adapt migration management systems as required.

Most resources (political capital, administrative staff, energy and attention of policy makers) are currently devoted to addressing the humanitarian crisis. However, one should not forget that existing legal migration systems also need to be constantly adjusted because of changing economic and demographic conditions, international competition for talent, and lessons learnt from evaluation of past policies and experiences. This also applies to integration policies, which help ensure migrants’ skills are used to their best potential. Most migration to Europe and the OECD still occurs through legal channels and is managed in an orderly fashion. Legal permanent migration to the OECD amounted to 4.3 million in 2014, a 6% increase compared to 2013. In the European Union (EU), permanent legal migration from outside the EU is now equivalent to what is recorded in the United States: about one million a year.

The integration of immigrants and their children also needs to be supported by appropriate public policies. Recent OECD evidence shows that despite some marked improvements across generations, in many OECD countries immigrants are more likely to be unemployed, in low quality jobs or overeducated in their jobs and to face poverty including in-work poverty. Their children attain on average lower levels of education. To make the most out of skills of migrants who are here to stay, it is important to continue investing in integration policies and reinforcing the efficiency of these investments.

The European Agenda on Migration proposed by the European Commission in April 2015 was initially meant to develop a global approach with proposals for immediate action but also longer term proposals for a new labour migration management system and integration. The second part of this equation should not be forgotten.

Even in the current context of the humanitarian crisis, a global policy strategy is needed, which has the right tools – and international co-ordination – to deal with current and future refugees and asylum seekers flows as well as more long-term tools to get the most out of legal migration. Failure to act on the first is likely to jeopardise efforts to improve on the second, as it will fuel anxiety about migration, regardless of the actual numbers involved.

Executive summary

Main trends

Immigration flows are on the rise in most OECD countries. Preliminary data for 2014 suggest that permanent migration flows increased sharply for the first time since 2007 and are back to their pre-crisis level, with 4.3 million permanent entries to the OECD. Family reunification migration accounted for 35% of all permanent migration to OECD countries in 2013 and free movement for 30%.

Germany is consolidating its position as one of the main immigration countries, now second only to the United States in the number of migrants it receives. Overall, in 2013 the European Union (EU) received as many permanent migrants from outside the EU as the United States did from all countries. One in ten new immigrants to the OECD is Chinese and 4.4% are from India. Romania and Poland rank second and third, with 5.5% and 5.3% of overall inflows to OECD countries.

In 2014, the number of new asylum seekers in OECD countries rose by 46%, exceeding 800 000 for the first time since the beginning of the 1990s, the second highest level in 35 years. Preliminary data suggest that 2015 will also reach a historical high. The top destination countries are Germany, the United States, Turkey, Sweden and Italy. France is now sixth, down from its longstanding position among the top three destination countries.

A number of OECD countries have fundamentally revised their migration legislation in the past few years, responding to evolving patterns of migration and to the changing political environment. Most changes tend towards restrictions: i) skilled workers are still wanted, but countries are picking them more selectively; ii) investors and entrepreneurs are sought after, but are increasingly scrutinised; iii) some family immigration procedures are being eased, but the general trend is still towards restriction; iv) new measures have been adopted in response to the humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean region; and v) actions to strengthen border controls, encourage voluntary returns and fight against illegal employment of foreign workers have been implemented.

For the vast majority of countries, the labour market outcomes of migrants and natives have been either stable or improving in recent years. However, some countries which have not yet recovered from the crisis (Greece, Italy and Slovenia) have seen migrants disproportionally affected. Overall, during 2011-14 the average employment rate of migrants in the OECD area increased slightly more for migrants than for natives, although no significant change in their unemployment rate was seen.

While targeted integration measures continue to be widely used, some countries with a longstanding tradition of hosting immigrants are trying to mainstream integration measures into all aspects of economic and social life. Many countries are placing particular emphasis on the recognition of foreign qualifications and on lifelong learning, in particular for those who lack basic skills.

International mobility of health workers

In total, the number of migrant doctors and nurses working in OECD countries has increased by 60% since 2004. The trend mirrors the general increase in immigration to OECD countries – particularly that of skilled workers. It also points to the sizeable contribution that immigrants made to the rise in numbers of healthcare workers in OECD countries in the 2000s, although the very latest data show a fall in inflows in a number of countries.

Asian countries are the world’s top suppliers of emigrant doctors and nurses, but there is also increasing mobility between OECD countries, chiefly because of growing intra-EEA flows. Small and island countries, however, still show the highest emigration rates.

In 2010/11, doctors and nurses who had emigrated to the OECD area from countries affected by severe shortages of healthcare professionals, as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO), accounted for 20% of estimated healthcare workforce needs in their countries of origin, compared with 9% in 2000/01.

Against the background of burgeoning international student mobility, the number of medical students pursuing their education abroad has soared in recent years. This is the result of the increasingly international nature of medical studies, which is due both to unmet demand in countries that restrict access to healthcare education and training and to the growing offer of places in medical school in others. In coming years, the number of international medical graduates can be expected to continue rising.

Main findings

Migration is rising overall and has returned to its pre-crisis level

The total foreign-born population in OECD countries stood at 117 million people in 2013, corresponding to 35 million (40%) more than in 2000.

Preliminary 2014 data suggest that permanent migration flows to the OECD reached 4.3 million permanent entries to the OECD, a 6% increase compared to 2013. In addition, most categories of temporary migration also increased.

China and India remain important origin countries, but Poland and Romania are also significant, due to increased intra-EU mobility.

Asylum seekers in OECD countries reached an historical high in 2014 and levels continue to increase in 2015.

Some positive signs regarding labour market outcomes of immigrants

Overall, the average employment rate of immigrants in the OECD area increased by 1.3 percentage points during 2011-14, compared with 0.5 percentage points for the native population.

The unemployment rate did not change much, remaining on average 3.3 points higher for foreign-born than for native-born.

In the OECD area, the rise of long-term unemployment for migrants has slowed down recently, but it still affects 6% of the migrant labour force.

The growing importance of health worker migration

The share of foreign-born among doctors grew in most countries between 2000/01 and 2010/11 from an average (across 23 countries) of 19.5% to more than 22%, while that among nurses rose from 11% to 14.5% (22 countries).

In 2010/11, foreign-born doctors and nurses practicing in OECD countries made up about 5% of all healthcare professionals worldwide.

In 2012/14, foreign-trained doctors and nurses accounted for 17% and 6%, respectively, of the healthcare workforce in the 26 countries for doctors and 24 countries for nurses for which data were available.

Between 2000/01 and 2010/11 the number of doctors and nurses emigrating to OECD countries from countries with severe shortages in health workers grew by more than 80%.

Chapter 1.

Recent developments in international migration movements and policies¹

This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in international migration movements in OECD countries. It begins with a description of the uptick in migration flows in 2014, based on preliminary and partial data. This is followed by a more detailed analysis of the trends in permanent migration from the start of the financial crisis through 2013, by country and by main category of migration – migration for work, family or humanitarian purposes, and migration within free movement areas. Temporary migration is then covered, with brief highlights on seasonal workers and intra-company transferees, and a focus on posting of workers within the European Economic Area (EEA). Close attention is then devoted to the spike in the number of asylum seekers, before turning to the international mobility of students. The chapter continues with a brief description of the composition of migration flows by gender and by country of origin, then turns to the evolution of the foreign-born population, the changing trends in net migration and the acquisition of nationality across OECD countries. A detailed policy section follows, describing the major recent developments in policies that regulate the entry and stay of foreign nationals in OECD countries. Large-scale revisions in migration frameworks are reviewed. Policy changes for different categories of migrants are examined (skilled and less skilled workers; investors and entrepreneurs; international students; family migrants and humanitarian migrants). The developments in management systems for permits and for asylum procedures are discussed, followed by enforcement measures and those to encourage return.

Introduction

The overall GDP growth for the OECD area in 2014 is estimated at 1.8% against 1.4% in 2013 and 1.3% in 2012. Almost all OECD countries showed positive GDP growth rates in 2014, with very limited decline in the only three countries still reporting negative figures (Italy, down 0.4%, and Finland and Japan, both down 0.1%). The labour market situation did not improve in all OECD countries in 2014 but, at the end of the year, the overall harmonised unemployment rate in the OECD area had fallen to approximately 7%, its average level since data recording began in 1991.

This slightly improved economic climate, combined with factors such as demographic developments and geopolitical crises, created an environment conducive to resumption of international migration movements, as will be seen.

This chapter proposes a glance on these most recent trends, and then gives a global view of international migration flows and policies. It covers total permanent movements into OECD countries, entries by category, temporary labour migration, asylum movements, international students and movements by gender and country of origin. The chapter then gives an overview on foreign-born populations, net migration and acquisition of citizenship, from 2000 onwards. The second part of this chapter is a detailed policy section, which goes through major recent developments in policies that regulate the entry and stay of foreign nationals in OECD countries. Large-scale revisions in migration frameworks are reviewed, as well as specific policy changes affecting particular categories of migrant, and revisions of asylum procedures and enforcement measures.

Main findings

Preliminary data suggest that permanent migration flows to the OECD increased sharply in 2014 for the first time since 2007 and is back to its pre-crisis level with 4.3 million permanent entries to the OECD.

Germany consolidates its position as one of the main immigration countries, second only to the United States. Significant increases in inflows are recorded for example in the Czech Republic, Israel, Ireland and the United Kingdom. In contrast, the largest decreases are observed in Slovenia, Italy or Australia.

In 2013, the European Union has received as many permanent migrants from outside the EU as the United States did from all countries, and for the first time Korea received more immigrants than Japan.

Family reunification migration accounted for over one-third of all permanent migration to OECD countries in 2013 (-1% compared to 2012) and free movement for 30% (+4%).

Inflows of temporary migrant workers are also increasing but with large variation across categories: intra-company transferees (+6% in 2013 compared to 2012), working holidaymakers (+12% for Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States), seasonal workers in agriculture and hospitality (-0.4%, excluding intra-EU movements).

In 2013, one in ten new immigrants to the OECD is Chinese and 4.4% are from India. Romania and Poland rank second and third with respectively 5.5% and 5.3% of overall inflows to OECD countries.

In 2012, there were 3.4 million foreign students in the OECD, +3% compared with the previous year. They accounted for an average of 8% of the OECD tertiary-level student population. Most international students in higher education in the OECD originate from Asia – 22% from China, 6% from India, and 4% from Korea.

Applications for asylum in the OECD area have increased steadily since 2010, reaching a 20-year peak in 2014 at over 800 000, the second highest year in the last 35 years. The number of asylum seekers across the OECD rose by 46% in 2014 over 2013, fuelled partly by the deteriorating security situation in Syria and Libya, notably.

The total foreign-born population in OECD countries stood at 117 million people in 2013 which corresponds to 35 million and 40% more than in 2000.

Since 2000, OECD countries have granted nationality to 25 million foreign nationals. In 2013, more than 2 million people acquired the citizenship of an OECD country, up 14% from 2012.

During the last years, a number of countries have fundamentally revised their migration legislation in response to evolving patterns of migration and to the changing political environment: i) skilled workers are still wanted, but countries are picking them more selectively, ii) investors and entrepreneurs are sought after, but are increasingly scrutinised, iii) some family immigration procedures are being eased but the general trend is still towards restriction, iv) new measures have been adopted in response to the humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean region and v) actions to strengthen border controls, encourage voluntary returns and fight against illegal employment of foreign workers have been implemented.

Recent trends in international migration

Preliminary trends 2014

With more favourable global economic conditions than in previous years, partial data for 2014 point to a sharp increase in permanent migration in the OECD area. Roughly 4.3 million people immigrated to OECD countries (Figure 1.1), compared with 4.1 million the year before – a 6% year-on-year rise. The level reached was in fact higher than in the years prior to the 2007/08 global economic crisis.

Figure 1.1. Permanent migration flows to OECD countries, 2006-14

Note: Data for 2006 to 2013 is the sum of standardised figures for countries where they are available (accounting for 95% of the total of flows to OECD countries), and non-standardised figures for other countries. 2014 data are estimated based on growth rates published in official national statistics.

Source: OECD calculations based on national statistics.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260721

Preliminary figures, based on non-standardised statistics and partial counts, show not only that flows increased in most OECD countries in 2014, but that in more than half they outstripped their 2007 levels. The United States was the prime destination, accounting for one million new permanent residents, a 1% increase compared to 2013 (Table 1.A1.1). Germany, which confirms its second place with yet another double-digit increase, contributed to much of the overall increase in flows to the OECD in 2014. The United Kingdom, too, saw a rise in numbers of new migrants from EU and non-EU countries, and partial data for Spain suggest a robust resumption of immigration. There were also moderate increases in Canada, of 5%, and in France, where flows of third-country nationals climbed 3%.

A number of relatively smaller countries also contributed noticeably to the overall rise in flows. Korea, for example, with the lowest unemployment rate in the OECD and the second strongest economic growth – both around 3% – saw inflows increase by more than 12%. Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, and Sweden all received between significantly more arrivals in 2014 than in 2013. A double-digit increase is also observed in Iceland.

Only a few countries took in fewer migrants in 2014 than in 2013. Italy, where most migrants come for work purposes, experienced a 9% fall, partly due to its difficult labour market situation. Although inflows to the country have been declining steadily since 2007, Italy remains among the OECD’s main destinations.

With a 6% drop, Australia was another major immigration destination that welcomed less new migrants in 2014 than in 2013. In Switzerland, too, there was a slight fall – of 2% – for the first time in ten years, while the make-up of inflows by country of origin changed significantly. Arrivals from EU15 countries, Romania, and Bulgaria dropped by 9% while those from other EU member countries and third countries altogether increased by 13%.

Trends in migration flows by country and by category

Comprehensive data for standardised permanent migration by country of destination and migration category are available for 2013. In 2013, the United States welcomed a little less than one million new permanent migrants (Table 1.1). Altogether, the OECD countries which are also EU members received a similar number of third-country nationals. Germany was the second main OECD destination country, with 468 000 arrivals of permanent migrants, a figure twice higher than the average level at the end of the 2000s. In Southern European countries like Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece, new migrants are approximately twice fewer than in 2008, which is also the case in Ireland. All those countries had been particularly hard hit by the 2008 Great Recession. It can also be noted that, for the first time since these data exist, new permanent arrivals in Korea outnumbered those in Japan. Migration flows to Chile have also increased rapidly in 2012 and 2013, to reach 132 000.

Table 1.1. Inflows of permanent immigrants into selected OECD countries, 2007-13
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Variation (%)
2013/12 | 2012/11 | 2013/07
Standardised statistics |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | 1 052 400 | 1 107 100 | 1 130 200 | 1 041 900 | 1 061 400 | 1 031 000 | 989 900 | -4 | -3 | -6
Germany | 232 900 | 228 300 | 201 500 | 222 500 | 290 800 | 400 200 | 468 800 | 17 | 38 | 101
United Kingdom | 343 300 | 317 300 | 359 200 | 394 800 | 322 600 | 286 100 | 291 000 | 2 | -11 | -15
France | 206 500 | 214 400 | 212 100 | 224 300 | 231 500 | 251 200 | 259 800 | 3 | 9 | 26
Canada | 236 800 | 247 200 | 252 200 | 280 700 | 248 700 | 257 900 | 258 600 | 0 | 4 | 9
Australia | 191 900 | 205 900 | 221 000 | 208 500 | 219 500 | 245 100 | 253 500 | 3 | 12 | 32
Italy | 571 900 | 490 400 | 390 300 | 355 700 | 317 300 | 258 400 | 245 800 | -5 | -19 | -57
Spain | 691 900 | 409 600 | 334 100 | 300 000 | 291 000 | 209 800 | 195 300 | -7 | -28 | -72
Switzerland | 122 200 | 139 100 | 114 800 | 115 000 | 124 300 | 125 600 | 136 200 | 8 | 1 | 11
Netherlands | 80 600 | 90 600 | 89 500 | 95 600 | 105 600 | | 96 800 | 105 500 | 9 | -8 | 31
Sweden | 74 400 | 71 000 | 71 500 | 65 600 | 71 800 | 81 700 | 86 700 | 6 | 14 | 17
Korea | 44 200 | 39 000 | 36 700 | 51 100 | 56 900 | 55 600 | 66 700 | 20 | -2 | 51
Austria | 47 100 | 49 500 | 45 700 | 45 900 | 58 400 | | 67 100 | 65 000 | -3 | 15 | 38
Norway | 43 900 | 49 300 | 48 900 | 56 800 | 61 600 | 59 900 | 60 300 | 1 | -3 | 37
Belgium | 50 300 | 51 200 | 64 200 | 64 100 | 64 300 | 65 700 | 60 300 | -8 | 2 | 20
Japan | 108 500 | 97 700 | 65 500 | 55 700 | 59 100 | 66 400 | 57 300 | -14 | 12 | -47
Mexico | 6 800 | 15 100 | 23 900 | 26 400 | 21 700 | 21 000 | | 54 400 | .. | -3 | ..
Denmark | 30 300 | 45 600 | 38 400 | 42 400 | 41 300 | 43 800 | 52 400 | 20 | 6 | 73
New Zealand | 51 700 | 51 200 | 47 500 | 48 500 | 44 500 | 42 700 | 44 400 | 4 | -4 | -14
Ireland | 120 400 | 89 700 | 50 700 | 23 900 | 33 700 | 32 100 | 40 200 | 25 | -5 | -67
Czech Republic | 100 600 | 76 200 | 38 200 | 28 000 | 20 700 | 28 600 | 27 800 | -3 | 38 | -72
Portugal | 42 800 | 71 000 | 57 300 | 43 800 | 36 900 | 30 700 | 27 000 | -12 | -17 | -37
Finland | 17 500 | 19 900 | 18 100 | 18 200 | 20 400 | 23 300 | 23 900 | 3 | 14 | 37
Total number of persons |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
All countries | 4 468 900 | 4 176 300 | 3 911 500 | 3 809 400 | 3 804 000 | 3 773 900 | 3 864 100 | 2 | -1 | -14
Settlement countries | 1 532 800 | 1 611 400 | 1 650 900 | 1 579 600 | 1 574 100 | 1 576 700 | 1 546 400 | -2 | 0 | 1
EU included above | 2 610 500 | 2 224 700 | 1 970 800 | 1 924 800 | 1 906 300 | 1 875 500 | 1 949 500 | 4 | -2 | -25
Of which: free movements | 1 215 700 | 900 000 | 734 900 | 739 300 | 831 700 | 926 200 | 968 400 | 5 | 11 | -20
Annual percent change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
All countries |  | -7 | -6 | -3 | -0.1 | -0.6 | 1.6 |  |  |
Settlement countries |  | 5 | 2 | -4 | -0.3 | 0.2 | -2 |  |  |
EU included above |  | -15 | -11 | -2 | -1 | -2 | 4 |  |  |
Of which: free movements |  | -26 | -18 | 1 | 12 | 11 | 5 |  |  |
National statistics (unstandardised) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chile | 79 400 | 68 400 | 57 100 | 63 900 | 76 300 | 105 100 | 132 100 | 26 | 38 | 66
Poland | 40 600 | 41 800 | 41 300 | 41 100 | 41 300 | 47 100 | 46 600 | -1 | 14 | 15
Hungary | 22 600 | 35 500 | 25 600 | 23 900 | 22 500 | 20 300 | 21 300 | 5 | -10 | -6
Luxembourg | 15 800 | 16 800 | 14 600 | 15 800 | 19 100 | 19 400 | 19 800 | 2 | 2 | 25
Greece | 46 300 | 42 900 | 46 500 | 33 400 | 23 200 | 17 700 | .. | .. | -24 | ..
Slovenia | 30 500 | 43 800 | 24 100 | 11 200 | 18 000 | 17 300 | 21 700 | 25 | -4 | -29
Israel | 18 100 | 13 700 | 14 600 | 16 600 | 16 900 | 16 600 | 16 900 | 2 | -2 | -7
Slovak Republic | 14 800 | 16 500 | 14 400 | 12 700 | 8 200 | | 2 900 | 2 500 | -14 | .. | ..
Iceland | 9 300 | 7 500 | 3 400 | 3 000 | 2 800 | 2 800 | 3 900 | 39 | 0 | -58
Estonia | 2 000 | 1 900 | 2 200 | 1 200 | 1 700 | 1 100 | 1 600 | 45 | -35 | -20
Turkey | .. | .. | .. | 29 900 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Total (except Greece, Turkey) | 233 100 | 245 900 | 197 400 | 189 500 | 206 800 | 232 600 | 266 400 |  |  |
Percent change | 23 | 5 | -20 | -4 | 9 | 12 | 15 |  |  |

Notes: Includes only foreign nationals; the inflows include status changes, namely persons in the country on a temporary status who obtained the right to stay on a longer-term basis. Breaks in series are indicated with a “|”. Series for some countries have been significantly revised compared with previous editions, notably for France.

Source: OECD International Migration Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260865

Permanent labour migration to OECD countries has been falling steadily since the 2008 crisis (Figure 1.2, Panel A), although the decline in 2013 was marginal (-1%). The fall in the United Kingdom (20% less) and Spain (16% less) represented a loss which was not counterbalanced by larger inflows of workers to other OECD countries. Italy contributed to somewhat offset the fall in labour migration observed in other countries when work permits, granted as part of the 2012 migrant regularisation programme, were eventually issued after a long delay. Other notable variations in labour migration flows include increases of 15% in the United States and 34% in Denmark, and a 5% fall in Canada. Outside the European Economic Area (EEA), and despite widely varying trends from one country to another, permanent labour migration has remained stable overall, as have numbers of family members accompanying migrant workers.

Figure 1.2. Permanent migration flows to OECD countries by category of entry, 2007-13

Note: Sum of standardised figures for countries where they are available (accounting for 95% of the total of flows to OECD countries). Data include changes of status from a temporary to a permanent status.

Source: OECD International migration Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260734

As in previous years, international migration within the EU was at the same level as immigration from third countries. Flows in free movement areas across OECD countries² totalled 1.15 million people, up 4% compared to 2012. Germany alone drove that rise, while variations in flows to other countries cancelled each other out. The main drops were recorded in Italy (-26%) and Spain (-9%) and were counterbalanced by increases in the United Kingdom (+25%) and Switzerland (+9%).

Family migration accounted for over one-third of all permanent migration to OECD countries in 2013 (Figure 1.2, Panel B), even though it has been declining consistently for several years – it fell a further 1% in 2013 (Figure 1.2, Panel C). Nevertheless, it is still the largest single category of migration, although free-movement migration has been gradually closing in on it since 2009 and is now close to its 2007 level. The drop in family-related migration is due chiefly to falls in the United States and the United Kingdom. Only Canada, with 15 000 more arrivals, France with +7 000, and Denmark with +2 000 received significantly higher numbers of family migrants in 2013 than in 2012.

In 2013, OECD countries granted permanent residence rights to more than 300 000 humanitarian migrants – the migrant group which, at 6%, showed the highest overall increase. Many OECD countries accepted more humanitarian migrants in 2013 than in 2012. A number of them experienced 50% rises – Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands or Sweden. Humanitarian migration still accounts for more than 12% of total migration to the United States, although it declined by 20% in 2013. This decline (-30 000 persons) partly offset the increases recorded in many other countries. While the impact of the conflict in Syria and Iraq was felt in a number of countries, humanitarian migration still represents only 8.2% of total flows to the OECD, against 7.8% in 2012.

When migration flows are measured as a ratio of total populations, OECD countries received on average six permanent migrants for every thousand inhabitants in 2013 (Figure 1.3 and Annex 1.A1). The figure in some large countries – such as Mexico and Japan – remained low at less than 1 per 1 000. In many European and settlement countries,³ though, it was above the 6 per 1 000 average. Switzerland, a major host country for free movement immigration, stood out with almost 17 entries per 1 000 inhabitants, followed by Norway with 12 per 1 000.

Figure 1.3. Permanent migration flows by category of entry to selected OECD countries, 2013

Percentage of the total population

Note: Data include changes of status from a temporary to a permanent status. Data for Mexico are estimated to take into account a backlog effect.

Source: OECD International migration Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260743

More than 75% of migrants to Switzerland, Austria, and Germany arrived from the EEA as free-movement migrants. Not counting those arrivals, EU-OECD countries received 2.4 permanent migrants per 1 000 inhabitants, down from 2.9 in 2011. At the same time, the ratio in the United States fell from 3.4 to 3.2 per 1 000.

Temporary labour migration flows

Temporary labour migration comes in addition to permanent immigration and is also an important phenomenon. Not only are flows large, but temporary migrants bring with them some critical skills. It makes a valuable contribution because it ebbs and flows with fluctuations in the market and short-term demands for high and low skills, so allowing host country labour markets to adjust to shifting economic conditions. Although temporary migration is not – initially, at least – a stepping-stone to long-term residence, it is closely tied to permanent migration (considered in the previous section). And a sizeable share of temporary migrants do manage to change status and stay on as long-term residents.

Temporary migrant workers are a mixed group – both of categories and skills. They include, for example, highly skilled engineers and information technology consultants on assignment, together with intra-company transferees (ICT), working holidaymakers, au pairs and seasonal workers in agriculture and hospitality.

Some host countries may regard less skilled migrants as temporary. Others may include them at least in part among permanent categories. Intra-company employees, for example, may be viewed both ways. It is, in fact, difficult to determine what constitutes temporary migrant flows at the international level and statistics still fall short. Cross-border service providers, for example, move from country to country but are not clearly identified as migrants. And then there are short-term assignments where migrants may slip under the radar.

This section looks at statistics that relate to four important groups of temporary migrants that exert an effect on the labour market: seasonal workers, posted workers, working holidaymakers and trainees.

Seasonal workers

Seasonal workers are generally employed as unskilled labourers in agriculture. Their numbers were stable overall in 2012 and 2013 in the 13 main OECD host countries despite large variations across host-countries (Table 1.2). For example, the numbers increase by roughly 3% in New Zealand and North America (peaking at 14% in the United States) and fall in the EU. However, European countries actually recruit seasonal workers in neighbouring countries, and since the free movement of labour has gradually widened to the new member countries, intra-EU seasonal migrants do not require work permits any longer (with the occasional exception, still, of Romanian, Bulgarian or Croatian nationals). The epitome of that intra-EU flow of labour is Germany, where the bulk of seasonal workers are from Poland and Romania.

Table 1.2. Seasonal workers who require a work permit in the main OECD host countries, 2007-13
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2013/2012 Change (%)
| Thousands
Seasonal workers to main non-EU OECD receiving countries |
United States | 51 | 64 | 60 | 56 | 55 | 65 | 74 | 14
Canada | 23 | 28 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 28 | 8
Mexico | 28 | 23 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 23 | 15 | -35
New Zealand | 7 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 3
Total (4 countries) | 108 | 126 | 122 | 116 | 115 | 122 | 125 | 3
Seasonal workers within the EU (excluding workers benefiting from free mobility) |
United Kingdom | 17 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 0
Austria | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 14
Finland | 14 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 0
Belgium | 17 | 20 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 5
Italy | 65 | 42 | 35 | 28 | 15 | 10 | 8 | -22
France | 19 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -5
Sweden | 2 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4
Spain | 16 | 42 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 3 | -17
Germany | 300 | 285 | 295 | 297 | 168 | 4 | .. | ..
Total (9 countries) | 461 | 445 | 399 | 392 | 253 | 87 | 83 | -5
Total | 568 | 571 | 521 | 508 | 368 | 210 | 209 | 0
Note: Data do not relate to the actual number of entries, but to the number of workers who require a work permit and were granted one. Permits are generally granted during the year for a duration of less than one year (usually six to nine months).
Free access to the labour market has been progressively given to citizens of new EU countries and therefore these series do not cover the same set of origin countries. For example, in the United Kingdom, the SAWS programme is restricted to Bulgarians and Romanians since 2008.
In Germany, most seasonal workers are recruited from Poland and therefore are not registered any more in the data since 2012.
Source: OECD International Migration Database.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260871

Posted workers and intra-company transferees

Service providers are employees or self-employed workers who cross borders to supply services for a set length of time to private individuals, firms, or governments. Unlike classic labour migrants, when they are employed, they are recruited by a company located in their origin country and not in the country where they provide their services. When self-employed, their company is generally not located in the country where services are provided. Employers and employees are generally affiliated to the social security system where the company is located. This category includes notably posted workers and intra-company transferees (ICT).

Although service providers’ jobs are often temporary, intra-company transfers may be long-term postings to manage operations or take up administrative duties in the subsidiary of an international company. In such cases, the transferee usually becomes an employee of the subsidiary in the host country. So, although the company back in the country of origin is not, strictly speaking, supplying a service, work and residence permit systems do not always distinguish between posted employees and transferees. Both are granted the same kind of permit.

ICTs have increased by 25% since 2007 and grew 6% between 2012 and 2013 alone. That constant upward trend reflects the ongoing need for talented workers. The United States is the chief ICT destination in the OECD area, even though its share of transfers dropped from 62% in 2009 to 52% in 2013 (Table 1.3). The United Kingdom and Canada, by contrast, have seen their shares grow. In 2014, the EU adopted the Intra-Corporate Transfer Directive 2010/0209 to facilitate the temporary transfers of highly skilled third-country nationals from international companies to subsidiaries in the EU. Yet the United Kingdom, even though it is one of the main ICT destination countries, has not opted into the directive.

Table 1.3. Temporary intra-company transfers (ICT) to the main ICT destination countries in the OECD, 2007-13
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2013/2012 | 2013/2009
| Thousands | Change (%)
United States | 85 | 84 | 65 | 75 | 71 | 62 | 67 | 7 | 3
United Kingdom | .. | .. | 13 | 18 | 21 | 23 | 26 | 13 | 95
Canada | 9 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 3 | 39
Australia | .. | 7 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 9 | -12 | 48
Germany | 5 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 76
Japan | 7 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 19
Total (6 countries) | 106 | 114 | 104 | 122 | 126 | 122 | 129 | 6 | 25
Note: Not including transfers within the European Economic Area (EEA) as they do not require a work permit.
Source: OECD International Migration Database.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260884

Within the European Economic Area (EEA) area, social security forms PD A1 (formerly E101) are the sole way of counting posted workers. They register the movements of European workers posted temporarily to other European countries and who remain employees of the company in their country of residence. The PD A1 certifies that people working abroad are paying social security contributions in their country of origin. Employers may request them as proof so that they do not end up paying contributions for their employees in the countries to which they have been posted (For further details on the limits of these data presented in Figure 1.4, see OECD [2011]).

The number of E101/PD A1 forms issued rose by 50% between 2005 and 2013. Following a slight dip between 2005 and 2007, the number picked up again and climbed steadily to some 1.35 million in 2013. It is worth noting that some of these forms do correspond to short stays in the receiving country. Over the same period, however, the main sending countries changed significantly with EU enlargement – i.e. new member countries issued a growing share of the certificates. Although the share of posted Polish workers has remained constant at around 20% of PD A1s since 2005, the proportion from the other new EU member countries climbed from less than 7% in 2005 to roughly 25% in 2013. The share of posted French workers, by contrast, dropped from one-third to less than 10%. Nevertheless, after Poland with 263 000 workers and Germany with 227 000, France remains the third largest sending country with 123 600 citizens on postings in Europe.

Figure 1.4. E101/PD A1 certificates to posted workers issued by sending country or region, 2005-13

Note: The trend line includes only countries for which data are available from 2005 on.

Source: European Commission.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260759

The net balance between posted workers sent and received is determined by where companies are located (Figure 1.5). Data suggest that the countries which receive more workers than they send belong to the EU15 – Germany followed by Belgium and the Netherlands. In 2013, France became a net receiving country. By contrast, the top five sending countries include four new EU member countries – Poland, Hungary, the Slovak Republic, and Romania. Portugal is the second largest net sender.

Figure 1.5. Net balance between posted workers sent and received within the EU, 2007 and 2013

Source: European Commission.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260767

Eighteen countries (or 54% of PD A1 certificates) supply data on posted workers by sector. In 2013, for example, roughly 45% of PD A1 certificates were issued for postings in the construction sector and 23% in other fields of industry. Just under one-third were for service sector assignments and less than 2% were in agriculture and fisheries. Some three-quarters of nationals from the new EU member countries are posted to construction and manufacturing industries, while about half of all posted workers from the EU15 countries are employed in the services – primarily banking and insurance, education, and healthcare.

Only eight countries supplied data on the average lengths of postings. Although scant, the data point to wide variations in durations – from less than 40 days per annum for workers posted in France and Belgium to over 150 in Germany, Ireland and Hungary, for example.

Trainees and working holidaymakers

The chief purpose of working holidays – which are widely developed in settlement countries – is to foster cultural exchange and international understanding between young people through temporary employment in a foreign country. In 2013, Australia, the United States, Canada and New Zealand were the destinations of choice for 93% of the 485 000 foreigners who migrated as working holidaymakers (Table 1.4). Australia alone accounted for half of the flow in the OECD area. Numbers of working holidaymakers have grown 13% in the last five years, with the increase as high as 62% in Australia and over 40% in Canada and New Zealand. The United States saw arrivals slump by half between 2008 and 2012,4 before picking up slightly – by 8% – in 2013.

Table 1.4. Migration flows of trainees and working holidaymakers, 2008-13
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2013/12 | 2013/08
| Thousands | Change (%)
Trainees |  |
OECD (22 countries) | 146 | 113 | 107 | 113 | 112 | 110 | -2 | -25
Japan | 102 | 80 | 78 | 82 | 86 | 84 | -2 | -18
Korea | 14 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 2 | -8
Germany | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -3 | -27
Australia | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -5 | -33
United States | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -7 | -21
Working holidaymakers |  |
OECD (22 countries) | 430 | 403 | 419 | 414 | 435 | 485 | 11 | 13
Australia | 154 | 188 | 176 | 185 | 215 | 249 | 16 | 62
United States | 153 | 116 | 118 | 98 | 80 | 86 | 8 | -43
Canada | 41 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 44
New Zealand | 40 | 41 | 45 | 45 | 51 | 58 | 13 | 43
United Kingdom | 34 | 5 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 6 | -39
Note: The table includes all the countries for which standardised data are available (see Table 1.1) with the exception of the Czech Republic.
Source: OECD International Migration Database.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260890

In 2013, there were 110 000 foreign paid trainees admitted into OECD countries as part of a trend that has been stable since 2009. The highest figures are recorded in Japan and Korea. However, the total figure is underestimated, as a number of countries do not distinguish between paid trainees and students.

Asylum seekers

Applications for asylum in the OECD area have increased steadily since 2010, reaching a peak in 2014 at over 800 000 (Figure 1.6). In fact, 2014 was the second-highest year in the last 35 – behind 1992, when the conflict in the Former Yugoslavia saw asylum requests swell to extremely high levels.

Figure 1.6. New asylum applications since 1980 in the OECD

Thousands

Source: UNHCR.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260776

The number of asylum seekers across the OECD rose by 46% in 2014 over 2013, fuelled partly by the deteriorating security situation in Syria and Libya, notably. Syrian asylum seekers accounted for one-third of the increase. In fact, Syria is by far the country of origin that accounts for the most asylum seekers (Figure 1.7). They submitted some 130 000 applications to OECD countries in 2014, three times as many as in 2013. The situation has deteriorated to such an extent that, in the last quarter of 2014 alone, the industrialised countries took in as many Syrian asylum seekers as in the whole of 2013. Iraq, with nearly 65 000 applications for asylum is the country that accounts for the second largest flow. In parallel to those two war-torn countries, the number of people seeking international protection increased throughout the world. In 2014, the number of asylum seekers from Serbia (and Kosovo), Afghanistan, and Eritrea exceeded 40 000 each while applications from Ukrainians jumped from less than 1 500 in 2013 to more than 15 000 in 2014. In contrast, the number of Russians petitioning for asylum fell steeply.

Figure 1.7. New asylum applications from Syrians in 44 industrialised countries, Q1 2011 to Q4 2014

Thousands

Note: The 44 countries are the 28 member countries of the EU, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia (and Kosovo), Switzerland, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Turkey, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Korea, and the United States. In total, these countries received 865 000 asylum applications in 2014.

Source: UNHCR.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260786

As in 2013, Germany was the country that saw the highest numbers of asylum applications in 2014 – and the greatest increase (up 63 000). It alone accounts for one-fifth of all applications in the OECD (Table 1.5). The number of Russians seeking asylum in Germany dropped sharply, with most applications coming from Syria, Serbia (and Kosovo), Eritrea. Behind Germany came the United States, Turkey, Sweden, and Italy. All received 40% more asylum requests than in 2013, while France, which ranked third in 2013, is now sixth and was the only top-ten country not to have experienced a rise in asylum applications. In Turkey, Italy and Hungary, by contrast, they doubled from 2013 to 2014, reaching an unprecedented high. Asylum seekers cover a very wide range of nationalities: in Turkey, they are Iraqi, Afghan, and Syrian; in Hungary, from Serbia (and Kosovo), Syria, and Afghanistan; and Italy from sub-Saharan African countries like Mali, Nigeria, and Gambia.

Table 1.5. Asylum seeker applications by country of destination, 2010-14
| 2010-13 annual average | 2013 | 2014 | 2013-14 absolute change | % change 2013-14 | Asylum seekers per million population (2014) | New permanent humanitarian migrants per million population (2013) | Top three countries of origin of the asylum seekers (2013)
Germany | 65 300 | 109 580 | 173 070 | +63 490 | + 58 | 2 115 | 375 | Syria, Serbia (and Kosovo), Eritrea
United States | 59 480 | 68 240 | 97 910 | +29 670 | + 43 | 313 | 382 | Mexico, China, El Salvador
Turkey | 24 130 | 44 810 | 87 820 | +43 010 | + 96 | 1 180 | .. | Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria
Sweden | 38 440 | 48 430 | 75 090 | +26 660 | + 55 | 7 918 | 3 048 | Syria, Eritrea, Stateless
Italy | 21 810 | 25 720 | 63 660 | +37 940 | + 148 | 1 067 | 148 | Mali, Nigeria, Gambia
France | 53 940 | 60 460 | 59 030 | - 1 430 | - 2 | 923 | 179 | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russian Federation, Syria
Hungary | 6 130 | 18 570 | 41 370 | +22 800 | + 123 | 4 188 | .. | Serbia (and Kosovo), Afghanistan, Syria
United Kingdom | 26 430 | 29 190 | 31 260 | +2 070 | + 7 | 500 | 331 | Pakistan, Eritrea, Iran
Austria | 15 090 | 17 500 | 28 060 | +10 560 | + 60 | 3 323 | 297 | Syria, Afghanistan, Serbia (and Kosovo)
Netherlands | 12 250 | 14 400 | 23 850 | +9 450 | + 66 | 1 421 | 594 | Syria, Eritrea, Stateless
Switzerland | 19 590 | 19 440 | 22 110 | +2 670 | + 14 | 2 750 | 630 | Eritrea, Syria, Sri Lanka
Denmark | 5 630 | 7 540 | 14 820 | +7 280 | + 97 | 2 656 | 697 | Syria, Eritrea, Stateless
Belgium | 19 700 | 12 500 | 13 870 | +1 370 | + 11 | 1 238 | 267 | Syria, Iraq, Eritrea
Canada | 19 530 | 10 380 | 13 450 | +3 070 | + 30 | 385 | 886 | China, Pakistan, Colombia
Norway | 10 090 | 11 460 | 12 640 | +1 180 | + 10 | 2 474 | 1 316 | Eritrea, Syria, Somalia
Greece | 9 350 | 8 230 | 9 450 | +1 220 | + 15 | 854 | .. | Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria
Australia | 11 820 | 11 740 | 8 960 | – 2 780 | - 24 | 391 | 873 | China, India, Pakistan
Poland | 8 690 | 13 980 | 6 810 | – 7 170 | - 51 | 177 | .. | Russian Federation, Ukraine, Georgia
Spain | 3 310 | 4 500 | 5 900 | +1 400 | + 31 | 126 | 10 | Syria, Ukraine, Mali
Japan | 2 220 | 3 250 | 5 000 | +1 750 | + 54 | 39 | 1 | Nepal, Turkey, Sri Lanka
Finland | 3 260 | 3 020 | 3 520 | + 500 | + 17 | 646 | 768 | Iraq, Somalia, Ukraine
Korea | 1 040 | 1 570 | 2 900 | +1 330 | + 85 | 58 | 1 | Egypt, Pakistan, China
Ireland | 1 350 | 940 | 1 440 | + 500 | + 53 | 313 | 40 | Pakistan, Nigeria, Albania
Mexico | 970 | 1 300 | .. | .. | .. |  | 2 | Honduras, El Salvador, Cuba
Luxembourg | 1 450 | 990 | 970 | - 20 | - 2 | 1 806 | .. | Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia (and Kosovo), Montenegro
Czech Republic | 750 | 500 | 920 | + 420 | + 84 | 87 | .. | Ukraine, Syria, Viet Nam
Portugal | 310 | 510 | 440 | - 70 | - 14 | 42 | 5 | Ukraine, Pakistan, Morocco
Slovenia | 290 | 240 | 360 | + 120 | + 50 | 175 | .. | Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan
New Zealand | 320 | 290 | 290 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 751 | Fidji, Sri Lanka, Pakistan
Chile | 250 | 250 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Colombia, Syria
Slovak Republic | 510 | 280 | 230 | - 50 | - 18 | 42 | .. | Afghanistan, Syria, Viet Nam
Iceland | 100 | 170 | 160 | - 10 | - 6 | 491 |  | Ukraine, Russian Federation, Albania
Estonia | 70 | 100 | 150 | + 50 | + 50 | 114 | .. | Ukraine, Sudan, Russian Federation
Israel | 3 060 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Côte d’Ivoire, South Sudan, Eritrea
OECD total | 446 660 | 550 080 | 805 510 | +255 430 | + 46 | 648 | 301 | Syria, Iraq, Serbia (and Kosovo)
Selected non-OECD countries |  |  |  |  |  |
Bulgaria | 2 530 | 6 980 | 10 790 | +3 810 | + 55 | 1 481 | .. | Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq
Romania | 1 740 | 1 500 | 1 550 | + 50 | + 3 | 77 | .. | Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq
Malta | 1 570 | 2 200 | 1 280 | - 920 | - 42 | 3 038 | .. | Libya, Syria, Somalia
Lithuania | 400 | 280 | 390 | + 110 | + 39 | 131 | .. | Georgia, Afghanistan, Ukraine
Latvia | 240 | 190 | 360 | + 170 | + 89 | 178 | .. | Georgia, Ukraine, Syria
Note: Figures for the United States refer to “affirmative” claims submitted with the Department of Homeland Security (number of cases) and “defensive” claims submitted to the Executive Office for Immigration Review (number of people). The symbol “..” stands for “not available”.
Source: UNHCR and OECD International Migation Database.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260902

Comparisons of ratios of asylum-seeker entries to host country populations reveal that the OECD registered 650 new applications per million inhabitants in 2014. Sweden received the highest number of applications as a proportion of its population, with 7 900 requests per million people. Hungary and Austria also received over 3 000 asylum seekers for one million inhabitants. Although small countries generally have the highest rates of asylum seeker per capita, Germany was also among the top asylum receiving country with a ratio of 2 100 per million. In contrast, France and the United Kingdom receive less asylum seekers relative to their total population, with 900 and 500 applications per million of inhabitants, respectively.

International students

Unlike the fluctuating flows of temporary labour migrants, the number of students who pursue their tertiary education abroad rises year by year worldwide. In 2012, 4.5 million round the globe studied in countries of which they were not nationals – a number that had more than doubled since 2001 (Figure 1.8). Three-quarters, or 3.4 million, resided in OECD countries which, though still the most attractive to students, were less so than in the mid-2000s when they drew 80% of all foreign students. The rate of increase in the number of foreign students in the OECD area fell from over 8% per annum between 2000 and 2005 to just over 3% between 2011 and 2012. Countries in the rest of the world boast stronger international student growth rates.

Figure 1.8. Foreign students worldwide and in OECD countries, 2000-12

Millions

Note: This figure refers to students of foreign nationality, which is not necessarily the same thing as international students. Students are considered “international” when they leave their country of origin for another country with the intention of studying there. Data on international students are not available until 2008 for most countries.

Source: OECD Education Database, www.oecd.org/education/database.htm.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260799

Among OECD countries, the United States and United Kingdom alone account for two-thirds of the world’s international students. With 740 000 in 2012 – a year-on-year rise of 4% – the United States is by far the most popular country. The United Kingdom boasts 430 000 international students which, given its size, makes it one of the most globally attractive destinations. Next in line come France and Australia where around 250 000 international students were living in 2012 (Table 1.6).

Table 1.6. Numbers of international tertiary-level students in OECD countries in 2012
| International/Foreign students | Foreign students
| Category | 2012 | Change from 2011 (%) | Share in total tertiary enrolment 2012 (%) | Worldwide Market share in 2012 (%) | Difference with 2000 (% points) | Share of students from OECD countries 2012 (%) | Difference with 2004 (% points)
Australia | International | 249 588 | -5.0 | 18.3 | 5.5 | +0.45 | 12.6 | -0.6
Austria | International | 58 056 | 9.5 | 15.4 | 1.7 | +0.24 | 72.5 | +3.9
Belgium | International | 42 926 | 13.4 | 9.0 | 1.2 | -0.62 | 67.6 | +7.8
Canada | International | 120 960 | 13.8 | 8.2 | 4.9 | +0.37 | 24.1 | +0.3
Chile | International | 3 461 | 17.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | +0.11 | 10.1 | ..
Czech Republic | Foreign | 39 455 | 3.7 | 9.0 | 0.9 | +0.61 | 73.1 | +9.3
Denmark | International | 22 363 | 10.4 | 8.1 | 0.7 | +0.10 | 62.7 | +2.1
Estonia | International | 1 573 | 10.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | +0.02 | 37.6 | ..
Finland | International | 15 636 | 10.7 | 5.1 | 0.4 | +0.12 | 27.9 | -12.3
France | Foreign | 271 399 | 1.2 | 11.8 | 6.0 | -0.57 | 23.3 | -0.9
Germany | International | 184 594 | 4.5 | .. | 6.3 | -2.61 | 47.5 | +1.0
Greece | Foreign | 29 012 | -11.6 | 4.4 | 0.6 | +0.23 | 6.2 | +3.6
Hungary | International | 17 520 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 0.4 | -0.03 | 53.7 | +5.7
Iceland | International | 971 | -11.6 | 5.1 | 0.0 | +0.01 | 80.3 | +10.6
Ireland | International | 11 100 | -12.6 | 5.8 | 0.6 | +0.26 | 52.6 | ..
Israel | Foreign | 4 506 | 14.2 | 1.2 | 0.1 | .. | 86.0 | ..
Italy | Foreign | 77 732 | 5.8 | 4.0 | 1.7 | +0.52 | 20.5 | -20.3
Japan | International | 136 215 | -1.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | +0.14 | 19.7 | -3.6
Korea | Foreign | 59 472 | -5.1 | 1.8 | 1.3 | +1.15 | 5.8 | -9.9
Luxembourg | International | 2 468 | 10.9 | 40.6 | 0.1 | +0.04 | 80.3 | ..
Mexico | Foreign | .. | .. | .. | 0.0 | -0.07 | .. | ..
Netherlands | International | 57 509 | 49.9 | 7.2 | 1.4 | +0.71 | 71.6 | +11.2
New Zealand | International | 40 994 | 0.3 | 15.8 | 1.6 | +1.22 | 31.4 | +11.1
Norway | International | 3 956 | 16.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | -0.01 | 49.1 | -4.3
Poland | International | 23 525 | 13.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | +0.28 | 36.0 | +9.1
Portugal | International | 18 525 | 38.7 | 4.7 | 0.6 | +0.10 | 32.1 | +12.3
Slovak Republic | International | 9 059 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 0.2 | +0.13 | 84.7 | +30.8
Slovenia | International | 2 357 | 19.3 | 2.3 | 0.1 | +0.04 | 14.9 | ..
Spain | International | 55 759 | -11.0 | 2.8 | 2.2 | +0.21 | 34.7 | -2.8
Sweden | International | 28 629 | -21.6 | 6.3 | 0.9 | -0.29 | 43.2 | -30.3
Switzerland | International | 44 468 | 6.4 | 16.5 | 1.4 | +0.17 | 70.9 | -2.8
Turkey | Foreign | 38 590 | 24.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | +0.01 | 14.5 | -0.8
United Kingdom | International | 427 686 | 1.8 | 17.1 | 12.6 | +1.88 | 37.3 | -7.3
United States | International | 740 475 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 16.4 | -6.41 | 28.0 | -8.3
OECD |  | 2 840 502 | 3.1 | 7.6 | 75.4 | -1.52 | 33.6 | -2.2
Note: The “Foreign” category refers to students of foreign nationality, which is not necessarily the same thing as international students. Students are considered “international” when they leave their country of origin for another country with the intention of studying there.
Source: OECD Education Database, www.oecd.org/education/database.htm.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260919

The number of international students in tertiary education in the OECD climbed 3% between 2011 and 2012. The rise was particularly steep in the Netherlands, where the number doubled in 2012, and in Portugal, up 39% on 2011. Turkey, too, saw its inflow of international students increase by a quarter. Australia, Spain, and Sweden, by contrast, registered year-on-year falls in 2012. At 22%, the drop was particularly marked in Sweden.

International students account for an average of 8% of the OECD tertiary-level student population. In some countries, the foreign presence is vital to the survival of the university system. In Luxembourg, for example, international students account for 40% of all students in higher education. In Australia, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, New Zealand and Austria, one student in six at university level is from abroad. In the United States, however, where they are more numerous than anywhere else, they constitute only a 3.5% share of university-level students.

As international students could well be the skilled foreign workers of the future, countries compete to lure them. And although the United States exerts by far the greatest appeal, its share of the world market for foreign students fell six percentage points between 2000 and 2012. It also fell by a half-point in major immigrant destination countries like Germany, Belgium, and France. The lure of the United Kingdom, by contrast, has grown constantly since 2000, and its share of the global market has grown more than that of any other OECD country over the period. Interestingly, two countries which boast relatively small shares of the foreign student market – Korea and New Zealand – saw those shares increase nine fold and fourfold, respectively.

Although on average one-third of all students in higher education in OECD countries hail from another OECD member country, the situation varies widely from country to country. The proportion of foreigners from an OECD country who move to Europe to study has mounted steadily since 2004 and currently stands at one in two. France, Italy, Greece and Slovenia buck the trend, however, as less than 25% of their student populations are from the OECD area. In non-European OECD countries like Australia, Japan, Korea and Turkey, the vast majority of tertiary-level foreign students are from non-OECD countries. Generally speaking, in fact, non-European OECD countries attract less and less students from non-OECD countries. Italy, too, has lost its draw, with the share of OECD-national students falling by half between 2004 and 2012.

Most international students in higher education in the OECD originate from Asia – 22% from China, 6% from India, and 4% from Korea (Figure 1.9). German and French students – at 4% and 2% – account for the highest shares of those from Europe in OECD universities. Only one African country, Morocco, is in the top 15 international student sending countries. The share of Chinese students, who are already the most numerous in the OECD, has climbed continuously in recent years – by 3.4 points between 2008 and 2012. The same is true of students from Saudi Arabia, whose share doubled over the same period. The proportion of Indian and Japanese students at university in an OECD country, by contrast, slipped by over one percentage point.

Figure 1.9. Main countries of origin of tertiary-level students in OECD countries, 2008 and 2012

Percentages of all international tertiary-level students

Source: OECD Education Database, www.oecd.org/education/database.htm.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260806

International migrants’ countries of origin

Discussion of permanent and temporary migration in previous sections has been based on standardised definitions designed to make the scale and composition of migration comparable across countries. With the exception of a handful of countries, however, no such standardised data are yet available by country or region of origin. And although information on migrants is generally available from national population registers, what constitutes a “migrant” varies widely from country to country. Adding up and deriving trends from register-based data (as in Table 1.7) is therefore not without caveats. Although the figures in the table should be treated with caution, they do offer an indication of the magnitude and make-up of flows by country of origin.

China is the country from which most new immigrants to OECD countries originate. It accounted for about one in ten migrants in 2013. It is hardly surprising to see China top the list of countries of origin given the size of its population. More remarkable is to see India appear in fourth position only, with 4.4% of the flows and an expatriation rate to OECD countries twice lower than China.

Table 1.7. Top 50 countries of origin of new immigrants to the OECD, 2007, 2009, and 2011-13
| Immigration into OECD countries (thousands) | % of total OECD inflows | % of total world population | Difference (percentage points) | Expatriation rate (per million population)
| 2007 | 2009 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013
China | 520 | 463 | 531 | 507 | 557 | 10.3 | 19.1 | -8.8 | 410
Romania | 557 | 274 | 310 | 294 | 300 | 5.5 | 0.3 | 5.3 | 15 045
Poland | 339 | 221 | 277 | 284 | 290 | 5.3 | 0.5 | 4.8 | 7 528
India | 213 | 229 | 243 | 228 | 240 | 4.4 | 17.6 | -13.2 | 192
Mexico | 164 | 180 | 162 | 166 | 152 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1 241
Philippines | 169 | 164 | 161 | 159 | 148 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1 505
United States | 117 | 133 | 137 | 135 | 147 | 2.7 | 4.4 | -1.7 | 464
Italy | 66 | 73 | 85 | 99 | 127 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 2 130
United Kingdom | 149 | 129 | 108 | 111 | 108 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1 686
Germany | 150 | 126 | 116 | 106 | 107 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1 323
France | 82 | 93 | 96 | 97 | 105 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1 587
Viet Nam | 89 | 77 | 95 | 94 | 102 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1 139
Hungary | 37 | 43 | 68 | 87 | 96 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 9 741
Morocco | 152 | 143 | 112 | 96 | 95 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 2 865
Bulgaria | 87 | 67 | 98 | 101 | 93 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 12 829
Spain | 24 | 40 | 52 | 75 | 93 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1 988
Russian Federation | 68 | 68 | 71 | 77 | 86 | 1.6 | 2.0 | -0.4 | 597
Pakistan | 75 | 77 | 106 | 86 | 75 | 1.4 | 2.6 | -1.2 | 412
Colombia | 89 | 72 | 68 | 65 | 73 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1 513
Korea | 72 | 79 | 71 | 70 | 72 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1 432
Portugal | 60 | 43 | 50 | 60 | 68 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 6 461
Peru | 110 | 78 | 68 | 69 | 64 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2 100
Ukraine | 110 | 81 | 68 | 64 | 63 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1 383
Brazil | 108 | 84 | 69 | 66 | 58 | 1.1 | 2.8 | -1.7 | 290
Dominican Republic | 50 | 66 | 65 | 63 | 57 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 5 522
Thailand | 48 | 47 | 53 | 59 | 57 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 850
Turkey | 60 | 64 | 63 | 60 | 54 | 1.0 | 1.1 | -0.1 | 720
Iran | 28 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.2 | 597
New Zealand | 42 | 43 | 44 | 54 | 46 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 10 263
Greece | 14 | 15 | 39 | 52 | 46 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 4 150
Cuba | 45 | 53 | 51 | 46 | 45 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 3 967
Syria | 8 | 9 | 14 | 23 | 44 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1 939
Canada | 35 | 37 | 43 | 42 | 44 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1 246
Nigeria | 38 | 46 | 39 | 44 | 43 | 0.8 | 2.4 | -1.6 | 248
Serbia | 27 | 27 | 33 | 39 | 43 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 5 938
Bangladesh | 35 | 51 | 50 | 42 | 40 | 0.7 | 2.2 | -1.5 | 259
Algeria | 43 | 42 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1 030
Egypt | 25 | 28 | 32 | 35 | 39 | 0.7 | 1.2 | -0.4 | 473
Nepal | 17 | 23 | 30 | 33 | 38 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1 351
Albania | 66 | 71 | 39 | 37 | 37 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 13 319
Bolivia | 63 | 19 | 20 | 24 | 36 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 3 377
Slovak Republic | 36 | 26 | 31 | 33 | 35 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 6 536
Croatia | 16 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 34 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 8 056
Lithuania | 15 | 16 | 44 | 34 | 33 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 11 308
Iraq | 33 | 49 | 48 | 43 | 33 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 995
Indonesia | 27 | 22 | 29 | 30 | 33 | 0.6 | 3.5 | -2.9 | 132
Netherlands | 40 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 33 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1 942
Japan | 32 | 36 | 34 | 36 | 32 | 0.6 | 1.8 | -1.2 | 249
Australia | 32 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 31 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1 360
Haiti | 35 | 30 | 33 | 34 | 31 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 2 970
Unknown country | 359 | 246 | 101 | 107 | 267 | .. | .. | .. | ..
All origin countries | 5 908 | 5 293 | 5 401 | 5 422 | 5 707 | 100.0 | 100.0 | .. | 801
All OECD origin countries | 1 708 | 1 601 | 1 722 | 1 808 | 1 864 | 34.4 | 17.7 | 16.7 | 1 477
All non-OECD origin countries | 3 841 | 3 446 | 3 577 | 3 507 | 3 577 | 65.6 | 82.3 | -16.7 | 610
All EU origin countries | 1 787 | 1 344 | 1 591 | 1 653 | 1 724 | 31.8 | 7.1 | 24.7 | 3 402
Notes: Destination country data are not comparable across countries and may include more short-term movements for some countries than for others. Results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Countries in bold are OECD countries.
Source: OECD International Migration Database.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260926

Freedom of movement within the EU result in Romania and Poland supplying the second- and third-largest contingents of immigrants in 2013 – at 5.5% and 5.3%, respectively. The figures are stable compared to 2012 or even 2011, but well below their level in the mid-2000s, especially for Romania. Among the top ten countries of origin, emigration from Mexico and the Philippines to OECD countries was down on 2012, but rose steeply in Italy with almost twice as many Italians emigrating to another OECD country in 2013 as in 2007. Outflows from several other OECD countries – such as Spain, France and the United States – also exhibited a rising trend over the period. Overall, intra-OECD immigration accounted for about one-third of the total in 2013.

Migration from Europe to OECD countries has increased since 2009, making Europe the region of origin that accounted for the highest share of flows, at over 39%, in 2013 (32% for the EU alone). Migration from Asia peaked in 2011, but Asian citizens still represent approximately one-third of migrants to OECD countries. The weight of other regions (Americas, Africa) in OECD immigration has been stable since 2011.

Flows of migrant women

In 2013, just under 2 million women migrated to an OECD country. The number translates into 47.4% of all flows into the OECD area (Figure 1.10), the lowest share of female migrants since the beginning of the century. Even since 2000, women had never represented less than 48% of total migration to the OECD area. This fall can be attributed to the drop in the numbers of women migrating to the United States (down 50 000 on 2012) which had the highest share in 2012 at 54.9%.

Figure 1.10. Share of women in overall migration flows to OECD countries, 2000-13

Note: Non-standardised official national statistics.

Source: OECD International Migration Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260814

In most OECD countries, the share of women in total inflows falls within a narrow range of between 53% in Ireland and 42% in Poland. However, it is lower than 40% in Germany (39%), the Slovak Republic (32%) and Slovenia (27%). The gender balance by country of origin is distributed across a wider range – from 24% for migrants from Mali to 65% for Paraguayans – among countries sending at least 5 000 migrants to OECD countries in 2013.

Variations in the number of female migrants tend not to be as wide as among men – partly because there are fewer women in the most fluctuating categories of migration, particularly labour migration.

Foreign-born population

The total foreign-born population in OECD countries stood at 117 million people in 2013 which corresponds to 35 million and 40% more than in 2000.

On average, immigrants accounted for a little less than 13% of the population in OECD countries in 2013, 3 percentage points more than in 2000 (Figure 1.11). Only Estonia, Israel and Poland saw shares decline between 2000 and 2013. While most other countries registered only moderate increases in the proportion of foreign-born in their populations, there was a rise of around 10 percentage points in Luxembourg, lifting the share of the foreign-born in the population to 43%. Immigrants also make up 28% of the population in both Australia and Switzerland, while the proportion of foreign-born in the population more than doubled in Norway, Italy, Finland and Chile, almost tripled in Spain, and, though still less than 2%, quadrupled in Korea.

Figure 1.11. The foreign-born as a percentage of the total population, 2000 and 2013

Note: Data refer to 2000 or to the closest year with available data and to 2013 or most recent available year.

Source: OECD International Migration Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260821

The increase in the foreign-born population accounted for one-third of the total population increase in the OECD area over the period 2000-13. Immigrants’ demographic contribution is even more substantial if their children born in the host-country are included. In settlement countries – such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand – and in France and Belgium, children with at least one foreign-born parent account for a sizeable share of the population with a migrant background.

Net migration and natural increase

The overall population of OECD countries continues to grow and reached 1.25 billion in 2013. Between 2000 and 2010, the annual growth rate was approximately 7 per 1 000 but has gradually waned to 5.5 per 1 000 since then. Net migration has been, and continues to be, the main engine of population growth in many OECD countries as international flows have expanded and natural increase rates fallen. The situation varies across countries, however.

While natural increase still accounts for two-thirds of the population growth in the United States, it is negative in many European countries. Overall, natural increase in the EU has never been so low (Figure 1.12). It stood at +80 000 persons in 2013 and is likely to be negative by 2015, if it does not recover as it did in 2003, when increases in the United Kingdom, Spain and France drove the overall figure up.

Examination of long-term trends reveals that, until the mid-80s, net migration in the European Union did not contribute significantly to population growth – only around +100 000 persons per year. It then gradually increased from 600 000 between 1985 and 2000 to above 1 million per annum thereafter. Migration has been the biggest engine of demographic growth in the EU as whole since the mid-90s. It is about to become the only one.

Figure 1.12. Long-term trends in natural population increase and net migration in the United States and the EU, 1961-2013

Source: United States: OECD population and vital statistics Database; EU: Eurostat Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260833

Despite the slow-down in migrant flows in the late 2000s, net migration still contributed more to population growth than natural increase in over half of all OECD countries between 2008 and 2013 (Figure 1.13). With the exception of Mexico, OECD countries where the population grew most between 2008 and 2013 did so chiefly through migration. In Luxembourg, Australia, Norway, Canada and Switzerland, the contribution of net migration to population growth was at least 60% – higher than in the previous five years.

Figure 1.13. Natural population increase and net migration as a percentage of the population, 2003-07 and 2008-13

Note: 2013 or most recent available year. Countries are ranked in descending order of the population growth over the period 2008-13.

Source: OECD population and vital statistics Database; Eurostat Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260845

At the other end of the scale, the slightly positive net migration to Hungary does not compensate for a negative natural increase rate. Estonia, Japan, and Portugal actually have negative rates of both net migration and natural population increase, while extreme patterns are also observed in Spain, Ireland and Iceland, where net migration was particularly high prior to 2007 before dropping to negative levels between 2008 and 2013.

Acquisition of citizenship

In 2013, more than 2 million people acquired the citizenship of an OECD country, up 14% from 2012 (Figure 1.14). Of those, just over 53% were women, 22% citizens of another OECD country, 37% Asian nationals, 23% came from Latin America and the Caribbean, and 16% from Africa. Only 11% were citizens of an EU country since, as EU citizens, they already enjoy most of the benefits of being nationals of another EU member country. The general upward trend in naturalisation in 2013 was driven mostly by the large increase observed in Spain, where naturalisations have been multiplied by two following the implementation of the “Intensive File Processing Plan” by the Ministry of Justice. It was also due to substantial increases in Australia (+40 000), Italy (+35 000) and, to a lesser extent, the United States (+23 000), Canada (+16 000) and the United Kingdom (+14 000).

Figure 1.14. Number of foreigners who acquired the citizenship of an OECD country between 2000 and 2013

Source: OECD International Migration Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260855

Since 2000, OECD countries granted citizenship to 25 million foreign nationals. Ten million of them acquired the citizenship of a country which is also a member of the EU, and another ten million became US citizens.

General policy developments

Major policy revisions are losing momentum but some countries are still engaged

During the last decade or so, a number of countries have fundamentally revised their migration legislation in response to evolving patterns of migration and to the changing political environment. That process seems to have slowed. Most countries already have policies in place to deal with migration flows, so new legislation tends to be fine tuning rather than fundamental innovation or reversal of direction. Still, in 2011-12, several governments adopted comprehensive migration policy frameworks in the form of national migration strategies, examples including Poland, the Slovak Republic, Mexico, Bulgaria and Lithuania. Even outside these countries, new strategic approaches continue to emerge, laying down the general framework within which individual policy initiatives are put into operation.

Turkey, Mexico, Finland, Hungary, France and Switzerland have each set out their priorities. In response to its change from a transit to a destination country, the Turkish migration system underwent a major legal reform with the new Law on Foreigners and International Protection in April 2013, combining migration and asylum issues. The law regulates the visa and permit conditions of non-migrant travellers, students, temporary and seasonal workers, researchers and others. It also provides a legal framework for stateless persons, irregular migrants, asylum seekers and refugees, as well as dealing with deportations and human smuggling and trafficking. A new Directorate General for Migration Management within the Ministry of Interior was given prime responsibility and authorised to ensure cooperation with public institutions and agencies, universities, local governments, non-governmental organisations and private and international organisations in relation to its duties.

Mexico continues to develop its first Special Migration Programme, published in 2013, to plan and budget for the country’s diverse migration phenomena. The programme seeks to address four major problems: i) a lack of coordination amongst the numerous regulations, programmes, and initiatives; ii) discrimination and weak legal rights; iii) poor conditions faced by foreign migrants in Mexico, as well as poor services available to assist them; iv) a lack of attention to Mexicans living abroad, as well as to the needs of Mexicans repatriated from the United States and their US-born children.

The Finnish government approved a broad action plan in 2014. It has several key objectives, including managing the labour market; ensuring equal rights for all employees; improving employment opportunities for people of immigrant background; and pursuing a more successful integration policy. Hungary’s comprehensive seven-year migration strategy, presented in 2013, deals with visa policy, intra-EU migration and third-country migration, illegal migration, international protection and integration issues, although it does not address emigration. It also clarified intra-ministerial responsibilities and established goals and measures relating to movement and integration.

Some administrative reorganisation took place in France in August 2013. A new directorate, DGEF (Direction générale des étrangers en France), will deal with all aspects of migration with a view to improving public accountability, including preparing and managing the budget. Its remit includes the regularisation of visas, rules governing entry, residence and professional activity of immigrants, illegal immigration and illegal labour, document fraud, asylum, reception of immigrants and the acquisition of French nationality. Policy for fighting illegal migration in Switzerland is guided by the strategy of the Integrated Border Management (IBM), set up in 2012, which has four strands: screening abroad; cooperation within the Schengen area; frontier controls; and policy for the interior. The strategy guarantees much closer cooperation between the Confederation and the cantons and in July 2014 it was approved and put into action by the Swiss federal government.

Economic migration

Permit systems have been simplified but the trend is still towards tightened conditions

A new Migration Code in Greece, coming into law in April 2014, simplifies the different types of stay permits into seven categories for: work or professional reasons; temporary stay; humanitarian or exceptional reasons; study, training or voluntary work; victims of trafficking or human smuggling; family reunification; and long duration. Once an application for a stay permit has been made, the person may stay for up to 12 months. The Code also streamlines the management of permits, work and insurance issues for seasonal migrants working in agriculture or the fisheries.

During 2014, the Swiss government started a consultative process for legislative changes regulating access to social benefits for foreign job seekers under free circulation, to make these rules uniform and to reflect jurisprudence. Already excluded from benefits, those requesting a short-term authorisation to seek employment would be required to demonstrate sufficient means to support themselves.

A new law, implemented in Poland in May 2014, liberalised and simplified conditions of legalisation of work and residence for foreigners. It incorporated into Polish law the EU single permit Directive allowing work and residence on one permit, subject to the employer carrying out a resident labour market test. A significant novelty is that in the situation of the loss of job, the foreigner has one month to find new employment. Hungary’s new migration strategy, adopted in October 2013, introduces a preferential visa application process for labour migrants who would contribute to the country’s economic growth. In January 2014 a new one stop shop permit was introduced for foreign workers working for more than 90 days in the country. It includes employment and immigration procedures for those coming for employment purposes and with other primary purposes of stay, who have the right to be employed.

Some countries have introduced more specific controls. In order to tighten up its work permit system and prevent unauthorised stay, Korea has introduced two changes to its temporary non-professional work programme. From early 2014 severance pay may be collected only after departure at the end of a contract and a second spell of employment in Korea is only possible, for workers who have finished five years employment, after a six month interim departure. In 2013, Norway repealed its scheme allowing foreign skilled workers to apply for a one-year permit to learn Norwegian. In the Netherlands more stringent checks on the availability of local (and EU) labour supply came into force in January 2014, together with the introduction of quotas for specific sectors of the economy. In addition, the period that a worker from outside the EU must have had a work permit before he or she can work without a permit was increased from three to five years. Sector controls also operate in Israel. Since the end of 2013 the Israeli Government has increased foreign worker quotas in construction and agriculture. It has also tightened the regulations on the employment of care workers to make it more difficult to transfer from one employer to another.

The transposition of EU Directives and the admission of Croatia to the EU had some impact on national legislation on labour migration

Following transposition of the EU Directives into their own legislation, several Central European countries have simplified application procedures for the highly skilled. In the Slovak Republic, from January 2014 the Blue Card scheme has been introduced granting three year permits for those with either a university education or five years professional experience, on condition that the salary is 1.5 times the Slovak average and a resident labour market test has been carried out. In addition, a new two-year research and development permit covers research workers and staff in R&D institutions while a special purpose permit is designed for non-profit activities such as teaching, lecturing, voluntary work and journalism. Along with transposition of the EU Directive on a single application procedure, a new employee card for non-EEA foreign workers came into force in the Czech Republic in June 2014, substituting the previous “green card” system. The card is for an initial two years with the option of extension. It relates to a specific job which must have been advertised on the central register of job vacancies that can be filled by holders of employee cards. An employee card is linked to the specific job for which it was issued or, if applicable, to a job for which the Department for Asylum and Migration Policy of the Ministry of the Interior granted its consent in connection with changing employer or job. It must pay not lower than the basic monthly minimum wage and the worker must submit documents proving their qualifications for performance of the job.

The admission of Croatia to the European Union in July 2013 meant that other EU countries had to decide whether or not to apply transitional restrictions to the labour market access of Croatians. Most countries – but not all – imposed some kind of restrictions, at least for the first year or two. For example, in May 2013 Ireland announced that it would not restrict access to Ireland’s labour market for nationals of Croatia. This decision follows an assessment that it was ‘highly unlikely that significant numbers of Croatians wish to migrate to Ireland’. Other countries, mainly from Eastern Europe, which have announced no restrictions on Croatians entering their labour markets are the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Sweden. Several countries which imposed restrictions did so for the first two years initially. Others exempted highly educated Croatians: for example those going to Luxembourg will be granted a work permit for a period of only two years initially, with exceptions mainly for the highly skilled and international graduates.

Skilled workers are still wanted

An enduring feature of economic immigration has been the focus on the highly skilled. Most member countries have sought to attract them because of the perceived benefits they bring to national economies. In 2012, only Germany, Slovak Republic and Hungary took measures to widen access by foreign skilled workers to their labour markets. In the following two years, several other countries have also made efforts to attract new skilled labour.

A new policy approach in Germany from July 2013 involves opening up the labour market, particularly to skilled foreign workers. All foreign family members of foreign workers are now entitled to engage in any form of gainful employment which includes unrestricted access to the labour market. For many occupations, a labour market test is dispensed with the only provision being an examination of whether prevailing working conditions are satisfied. Skilled workers holding a university degree can now stay in Germany for another six months to search for a new job after a previous employment in Germany has been terminated. Those who have completed their vocational training abroad can take up employment in Germany provided that the occupation matches their vocational qualifications, although these must be recognized by a body responsible for the recognition of foreign professional qualifications as being equivalent to qualified training in Germany. Currently, the list contains occupations in the following areas: healthcare and nursing; engineering; transport and logistics. From 2014, further, persons who reside in Germany as asylum seekers or others with permission to reside or as tolerated persons may take up employment after a waiting period of only three months (instead of nine months or one year, respectively).

The French Government is also seeking to attract more skilled immigrants and plan to create a new passport of expertise (passeport talent), issued to skilled workers and his/her family for four years, expected to replace a number of existing permits for skilled workers by the end of 2015. Luxembourg is putting in place a fast track procedure for certain categories of high-salary workers and has announced measures to speed up and improve the processing of requests for residence permits, granting priority to researchers.

In some other countries, a consistent theme has been better administrative organisation and simplified processes. In September 2013, Estonia amended its Aliens Act to facilitate labour market access for “top specialists”, researchers and students. The new process speeds up their entry into the labour market. Highly skilled workers with appropriate professional training who arrive in Estonia to study or work and hold short-term or long-term visas may apply for a residence permit within the country when already studying or working. Short-term employment of persons who come under these categories can be registered within a day. Remuneration must be at least twice the annual average gross monthly salary in Estonia. The employer does not have to have carried out a resident labour market test. Family members may join them at the same time and apply for a temporary residence permit under the same conditions. For other occupations, a test is necessary unless the occupation is on the shortage list.

In an effort to attract more skilled workers to Austria, in January 2014 the permit system was simplified and waiting periods and costs to the potential migrant reduced so that vacancies can be filled more quickly. In order to attract highly qualified workers to Lithuania, entry and residence for them was simplified and streamlined in June 2014. Applications must be examined within one month and a temporary residence permit given for up to three years. For those with salaries three times the monthly average, a resident labour market test is not required. In addition, more favourable terms for family reunion were given during 2014 for executive and professional intra-company transferees (ICTs). However, at the same time Lithuania has strengthened its resident labour market test. From 2013 an employer wishing to recruit more than five foreign workers must advertise locally at least three months in advance.

As Ireland emerged from recession, the need for skills grew. A number of changes were made to the country’s employment permits regime in 2013 to facilitate access for highly qualified workers. These included the opening of Green Card occupations to all sectors; an increase in the level of information and declaration rather than provision of documents to simplify the application process; a reduction in advertising requirements prior to offering employment to third country nationals; permitting Intra-Corporate Transfer Employment Permit and Contract Service Provider Employment Permit holders to apply for other employment permits; and the removal of various restrictions to applicants from within Ireland if they have a valid legal status and Garda National Immigration Bureau number and are applying for an eligible occupation. An Atypical Working Scheme was also announced on a pilot basis in April 2013, effective from September 2013. It provides for certain categories of short-term workers not covered by the Employment Permits Acts. The Scheme applies in cases where a skill shortage has been identified; to provide a specialised or high skill to an industry, business or academic institution; or to facilitate trial employment in respect of an occupation on the Highly Skilled Occupations List.

The importance of attracting and keeping key skills is acknowledged by measures adopted in Spain, Japan and Romania. Spain’s 2013 Entrepreneurial Support and Internationalisation Act includes measures to facilitate the entry of ICTs and other highly skilled professionals. Following the introduction of a points-based system for labour immigration to Japan in 2012, the criteria for highly skilled professionals were subsequently amended to allow them residence for an indefinite period from April 2015. Recruiting highly skilled foreign workers is a key element in Romania’s new National Immigration Strategy. Its Government undertakes yearly evaluations to identify the economic sectors that are characterized by labour shortages that should be addressed through labour immigration.

Some countries are however becoming more selective in attracting the highly skilled

Despite a persistent willingness to attract highly skilled workers, including during the economic crisis, recent years have seen the exercise of greater selectivity and targeting, particularly where labour shortages have been identified. This general trend continues but several countries have introduced more specific targeting measures, designed to address their labour market needs more closely.

Australia, Canada and the Netherlands have given employers more responsibility in immigration management, while the United Kingdom has put greater emphasis on ensuring that reported qualifications are genuine. The substantial growth in use of the temporary skilled 457 visa programme in Australia led to concern that the system was becoming separated from the actual skill shortages. As a result, in July 2013 the government passed a new Temporary Sponsored Visas Act to encourage employers to make genuine efforts to seek domestic workers before bringing in temporary foreign skilled labour. Measures included more training provision for Australians, labour market testing requirements, and controls on salaries. Following a review in September 2014, a number of further changes were recommended, including better monitoring of sponsors, increasing the length of sponsorship and fast tracking low-risk applications while imposing greater scrutiny of those posing a higher risk.

Canada, too, has sought to link labour needs more closely with its immigration programme and, as in Australia, has sought to enhance employer engagement. In order to address the concerns of employers regarding a shortage of skilled tradespersons in some regions and sectors, the government introduced in 2013 a Federal Skilled Trades Program. In 2015 a new Express Entry system is being introduced with higher allocation of points for job offers, an active matching service for vacancies and skills, and faster processing times. In addition, improvements to the Canadian Experience Class Program were introduced to allow applicants to apply with 12 months of Canadian work experience (rather than the previous requirement of 24 months) in the preceding 36 months. This liberalisation is tempered with concern about foreign qualifications which led in May 2013 to Canada adjusting the immigrant selection-points grid in its Federal Skilled Worker Program in order to improve the integrity of points allocation for foreign educational credentials. A pre-application third-party educational credential assessment is now required when foreign credentials are submitted.

Payment of salaries is the management vehicle being used in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In order to prevent possible misuse of the Highly Skilled Migrants Scheme by employers who pay lower actual salaries to foreign workers than the threshold salary approved in the initial application, the Dutch government in January 2014 instituted measures to monitor of the payment of salaries. Payment may now only be done through a personal bank account of the highly skilled migrant and the employer must be able to demonstrate proof of payment. The United Kingdom has brought in genuineness tests to prevent false earnings claims by those entering through the exceptional talent category in Tier 1. A similar test was also introduced for all Tier 5 (temporary worker) routes.

Few countries have engaged in new schemes for less skilled workers

A feature of the last couple of years has been the lack of new policy activity in relation to less skilled workers. An exception is working holiday makers (WHMs), where three countries have forged new schemes. Hungary agreed one with Korea in 2013 and in 2014 successful negotiations were concluded with Taipei, China. New Zealand signed a new agreement with the Philippines in 2014. Australia has signed new agreements with Israel and Spain.

Where numerical limits on the entry of less skilled workers are imposed, these have been kept largely constant. A number of countries have kept them at or close to zero. Italy allows only certain categories, largely residents changing status from one category to another, and its quotas for seasonal workers have fallen from 98 000 in 2010 to 18 000 in 2013. Korea adjusted its entry quotas, from 34 000 in 2010 to 62 000 in 2013. Introducing a new system for managing labour migration flows, Greece in effect kept these at zero in the near future. In recent years Israel has maintained its quota of foreign construction workers (excluding Palestinians) at around 8 000. In order to respond appropriately to the construction needs of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the Japanese government has decided to accept foreign construction workers who are industry-ready. However, this acceptance is a temporary measure valid until 2020 and does not mean that there has been a change in the government’s existing basic policy on foreign workers.

Bilateral agreements continue to be signed. Poland and Armenia have an agreement in force from January 2014. It gives Armenian citizens the right to work in Poland for limited periods without the need for a work permit. Similar agreements by Poland with Moldova and Ukraine allow the mutual transfer of long term benefits such as pensions. In June 2014 Romania signed a new one year agreement with Israel which facilitates sending temporary construction workers. It also aims to stop illegal recruiting and employment practices.

Investors and entrepreneurs continue to be attractive but are increasingly scrutinised

A common policy among OECD countries has been to use of the immigration system to attract investors and entrepreneurs. In the recent past Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Romania have sought to encourage these ‘high value’ immigrants to settle, invest and create jobs. The trend continues. Some countries open new doors, others modify existing conditions.

Six countries have introduced measures to make it easier to attract investors and entrepreneurs, either by reducing the scale of initial commitment or by granting more favourable residence permit conditions. In two cases, Estonia and Ireland, a particularly comprehensive approach has been adopted to encourage entrepreneurship and the creation of start-up companies.

In Estonia the requirement to invest EUR 65 000 in business activity in order to apply for a residence permit for business is no longer necessary if the company has been registered in Estonia for less than 12 months and commences operation with the support of the state or private investments. Start-up companies can also employ short-term workers and hire top specialists without meeting the financial requirement. In addition, a new subcategory of large investor, leading to permanent residence, is to be introduced. It has also become easier for business people to engage with the country’s digital environment. In April 2014, the Estonian government approved the concept of issuing digital IDs to both non-resident foreigners and Estonians living abroad. This allows them to identify themselves in the Estonian e-environment and run things in Estonia irrespective of their physical location. The target audience for e-identity is foreign investors, foreign employees and foreigners who perform directing or supervisory functions in companies, as well as representatives of other countries and international organisations and their family members. It is hoped that as a result of the implementation of e-identity more entrepreneurs, investors and specialists will be engaged in the Estonian economy, research, education and other fields, and in doing so enhance the international competitiveness of the country.

Changes to the Immigrant Investor Programme in Ireland came into effect in July 2013. The investment threshold was halved to EUR 1m and the financial requirement for an enterprise investment was also halved to EUR 500 000. A new category of investment was created in a managed fund to invest in Irish businesses and projects requiring an investment of EUR 500 000. Other changes related to the mix of investments and tuition fees payable to Irish tertiary educational establishments for the children of investors. Changes to the Start-Up Entrepreneur Programme (STEP) announced in March 2014 saw a general reduction in the required minimum investment from EUR 75 000 to EUR 50 000. A 12-month immigration permission is to be made available for two categories of persons: foreign national entrepreneurs attending ‘incubators or innovation boot camps’ in Ireland and non-EEA students who graduate with advanced STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) degrees in Ireland and who wish to work on preparing an application to the Programme.

Four countries have recently introduced measures to induce investors to locate there. New legislation in Slovak Republic, implemented in January 2014, is designed to attract entrepreneurs. Applicants must have a business plan and pay salaries well above the national average and are granted a residence permit for a maximum of three years. Spain’s Entrepreneurial Support and Internationalisation Act in 2013 introduced a new international mobility scheme designed to facilitate the entry and residence of international investors and entrepreneurs, as well as other highly skilled people. From 2014, third country nationals may obtain a residence permit in Latvia if they buy a property worth at least EUR 150 000 and also pay a fee of EUR 25 000 into the state budget. There is an annual limit of 700 permits. Lithuania has made it easier to settle for those foreigners who have invested at least LTL 900 000 and have created at least five full-time jobs in their enterprise. Their temporary residence permits have also been extended to three years and the time taken to issue residence permits to their family members has been reduced.

In some cases, existing schemes are undergoing scrutiny and change. Australia, Canada and New Zealand are reviewing and modifying their investor and entrepreneur streams in order to improve economic outcomes. In general, the changes institute tighter conditions. Following a rise in the points score necessary for investor visas in 2013 and the introduction of a new points test, in March 2014 Australia embarked on a review of its Significant Investor stream. The aim is to analyse ways of streamlining processing, examine ways of improving flexibility and consider the possibility of introducing a new investor stream. Canada has closed its Federal Immigrant Investor and its Entrepreneur Program because they were found to provide limited economic benefit. Instead, a new five-year pilot program, the Start-Up Visa Program, was launched in April 2013. It is designed to attract immigrant entrepreneurs to build innovative companies who have the support of Canadian private sector organizations. New Zealand has also introduced major changes to its business stream. From March 2014 the new Entrepreneur Work Visa category is based on a points system, with applicants required to exceed a minimum number of points before their application can be assessed and decided. Points are awarded on the basis of business experience, potential benefit to New Zealand, export potential, the level of capital investment and the age of the applicant. Applicants must make a minimum capital investment of NZD 100 000 and also submit a detailed business plan and be able to show that they have a viable business idea and sufficient relevant experience to be likely to succeed. A new Entrepreneur Residence Category allows conditional residence after only six months, provided that at least NZD 500 000 is invested and three new full-time jobs are created for New Zealanders.

Finally, Start-Up Chile, which grants capital and a residence permit based on business plans, has expanded with a one-year follow-up grant and permit extension to successful start-ups, on the condition they remain an additional year in Chile.

International students

International students are still wanted but countries are aware of abuses

One of the main drivers of migration to and from OECD countries is the internationalisation of higher education and particularly the movement of international students to study in another country. New programmes and policies for attracting international students have been widely adopted in recent years, examples including Australia, Finland, Ireland, Lithuania, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The trend continues, with some new countries added to the list while others which already have policies in place to attract them have introduced new measures. While international students continue to be generally welcomed, there is concern in some countries that some are taking advantage of international study opportunities to pursue other objectives (for example, work) and that there is cause to tighten up on entry visas and stay permits.

The pressures of recession on the domestic workforce have also led to some reassessment of post-study entry into the labour market by overseas graduates, although for the most part countries are still in favour of post-study stay. In addition, new higher education models are being developed, among them online degrees, franchising and overseas campuses, which lessen the need for students to take up higher education in foreign countries. New developments have focused on two areas: recruitment of students often under more stringent entry conditions; and post-study employment.

Three countries have sought to develop specific links with sending countries. A new government scholarship programme in Hungary, implemented from 2013, is designed to promote the participation of international students through a series of bilateral agreements, mainly from outside Europe. Overall, the new international students strategy aims at tripling their number at Hungarian universities over the next decade. Poland has introduced a new scholarship programme for Ukrainians. The Spanish government presented a strategy in September 2014 to promote university cooperation with several countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia. The aim is to foster mobility among top students, teachers, researchers and administrative and services staff, and promote the potential of Spanish as a language of higher education while stimulating technological activity.

A further three countries, while continuing to encourage the inflow of international students, have also tightened up on monitoring their progress in order to prevent abuse. The United Kingdom and Australia have also introduced measures to reduce the risk of abuse. In October 2013 the United Kingdom introduced a genuineness test for international students applying for leave to remain in order to enable the consideration of how the circumstances of any dependant may affect the ability or motivation of the applicant to study. In May 2014 the Australian government announced the extension of its streamlined visas system to low immigration risk education providers offering advanced diploma level courses. Lithuania introduced measures in 2014 to attract students and researchers by giving them more favourable entry conditions. University students are now allowed to take up employment while studying without requiring a work permit. Upon graduation they may stay in Lithuania for another six months, if they intend to continue studying there, instead of having to leave the country upon completion of their studies. However, in June 2014 measures were introduced to impose a fine on educational institutions which failed to report on cases where the international student had not completed the course.

International graduates are still valued for their skills

A major policy dilemma in recent years has been whether or not to allow international graduates to stay on and enter the labour market. For the most part, measures have favoured encouragement to do so. International graduates are usually seen as important sources of high level skills, often speak several languages and have demonstrated an ability to live and work in different cultures.

Seven countries have taken steps in the last couple of years to incorporate international students and graduates into the mainstream labour market, four of them in central and eastern Europe. In September 2013, Estonia amended its Aliens Act to facilitate labour market access for international students. They no longer require a work permit if they wish to work while studying providing they are adhering to a full time curriculum. In order to enable them to look for a job in Estonia after graduation, the residence permit may be extended for up to six months and they are exempt from both the labour market test and remuneration requirement. Poland is implementing a new strategy from 2014 to attract international graduates into the labour market as part of a broader programme to internationalise the country’s university education. Measures enable people preparing for study in the Polish language to obtain a temporary residence permit, a longer first permit while studying and a one-year residence permit for international graduates to seek a job. Romania is putting into place a legal framework to allow non-EU international graduates to seek and take up work, particularly in technology occupations. From the beginning of 2014, international full-time students at Russian universities may receive annual work permits, renewable for the duration of the course. Prior to this they were permitted to work without a permit during holidays or non-study time only.

Two western European countries have introduced measures to support the post-study work route. As part of a broader initiative to attract international students, in June 2013 educational institutions in the Netherlands were given more responsibility for recruitment of students and post-graduation retention. The admissions process has been accelerated by removing administrative obstacles, residence permits need to be extended less frequently and more information is provided in English. The aim is to recruit more students who will enter the Dutch labour market after graduation by promoting study and career together and with more internships available. More provision of career events and business days is designed to ease the transition from education to the Dutch labour market. In Germany, to allow international students to search for a job that matches their qualifications after graduation, they may remain in the country for up to 18 months to look for employment. During that time they can take up any kind of job to cover their subsistence. Moreover, they are allowed to work 120 full days or 240 half days during their studies.

Family and residence

Some family immigration procedures are being eased but the general trend is still towards restriction

In the last few years there has been a trend for policies to restrict family migration or to discourage persons who wish to migrate with their families, by raising the income criteria for family reunification and by introducing language and other tests for family members. Such measures restricting family migration create some tension: on the one hand, there is pressure to respect human rights commitments signed by many countries; on the other hand, there are concerns raised with respect to the ability of migrants to integrate, settle and speak the host country’s language(s). While some countries continue to relax their rules of entry and settlement, others have become more restrictive, especially with respect to measures to combat (sham) marriages of convenience. Canadians, for example, are not allowed to sponsor a new spouse until five years have elapsed from the prior sponsorship.

Six countries have eased family entrance and settlement, usually through simplification of procedures and increased access to the labour market. In order to facilitate further the family reunification of non-EU family members of Hungarian or other EU nationals residing in Hungary, the new migration strategy is intended to improve communication and information availability and ease administrative burdens. Procedures for the issue of residence permits are being streamlined with all applications to be decided within 21 days. Family members of non-EU immigrants are able to take employment. Germany, too, is improving family access to the labour market. As of September 2013, all foreigners in Germany holding a residence permit as family members are allowed to work without the approval of the Federal Employment Agency. Meanwhile, the US Department of Homeland Security will allow dependent spouses of certain non-immigrants in specialty occupations (H-4 visa holders), not previously listed as eligible to work in the United States, to accept employment. From May 2015, employment authorization may be requested by certain H-4 dependent spouses of H-1B non-immigrants who have already taken steps to become lawful permanent residents.

Poland and Lithuania have simplified their residence permit application procedure. The first now allows renewal applications to be submitted right up to the expiration date, rather than 45 days beforehand. In October 2013 Lithuania reduced the time limit for examining applications for a residence permit from six to four months as well as laying down more favourable conditions for issuing a permit to a foreigner of Lithuanian descent. From June 2013, a new procedure for sponsors and foreign nationals wanting family reunification in the Netherlands came into operation. Sponsors no longer have to submit two separate applications for a regular provisional residence permit and a residence permit.

Greater restrictions on family immigration have been put in place in Norway, Canada, Ireland, Korea and the Netherlands. Particular emphasis is placed on preventing marriages of convenience. The Norwegian Government has increased the income requirement for family reunion. It is also proposed that the non-resident spouse be at least 24 years old. In Canada, the rules on bringing in dependent children have been changed to prevent entry of those aged 19 or more. Having temporarily closed it in 2013, in January 2014 Canada reopened the Parents and Grandparents Program for new applications but with new and stricter criteria for their sponsors. The permanent resident or Canadian citizen must undertake to provide for the basic needs of their sponsored relative for a longer period while the minimum necessary income for a sponsorship has been increased. However, to alleviate some of the difficulties for divided families, in 2014 a new ‘super visa’ for parents and grandparents was introduced. It is multiple entry and allows them to visit relatives in Canada more freely.

New policy guidelines regarding family reunification applications in the immigration system in Ireland were published in December 2013 with the stated aim of providing greater transparency in the immigration decision making process. The overall need for a balance of interests is noted throughout, primarily on the basis of public order, public health and financial costs to the state. In February 2013, Ireland undertook a series of measures to deter marriages of convenience. Registrars have a right to investigate such a suspected marriage, to refuse to issue a marriage registration form and to notify immigration authorities.

Concern about marriages of convenience, prompted by the high divorce rate of international marriages, has resulted in stricter regulation in Korea. New criteria include: whether the Korean inviter has married another immigrant within the last five years; the inviter’s income and financial status, health status, and criminal record; and the invitee’s Korean language proficiency.

Only nuclear family members may be brought into the Netherlands, with those aged over 21 and over 65 excluded, and the fee has been increased. The Dutch government has also developed an action plan against forced marriages based on a sequential approach, including prevention, detection, damage reduction, and sanctioning. Prominent measures include the introduction of an early warning system, setting up a single hotline for all relevant matters, the development of a national hub for professionals, and initiatives aimed at effective detection abroad.

Humanitarian migration

At the beginning of the millennium, discussions on migration were often dominated by debate on asylum seekers and the unfounded claims related to these. Then for some years asylum slipped down the list of topical subjects for OECD countries, especially as the recession brought new challenges. This situation seems to be changing, mainly because of warfare and instability in the Middle East and Africa, with countries in the Mediterranean area under particular pressure. It is also causing countries to review the ways in which their humanitarian programmes and procedures are working.

New humanitarian measures in response to the humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean region

In response to the political crises in the eastern Mediterranean region and the ensuing flows of asylum seekers, several countries have introduced new humanitarian measures. Turkey has implemented a “temporary protection regime” for Syrian refugees, consisting of three main principles: an open border policy; the principle of non-refoulement; and registration with the Turkish authorities and support inside the precincts of the camps. Greece’s new autonomous and decentralised asylum agency began work in June 2013. First Reception Centres are being constructed in selected places and where there is a notable inflow of immigrants mobile units are deployed. The centres receive irregular migrants upon their arrival and refer asylum seekers to the regional asylum office within the local reception centre. The regional asylum offices are responsible for receiving and processing the applications, conducting interviews, and issuing decisions at the first instance, within a time limit of 30 days.

In February 2014, Hungary allowed temporary protection to a foreigner who belongs to a group of displaced persons arriving in the territory of Hungary en masse and which was recognised by the Government as eligible for temporary protection. Protection exists until the reasons for such mass movements are deemed to have passed. In June 2013 the Slovak government agreed with the UNHCR and IOM to allow the humanitarian transfer of refugees, mainly mothers with children fleeing from conflict zones and who need immediate evacuation through the Slovak Republic. It allows them to stay in government hostels for up to six months before they are re-settled in their final destination country. Meanwhile, the Swedish Migration Board decided in September 2013 that residence permits granted on the basis of the general situation of violence in Syria should be permanent. In a separate development in July 2014 the Russian Federation introduced a fast-track procedure for Ukrainian citizens. The procedure for dealing with applications for temporary asylum to Ukrainian nationals was reduced from three months to three days from the date of application submission. They were also allowed to settle and work in Russia and acquire Russian citizenship.

Three countries have introduced measures to deal with humanitarian or subsidiary protection. In order to address issues related to undecided applications, from 2013 subsidiary protection applications in Ireland are now dealt with in a similar manner to the determination of refugee applications: applicants for subsidiary protection now have permission to remain in the State for the duration of their application. Similarly, the Czech government amended its legislation in May 2013 to allow long term resident status to those granted humanitarian protection. Changes to the Asylum Act in the Slovak Republic, coming into force in January 2014, increased the number of application centres and clarified the reasons for discrimination; specified additional conditions for granting protection; widened the circle of persons to whom asylum or supplementary protection can be granted for the purposes of family reunification; and lengthened the period of supplementary protection from one to two years. Persons granted supplementary protection in the Slovak Republic are exempted from the work permit requirement, making their overall legal position closer to that of the persons who were granted asylum.

Measures to reinforce the existing asylum system and prevent abuses

France and Switzerland have both adopted measures to streamline their asylum systems while maintaining fairness. A new Bill in France, published in 2014, contains three new elements. It will deal with suspensive appeals, allowing an asylum seeker the right to counsel and take more account of the vulnerability of the asylum seeker; speed up procedures without prejudicing the rights of the asylum seeker and aim to reduce the time span from the present two years plus to nine months by 2017; and provide managed accommodation more evenly located geographically to relieve pressure on any particular area and ensure the accommodation and the social milieu are of a good standard.

Switzerland, in response to revisions to the Dublin agreement and to Eurodac, has amended the law concerning foreigners and asylum seekers. In September 2014 the Swiss federal government adopted a bill aimed at speeding up asylum procedures without prejudicing a fair decision.

Concern about abuse of the asylum system led to new measures in Australia, Finland, Estonia, Hungary and Lithuania. In response to spontaneous arrivals by sea, in March 2014 the Australian government announced that it had capped the number of places available to onshore applicants under its refugee and humanitarian programme in order to enable the government to increase the number of resettlement places available for family members through the planned Special Humanitarian Programme (SHP). A new Community Proposal Pilot programme allows approved organisations to propose someone in a humanitarian situation outside Australia for a Refugee and Humanitarian visa. The Finnish government submitted new proposals to the Parliament in September 2014, designed to promote the return to their home country or other country of permanent residence of third-country nationals whose asylum applications have been rejected or cancelled. In addition, the need for legislative changes relating to temporary residence permits granted for the purpose of removal from the country is being examined. From October 2013 Estonia introduced detention for up to two days (two months in certain circumstances) as a means of surveillance during the application procedure.

A more comprehensive set of measures was introduced in Hungary in July 2013 in response to an increased number of asylum seekers. They not only reflect the legislative instruments of the second phase of the common European asylum system but are intended to improve the national asylum and reception system while addressing issues of possible abuse. While access to the labour market for asylum seekers has been improved, a new stricter detention regime is designed to discourage asylum-shopping. In parallel, a new refugee integration system, instituted in January 2014, provides a package of benefits, including language training and housing assistance.

In October 2013 Lithuania amended its asylum law to stipulate that an asylum seeker who has illegally entered the country or is illegally present in it may be detained for the purposes of establishing if there is a genuine case for consideration, or where the asylum seeker has not been granted temporary territorial asylum and there are grounds to believe that he/she may abscond in order to avoid return to a foreign country or expulsion from Lithuania.

Measures focused on young asylum seekers and unaccompanied minors

In the Netherlands, Spain, Norway and Austria the emphasis was on younger asylum seekers. In June 2013 the new Dutch policy regarding unaccompanied minors came into force, clarifying the conditions by which they are allowed to stay in the Netherlands. Spain has also taken steps (July 2014) to look after unaccompanied minors. A new protocol coordinates the intervention of all institutions and administrations involved at every stage of the process, in order to improve treatment and actions with respect to unaccompanied minors in the best interests of the child. It includes specific provisions on child asylum seekers and trafficking prevention measures. In June 2014 a change in Norway’s immigration regulations gave children and their families, who previously had applied for asylum and who had stayed in the country without a resident permit for at least three years, the chance to gain residency if they fulfil certain requirements. Austria increased the age limit from 18 to 25 years for young asylum seekers to work (plus education and training) as an apprentice on May 2013.

Unaccompanied minors are a significant concern in Mexico where a special commission is proposed to take responsibility for them in response to a growing number attempting to transit through Mexico to the United States. Mexico is also developing an information system to track individual unaccompanied minors and house them in special centres.

Irregular migration

Measures to improve border control

Seven countries have introduced new border control measures. In December 2013 Australia tightened its regulations to prevent those arriving illegally by boat from gaining protection visas. A further development is the creation of a new Australian Border Force which comes into full operation in July 2015. Its main task is to counter the transnational criminal threat posed by drugs, guns and other illicit imports and facilitate the movement in and out of Australia of legitimate goods, services and people. It will include additional patrol vessels for coastal operations as well as new IT technology. New technology is also being deployed by Canada. Biometric information from certain visitors, students and temporary workers, along with measures for the faster removal of foreign criminals will help safeguard the country’s border integrity. Meanwhile, in Switzerland a plan of action against human trafficking has been formulated through cooperation between the relevant government departments, cantons and NGOs. It comprises twenty-three measures which include increased awareness, punitive measures, protecting victims and prevention.

More physical control measures have been instituted by Turkey, Bulgaria, and Russia. In response to a much larger flow, in 2013 Turkey introduced stricter border control measures, as well as institutionalising ties with the EU’s Frontex control procedures. In response to a wave of asylum seekers from Syria during 2013 turning up at the Bulgarian border, extra police were drafted to staff border control. A wall 30 km long at the border with Turkey was constructed aiming at limiting the illegal border crossings. Additional equipment for monitoring the border was installed. Seven new acceptance centres were constructed and the existing ones upgraded creating an extra 5 000 places. In 2013 Russia began to tighten up on the re-entry of foreigners who had previously violated either the criminal or administrative law, imposing a permanent re-entry ban.

Measures to encourage the return of migrants without entitlement to stay

Greece, the United Kingdom, Norway and the Netherlands have put more emphasis on requiring irregular migrants to return home. In an effort to persuade them to go, since February 2014 the Greek government has been able to detain them beyond 18 months – the previous maximum time – and prolong their detention indefinitely until they consent to return to their own countries. A new Act in the United Kingdom, coming into force in July 2014, gave the government more powers to remove those in the country unlawfully and limiting right to appeal. A novelty was that onus was put on landlords, banks and other agencies to undertake immigration status checks on clients. There were also new powers to curb marriages and civil partnerships of convenience. In 2014 Norway increased the penalty limit from six months in prison to a year for violating the re-entry ban on expelled foreigners. At the same time, more funds were allocated to increase the number of forced returns. New draft proposals in the Netherlands will introduce penalties for irregular migrants such as fines, eventual detention and a five-year entry ban for repeated detection.

Sanctions against illegal working

In seven countries illegal employment has been the focus of policy developments. In Luxembourg, in the context of transposition of the EU Directive against the employment of illegally staying non-EU nationals, an initiative was taken in 2013 to give regular status to irregular employed migrants who could prove they had been in the country for at least nine months prior to launching the request. Employers were thus given an opportunity to regularise irregular employees by a certain deadline without heavy sanctions. Direct action against employers who facilitate illegal working has also been taken by the Czech government. Guilty employers are no longer able to use the central vacancy system.

In April 2013 Spain adopted new measures to combat illegal employment and social security fraud, including improved operational action and information exchange between ministries. A new regulation of March 2014 clarifies the legal and human rights position for those placed in detention facilities, including the provision of health care, legal aid and interpreters. Sweden introduced additional control measures aiming to curb abuse of the labour immigration system and to prevent exploitation of migrant workers in August 2014. In 2013 Ireland amended its criminal legislation to cover trafficking for the purposes of forced begging. New legislation in Luxembourg in April 2014 reinforced the rights of victims of human trafficking with modifications to the penal code and previous laws concerning the protection of victims of trafficking.

More liberal measures have been announced in Poland, the United States and France. The new law on foreigners in Poland, implemented in 2014, introduced more liberal and simplified residence for several categories of foreigners, including some undocumented immigrants who had the right to apply for a temporary residence permit due to the need to respect the right to family life. It also modified the regulations on expulsion to encourage migrants to return voluntarily and to allow non-governmental organisations to have more participation in the process. Finally, the employer rather than the migrants now has the primary responsibility in cases of illegal employment. In November 2013, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a policy to allow “parole in place” for immediate family members of active-duty members of the Armed Forces and veterans. The policy allows unlawfully present spouses, children, and parents of military personnel and veterans to remain lawfully in the United States. New proposals regarding regularisation in France taking full effect in 2013 insist on the need to pay special attention to minors and those already vulnerable through domestic violence.

From November 2014 in Lithuania, entitlement to residence permits is dependent on being able to demonstrate lawful employment and accommodation.

Emigration and return

Return policies are still in vogue

Governments, mainly in central Europe, continue to support their diaspora communities and encourage their return. In its new legislation in 2013, foreigners of Polish origin who intend to settle down in Poland permanently were given the rights to apply directly for a permanent residence permit without fulfilling the conditions of prior residence in Poland. In March 2014 Israel announced a new programme to help returning residents and increased the budget to encourage their immigration. Migration policy guidelines from the Lithuanian government in January 2014 focus on measures to counter the factors promoting emigration and ways of utilising the skills and potential of Lithuanians living abroad. Romania’s new National Strategy on Relationship with Romanians Abroad 2013-16 is intended to preserve, promote and develop the ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious identity of diaspora communities through a series of targeted actions. Latvia introduced amendments to its repatriation law in 2013 to grant financial support for those in the diaspora willing to repatriate after living abroad for at least ten years.

Notes

 1. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

 2. This includes free movements between countries which are also EU members, as well as migration of EU nationals to Norway and Switzerland, and free movements between Australia and New Zealand in the framework of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement.

 3. The countries referred to as “settlement countries” are Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States.

 4. This decrease in the United States is associated with the implementation of reforms aiming at reinforcing procedures in views to ensuring the integrity of the programmes, at controlling their impact on domestic workers as well as at protecting participants.

Annex 1.A1.

Supplementary tables and figures

Table 1.A1.1. Preliminary trends in international migration flows to OECD countries in 2014
| 2013 | 2014 | Difference | % change | Period covered | Number of months
Australia | 251 900 | 236 600 | -15 300 | -6 | Jul-Jun | 12
Austria | 135 200 | 154 300 | 19 000 | 14 | Jan-Dec | 12
Belgium |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada | 259 000 | 260 300 | 1 300 | 1 | Jan-Dec | 12
Chile | 132 100 | 138 000 | 5 800 | 4 | Jan-Dec | 12
Czech Republic | 27 800 | 38 500 | 10 600 | 38 | Jan-Dec | 12
Denmark | 55 200 | 63 800 | 8 600 | 16 | Jan-Dec | 12
Estonia | 1 600 | 1 300 | -300 | -18 | Jan-Dec | 12
Finland | 17 500 | 18 000 | 500 | 3 | Jan-Dec | 12
France | 172 100 | 177 300 | 5 200 | 3 | Jan-Dec | 12
Germany | 1 045 900 | 1 251 200 | 205 200 | 20 | Jan-Nov | 11
Greece | 16 800 | 14 000 | -2 800 | -17 | Jan-Dec | 12
Hungary | 14 900 | 14 800 | -200 | -1 | Jan-Dec | 12
Iceland | 3 900 | 4 300 | 400 | 11 | Jan-Dec | 12
Ireland | 40 200 | 49 000 | 8 800 | 22 | May-Apr | 12
Israel | 19 600 | 26 600 | 7 100 | 36 | Jan-Dec | 12
Italy | 279 000 | 255 000 | -24 000 | -9 | Jan-Dec | 12
Japan | 57 300 | 63 400 | 6 100 | 11 | Jan-Dec | 12
Korea | 66 700 | 75 100 | 8 400 | 13 | Jan-Dec | 12
Luxembourg | 19 800 | 21 000 | 1 200 | 6 | Jan-Dec | 12
Mexico |  |  |  |  |  |
Netherlands | 137 200 | 153 500 | 16 400 | 12 | Jan-Dec | 12
New Zealand | 39 000 | 44 000 | 5 000 | 13 | Jul-Jun | 12
Norway | 66 900 | 61 400 | -5 500 | -8 | Jan-Dec | 12
Poland |  |  |  |  |  |
Portugal |  |  |  |  |  |
Slovak Republic |  |  |  |  |  |
Slovenia | 23 900 | 20 300 | -3 600 | -15 | Jan-Dec | 12
Spain | 248 400 | 265 800 | 17 400 | 7 | Jan-Dec | 12
Sweden | 86 000 | 91 300 | 5 300 | 6 | Jan-Dec | 12
Switzerland | 155 400 | 152 100 | -3 300 | -2 | Jan-Dec | 12
Turkey |  |  |  |  |  |
United Kingdom | 450 000 | 558 000 | 108 000 | 24 | Jan-Dec | 12
United States | 989 900 | 1 000 000 | 10 100 | 1 | Oct-Sep | 12
Notes: Data for France include only flows from non-EU countries.
Sources: OECD International Migration Database and national data sources.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260936

Table 1.A1.2. Permanent flows to OECD countries by category, 2013
| Work | Accompanying family of workers | Family | Humanitarian | Other | Free movements
Australia | 61 260 | 67 710 | 60 190 | 20 020 | 4 000 | 40 310
Austria | 1 320 | 250 | 10 150 | 2 510 | 290 | 50 500
Belgium | 7 790 | .. | 22 270 | 2 990 | .. | 27 260
Canada | 64 720 | 83 320 | 79 590 | 30 950 | 40 | ..
Denmark | 7 900 | 3 520 | 5 180 | 3 890 | 4 240 | 27 660
Finland | 1 230 | .. | 8 930 | 3 050 | 500 | 10 160
France | 26 780 | .. | 104 610 | 11 660 | 20 930 | 95 860
Germany | 24 290 | .. | 56 050 | 30 670 | 2 430 | 354 770
Ireland | 2 680 | 330 | 13 910 | 180 | .. | 23 100
Italy | 73 140 | 2 510 | 78 550 | 8 830 | 4 920 | 77 880
Japan | 25 050 | .. | 20 640 | 160 | 11 470 | ..
Korea | 1 580 | 5 090 | 31 410 | 40 | 28 570 | ..
Mexico | 16 600 | .. | 19 220 | 200 | 18 420 | ..
Netherlands | 9 190 | .. | 21 150 | 9 970 | .. | 65 160
New Zealand | 10 130 | 10 260 | 16 890 | 3 390 | .. | 3 700
Norway | 3 850 | .. | 11 940 | 6 730 | .. | 37 810
Portugal | 6 390 | 3 240 | 9 610 | 140 | 3 240 | 10 650
Spain | 39 760 | .. | 41 250 | 460 | 8 760 | 105 060
Sweden | 3 880 | 2 380 | 29 460 | 28 900 | .. | 22 040
Switzerland | 2 190 | .. | 21 260 | 5 060 | 1 960 | 105 760
United Kingdom | 86 440 | 37 580 | 27 140 | 20 720 | 20 740 | 98 340
United States | 75 880 | 85 230 | 649 760 | 119 630 | 59 410 | ..
Source: OECD International Migration Database.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260949

Figure 1.A1.1. Changes in inflows of migrants by country of origin, selected OECD countries, 2003-2012 and 2013

2013 top ten countries of origin as a percent of total inflows

Figure 1.A1.1. Changes in inflows of migrants by country of origin, selected OECD countries, 2003-2012 and 2013 (cont.)

2013 top ten countries of origin as a percent of total inflows

Figure 1.A1.1. Changes in inflows of migrants by country of origin, selected OECD countries, 2003-2012 and 2013 (cont.)

2013 top ten countries of origin as a percent of total inflows

Source: OECD International Migration Database.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260956

Chapter 2.

Recent labour market trends and integration policies in OECD countries¹

The first part of this chapter provides detailed evidence on the labour market outcomes of migrants in OECD countries relative to those of their native-born peers. It focuses on the labour market outcomes in two distinct periods: the one that followed the global economic crisis (2007-11) and the more recent period (2011-14) in which some OECD countries have shown signs of recovery. It also contains a detailed discussion of the migrant groups that face considerable challenges in the labour market in many OECD countries and the sectors which have shown substantial variations in recent years for migrant and native workers. The second part of the chapter describes the latest developments in integration policies in the OECD showing that integration policies are being developed and scaled up across the OECD.

Introduction

Seven years from the start of the crisis, there are some obvious signs of recovery for many OECD economies, while for others the recovery is still to come. The timing and the extent of the recession varied from country to country, with the full blown impact taking place for most OECD economies during 2008-09. According to World Bank estimates, the total world economy shrank by 2.1% in 2009, while the OECD area contracted by 4.7% in the period between the first quarter of 2008 and the second quarter of 2009. The recovery period that followed has been sluggish and short-lived, as the sovereign debt crisis of 2010-11 erupted with a vast impact in some peripheral European OECD economies (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy). However during the more recent period (2011-14), the non-European OECD economies as well as some European economies have started to exhibit solid growth. The labour market outcomes of the native- and foreign-born were vastly affected by the great recession, with different trends for the various countries both in the downturn but also in the period that followed.

This chapter offers an overview of the labour market performance trends of migrants and native-born in the OECD countries since 2007-08. To facilitate the analysis, the period of study is split into two: first, 2007-10, the period during which the crisis has a strong impact on most OECD economies; second, 2011-14, a period of recovery for the non-European OECD economies and some European ones, and a period of stagnation or further contraction for the bulk of European economies. The second part of the chapter examines the measures recently adopted by OECD countries to facilitate the labour market integration of immigrants and their children.

Main findings

Overall, the average employment rate of migrants in the OECD area increased by 1.3 percentage points during 2011-14, compared with 0.5 percentage points for the native-born, while the unemployment rate did not change. In the last two years, there is a net gain of 2.1 million individuals in employment in the European OECD countries and 3.3 million in the United States, with the foreign-born accounting for four out of ten of this last figure.

For the vast majority of countries, the labour market outcomes of foreign- and native-born have been either stable or improving in recent years. However, some countries which have not yet recovered from the crisis, have seen migrants disproportionally affected (Greece, Italy and Slovenia).

Within countries, particular migrant groups have fared better than others in the recovery period. The older-age foreign-born have performed better overall, while the foreign-born youth have withdrawn from the labour market – even in countries experiencing falling unemployment (e.g. the United States). The low-educated migrants performed better in the United States, but worse in the European OECD countries, where the high-educated sustained their performance or made modest gains. Migrant groups of different origin have succeeded to a different extent to take advantage of the recovery in some countries or shield themselves from the prolonged recession in others.

Observable characteristics of migrants and native-born can explain part of the actual employment gap between the two groups in European OECD countries, but there is still an unexplained part that is particularly high for some countries. In four fifths of the European OECD countries, the employment gap between migrants and native-born would have been even higher if migrants had the same age and education profile as the native-born.

Long-term unemployment continues to be a high risk for some countries, particularly for migrants who fare worse than the native-born also in this domain. In the OECD area, the rise of long-term unemployment for migrants has slowed down recently, but it still affects 6% of the migrant labour force.

Migrants are particularly vulnerable to poverty. For the European OECD countries, the poverty rate of migrants rose from 27% to 29% during 2006-12. Moreover, poverty is also prevalent among employed migrants, with the relative in-work poverty rates for migrants increasing from 15% to 17% in the same six-year period.

The construction industry continues to experience migrant job losses in the European OECD countries – although less than in the first years of the crisis, while in the United States it is the main source of job creation for migrants.

Integration policies and measures are being developed and scaled up across the OECD. Many countries with a longstanding tradition of hosting immigrants are moving in the direction of mainstreaming integration measures into all aspects of economic and social life, while new immigration countries are developing broad national integration strategies or programmes that can be used as a basis for future mainstreaming of integration policies.

Targeted integration measures continue to be widely used, either to supplement mainstream policy or, in the countries with less numerous migrant populations, as the main integration tool. Many countries are placing particular emphasis on the recognition of foreign qualifications and on lifelong learning, in particular for those who lack basic skills.

Labour market trends

In the period starting in 2011, the OECD economies have intensified their efforts to recover from the crisis and return to sustainable robust growth, that is coupled with job creation and better employment prospects. Although overall unemployment in the OECD area has fallen from around 7.9% at the end of 2011 to 7.2% at the end of 2014, it is still much higher than its 2007 pre-crisis level of 5.6% (Figure 2.1). The situation is more of a concern in Europe and particularly its peripheral countries that were hit most by the crisis. The persistence of high unemployment rates for such a long period of seven years might imply a rise in structural unemployment that will not wither away with the modest growth predicted in the forthcoming period (OECD, 2014). In the whole OECD area, over one in three unemployed individuals has been out of work for at least 12 months, twice as many as in the beginning of the crisis in 2007.

Figure 2.1. Unemployment rates in OECD countries

OECD harmonised unemployment rates¹, December 2007, December, 2011 and December 2014²

Notes: Countries are shown in ascending order of the harmonised unemployment rate in December 2014.

1. For Israel, the series have been chained to take into account the break in the series in 2012.

2. October 2014 for Greece, Chile, Turkey and the United Kingdom; November 2014 for Estonia, Hungary, Iceland, the OECD and Norway; Q3 2014 for New Zealand and Switzerland.

Source: OECD calculations based on the OECD Short-Term Indicators Database (cut-off date: 6 February 2015).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260965

Experiences vary greatly across OECD countries and four distinct groups can be identified. First, two countries (Germany and Israel) were hardly affected by the crisis and showed steady progress throughout the period with declining unemployment rates. A second group of countries saw improvements in their labour market performance in the second half of the period (2011-14) and recorded unemployment rates close to their pre-crisis levels (the United States, the United Kingdom, Hungary and Poland). Another set of countries made substantive improvements in the recent period, but still they have not fully returned to their pre-crisis levels (Iceland, Estonia, Ireland, the Slovak Republic and Portugal). On the other hand, for a fourth group of countries, the recovery has not come yet or they have entered a new cycle of recession, exhibiting stagnant unemployment rates (Spain) or even rising ones (Greece, France, Italy, Turkey, Slovenia, Finland and the Netherlands). Seven countries still have unemployment rates twice as high as their 2007 levels or more.

Modest gains in both migrants’ and native-born’s employment in the recent years

The employment trends of migrants and native-born have followed different paths in the recovery period (Figure 2.2). Overall for the OECD countries, growth in employment was higher for the foreign-born than the native-born (in Figure 2.A1.1, it can be seen that for almost all OECD countries the foreign-born share in employment has increased). However, this discrepancy can be largely explained by the differential trends in the total working-age population, with the foreign-born one rising, due to demographic trends and arrivals of recent migrants, and the native-born one falling, due to ageing (see OECD, 2012). The European OECD countries, on average, have only in 2014 seen the total number of employed native-born increase, reaching a total of 181 million; a positive trend that remains to be seen if it will continue. On the contrary, although the foreign-born employment fell in the first years of the crisis, after 2010 it exhibited a steady growth with the sharpest increase in 2014 when it grew by almost 4%, reaching a total number of 25 million. Overall, the net gain of 2.1 million individuals in employment since the third quarter of 2013, of which 1.1 million are foreign-born, constitutes a positive trend that needs to be strengthened for a job-intensive recovery to come.

Figure 2.2. Quarterly employment by place of birth in selected OECD countries, 2007-14

Index 100 = Q3 2007 (Australia and the United States) or Q3 2008 (Canada and Europe)

Notes: The index refers to numbers of employed individuals that are of working-age (15-64). Switzerland was excluded because quarterly data are available since 2010 only.

Source: European countries: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada: Labour Force Surveys; United States: Current Population Surveys.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260972

In a number of countries like the United States, Australia and Canada, the native-born have made substantive progress in terms of employment in the recent years. In the United States, the employment of the native-born increased towards its pre-crisis levels, reaching a total of 114 million employed individuals by the end of 2014, which is however around 3% less than in 2007. Although the crisis had affected disproportionally the foreign-born in its early phase, in the recovery period migrants made significant gains and outpaced the employment growth of the native-born. In the last two years, the net gains in employment reached 3.3 million with the foreign-born accounting for four out of ten additional jobs. Canada has returned to similar levels of native-born employment as in the beginning of the crisis, while its foreign-born employment had surpassed the pre-crisis level by 2010 and subsequently grew by 8.4% in the period 2011-14 (2.7% annual growth). Australia has experienced steady employment growth, with the number of native-born employed persons growing by 5% in this seven-year period, and that of the foreign-born increasing by 21%, with 4% of this growth taking place in the last two years.

For some countries recovery is still to come, particularly for the foreign-born

There is a large degree of heterogeneity in the recent trends amongst countries, with some exhibiting positive signs of recovery in the labour market. For the second half of the period (2011-14) many OECD countries have showed improvements in terms of the level of unemployment. Around one third of them experienced a fall in the unemployment rate between 2011 and 2014 for both native-born and migrants (Figure 2.3). This is in stark contrast to the trend in the first, post-crisis, period when most of the countries experienced sharp rises in the unemployment rate for both groups. The improvement in the unemployment rate in the second period was particularly strong in countries like Estonia, Hungary, the United States and Ireland, while for all of the countries on a recovery path, migrants’ unemployment fell slightly more than for the native-born. For the vast majority of countries, the labour market position of migrants and native-born appeared to stabilise with only small further increases in their unemployment rate (like in Finland, France, Sweden and Turkey). For most of them, native- and foreign-born did not display any significant differences in their performance, with some exceptions such as Portugal where the rise in the unemployment rate was restricted to the native-born and Poland where the rise was confined to migrants. However, there are still some countries that have suffered from a prolonged recession, with continuing increases in the unemployment rates of both native-born and migrants (Greece, Italy, and Spain).

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by place of birth, 2007, 2011 and 2014

Percentages

Notes: The unemployment rate is measured as percentage of the labour force aged 15-64. Data for European countries refer to changes between Q1-Q3 2007, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014, except for Germany and Turkey: Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014 and Switzerland: Q2 2009, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014. Data for Australia and the United States refer to changes between 2007, 2011 and 2014; Canada: 2008, 2011 and 2014; Chile: 2006, 2011 and 2013; Israel: 2007 and 2011; Mexico: Q1-Q3 2007, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014; New-Zealand: 2008, 2011 and 2014.

Source: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand: Labour Force Surveys; Chile: Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN); Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE); United States: Current Population Surveys.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260984

Examining the trends in the employment rate for the native-born and migrants over the same period (2011-14) portrays a similar picture, with greater variation in the countries’ individual patterns (Figure 2.4). Only seven countries experienced a fall in the employment rates of both native-born and migrants (compared with half the countries in 2007-11), while the rest of the countries exhibit improvements in the employment rate of at least one of the two groups. The general trend is that countries that had a job rich recovery, had better employment rate performance among migrants than among the native-born. On the contrary, countries which have not yet recovered from the crisis had the migrants disproportionally affected (Greece, Spain, Italy). There are still some deviations from this pattern: Estonia had better employment rate outcomes for the native-born, while Denmark has seen improved outcomes for the foreign-born but deteriorated outcomes for the native-born, as it experienced a downturn during 2012-13 (more detailed coverage of countries employment rate trends can be seen in Figure 2.A1.2, Annex 2.A1).

Figure 2.4. Employment rates by place of birth, 2007, 2011 and 2014

Percentages

Notes: The employment rate is measured as the percentage of the population of working-age (15-64). Data for European countries refer to changes between Q1-Q3 2007, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014, except for Germany and Turkey: Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014 and Switzerland: Q2 2009, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014. Data for Australia and the United States refer to changes between 2007, 2011 and 2014; Canada: 2008, 2011 and 2014; Chile: 2006, 2011 and 2013; Israel: 2007 and 2011; Mexico: Q1-Q3 2007, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014; New-Zealand: 2008, 2011 and 2014.

Source: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand: Labour Force Surveys; Chile: Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN); Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE); United States: Current Population Surveys.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260992

Even within countries the situation differs among migrant groups

For the European OECD countries on average, most demographic groups experienced only modest increases (if any) in their unemployment rate during 2011-14. However, the low-educated and foreign-born youth experienced substantive increases in their unemployment rate (Figure 2.5). Unlike the earlier period, the native-born youth have not experienced a major worsening of their labour market outcomes although there are signs of a withdrawal from the labour market. The decrease in the employment rate is particularly acute for the foreign-born youth. Since it was not accompanied by a rise in unemployment, it implies a sharp rise in the inactivity rate for this group. Falling employment rates were experienced also by low-educated native-born and migrants alike, and this trend was accompanied by rises both in unemployment and inactivity.

Overall, the United States and Canada performed better in the recent period compared with the European OECD countries. In the United States, the unemployment rate declined for all demographic groups, with the largest drops for migrant men and low-educated migrants. While the unemployment rate for low-educated native-born also fell, it was not combined with an increase in the employment rate, which means that it was all due to a rise in the inactivity rate. Similar patterns with falling unemployment rate coupled with lower participation were experienced by high-educated migrants and young migrants. Overall, however, labour market integration of foreign-born youth is still more favourable in the United States than in Europe. All the other demographic groups in the United States saw their employment rates rise. Canada also had falling unemployment rates for most demographic groups, with the largest falls among the low-educated, both foreign- and native-born. The employment rate trends differ among demographic groups, with the largest rise experienced by older workers, both foreign- and native-born. For Australia, most of the demographic groups have seen a rise in unemployment rates and fall in employment rates, with the trends being particularly acute for foreign-born youth.

Figure 2.5. Changes in labour market outcomes by demographic group and country of birth, in selected OECD countries, 2011-14

Percentage points

Notes: The reference population is the working-age population (15-64). Unemployment rate is calculated as the number of unemployed out of the total population aged 15-64. Thus the sum of the employment rate and the unemployment rate gives the participation rate. “Low-skilled” here refers to less than upper secondary attainment, “Medium-skilled” to upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, “High-skilled” to tertiary.

Source: Panel A: European countries: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat), Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014. The data exclude Switzerland. Panel B: Current Population Surveys, 2011 and 2014. Panel C: Labour Force Surveys, 2011 and 2014. Panel D: Labour Force Surveys, 2011 and 2014.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261008

As noted previously, foreign-born youth have suffered disproportionally from the crisis in Europe, shown by the large drop in their participation and employment rates. A complementary analysis of the NEET (not in education, employment or training) rates shows that this cannot be explained by a rise in participation in education or training. In 2014, on average in the OECD, more than one in five foreign-born youth is not in education, training or employment (Figure 2.6). For native-born youth, the NEET rate is about 5 percentage points lower. Since 2007, the NEET share has increased by 3 percentage points for the foreign-born and by 2 percentage points for the native-born. The disadvantaged position of the foreign-born compared with the native-born is apparent in most countries, even where NEET rates are lower, like in Austria, Switzerland and Germany.

In Turkey, Greece and Spain, more than one in three foreign-born youth is not in education, training or employment, whereas the NEET rates are at least 10 percentage points lower for native-born youth. Greece and Spain, but also Italy and Slovenia experienced a sharp increase in their NEET rates over the first years of the crisis, notably for the foreign-born, and have not seen any improvement in the second half of the period from 2011 to 2014. In particular for Greece, the situation has further deteriorated between 2011 and 2014. By contrast, during the same period, the NEET rates have declined for migrant youth in Austria, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Belgium, Sweden and the United States.

Figure 2.6. NEET rates by place of birth in selected OECD countries, 2007, 2011 and 2014

Percentage of the population aged 15-24 that is not in employment nor in education or training

Notes: The results for NEET in European countries are overestimated because they are based on three quarters, including summertime, when under-declaration of school enrolment of students is commonly observed.

Source: European countries except Germany and Switzerland: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat), Q1-Q3 2007, Q1-Q3 2011, Q1-Q3 2014; Germany and Turkey: Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014 and Switzerland: Q2 2009, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014; United States: Current Population Surveys, 2007, 2011, 2014.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261015

There is an unexplained difference in the employment rates between migrants and native-born in Europe

Figure 2.5 has shown that there are important differences between migrants and native-born across demographic groups. This section analyses differences in the employment rates between foreign-born and native-born when differences in their basic demographic characteristics have been taken into account. Because of data limitations, it focuses on European OECD countries with available microdata. The econometric analysis is conducted separately for men and women of working age (15-64) and the observable characteristics used include age, education, marital status and the presence of young children. The results in Figure 2.7 show that in the majority of countries there is still an “adjusted employment gap” between native- and foreign-born, once their basic observable characteristics have been taken into account. This adjusted employment gap shows the difference in the aggregate employment rate between native- and foreign-born if the composition of the two groups was identical in terms of these basic observable characteristics.

In half of the countries in Figure 2.7, there is a negative employment gap between migrant and native men (Panel A). The comparison between the “observed” and the “adjusted” gap suggests that this gap would have been even greater if migrants had the same basic observed characteristics as the native-born population. What seems to be making the difference in most countries is the fact that migrants tend to be over-represented in the prime-age group relative to the native-born, while for a few countries (e.g. the United Kingdom and Norway) their overrepresentation among the highly educated also matters. Nonetheless, despite these positive elements, in most countries their employment rates fall short of those of the native-born because of their unobserved characteristics as well as the usually lower returns to the observed characteristics migrants receive relative to the native-born.

Both actual and adjusted differences for women are larger than those for men in the majority of countries (Panel B, Figure 2.7). For all countries except the Slovak Republic and Italy, the adjusted difference is negative for women, that is migrant women have lower chances of being employed than native women with similar basic observed characteristics. For the majority of countries though, the adjusted and observed employment gaps between migrants and the native-born are closer for women than for men. This implies that these two groups of women may have more similar observed basic characteristics than men.

Figure 2.7. Adjusted and observed employment gap between the foreign-born and the native-born in 2012

Percentage points

Notes: The adjusted employment gap refers to the coefficient of a dummy variable for the foreign-born in an ordinary least squares regression of employment on a number of observable characteristics. The characteristics used are 5-year age bands, education (three categories), a dummy variable for marital status and a dummy variable for having a child aged less than four years old. The regressions are conducted separately for men and women for each country and the coefficients of the foreign-born dummy are plotted in the above figures. The coefficient of the foreign-born dummy stands for the difference in the employment probability between the foreign-born and the native-born once the above observable characteristics are taken into account.

Source: European Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261028

The recent economic crisis has had profound implications not only for the labour market outcomes of migrants, but also for the composition of migrants who remained in the country in terms of certain demographic characteristics, notably age and education level. This section presents on the difference between the adjusted and the actual employment gaps between migrants and native-born in 2007 (just before the start of the crisis) and in 2012 (during or following the crisis). This can be perceived as the contribution of differences in basic personal characteristics between migrants and native-born on the employment differences between the two groups. Overall, the role of these characteristics for men has not changed greatly between 2007 and 2012. For about twenty countries in Figure 2.8, it has increased between 2007 and 2012, suggesting that migrants who are in the country in 2012 have more favourable – in terms of employment – age, education and family characteristics than the native-born, and this to a greater extent than in 2007. This could reflect for instance, changes in the characteristics of migrants who enter and leave these countries, with those with a higher employment potential (i.e. younger and more highly-educated) staying. The situation is similar for women, with the majority of countries seeing an increase in the difference between the adjusted and observed employment gap between 2007 and 2012.

Figure 2.8. Difference between the adjusted and observed employment gap between the foreign-born and the native-born, 2007 and 2012

Percentage points

Notes: The adjusted employment gap refers to the coefficient of a dummy variable for the foreign-born in an ordinary least squares regression of employment on a number of observable characteristics. The characteristics used are 5-year age bands, education (three categories), a dummy variable for marital status and a dummy variable for having a child aged less than four years old. The regressions are conducted separately for men and women for each country and year, and then the coefficients of the foreign-born dummy are plotted in the above figures. The coefficient of the foreign-born dummy stands for the difference in the employment probability of the foreign-born and the native-born, once observable characteristics are taken into account.

Source: European Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat).

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The recovery has been experienced differently by immigrants of different origins

Not all migrants have been affected by the crisis and subsequent recovery in the same way. Migrants from the European Union in European OECD countries, whose number grew by 4% in the past seven years, saw slight improvements in their labour market outcomes during the recent period (2011-14) compared with the first years of the crisis (2008-11) (Table 2.1). In Europe, the only other groups that have experienced an increase in their employment rates are North Americans and Asians. For these two groups the 2014 employment levels are set above their pre-crisis levels. Latinos and North African migrants still experience a deterioration of their employment conditions in Europe, with their employment rates decreasing between 2011 and 2014 by 2 and 3 percentage points respectively.

Table 2.1. Employment, unemployment and participation rates by region of birth in selected OECD countries in 2008 (2007 in the United States), 2011 and 2014
Percentages
| Region of birth | Employment rate | Unemployment rate | Participation rate
| 2008 | 2011 | 2014 | 2008 | 2011 | 2014 | 2008 | 2011 | 2014
Australia | Oceania | 77.5 | 76.0 | 74.7 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 81.3 | 80.8 | 79.8
| Europe | 71.4 | 73.6 | 74.0 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 73.7 | 76.6 | 77.6
| North Africa and the Middle East | 49.1 | 48.4 | 49.4 | 8.9 | 11.2 | 10.1 | 53.9 | 54.5 | 54.9
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 75.0 | 74.2 | 74.3 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 7.6 | 79.1 | 78.6 | 80.5
| Asia | 67.6 | 66.9 | 66.7 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.5 | 71.8 | 70.9 | 71.3
| Americas | 74.1 | 73.9 | 73.5 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 77.6 | 78.5 | 77.9
| Foreign-born (total) | 69.8 | 69.9 | 69.6 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 73.2 | 73.9 | 74.2
| Native-born | 75.0 | 73.7 | 72.7 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 78.2 | 77.8 | 77.6
Canada | Africa | 66.4 | 65.6 | 66.6 | 12.2 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 75.7 | 75.8 | 75.5
| Asia and the Middle East | 68.6 | 66.4 | 67.8 | 7.6 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 74.3 | 73.2 | 73.9
| Europe | 73.0 | 73.0 | 75.0 | 5.2 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 77.1 | 78.1 | 79.4
| Oceania | 83.3 | 76.1 | 80.6 | 2.8 | 6.0 | 1.3 | 85.7 | 81.0 | 81.7
| United States | 76.5 | 72.3 | 73.3 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 79.9 | 76.4 | 77.7
| South America | 73.2 | 70.4 | 72.1 | 8.8 | 10.7 | 8.9 | 80.3 | 78.9 | 79.2
| Other North and Central America | 69.6 | 69.7 | 73.5 | 5.6 | 9.5 | 7.0 | 73.7 | 77.0 | 79.0
| Foreign-born (total) | 70.7 | 68.9 | 70.2 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 76.1 | 75.6 | 76.3
| Native-born | 74.3 | 72.7 | 72.9 | 6.0 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 79.0 | 78.3 | 78.2
European OECD countries | EU27 + EFTA | 69.2 | 67.2 | 67.6 | 7.6 | 11.7 | 12.7 | 74.9 | 76.1 | 77.4
| Other European countries | 62.2 | 58.3 | 56.7 | 9.6 | 15.0 | 18.3 | 68.8 | 68.6 | 69.4
| North Africa | 55.3 | 48.4 | 45.0 | 15.7 | 25.0 | 28.9 | 65.6 | 64.5 | 63.3
| Other African countries and Middle East | 63.5 | 58.1 | 57.3 | 12.7 | 19.4 | 19.2 | 72.7 | 72.0 | 71.0
| North America | 69.4 | 66.8 | 69.9 | 4.9 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 72.9 | 71.9 | 74.7
| Central and South America and Caribbean | 70.9 | 62.1 | 58.7 | 11.9 | 22.2 | 24.4 | 80.5 | 79.9 | 77.7
| Asia | 62.9 | 62.3 | 63.3 | 7.6 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 68.0 | 69.0 | 70.2
| Others | 79.4 | 80.1 | 78.9 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 82.4 | 82.4 | 83.2
| Foreign-born (total) | 66.1 | 62.6 | 62.3 | 9.5 | 14.8 | 15.7 | 73.1 | 73.4 | 73.9
| Native-born | 65.6 | 63.5 | 63.9 | 6.4 | 9.6 | 10.8 | 70.1 | 70.2 | 71.6
United States | Mexico | 70.3 | 65.2 | 68.6 | 4.9 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 74.0 | 72.6 | 72.8
| Other Central American countries | 77.0 | 69.9 | 73.8 | 4.7 | 10.7 | 6.0 | 80.8 | 78.3 | 78.5
| South America and Caribbean | 73.2 | 68.6 | 69.9 | 4.9 | 10.7 | 7.2 | 76.9 | 76.8 | 75.4
| Canada | 74.1 | 70.3 | 73.1 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 3.6 | 76.9 | 74.5 | 75.8
| Europe | 73.4 | 71.1 | 71.7 | 3.6 | 7.4 | 4.8 | 76.1 | 76.8 | 75.3
| Africa | 70.4 | 66.9 | 67.3 | 6.0 | 11.4 | 7.6 | 75.0 | 75.5 | 72.9
| Asia | 70.9 | 67.4 | 67.2 | 3.4 | 7.0 | 5.1 | 73.4 | 72.5 | 70.8
| Other regions | 68.5 | 63.0 | 62.1 | 4.7 | 10.1 | 5.4 | 71.8 | 70.1 | 65.7
| Foreign-born (total) | 71.8 | 67.5 | 69.1 | 4.4 | 9.1 | 5.8 | 75.1 | 74.3 | 73.4
| Native-born | 70.3 | 65.1 | 66.5 | 4.9 | 9.2 | 6.5 | 73.9 | 71.7 | 71.1

Notes: The population refers to working-age population (15-64) for the employment and participation rates and to active population aged 15-64 for the unemployment rate. European OECD countries do not include Switzerland because the data are not fully comparable with the other countries for the entire period and Germany and Turkey because no data by region of birth are available for these countries. The regions of birth could not be more comparable across countries of residence because of the way aggregate data provided to the Secretariat are coded.

Sources: European countries: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat), Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014; Australia, Canada: Labour Force Surveys 2008, 2011 and 2014; United States: Current Population Surveys 2007, 2011 and 2014.

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By contrast, in the United States the situation has improved greatly for migrants from Central and South America in the recent period. Although migrants from Latin American countries suffered from a fall in their employment rate of 5 to 7 percentage points in the first years of the crisis, they have been experiencing higher employment and lower unemployment rates since 2011. The employment rate of Central American migrants increased by 4 percentage points and that of Mexicans by 3.4 percentage points. Migrants of African and European origin also benefited from a recent improvement in their labour market outcomes. For Australia, there is not a big differentiation among the recent labour market performance of different migrant groups, while for Canada, migrants from the United States and other North and Central American countries exhibited the strongest improvement in the period 2011-14.

Long-term unemployment remains a challenge for some countries

For the OECD area as a whole, the share of long-term unemployment out of total unemployment rose from 27% to 37% during 2007-14 with 16.3 million individuals being jobless for at least 12 months at the end of this period. The risk of long-term unemployment, measured as the ratio of long-term unemployed out of the total labour force, is higher for the foreign-born compared with the native-born for almost all OECD countries. On average in OECD countries, migrants face a 6% probability of falling into long-term unemployment (Figure 2.9), versus 4% for the native-born. For some countries like Greece and Belgium, the difference in the risk of long-term unemployment between migrants and native-born is around 6.5 percentage points, while for Spain and France it is respectively 5 and 4 percentage points, with the OECD average around 2 percentage points. This difference reflects the impact of the recent economic crisis which has been stronger for migrants than for native-born. Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy experienced steady increases in the risk of long-term unemployment among migrants. The only countries that have seen a reduction in the risk of long-term unemployment were Germany, which exhibited a falling trend throughout the period, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.

Figure 2.9. The risk of long-term unemployment of foreign-born labour force in selected OECD countries, 2007, 2011 and 2014

Percentages

Notes: The risk of long-term unemployment is defined as the share of unemployed for at least one year in the labour force aged 15-64. Data for European countries refer to Q1-Q3 2007, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014, except Germany: Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014 and Switzerland: Q2 2009, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014. Data for Turkey refer to Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014. Data for the United States refer to 2007, 2011 and 2014.

Source: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada, New Zealand: Labour Force Surveys; United States: Current Population Surveys.

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The risk of long-term unemployment does not concern to the same extent all demographic groups, with some being more vulnerable than others. Overall, in European OECD countries and Canada, migrants exhibit a higher risk of long-term unemployment than native-born, while this is not the case for the United States or Australia (Figure 2.10). In Europe, youth and low-skilled migrants are more exposed while in the United States and Canada older workers face a higher risk of long-term unemployment.

Figure 2.10. The risk of long-term unemployment by demographic group in selected OECD countries, 2007, 2011 and 2014

Percentages of the labour force

Notes: The reference population is the labour force aged 15-64 and the prime age refers to the 25-54. The risk of long-term unemployment is defined as the share of unemployed for more than one year in the labour force by demographic group. Recent migrants are foreign-born who migrated less than five years earlier. Data for European countries refer to Q1-Q3 2007, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014, except Germany: Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014 and Switzerland: Q2 2009, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014. They exclude Belgium for which information on the length of stay of immigrants is not available. Data for Canada refer to 2008, 2011 and 2014.

Source: European countries: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada: Labour Force Surveys; United States: Current Population Surveys.

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Besides long-term unemployment, migrants face a substantial risk of poverty

The rise in unemployment and long-term unemployment has had a profound impact on the lives of individuals and their households, and has exposed many of them to poverty. The foreign-born are more vulnerable to poverty than their native-born peers. In Italy, the United States, Finland, Belgium and Spain, the poverty rate for migrants is 35% or higher, while in Greece it reached 45% in 2012 (Figure 2.11). In all these countries, the respective poverty rates for native-born was about 20 percentage points lower, except in the United States where the difference between migrants and native-born was smaller (14 percentage points).

In the OECD area, the poverty rate for native-born decreased slightly from 15.7% to 15.3% during 2006-12, while for migrants it increased from 27% to 29%. For four OECD countries (Greece, Spain, Poland and Slovenia), the poverty rate for migrants soared by more than 10 percentage points, while there has not been much change in the risk for native-born. The United States and Hungary experienced a decrease of more than 2 percentage points in the poverty rates for migrants during the years of the crisis that was coupled with a smaller reduction in the poverty rates of native-born. In Ireland and in the United Kingdom, the migrants and native-born exhibited a similar fall in poverty rates. In Portugal, a reduction in the poverty rate was reserved only to native-born, while that of migrants rose by 8 percentage points. Migrants in Germany and Hungary faced a lower poverty rate in 2012 in comparison with 2006. Although for some countries the improvement in the reported poverty rate for migrants might genuinely manifest the improvement in their living conditions, for other countries it could also simply reflect that the most vulnerable migrants have left the country due to the adverse economic conditions and the ones who stayed were better equipped to endure the recession.

Figure 2.11. Relative poverty rates of the population aged 16 and older by migration status of the household, selected OECD countries, 2006 and 2012

Percentages

Notes: The relative poverty rate is the proportion of individuals living in a household for which the annual equivalised disposable income is below the poverty threshold. According to the Eurostat definition used here, the poverty threshold is 60% of the median equivalised disposable income in each country. In order to adjust for the size of the household the income was divided by the square root of the household size.

Source: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2012; United States: Current Population Survey 2012; Australian census on population and housing 2011; Canada: National Household Survey (NHS) 2011; New Zealand: Household Economic Survey (HES) 2013; Israeli Integrated Household Survey 2011.

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In countries which adopted a series of fiscal consolidation measures, the crisis also affected the lives of migrants in employment. As shown in Figure 2.12, the in-work relative poverty rates of migrant households is highest in Greece (32%), Canada and Italy (about 29%) and the United States and Spain (25%). In all these countries, in-work poverty is substantially lower among native-born households, by at least 10 percentage points and up to 19 percentage points in Greece. In Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Hungary, the gap is 10 percentage points or less.

On average in the OECD, in-work relative poverty among migrant households increased from 15% in 2006 to 17% in 2012 while that of native-born households over the same period. The rising trend of in-work poverty among migrants has been more prevalent across the OECD compared to the general poverty indicator, with almost three quarters of the countries exhibiting an increase. By contrast, native-born faced a smaller increase in in-work poverty in three quarters of the OECD countries covered in Figure 2.12. The crisis-stressed economies (Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal) as well as Slovenia and Estonia experienced an increase of more than 5 percentage points in migrants’ in-work poverty rates during the years of the recession. Other substantial but smaller increases in migrants’ in-work poverty rates were experienced by a number of European countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France and Norway). In contrast, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Hungary saw a reduction in in-work poverty rates among migrants. Overall, the group that has been disproportionally affected by in-work poverty has been the low-educated with rates almost twice those of the high-educated (OECD, 2015).

Figure 2.12. In-work relative poverty rates by migration status of the household, selected OECD countries, 2006 and 2012

Percentages

Note: The in-work relative poverty rate is the proportion of individuals in employment for which the annual household equivalised disposable income is below the poverty threshold. According to the Eurostat definition used here, the poverty threshold is 60% of the median equivalised disposable income in each country. In order to adjust for the size of the household the income was divided by the square root of the household size.

Source: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2012; Unites States: Current Population Survey 2012; Australian census on population and housing 2011; Canada: National Household Survey (NHS) 2011; New Zealand: Household Economic Survey (HES) 2013; Israeli Integrated Household Survey 2011.

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Migrants tended to work in the sectors most hit by the recession

The disproportionate impact of the crisis on migrant workers can be explained to some extent by their distribution across sectors. Migrant workers tend to be employed in cyclical sectors like construction but also sectors with more flexible forms of employment like catering, and thus are more vulnerable compared with the native-born to the upturns and downturns of the economy. For the OECD overall, in order to have a similar distribution across sectors between native-born and migrants, around 19% of migrants would have to switch sectors (Figure 2.13). This percentage, called dissimilarity index, differs substantially across countries. It ranges from a low of 10% in countries like Australia, the Slovak Republic, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, to 30% and above for countries like Luxemburg, Greece and Italy.

Figure 2.13. Industry segregation by gender, 2007, 2011 and 2014

Dissimilarity index

Notes: The dissimilarity index is defined as half the sum of the absolute values of the differences between the distribution of the foreign-born across industries (NACE Rev.1.1.) and the distribution of the native-born across industries. The data exclude persons enrolled in education or apprenticeship. Data for European countries refer to Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014, except Switzerland for which data refer to Q2 2009, Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014. Data for the United States refer to 2007, 2011 and 2014. The index is calculated on 19 industries (Australia), 18 industries (Canada) or 16 industries (European countries and United States).

Source: Australia, Canada: Labour Force Surveys; European countries: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); United States: Current Population Surveys, March supplement.

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For the countries with low dissimilarity index, there are no great differences between men and women. On the contrary, for the countries with a high dissimilarity index, the difference in the sectoral composition of employment for migrants and native-born tends to be greater for women than men. For Greece, Italy and Spain, the female dissimilarity index is around 40%, meaning that 40% of foreign-born women would need to change industries in order for their employment pattern to be similar to that of native-born women. In these countries, migrants’ employment in private households which is heavily undertaken by women, is above 12% of the total migrant employment, while for other OECD countries this figure is less than half (Table 2.A1.4).

It is interesting to examine whether there are any changing patterns in the industrial composition of migrants and native-born over time and how the recent crisis might have impacted on the dissimilarity index. Although for most of the countries, the dissimilarity index has only slightly decreased between 2007 and 2014, for some countries, that were dissimilar to start with, the employment distribution of migrants and native-born has become more similar over the crisis years. Since this falling trend is seen in countries that suffered disproportionally from the crisis, it might be attributed to the over-representation of migrants in crisis-hit sectors. Massive loss of employment in these sectors led migrants to seek employment in other more successful industries or even possibly to leave the country. Furthermore, the falling dissimilarity index can also be explained by the fact that recent migrant hires tend to be to a greater extent than before in sectors similar to those that typically employ native-born.

Prior to the crisis, migrants were over-represented in hotels and catering and construction, the two sectors with largest losses in value added over the crisis years. Other sectors with important losses in value added, like manufacturing and private households, were also disproportionally employing migrant workers. Indeed, the sector that faced the largest decline in employment was construction for both the United States and the European OECD countries. The construction sector in the United States lost around 480 000 jobs of migrant workers and around 1.7 million of native workers since the beginning of the crisis (2007-14). For the European OECD countries, around 600 000 jobs were lost in construction for migrants and around 3.2 million jobs for native-born (2008-14).

However, in the second half of the period these trends have changed compared to the first half, particularly for the United States where many of these sectors partially recovered and recorded positive growth. In the United States the construction industry generated 372 000 new jobs for migrants and 310 000 new jobs for native-born (Table 2.2, Panel B). Similarly, the retail trade that had net employment losses in the period 2007-11 has now recorded employment gains both for migrants (+163 000) and native-born (+403 000). The real estate and finance sectors are two other sectors in which migrant jobs were lost during the first years of the crisis, but which recorded strong growth in the subsequent years.

Table 2.2. Ten industries with the largest changes in foreign- and native-born employment, in selected OECD countries, 2011-14

Table 2.2. Ten industries with the largest changes in foreign- and native-born employment, in selected OECD countries, 2011-14 (cont.)

Notes: The population refers to working-age population (15-64). Panel A: European members of the OECD, excluding Switzerland and Turkey; NACE Rev. 2. Panel B: Industries are derived from the 2002 Census Classification.

Sources: Panel A: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat), Q1-Q3 2011 and Q1-Q3 2014. Panel B: Current Population Surveys.

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For the European OECD countries where the recovery has been more sluggish, there is no great difference between the first years of the crisis and the more recent ones (Table 2.2, Panel A). Most of the sectors that generated net employment in the early years of the crisis, continued to do so in the recent period. Migrant employment gains were recorded in largely public sectors and care-related sectors, like “education” (+134 000), “human health” (+93 000), “social work” (+88 000) and “residential care” (+50 000), but the respective gains are lower than in the earlier period. For the native-born, the largest net employment gain took place in sectors like “services to buildings and landscape activities”, “education”, “residential care” and “management consultancies”.

For the European OECD countries, the sectors that were mostly hit by the crisis in the first years continued to decline. “Construction” represented almost one million job losses for native-born and 200 000 for migrants. Furthermore, both groups suffered from large job losses in “financial services”, “telecommunications” and some manufacturing sectors, while native-born experienced substantial losses in “public administration” and “crop and animal production activities”. However, for the United States the job losses were more muted in 2011-14 compared with the earlier period and referred to different sectors. The most substantial job losses were for native-born in “public administration” (275 000), “social assistance” (185 000) and “wholesale trade” (181 000) and “telecommunications” (126 000). Migrants experienced the greatest job losses in “computer manufacturing” (31 000), “textile manufacturing” (29 000), “metals” (27 000) and “agriculture” (21 000).

Integration policy

This chapter also provides an update on the recent policy changes, implemented by the OECD member countries as well as Bulgaria, Lithuania, Romania and the Russian Federation, in the field of integration.

The labour market integration of immigrants and their children continues to be high on the policy agenda in many longstanding destination countries, particularly in European OECD countries with large immigrant populations (for example the Nordic countries, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, or France). At the same time, the difficult economic situation in Southern Europe which hit the many recent immigrant arrivals particularly hard and the rising number of asylum seekers resulting from the recent geopolitical conflicts including in countries that have not traditionally been refugee destinations (such as the Russian Federation, Bulgaria and Hungary), have put integration on the agenda in a number of countries where this has been less of an issue before.

This part of the chapter is organised as follows: it begins with a broad overview of the directions recent integration policy is taking – the adoption of integration strategies, the increasing focus on mainstreaming policy, and the continued use of targeted measures both to support immigrants and to facilitate their access to mainstream policy. The next section summarizes the recent changes in the field of labour market integration and discusses the trend towards placing labour market participation at the centre of the integration process in such a way that it represents not only a goal but also a tool of successful integration. Finally it provides an overview of the recent developments in integration through education and linguistic measures, discussing integration policies in both formal and non-formal education before going on to examine the increasingly central role of recognizing and validating the existing skills and qualifications of immigrants.

Recent directions in integration policy

While the importance of effective integration policy is now widely appreciated, the approaches taken to address integration issues, and to incorporate integration policy into the wider policy landscape, differ widely across the OECD. While integration policy in some member countries has primarily been focussed on targeted policy – directed at sub-groups of the immigrant population – in other member countries integration measures have been mainstreamed and efforts have been made to ensure that all policy measures addressing disadvantage are also accessible to migrants. This mainstreaming approach is often supported through the adoption of broader national integration strategies, programmes and action plans that cut across many fields of economic and social policy.

New integration strategies, programmes and laws are being adopted

New national strategies, programmes, and laws focussing on the integration of recent migrants have been adopted in several countries – in particular the Central and Eastern European countries – which have recently experienced increased migrant inflows but have little experience of large-scale immigration.

In Estonia, a new strategy, Integrating Estonia 2020, formulates national goals in the field of integration for the next five years. The strategy was drawn up through a broad participatory process involving widespread consultation, both with experts and with the public, across the country. And while some integration measures will continue as before – the state, for example, will continue to provide practical information on the naturalization process and support for those learning the Estonian language – the new development plan will focus on the integration of recent arrivals and easing their adaptation into Estonian society. In addition, a new integration programme including language training, civil studies, and practical information on public services will be launched in August 2015 to target the integration of recent arrivals. Participation in the programme will be obligatory for all recently-arrived immigrants who obtained a temporary residence permit less than five years ago.

Similarly, in Hungary the Migration Strategy 2014-20 was, in October 2013, approved by the Hungarian Government. The strategy includes a special chapter on the integration of immigrants which outlines a focus on: strengthening the intercultural pedagogy in education; promoting the employment of third-country (i.e. non-EU) students after their graduation; supporting the labour market integration of third-country nationals through employment and training programmes and providing incentives to employers to employ such migrants. In Romania, a new National Strategy on Immigration 2015-18 is currently under preparation – objectives relating to the integration of migrants have traditionally been incorporated into this National Immigration Strategy.

The Russian Federation, which hosts a sizeable foreign population, has prepared a draft law “On social and cultural adaptation and integration of foreign citizens” to regulate the provision of integration services. It is envisioned that integration services be provided on a contract basis, and focused on promoting the Russian language in addition to information about Russian legal system and history. These integration measures will be undertaken by government agencies, local authorities, and civil society organisations.

A new immigration bill, addressing how the current immigration agencies function, is under preparation in Chile. Alongside this, a new presidential council, created under the leadership of the Interior Ministry, will be tasked with the formulation of social, health-care and educational aspects integration policy.

… and integration measures are being mainstreamed into other national policies and agendas

Mainstreaming is the practice of ensuring that policies are directed towards individuals on the basis of their needs and circumstances rather than their characteristics. In the context of integration, this involves ensuring immigrants have access to policy measures – such as Active Labour Market Policy instruments – alongside the native-born on the basis of their need for such policies rather than their status as immigrants. In practice, this may involve paying particular attention to the hurdles that may impede the access of immigrants to mainstream programmes. Many countries with a sizeable immigrant population – such as Australia and Canada, but also several European countries including Norway and Sweden – treat integration as a cross-cutting issue to be systematically mainstreamed into various other policies agendas.

As part of its commitment to mainstreaming, in a reshuffle of major tasks in the administration, the Government of Australia has recently moved responsibility for the settlement of migrants from the Immigration Department to the Department of Social Services and responsibility for the migrant education agenda (including vocational training) to the Department of Industry.

In Norway, one of the OECD member countries investing heavily in the integration of immigrants, the principle of mainstreaming lies at the heart of integration policy. In line with the principle of equitable access to public services outlined in the Public Administration Act, all public sector agencies must ensure that their services are equally accessible to all groups of the population, including immigrants. The Directorate of Integration and Diversity (operating within the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion) then has a central role in coordinating these efforts through co-operation with municipalities, government agencies, immigrant organisations and the private sector to ensure that people with an immigrant background obtain equitable public services and are able to hold to account the relevant public authorities if they fail to provide such services. Every year, a comprehensive report is published on the basis of cross-ministerial inputs.

While mainstreaming integration involves targeting disadvantaged circumstances rather than the immigrants themselves, immigrants may nevertheless be among the primary recipients of mainstream policy if they are overly represented in these disadvantaged circumstances. Thus in Norway, where immigrants are under-represented among homeowners, tend to pay higher rent and have less stable housing arrangements, the national strategy on housing policy launched in 2014, while not targeted at immigrants, will likely benefit many.

Similarly, given the widespread prevalence of public housing limitations and the tendency for migrants to locate close to their family and networks already living in the country, migrant populations are often spatially concentrated in disadvantaged areas. As a result, while migrants are not the targeted beneficiaries of policies focused on disadvantaged areas, when foreign-born populations are concentrated in these areas, they may frequently be among the primary beneficiaries. At the same time Norway is working to strengthen co-operation between central and local government to support municipal districts characterized by a high incidence of low-income families with comparatively poor housing.

In Sweden, urban development has long been used as a vehicle for integration, and over the period 2013-14 the Government invested about SEK 200 million (approximately EUR 21 million) to stimulate the municipalities´ work in urban neighbourhoods facing extensive exclusion. A performance-based support is paid to the municipalities that significantly improve the local employment rate, school results, and dependency on social welfare benefits.

Many countries continue targeted measures, targeting policies at the family level…

Targeted integration policy is often used in countries with smaller immigrant populations, such as Hungary or Bulgaria. In countries where large numbers of immigrants arrive under family reunification, family-oriented initiatives are often utilized in order to target integration measures on those in need.

Immigrant women, particularly those arriving under family reunification, are often particularly affected by the challenges of the integration process. Family and childcare obligations often lead to a situation in which women remain in the home rather than integrating into the labour market of their host country. As a result, targeted integration policies have often focussed on women and mothers in order to help them overcome the specific hurdles they face.

In Germany, the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth has introduced a programme “Strong at Work” to facilitate employment of mothers with an immigrant background. Under this programme, approximately 80 projects will provide individual support to place employable mothers with an immigrant background into open-ended livelihood-securing employment. The programme comes on the back of a previous initiative under which 16 pilot projects identified approaches that most effectively improve the integration of mothers with a migration background. By working to improve the access of such women to existing labour market programmes, this type of targeted integration policy maintains strong links with the concept of mainstreaming.

Integration policies that target the family may reach, at the same time, many members of the family. Indeed, many integration policies targeting women, particularly language-oriented programmes, often take place in the school environment, working with women and their children side by side with the aim of strengthening the impact of the intervention through shaping the interaction between parent and child. Norway, for example, has recently begun programmes in six districts of Oslo and in some areas of the cities of Bergen and Drammen providing additional tuition to strengthen language and social skills among children in kindergarten. The programme has five aims: 1) to reimburse city districts for lower rates of parental payment, 2) to increase enrolment of minority-language children to kindergarten, 3) to systematize language stimulation, 4) to increase the competence of kindergarten staff, and 5) to increase the knowledge of Norwegian language among parents, particularly mothers. To ensure their children are eligible for the tuition, parents must participate in labour market measures, education, or Norwegian language training.

In a similar vein, the involvement of immigrant parents, particularly mothers, in early learning has also been the focus of the HIPPY (Home instruction for parents of pre-school youngsters) programme in Austria. The aim has been to raise awareness of the role of education for integration, and to promote the employment of migrant women. In addition, a free and mandatory year of kindergarten attendance has been adopted in Austria with a view of addressing the language difficulties immigrant children frequently struggle with when entering compulsory education.

… refugees…

Recent geopolitical conflicts and the concomitant rise in inflows of humanitarian migrants have led several OECD member states to develop specific policies or measures aimed at the integration of refugees and beneficiaries of international protection. In Bulgaria, for example, a new National Strategy for the integration of beneficiaries of international protection for 2014-20 has been adopted to build mechanisms to govern the distribution of responsibility among municipalities. Under the strategy, refugees will be directed to regions in which there is a proven need for them, or an interest on the part of local authorities in accepting them. Municipalities are to state the number of persons with granted international protection that they are willing to accept, taking into account the state of the local labour market, appropriate training opportunities, demographic trends, local development prospects, and the presence of existing immigrant communities.

Germany has also placed new emphasis on the integration of humanitarian migrants with a focus on tailored and individual integration measures. Several pilot projects focus on the integration of humanitarian migrants through early identification of their labour market potential. At the same time, existing measures to encourage employment, training, or the return to school are being extended. A new law is currently in parliament to facilitate the stay and labour market access of certain groups of humanitarian migrants.

In Switzerland, improving the integration of refugees through training and labour market participation has been a major concern of the integration policy. To this end, several pilot projects targeted at traumatized refugees and based on individual coaching have provided support to overcome the physical and psychological problems that impede job search. Preliminary results suggest that a close collaboration with medical doctors can have a substantial impact on job coaching success.

In Hungary, where the asylum system has been strengthened financially and administratively to be able to handle the increased flow of asylum seekers, new refugee reception facilities have opened, a new refugee integration scheme has been adopted, and a new legal status of temporary protection has been introduced. Alongside this, special programmes focus on language-learning and the provision of assistance to traumatized recognised refugees.

An increasingly important issue in refugee integration are unaccompanied minors. Sweden has recently enhanced the support it targets towards unaccompanied children by granting residence permits to the parents of unaccompanied children (endowing them with eligibility for Sweden’s extensive introduction plan) and by extending the compensation to municipalities to cover their siblings. Until now, siblings have been considered as extended family ties, and as such municipalities were not compensated for any support they provided.

… or return migrants

Immigrants have been among the hardest hit by the effects of the crisis since 2007. And as many labour migrants found themselves out of work, the flows of those deciding to return to their country of origin have seen an increase. In response, policy, both in sending and receiving countries, has turned to the re-integration of these returning migrants in their country of origin.

In Spain, where the high unemployment rates have led to significant return migration, “One Stop Shops” have been created to aid the reintegration of vulnerable migrants returning to Latin America. The project, launched in 2012, aims to create accessible and co-ordinated initial reception services across Latin America and to provide psychosocial, educational and vocational facilities aimed at the reintegration of returnees.

In Mexico, which has seen the return of approximately 2.8 million Mexican citizens from the United States during the period 2008-13, the high unemployment levels mean that the economic and social prospects of returnees are often dim. In order that the skills and potential of these returning migrants can be fully utilized, the integration and re-integration of migrants and their families was included among the five main objectives of the recently adopted Special Migration Programme for 2014-18.

The onus of responsibility can be with public service providers, employers, or migrants themselves

OECD member countries have taken differing approaches to the degree to which migrant integration is viewed as the responsibility of the state, of employers or of the migrant themselves. These differing approaches have implications for the extent of the reliance of integration policies on public funding. While most integration measures are currently delivered in the framework of publicly-funded programmes and policies, some countries have been increasing the burden of responsibility that is placed upon the migrants themselves, including pre-admission.

In the Netherlands, for example, the authorities have recently tightened the conditions for immigration. The basic immigration tests administered in the countries of origin have been made more difficult by raising the level of language requirements and adding a new literacy component. As a result, the pass rate has dropped from 95% to 86%. In order to obtain a permanent residence permit or to acquire the Dutch nationality, it is now necessary to pass yet another immigration test which is administered in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the costs of taking this test – in terms of learning materials, preparatory classes, etc. – are borne by the migrants themselves and, as a result, accessibility has declined.

In Italy, a credit-based system requires migrants achieve a minimum of 30 credits, for language proficiency and civic orientation, within two years of arrival. Of the 66 000 recently launched requests, only 60% attained this minimum requirement.

… and can lie at different levels of government

A key issue in integration policy is the co-ordination between different actors, both within and across government levels. In Sweden, for example, responsibility for the introduction of new migrants lies under the aegis of the national Public Employment Service. Municipalities are, however, responsible for arranging language tuition, offering civic orientation, providing access to schools, and making accommodation available to public employment service. Municipalities are also responsible for providing childcare for newly-arrived immigrants with children (a critical pre-requisite to enable job search and work), and for providing social assistance.

Not surprisingly, decentralisation is most pronounced in federal countries. In Canada, where responsibility for integration is largely decentralised to the level of the provinces and territories, the Canadian Government has, since April 2013 and April 2014, resumed the administration of settlement services in Manitoba and in British Columbia in order to strengthen the national responsibility for the delivery of federal settlement services and to improve the coherence and consistency in settlement programming across the country (outside of Quebec).

Labour market integration and anti-discrimination

Among other issues, the growing recognition of the importance of using the full skill potential of migrants has ensured that, across the OECD, labour market integration plays an increasingly important role in the integration policy landscape. As with other integration policies, OECD countries have taken both mainstream and targeted approaches to immigrant integration through labour market policies. In the first place, participation in general labour market measures and programmes is generally open to foreign nationals if they meet the other eligibility criteria. In addition, special labour market programmes, such as wage subsidies, have in some cases been targeted at immigrants. Increasingly there is also a third approach which can be thought of as “targeted mainstreaming” and which aims to provide targeted support to immigrants in order to help them to overcome the hurdles that may impede their access to mainstream programmes.

The former mainstream approach has been used primarily by countries that put emphasis on labour market integration of immigrants, but face serious fiscal limitations in the implementation of publicly funded programs in general (e.g. Portugal and Spain). The latter approach has been used mainly by the member states that implement a wide array of labour market measures, but include immigrants as a specific target group of the general programmes (e.g. Austria and Germany). Some countries, notably the Nordic countries, are also providing additional specific assistance to immigrants.

Public employment services are becoming more central in the integration process

As increasing emphasis is placed on the labour market integration of migrants, the role of the public employment service or other agencies and institutions tasked with providing support to job search is becoming more central to the integration process.

In Italy, the public budget has increasingly come to focus on strengthening the network of public and private employment agencies. Alongside this change, targeted integration measures have been rolled out across 20 Italian regions to address the needs of specific migrant groups, such as young unemployed immigrants, young immigrant graduates, and disadvantaged immigrants. Funding for these measures will be largely directed towards the regional administrations for the provision of vocational training, of micro-credit, of support for job-seeking activities, and of counselling. It is expected that about 100 000 persons will be covered by these measures.

In Norway, a country in which the approach to the labour market integration of immigrants typifies the targeted mainstreaming approach, responsibility for the practical implementation of labour market policies rests with the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV). Within NAV, a specialized unit – called “NAV Intro” – provides additional assistance to jobseekers with an immigrant background. Dedicated NAV Intro offices exist in Norway’s larger cities, and assist the generalised NAV staff in other local offices in addressing the needs of immigrants. As one of Norway’s prioritized groups (alongside disabled, youth and the long-term unemployed), immigrants are given priority for participation in labour market measures which include job-matching, vocational training emphasising job-seeking and early self-activation during unemployment spells. Additionally, NAV has developed programmes, specifically designed for immigrants, that combine labour market and vocational training with language instruction. These include targeted labour market integration programs to reach out to the inactive and the low-skilled in the framework of the Job Opportunity Programme for immigrants who do not participate in the labour market, who lack basic skills, and who are not covered by other schemes. The main target group of the programme is inactive women who do not receive supplementary public benefits, nor attend any form of language or labour market training.

In Finland, a new Centre of Expertise on Immigrant Integration began operation, in March 2014, under the auspices of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy. The purpose of the Centre is to provide expertise and support for immigrant labour integration at the national, regional and local levels. The Centre is in charge of assessing and monitoring the impact of integration support measures through reports and studies, and disseminating information on development needs, good practices and research results that are important for integration. The Centre also supports the networking and exchange of information between different professional groups, and empowers NGOs to become integral actors of the integration system.

The programme MobiPro-EU, implemented by the Federal Ministry of Labour in Germany since 2013, aims to support young people from EU countries in taking up firm-based vocational education and training or skilled employment as a skilled worker in Germany. While MobiPro-EU has traditionally focused on providing counselling and support to the companies filling their training places with German youth, the programme scope is going to be extended to support SMEs to provide an open and welcoming culture for foreign apprentices and foreign skilled workers, and provide advice on integration issues. This support will centre on outlining the advantages of the provision of a welcoming culture (such as positive corporate image, cultural diversity and intracultural competence), and highlighting sources of further information and support.

Involvement of the social partners is increasing, including in anti-discrimination

In Finland, new anti-discrimination legislation, prepared by the Ministry of Justice in co-operation with other ministries, social partners and civil society organisations, will guarantee equal protection against discrimination regardless of the grounds of this discrimination (ethnic origin, disability, age, religion or belief and sexual orientation). The legislation came into force in January 2015.

As part of a recently-launched campaign in the Netherlands to combat racial discrimination in the labour market, private firms and companies have been invited to join a Diversity Charter, under which they are able to set their own anti-discrimination goals.

Education, language training and the recognition of immigrants’ foreign qualifications and skills

Education and language training remain a central part of the integration process and provide fundamental building blocks for successful integration – both into the labour market and into society. The need to accommodate increasing numbers of foreign pupils into their schools has led many OECD countries to extend the domain of integration policy into the field of formal education. While language education provides the fundamental basis for integration in schools, the use of linguistic measures more generally plays a role extending far beyond the formal education sector. Indeed, linguistic measures are central both to successful (formal and non-formal) learning and to enhancing the effectiveness of labour market training.

Integration measures have been introduced in formal education process…

Proficiency in the host country language is an important pre-requisite for effective learning. As a result language tuition is, across the OECD, a key component of efforts to integrate young migrants into the school system. In Italy where, irrespective of their regular or irregular immigrant status, all minors have the right and obligation to attend school, educational institutions must accommodate an increasingly large number of immigrants. In response, the Italian school system has enhanced the focus on the role of national language tuition in the formal education process and has provided increased support to those teachers who teach in a multicultural setting.

In Sweden as in other countries, students who immigrated after the starting age of primary education tend to perform less well than students who immigrated at a younger age. As a result, recent interventions have been targeted specifically at late arrivals. Such interventions include: increased instruction time for newly arrived students, and support for teachers in schools with high share of foreign pupils. Alongside this, the government has assigned the Swedish National Agency for Education responsibility to reinforce the capacities of primary schools through the development of scientifically-proven methods to support students in improving their knowledge and learning outcomes. The agency has selected ten schools to undertake a pilot initiative that will combine several interventions with a focus on developing excellence in teaching.

In Hungary, the newly adopted Migration Strategy highlights the centrality of education in the integration process and calls for the strengthening of intercultural pedagogy in schools. The existing “Guidelines on intercultural pedagogy in the education of migrant pupils” are already used in many public schools, and future efforts will focus on developing a common method to measure the skills and competencies of migrant students.

... and progress has been made in the recognition of skills and the provision of bridging courses

In addition to building skills among young immigrants in the education system, OECD countries have increasingly acknowledged the importance of the skills that migrants bring with them to their host country. If these skills are to be used efficiently on the labour market, however, they must first be recognized and translated in a way that employers can interpret. Only when this is done will migrants be able to build on their existing skills and find employment appropriate to their qualifications.

In Germany, under the “Recognition Act” adopted in 2012, the Federal Government established conditions for greater standardisation of the recognition of foreign vocational qualifications. In addition, the act extended the legal entitlement to recognition regulated at the federal level to all occupations. The subsequent adoption of regional recognition acts in 2013 and 2014, which cover those occupations falling under the competence of the regions, has increased the opportunities for recognition further still. The first official data indicate that approximately 11 000 recognition applications were filed in 2012. The largest number of applications was filed in the health sector, which accounted for 6 800 of the 7 500 successful applications. Approximately half of all recognition procedures filed concerned qualifications obtained in the EU, some 3 000 applications related to the qualifications obtained in other (non-EU) European countries, while 2 300 covered qualifications obtained in non-European countries.

In addition, the federal support programme “Integration by Qualification – IQ” aims to increase the qualification-based labour market participation of adults with a migrant background. The programme was introduced in 2011 by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs together with the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Federal Employment Agency but has since grown to become a nationwide structure under which approximately 240 sub-projects are conducted by regional networks in all 16 federal states. The programme has recently been extended to cover the new priority area of migrants whose qualifications are not yet deemed equivalent and require further technical and/or linguistic bridging courses in order to become fully integrated into the labour market. Four programme modules were introduced to help migrants reach full equivalence and thereby obtain either a certificate issued for regulated professions, or employment appropriate to their qualifications. These four modules include: 1) a module focused on qualifications in regulated professions – this module covers adaptive training courses and preparation for the skills and aptitude tests in regulated professions; 2) a module on development and testing of adaptive training measures in the area of apprenticeship/dual vocational training occupations; 3) a module focussed on bridging courses for college graduates in non-regulated professions and 4) a module focussed on preparation for external examination in the event that the recognition procedure fails.

Accreditation of the skills and competences of migrants has also been a key policy focus in Austria where, in co-operation with the State Secretariat of Integration, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs has created a website to provide guidance to migrants wishing to have their credentials validated. In addition, in the context of a policy debate on ways to reduce over-qualification among migrants in employment, cooperation on the implementation of a lifelong learning strategy for migrants has emerged among the social partners, the Labour Market Service, regional governments and education institutions. Nevertheless, as is also often the case in other countries, access to regulated professions remains difficult for migrants in Austria, as special regulations apply that go beyond obtaining the necessary educational skills or getting them accredited.

Non-formal and lifelong learning remain central to efforts to strengthen the skills and integration prospects of adult immigrants

As the skills needed to remain relevant on OECD labour markets evolve, adults are increasingly required to update their skills throughout their working life. In response to this need for lifelong learning, many governments have begun to introduce specific measures to facilitate the participation of immigrants in the lifelong learning process.

The strong emphasis placed on lifelong learning by the Norwegian Government is reflected in the right of all adults above 24 years of age, who have completed primary and lower secondary school, to free upper secondary education and training adapted to their individual needs. In addition, they have the right to have their formal, informal and non-formal competences assessed, and to receive a certificate of competence. In 2015, the Ministry of Education and Research, in cooperation with the Ministry for Labour and Social Affairs and the Ministry for Children, Equality and Social Inclusion, will present a White Paper on lifelong learning and exclusion to the Parliament. The target groups of the White Paper are individuals who are excluded or in danger of being excluded from work and employment due to their lack of skills or a skill-mismatch. Adult immigrants constitute a substantial part of this group, and are therefore expected to be heavily represented among the beneficiaries. In addition, a recent action plan “We need the competence of immigrants” is targeted specifically at promoting lifelong learning among migrants. The action plan includes measures such as grant schemes aimed at: 1) supporting company-based mentorship and trainee programs for persons with an immigrant background and 2) developing and strengthening regional and local entrepreneurship counselling, and making such services more responsive to the needs of immigrants.

In Austria, building skills among early school leavers – among which youth with a migrant background are overrepresented – is seen as a priority. Alongside the federal government, regions have been providing funding to enable these school leavers to obtain a school-leaving certificate, and hence gain access to further education at no cost to themselves. Another initiative aims to raise the educational attainment of distant learners – particularly migrants – in order to enable them to enter a lifelong learning path and improve their employability.

In Israel, the Jewish Agency has recently launched a new retraining programme for immigrants. Five regional retraining centres provide training for technical graduates who wish to improve their skills in high-tech industries. The Agency also provides assistance to immigrant workers in finding jobs in traditional industries. In June 2014, the Israeli Government adopted a decision to establish a committee for mapping the barriers to labour market integration of immigrants.

Conclusions

Integration policies and measures are being developed and scaled up across the OECD. While many countries with a longstanding tradition of hosting immigrants are moving in the direction of mainstreaming integration measures into all aspects of economic and social life, new immigration countries are developing broad national integration strategies or programmes that can be used as a basis for future mainstreaming of integration policies.

Alongside the move towards mainstreaming of integration policy, targeted integration measures continue to be widely used, either to supplement mainstream policy or, in the countries with less numerous migrant populations, as the main integration tool. The criteria used to target integration policy can be geographic (for example, policies aimed at supporting those in poor areas) or they can be based upon group or individual characteristics. Indeed, as a result of recent conflicts, humanitarian migrants and refugees represent a prominent group among the recipients of immigration measures.

Many countries are placing an increasing focus on the role of labour market participation in the integration process and the role of building and recognizing skills in supporting labour market entry. Particular emphasis has been placed on the recognition of foreign qualifications – for those who have a degree but struggle to find it valued in the labour market and on lifelong learning, in particular for those who lack basic skills. In this respect, for immigrants who arrived as adults, education and labour market integration policies become increasingly intertwined.

Note

 1. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Bibliography

OECD (2012), International Migration Outlook 2012, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/225350638472.

OECD (2014), Employment Outlook 2014, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2014-en.

OECD (2015), Indicators of Immigrants Integration 2015: Settling In, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264234024-en.

Annex 2.A1.

Supplementary tables and figures

Table 2.A1.1. Quarterly employment rates by place of birth and gender in OECD countries, 2010-14
Percentage of the population aged 15-64
Men and women
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 73.4 | 71.0 | 63.6 | 70.6 | 80.3 | .. | 64.1 | 71.8 | 74.1 | 58.9 | 59.4 | 66.7 | 64.5 | 69.6 | 59.0 | 53.9 | 59.8 | 77.1 | 57.5 | 56.0 | 60.5 | 59.4 | 75.8 | 75.6 | 74.0 | 57.9 | 65.3 | 58.0 | 66.3 | 72.5 | 43.6 | 64.6
2010 Q2 | 73.8 | 71.7 | 63.1 | 73.0 | 79.9 | .. | 64.8 | 72.4 | 74.9 | 59.2 | 60.2 | 69.5 | 64.9 | 69.8 | 59.1 | 54.7 | 59.9 | 79.2 | 58.7 | 56.4 | 60.3 | 60.4 | 76.2 | 76.5 | 73.4 | 59.0 | 65.0 | 58.6 | 66.4 | 74.8 | 47.3 | 65.3
2010 Q3 | 74.0 | 72.9 | 63.6 | 73.5 | 80.2 | .. | 65.3 | 72.7 | 75.1 | 59.4 | 62.7 | 69.7 | 65.3 | 70.4 | 58.6 | 55.3 | 60.0 | 79.9 | 58.7 | 55.9 | 62.0 | 60.0 | 76.4 | 76.2 | 73.7 | 59.7 | 64.8 | 59.2 | 66.6 | 75.9 | 47.4 | 65.6
2010 Q4 | 74.4 | 72.4 | 64.2 | 72.6 | 80.5 | .. | 65.4 | 73.2 | 74.3 | 59.1 | 63.8 | 68.1 | 64.4 | 70.0 | 57.3 | 55.1 | 59.2 | 77.9 | 59.1 | 56.4 | 59.9 | 59.2 | 76.3 | 76.0 | 73.8 | 59.2 | 64.6 | 59.3 | 65.9 | 74.6 | 46.4 | 65.2
2010 | 73.9 | 72.0 | 63.6 | 72.4 | 80.3 | .. | 64.9 | 72.5 | 74.6 | 59.2 | 61.5 | 68.5 | 64.8 | 70.0 | 58.5 | 54.8 | 59.7 | 78.5 | 58.5 | 56.2 | 60.7 | 59.7 | 76.2 | 76.1 | 73.7 | 59.0 | 64.9 | 58.8 | 66.3 | 74.4 | 46.2 | 65.2
2011 Q1 | 73.8 | 71.3 | 63.0 | 71.3 | 80.9 | .. | 64.9 | 72.9 | 74.3 | 58.6 | 63.6 | 67.6 | 64.3 | 69.8 | 56.1 | 54.2 | 58.6 | 77.4 | 59.0 | 56.1 | 60.0 | 59.1 | 76.0 | 75.5 | 73.5 | 58.5 | 64.0 | 58.9 | 64.0 | 74.4 | 46.0 | 64.6
2011 Q2 | 74.0 | 72.1 | 64.3 | 73.5 | 81.1 | .. | 65.7 | 73.6 | 74.9 | 59.2 | 65.0 | 70.4 | 64.9 | 69.7 | 55.5 | 55.3 | 59.1 | 79.9 | 59.5 | 56.3 | 58.8 | 59.9 | 76.5 | 75.8 | 73.1 | 59.4 | 64.0 | 59.4 | 64.6 | 76.5 | 49.2 | 65.1
2011 Q3 | 73.8 | 73.4 | 63.5 | 73.9 | 80.7 | .. | 66.1 | 74.0 | 75.2 | 58.9 | 67.4 | 70.7 | 65.3 | 69.8 | 54.7 | 55.9 | 58.6 | 79.5 | 59.0 | 56.2 | 60.5 | 60.1 | 76.8 | 76.4 | 73.2 | 59.8 | 63.5 | 59.7 | 65.4 | 77.4 | 49.9 | 65.4
2011 Q4 | 73.9 | 72.2 | 64.0 | 72.6 | 81.4 | .. | 66.1 | 74.7 | 74.5 | 58.0 | 66.0 | 68.9 | 64.7 | 70.1 | 52.8 | 55.8 | 59.0 | 78.2 | 59.1 | 56.3 | 58.8 | 61.2 | 77.0 | 76.2 | 73.8 | 59.6 | 61.9 | 59.3 | 64.7 | 75.6 | 48.3 | 65.3
2011 | 73.9 | 72.3 | 63.7 | 72.8 | 81.0 | 56.8 | 65.7 | 73.8 | 74.7 | 58.7 | 65.5 | 69.4 | 64.8 | 69.8 | 54.8 | 55.3 | 58.8 | 78.7 | 59.2 | 56.2 | 59.5 | 60.1 | 76.6 | 76.0 | 73.4 | 59.3 | 63.4 | 59.3 | 64.7 | 76.0 | 48.4 | 65.1
2012 Q1 | 73.3 | 71.6 | 63.5 | 71.2 | 80.6 | .. | 65.6 | 73.4 | 73.9 | 56.9 | 65.9 | 68.2 | 64.3 | 70.0 | 51.9 | 55.0 | 58.3 | 77.4 | .. | 56.0 | 58.8 | 60.1 | 76.7 | 76.2 | 73.3 | 58.8 | 61.4 | 59.6 | 64.0 | 74.8 | 46.3 | 64.7
2012 Q2 | 73.8 | 72.6 | 63.9 | 73.4 | 80.5 | .. | 66.5 | 73.8 | 74.4 | 56.9 | 67.0 | 70.7 | 65.0 | 70.3 | 51.4 | 56.3 | 58.7 | 80.9 | .. | 56.5 | 60.6 | 61.4 | 76.8 | 76.7 | 72.8 | 59.7 | 61.5 | 59.8 | 63.8 | 76.6 | 49.9 | 65.7
2012 Q3 | 73.6 | 73.6 | 64.1 | 73.7 | 81.1 | .. | 67.0 | 74.3 | 74.4 | 56.5 | 68.3 | 70.9 | 65.3 | 70.8 | 50.5 | 57.4 | 59.0 | 81.7 | .. | 56.3 | 62.2 | 61.5 | 77.0 | 76.7 | 72.2 | 60.2 | 61.1 | 60.1 | 64.3 | 77.6 | 49.9 | 66.0
2012 Q4 | 73.9 | 72.9 | 63.8 | 72.8 | 81.3 | .. | 67.0 | 74.5 | 74.0 | 55.7 | 67.4 | 68.7 | 64.8 | 71.2 | 49.9 | 57.1 | 59.3 | 79.3 | .. | 56.0 | 61.3 | 60.8 | 76.9 | 76.2 | 71.9 | 60.0 | 59.7 | 59.3 | 64.2 | 75.9 | 49.6 | 65.9
2012 | 73.7 | 72.7 | 63.8 | 72.8 | 80.9 | .. | 66.5 | 74.0 | 74.2 | 56.5 | 67.1 | 69.6 | 64.9 | 70.6 | 50.9 | 56.4 | 58.9 | 79.8 | .. | 56.2 | 60.7 | 60.9 | 76.9 | 76.5 | 72.5 | 59.7 | 60.9 | 59.7 | 64.1 | 76.2 | 48.9 | 65.6
2013 Q1 | 73.2 | 71.8 | 63.0 | 71.6 | 81.3 | .. | 66.8 | 73.9 | 73.5 | 55.0 | 67.1 | 67.7 | 64.6 | 70.7 | 48.8 | 55.8 | 59.4 | 78.1 | .. | 55.0 | 59.5 | 60.0 | 76.3 | 76.0 | 72.7 | 58.7 | 59.1 | 59.8 | 62.8 | 75.5 | 47.9 | 65.0
2013 Q2 | 73.5 | 73.0 | 64.1 | 73.4 | 80.7 | .. | 67.8 | 74.5 | 74.3 | 55.4 | 69.1 | 70.5 | 65.2 | 70.8 | 49.2 | 57.7 | 60.2 | 81.9 | .. | 55.3 | 60.4 | 61.1 | 76.4 | 76.5 | 72.5 | 59.8 | 60.2 | 59.8 | 63.2 | 77.2 | 50.8 | 65.9
2013 Q3 | 73.3 | 73.8 | 64.1 | 73.8 | 80.8 | .. | 68.0 | 74.7 | 74.4 | 56.0 | 69.0 | 70.3 | 65.6 | 71.4 | 49.1 | 58.7 | 60.9 | 84.3 | .. | 55.2 | 59.3 | 60.9 | 76.4 | 76.6 | 73.6 | 60.7 | 61.0 | 60.0 | 64.7 | 78.7 | 50.3 | 66.2
2013 Q4 | 73.4 | 72.8 | 63.3 | 73.0 | 81.9 | .. | 68.2 | 75.1 | 73.6 | 55.8 | 68.6 | 68.2 | 65.0 | 71.6 | 48.4 | 59.2 | 61.4 | 81.1 | .. | 55.3 | 61.9 | 61.6 | 76.1 | 75.9 | 74.7 | 60.8 | 61.4 | 59.8 | 63.5 | 77.2 | 49.2 | 65.8
2013 | 73.3 | 72.8 | 63.6 | 73.0 | 81.2 | 58.1 | 67.7 | 74.5 | 73.9 | 55.6 | 68.5 | 69.2 | 65.1 | 71.1 | 48.9 | 57.9 | 60.5 | 81.2 | .. | 55.2 | 60.3 | 60.9 | 76.3 | 76.3 | 73.4 | 60.0 | 60.4 | 59.8 | 63.5 | 77.2 | 49.6 | 65.7
2014 Q1 | 72.6 | 71.8 | 63.2 | 71.6 | 80.8 | .. | 67.9 | 74.4 | 72.8 | 55.6 | 68.1 | 67.7 | 64.9 | 71.8 | 48.6 | 60.5 | 60.8 | 79.4 | .. | 54.8 | 62.6 | 60.4 | 75.2 | 75.5 | 75.0 | 60.3 | 61.1 | 60.2 | 62.9 | 76.3 | 48.0 | 65.6
2014 Q2 | 72.9 | 72.5 | 63.5 | 73.3 | 80.9 | .. | 68.5 | 74.7 | 74.0 | 56.6 | 70.4 | 70.6 | 65.5 | 72.1 | 49.3 | 61.2 | 61.4 | 82.8 | .. | 55.2 | 60.3 | 60.5 | 75.4 | 76.6 | 74.7 | 61.3 | 62.2 | 60.7 | 64.9 | 78.0 | 50.9 | 66.8
2014 Q3 | 72.6 | 73.3 | 64.1 | 73.9 | 81.3 | .. | 69.3 | 75.2 | 74.9 | 57.1 | 70.3 | 70.4 | 65.5 | 72.7 | 50.0 | 62.4 | 62.4 | 83.0 | .. | 55.5 | 61.3 | 60.4 | 76.2 | 76.5 | 75.0 | 62.5 | 63.0 | 61.3 | 65.3 | 79.3 | 50.3 | 66.8
2014 Q4 | 72.9 | 72.7 | 64.3 | 72.9 | 82.9 | .. | 69.7 | 75.3 | 74.9 | 57.3 | 70.2 | 68.3 | 65.2 | 73.0 | 49.4 | 62.4 | 62.9 | 81.6 | .. | 55.7 | 61.8 | 60.5 | 76.2 | 75.9 | 76.1 | 62.6 | 62.5 | 61.6 | 65.0 | 77.2 | 49.3 | 66.9
2014 | 72.7 | 72.6 | 63.8 | 72.9 | 81.5 | .. | 68.9 | 74.9 | 74.2 | 56.6 | 69.8 | 69.2 | 65.3 | 72.4 | 49.3 | 61.6 | 61.9 | 81.7 | .. | 55.3 | 61.5 | 60.4 | 75.7 | 76.1 | 75.2 | 61.7 | 62.2 | 60.9 | 64.5 | 77.7 | 49.6 | 66.5
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 67.9 | 63.2 | 51.8 | 67.9 | 72.3 | .. | 65.5 | 62.7 | 63.2 | 56.8 | 57.5 | 61.6 | 56.9 | 64.9 | 63.8 | 64.3 | 59.8 | 75.8 | 63.2 | 61.3 | 70.1 | 48.4 | 62.8 | 69.4 | 68.2 | 47.0 | 68.5 | 55.9 | 66.8 | 60.4 | 47.9 | 66.1
2010 Q2 | 67.7 | 64.6 | 52.5 | 69.0 | 75.3 | .. | 67.5 | 64.3 | 63.3 | 57.4 | 56.7 | 61.9 | 58.5 | 65.8 | 63.9 | 65.8 | 60.1 | 77.0 | 65.3 | 62.5 | 69.8 | 48.3 | 64.5 | 69.1 | 67.8 | 48.2 | 69.2 | 56.2 | 67.1 | 60.8 | 49.6 | 68.8
2010 Q3 | 68.5 | 66.4 | 53.2 | 69.3 | 75.8 | .. | 69.8 | 65.4 | 64.3 | 58.2 | 59.5 | 59.5 | 58.1 | 67.0 | 64.5 | 66.3 | 59.0 | 71.7 | 65.3 | 62.4 | 71.1 | 49.8 | 65.0 | 68.6 | 67.9 | 54.7 | 69.0 | 55.9 | 63.1 | 62.4 | 49.7 | 68.2
2010 Q4 | 69.9 | 66.1 | 54.5 | 68.8 | 74.9 | .. | 69.8 | 64.2 | 63.2 | 56.7 | 63.8 | 59.0 | 57.9 | 66.4 | 61.9 | 63.9 | 58.0 | 74.7 | 64.9 | 61.0 | 71.7 | 50.4 | 65.2 | 68.5 | 69.3 | 53.1 | 68.4 | 57.9 | 64.1 | 61.2 | 50.9 | 67.4
2010 | 68.5 | 65.1 | 53.0 | 68.8 | 74.6 | .. | 68.1 | 64.1 | 63.5 | 57.3 | 59.4 | 60.5 | 57.9 | 66.0 | 63.6 | 65.1 | 59.3 | 74.8 | 64.7 | 61.8 | 70.7 | 49.2 | 64.4 | 68.9 | 68.3 | 50.4 | 68.8 | 56.5 | 65.3 | 61.2 | 49.5 | 67.6
2011 Q1 | 69.9 | 64.3 | 52.4 | 67.8 | 74.0 | .. | 68.4 | 65.4 | 59.7 | 55.0 | 61.3 | 57.5 | 57.7 | 66.4 | 59.1 | 61.7 | 57.8 | 74.7 | 64.9 | 61.6 | 72.3 | 50.2 | 64.1 | 68.2 | 70.6 | 54.1 | 66.8 | 58.3 | 61.7 | 61.2 | 49.4 | 66.7
2011 Q2 | 69.6 | 65.9 | 52.9 | 69.0 | 75.7 | .. | 67.8 | 67.3 | 61.6 | 56.2 | 60.9 | 62.6 | 58.5 | 66.5 | 60.2 | 61.7 | 59.4 | 77.9 | 66.4 | 63.0 | 69.4 | 52.1 | 62.7 | 70.7 | 70.2 | 55.6 | 69.0 | 58.6 | 63.1 | 62.1 | 49.8 | 67.8
2011 Q3 | 69.9 | 66.5 | 52.0 | 69.5 | 76.1 | .. | 67.1 | 67.6 | 63.4 | 55.0 | 67.7 | 61.8 | 57.7 | 66.6 | 57.8 | 63.3 | 59.7 | 80.4 | 66.0 | 61.3 | 70.0 | 54.9 | 63.1 | 71.4 | 69.6 | 56.5 | 69.2 | 60.0 | 61.6 | 63.3 | 49.0 | 67.5
2011 Q4 | 69.7 | 65.7 | 53.0 | 69.0 | 76.1 | .. | 67.8 | 67.4 | 61.8 | 53.1 | 66.3 | 62.8 | 56.3 | 65.7 | 54.9 | 63.6 | 58.9 | 72.9 | 65.8 | 59.8 | 69.7 | 54.4 | 64.4 | 70.4 | 70.8 | 55.1 | 68.8 | 61.0 | 61.2 | 63.2 | 50.5 | 68.2
2011 | 69.8 | 65.6 | 52.6 | 68.8 | 75.5 | 68.1 | 67.8 | 66.9 | 61.7 | 54.8 | 64.1 | 61.1 | 57.6 | 66.3 | 58.1 | 62.6 | 59.0 | 76.3 | 65.8 | 61.4 | 70.3 | 52.9 | 63.6 | 70.2 | 70.3 | 55.2 | 68.4 | 59.4 | 61.9 | 62.5 | 49.7 | 67.5
2012 Q1 | 69.9 | 64.6 | 51.8 | 68.5 | 75.4 | .. | 66.3 | 66.8 | 60.8 | 51.7 | 66.5 | 61.7 | 56.8 | 65.0 | 50.9 | 62.1 | 58.1 | 75.6 | .. | 59.5 | 70.8 | 52.1 | 63.5 | 69.3 | 71.0 | 58.1 | 67.5 | 60.7 | 63.5 | 61.8 | 45.2 | 67.0
2012 Q2 | 69.9 | 66.3 | 51.7 | 70.2 | 76.4 | .. | 66.6 | 68.2 | 60.9 | 52.2 | 68.0 | 64.7 | 57.5 | 66.3 | 49.5 | 65.4 | 59.3 | 80.4 | .. | 60.9 | 71.4 | 53.6 | 63.8 | 72.4 | 70.4 | 63.1 | 67.7 | 63.0 | 63.5 | 63.5 | 45.2 | 67.9
2012 Q3 | 69.8 | 66.3 | 52.1 | 70.8 | 76.8 | .. | 68.0 | 68.4 | 61.9 | 53.0 | 67.8 | 65.5 | 58.1 | 67.2 | 50.4 | 67.9 | 59.0 | 79.3 | .. | 60.2 | 71.3 | 53.2 | 64.6 | 71.9 | 70.2 | 66.1 | 66.7 | 62.9 | 64.3 | 63.4 | 48.1 | 68.0
2012 Q4 | 69.9 | 65.1 | 52.3 | 70.8 | 75.9 | .. | 68.0 | 68.4 | 61.0 | 51.5 | 66.5 | 63.4 | 57.3 | 67.2 | 47.5 | 70.6 | 59.0 | - | .. | 59.4 | 71.9 | 55.8 | 62.8 | 70.0 | 70.5 | 61.3 | 63.7 | - | 64.2 | 62.6 | 47.0 | 67.8
2012 | 69.9 | 65.6 | 52.0 | 70.1 | 76.1 | .. | 67.3 | 68.0 | 61.1 | 52.1 | 67.2 | 63.8 | 57.4 | 66.5 | 49.6 | 66.6 | 58.8 | 79.0 | .. | 60.0 | 71.3 | 53.6 | 63.6 | 70.9 | 70.5 | 61.9 | 66.4 | 63.7 | 63.9 | 62.8 | 46.4 | 67.7
2013 Q1 | 70.0 | 64.1 | 53.0 | 69.7 | 75.0 | .. | 67.6 | 67.5 | 61.9 | 50.0 | 69.8 | 62.0 | 56.1 | 66.5 | 45.8 | 68.8 | 58.7 | 79.7 | .. | 58.3 | 71.5 | 54.7 | 61.4 | 68.8 | 71.4 | 60.0 | 61.7 | 69.4 | 57.4 | 61.7 | 46.4 | 67.4
2013 Q2 | 70.1 | 65.6 | 51.8 | 71.4 | 76.3 | .. | 69.9 | 68.3 | 63.6 | 51.1 | 71.3 | 65.8 | 57.2 | 67.0 | 47.3 | 67.7 | 60.2 | 79.2 | .. | 57.9 | 70.5 | 53.3 | 61.3 | 70.2 | 71.6 | 59.6 | 62.1 | 64.5 | 61.0 | 63.6 | 48.1 | 68.7
2013 Q3 | 69.6 | 66.5 | 53.3 | 71.8 | 76.0 | .. | 70.6 | 69.0 | 63.4 | 50.8 | 67.2 | 63.4 | 57.7 | 68.0 | 48.7 | 66.7 | 61.7 | - | .. | 58.1 | 73.6 | 55.5 | 61.8 | 71.1 | 70.6 | 59.5 | 63.1 | - | 62.8 | 63.5 | 47.0 | 69.0
2013 Q4 | 69.4 | 64.5 | 52.8 | 69.9 | 76.3 | .. | 71.1 | 68.2 | 62.7 | 51.0 | 65.5 | 62.5 | 57.2 | 68.5 | 48.5 | 67.8 | 61.6 | - | .. | 58.2 | 70.6 | 52.6 | 62.2 | 70.9 | 72.5 | 58.0 | 63.4 | - | 60.8 | 62.5 | 44.7 | 68.4
2013 | 69.8 | 65.2 | 52.7 | 70.7 | 75.9 | 74.2 | 69.8 | 68.3 | 62.9 | 50.7 | 68.4 | 63.4 | 57.1 | 67.5 | 47.6 | 67.8 | 60.5 | 79.9 | .. | 58.1 | 71.5 | 54.0 | 61.7 | 70.3 | 71.5 | 59.2 | 62.6 | 66.4 | 60.5 | 62.9 | 46.5 | 68.4
2014 Q1 | 69.1 | 63.1 | 53.1 | 69.0 | 75.2 | .. | 72.1 | 67.5 | 60.7 | 49.9 | 63.4 | 60.1 | 56.4 | 68.4 | 48.1 | 69.4 | 60.6 | 76.3 | .. | 57.5 | 70.0 | 53.0 | 60.8 | 69.4 | 72.0 | 67.4 | 65.6 | 62.4 | 58.3 | 61.7 | 57.4 | 68.4
2014 Q2 | 69.6 | 66.0 | 53.9 | 70.4 | 77.0 | .. | 73.1 | 68.2 | 64.3 | 52.5 | 66.5 | 61.4 | 57.1 | 69.6 | 50.5 | 69.2 | 61.1 | 85.1 | .. | 59.1 | 73.7 | 55.1 | 62.2 | 70.1 | 71.5 | 67.3 | 66.7 | 63.9 | 60.6 | 63.1 | 55.5 | 69.1
2014 Q3 | 69.7 | 65.9 | 51.8 | 70.6 | 76.2 | .. | 71.1 | 69.5 | 65.9 | 53.3 | 70.4 | 61.3 | 57.5 | 70.0 | 52.0 | 70.2 | 61.5 | 82.4 | .. | 58.9 | 70.8 | 51.9 | 61.7 | 69.5 | 71.2 | 58.5 | 67.1 | 69.0 | 57.8 | 65.2 | 51.7 | 69.7
2014 Q4 | 70.1 | 64.6 | 52.3 | 70.9 | 76.8 | .. | 71.0 | 68.4 | 64.5 | 53.6 | 72.1 | 60.0 | 56.7 | 69.5 | 50.7 | 72.8 | 61.5 | 81.5 | .. | 57.9 | 73.5 | 53.8 | 62.7 | 70.2 | 73.0 | 58.2 | 67.1 | 69.5 | 56.0 | 64.1 | 52.2 | 69.4
2014 | 69.6 | 64.9 | 52.8 | 70.2 | 76.3 | .. | 71.8 | 68.4 | 63.9 | 52.3 | 68.0 | 60.7 | 56.9 | 69.4 | 50.3 | 70.4 | 61.2 | 81.2 | .. | 58.4 | 72.0 | 53.4 | 61.8 | 69.8 | 71.9 | 63.0 | 66.6 | 66.1 | 58.2 | 63.5 | 54.0 | 69.1
Men
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 78.6 | 74.9 | 68.3 | 71.4 | 85.1 | .. | 72.2 | 75.8 | 75.3 | 65.5 | 57.1 | 67.2 | 68.0 | 73.6 | 70.5 | 58.4 | 63.3 | 78.6 | 60.6 | 66.7 | 67.6 | 77.6 | 80.9 | 77.2 | 79.2 | 64.0 | 69.7 | 64.3 | 69.8 | 73.9 | 63.7 | 67.0
2010 Q2 | 79.0 | 76.6 | 68.3 | 74.8 | 85.1 | .. | 73.3 | 76.5 | 76.2 | 65.9 | 58.9 | 70.4 | 68.4 | 74.2 | 70.3 | 59.6 | 63.5 | 81.3 | 62.0 | 66.9 | 67.6 | 78.5 | 81.2 | 78.1 | 78.7 | 65.2 | 69.2 | 65.2 | 68.9 | 76.3 | 67.8 | 68.5
2010 Q3 | 79.3 | 78.0 | 68.6 | 76.4 | 85.4 | .. | 74.1 | 77.0 | 77.4 | 66.0 | 65.2 | 71.4 | 68.9 | 75.1 | 69.7 | 60.6 | 63.8 | 81.9 | 62.0 | 66.4 | 70.5 | 78.2 | 81.4 | 78.2 | 79.4 | 66.3 | 69.4 | 65.5 | 70.3 | 77.6 | 68.3 | 69.2
2010 Q4 | 79.9 | 77.5 | 68.7 | 74.5 | 85.6 | .. | 73.9 | 77.4 | 77.1 | 65.1 | 66.2 | 69.1 | 68.4 | 74.6 | 68.0 | 60.3 | 62.5 | 80.3 | 61.5 | 66.6 | 67.7 | 77.3 | 81.1 | 77.8 | 79.2 | 65.9 | 69.2 | 65.7 | 69.3 | 76.3 | 67.2 | 68.2
2010 | 79.2 | 76.7 | 68.5 | 74.3 | 85.3 | .. | 73.4 | 76.7 | 76.5 | 65.6 | 61.9 | 69.5 | 68.4 | 74.4 | 69.6 | 59.7 | 63.3 | 80.6 | 61.5 | 66.6 | 68.4 | 77.9 | 81.2 | 77.8 | 79.1 | 65.3 | 69.4 | 65.2 | 69.6 | 76.0 | 66.7 | 68.2
2011 Q1 | 79.2 | 75.3 | 67.5 | 72.6 | 85.7 | .. | 72.9 | 76.9 | 76.5 | 64.6 | 65.8 | 68.8 | 68.1 | 74.0 | 66.4 | 59.0 | 62.1 | 78.2 | 61.6 | 66.2 | 67.5 | 77.3 | 80.6 | 76.8 | 78.7 | 64.7 | 68.2 | 65.3 | 67.2 | 75.9 | 66.7 | 67.2
2011 Q2 | 79.1 | 76.8 | 69.1 | 75.5 | 85.6 | .. | 74.0 | 77.6 | 77.0 | 64.8 | 66.7 | 72.0 | 68.7 | 74.0 | 66.0 | 60.6 | 62.4 | 80.7 | 62.8 | 66.5 | 65.6 | 77.8 | 80.9 | 77.3 | 78.6 | 66.0 | 67.9 | 66.2 | 67.3 | 78.0 | 69.9 | 68.4
2011 Q3 | 78.5 | 78.2 | 67.4 | 77.1 | 86.0 | .. | 74.4 | 78.1 | 77.7 | 64.8 | 69.8 | 72.1 | 69.1 | 74.2 | 64.8 | 61.4 | 62.2 | 81.9 | 63.0 | 66.6 | 66.0 | 78.2 | 81.4 | 78.3 | 78.6 | 66.9 | 68.0 | 66.5 | 68.5 | 79.0 | 71.3 | 69.2
2011 Q4 | 78.9 | 77.0 | 68.7 | 74.7 | 86.0 | .. | 74.2 | 78.8 | 77.0 | 63.4 | 67.9 | 70.1 | 68.2 | 74.3 | 62.3 | 61.1 | 62.5 | 81.6 | 62.0 | 66.0 | 64.4 | 78.6 | 81.5 | 78.0 | 78.9 | 66.3 | 65.7 | 66.2 | 67.5 | 77.1 | 69.5 | 68.8
2011 | 78.9 | 76.8 | 68.2 | 75.0 | 85.8 | 70.7 | 73.9 | 77.9 | 77.1 | 64.4 | 67.5 | 70.8 | 68.5 | 74.1 | 64.9 | 60.5 | 62.3 | 80.6 | 62.3 | 66.3 | 65.9 | 78.0 | 81.1 | 77.6 | 78.7 | 66.0 | 67.5 | 66.1 | 67.6 | 77.5 | 69.4 | 68.4
2012 Q1 | 78.3 | 75.3 | 68.1 | 72.5 | 85.2 | .. | 73.5 | 77.3 | 75.8 | 61.8 | 67.5 | 68.9 | 67.7 | 74.0 | 61.3 | 59.8 | 61.8 | 79.3 | .. | 65.4 | 63.9 | 77.8 | 81.0 | 77.8 | 78.7 | 65.1 | 64.8 | 66.4 | 66.1 | 75.9 | 66.1 | 68.0
2012 Q2 | 78.6 | 77.0 | 68.8 | 75.7 | 85.3 | .. | 74.5 | 77.8 | 76.3 | 61.7 | 68.3 | 71.8 | 68.4 | 74.5 | 60.8 | 61.2 | 62.0 | 82.5 | .. | 65.8 | 66.9 | 79.0 | 81.2 | 78.2 | 77.9 | 66.4 | 64.9 | 66.6 | 66.5 | 77.6 | 70.0 | 69.4
2012 Q3 | 78.1 | 77.7 | 68.4 | 76.9 | 85.9 | .. | 75.1 | 78.5 | 76.5 | 61.5 | 71.5 | 71.9 | 68.8 | 75.1 | 60.0 | 62.3 | 62.8 | 83.5 | .. | 66.0 | 66.8 | 79.2 | 81.1 | 78.4 | 76.8 | 67.1 | 64.1 | 67.2 | 67.8 | 78.8 | 70.7 | 70.2
2012 Q4 | 78.8 | 77.1 | 67.5 | 74.9 | 86.2 | .. | 74.8 | 78.6 | 76.6 | 60.4 | 70.8 | 69.9 | 68.0 | 75.3 | 59.1 | 62.3 | 62.6 | 80.5 | .. | 65.3 | 67.6 | 78.3 | 80.8 | 77.5 | 77.2 | 66.6 | 62.8 | 66.4 | 67.6 | 77.2 | 70.0 | 69.7
2012 | 78.4 | 76.8 | 68.2 | 75.0 | 85.6 | .. | 74.5 | 78.1 | 76.3 | 61.4 | 69.5 | 70.6 | 68.2 | 74.7 | 60.3 | 61.4 | 62.3 | 81.4 | .. | 65.6 | 66.3 | 78.6 | 81.0 | 78.0 | 77.7 | 66.3 | 64.2 | 66.7 | 67.0 | 77.4 | 69.2 | 69.3
2013 Q1 | 78.1 | 75.3 | 67.0 | 72.7 | 85.5 | .. | 74.5 | 77.3 | 76.0 | 59.6 | 69.9 | 67.9 | 67.6 | 74.5 | 57.9 | 60.5 | 63.3 | 79.5 | .. | 64.0 | 64.0 | 77.7 | 79.8 | 77.1 | 77.8 | 65.2 | 61.9 | 66.5 | 65.7 | 76.7 | 67.5 | 68.5
2013 Q2 | 78.2 | 76.9 | 68.7 | 75.3 | 84.9 | .. | 75.6 | 78.1 | 76.3 | 60.1 | 71.6 | 71.4 | 68.3 | 74.8 | 58.4 | 63.4 | 64.0 | 83.7 | .. | 64.2 | 64.8 | 78.3 | 80.1 | 78.0 | 77.7 | 66.5 | 63.1 | 66.6 | 66.2 | 78.2 | 70.6 | 69.5
2013 Q3 | 78.0 | 77.7 | 67.4 | 76.6 | 85.0 | .. | 76.0 | 78.3 | 75.9 | 61.0 | 72.4 | 71.8 | 68.6 | 75.5 | 58.4 | 64.7 | 65.1 | 87.1 | .. | 64.4 | 66.1 | 78.3 | 80.3 | 78.3 | 78.2 | 67.5 | 64.2 | 66.5 | 68.0 | 80.1 | 70.8 | 70.1
2013 Q4 | 77.9 | 76.9 | 67.1 | 74.9 | 85.5 | .. | 76.0 | 78.7 | 75.8 | 60.5 | 71.2 | 68.8 | 67.8 | 75.8 | 57.4 | 65.0 | 65.9 | 83.3 | .. | 64.1 | 66.6 | 79.0 | 80.1 | 77.1 | 79.3 | 67.2 | 64.5 | 65.7 | 66.8 | 78.2 | 69.3 | 69.2
2013 | 78.0 | 76.7 | 67.5 | 74.9 | 85.2 | 71.0 | 75.5 | 78.1 | 76.0 | 60.3 | 71.3 | 70.0 | 68.1 | 75.2 | 58.0 | 63.4 | 64.6 | 83.2 | .. | 64.2 | 65.3 | 78.3 | 80.1 | 77.6 | 78.2 | 66.6 | 63.4 | 66.3 | 66.6 | 78.3 | 69.6 | 69.3
2014 Q1 | 77.4 | 75.1 | 66.7 | 72.9 | 84.3 | .. | 75.7 | 77.8 | 75.2 | 60.0 | 70.9 | 68.0 | 67.5 | 75.7 | 57.1 | 66.2 | 65.2 | 82.1 | .. | 63.4 | 68.4 | 78.0 | 79.5 | 76.8 | 80.0 | 66.3 | 64.0 | 66.2 | 65.4 | 77.0 | 68.0 | 68.6
2014 Q2 | 77.3 | 76.1 | 66.7 | 75.1 | 84.4 | .. | 76.7 | 77.9 | 76.5 | 61.3 | 73.1 | 71.0 | 68.4 | 76.1 | 58.0 | 67.0 | 65.7 | 86.1 | .. | 64.1 | 65.4 | 77.9 | 79.8 | 78.0 | 80.0 | 67.9 | 65.5 | 67.3 | 67.8 | 78.8 | 71.0 | 70.7
2014 Q3 | 76.8 | 77.4 | 66.9 | 76.6 | 84.9 | .. | 77.4 | 78.9 | 77.4 | 62.4 | 73.2 | 70.8 | 68.7 | 76.9 | 58.6 | 68.7 | 67.3 | 85.0 | .. | 64.7 | 65.2 | 78.2 | 80.4 | 78.0 | 79.5 | 69.4 | 66.5 | 68.2 | 68.9 | 80.0 | 70.6 | 71.2
2014 Q4 | 77.1 | 76.2 | 67.4 | 74.9 | 85.5 | .. | 77.4 | 78.7 | 76.8 | 62.2 | 73.8 | 69.0 | 67.9 | 76.9 | 57.7 | 68.3 | 67.7 | 83.1 | .. | 64.3 | 67.6 | 78.4 | 80.2 | 76.8 | 80.5 | 69.2 | 65.8 | 68.5 | 68.5 | 78.3 | 68.9 | 70.3
2014 | 77.2 | 76.2 | 66.9 | 74.9 | 84.8 | .. | 76.8 | 78.3 | 76.5 | 61.5 | 72.8 | 69.7 | 68.1 | 76.4 | 57.9 | 67.6 | 66.5 | 84.1 | .. | 64.1 | 66.6 | 78.2 | 80.0 | 77.4 | 80.0 | 68.2 | 65.4 | 67.6 | 67.6 | 78.5 | 69.6 | 70.2
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 76.7 | 69.2 | 58.7 | 72.6 | 79.7 | .. | 76.1 | 71.2 | 71.6 | 58.7 | 54.8 | 66.3 | 65.1 | 72.8 | 77.2 | 69.5 | 64.9 | - | 67.0 | 74.5 | 78.3 | 64.4 | 69.2 | 73.0 | 76.2 | 59.6 | 73.2 | - | 71.2 | 65.6 | 61.5 | 75.2
2010 Q2 | 76.2 | 71.8 | 61.6 | 74.3 | 84.0 | .. | 78.9 | 72.8 | 65.4 | 60.3 | 57.3 | 68.6 | 67.1 | 74.0 | 76.3 | 68.3 | 65.7 | - | 70.4 | 76.4 | 77.4 | 65.9 | 71.9 | 73.4 | 75.2 | 60.1 | 74.6 | - | 70.5 | 66.9 | 64.3 | 78.8
2010 Q3 | 76.7 | 74.1 | 62.1 | 75.7 | 84.5 | .. | 81.3 | 74.2 | 64.5 | 61.8 | 59.4 | 65.0 | 67.4 | 76.1 | 76.9 | 68.0 | 64.6 | 74.2 | 70.5 | 78.0 | 79.7 | 69.1 | 72.5 | 72.3 | 75.7 | 54.8 | 74.5 | 74.9 | 69.9 | 68.1 | 66.1 | 78.7
2010 Q4 | 78.2 | 73.5 | 63.4 | 75.4 | 83.0 | .. | 80.5 | 73.3 | 67.4 | 60.3 | 70.5 | 65.1 | 66.5 | 76.0 | 74.8 | 70.0 | 63.3 | 70.7 | 69.4 | 75.3 | 80.1 | 70.4 | 73.2 | 72.3 | 76.7 | 59.8 | 73.5 | 73.8 | 69.4 | 67.5 | 66.3 | 76.8
2010 | 77.0 | 72.2 | 61.4 | 74.5 | 82.8 | .. | 79.1 | 72.9 | 67.1 | 60.3 | 60.5 | 66.2 | 66.5 | 74.8 | 76.3 | 69.0 | 64.6 | 74.6 | 69.3 | 76.1 | 78.9 | 67.4 | 71.7 | 72.7 | 75.9 | 58.8 | 74.0 | 74.5 | 70.3 | 67.0 | 64.5 | 77.4
2011 Q1 | 78.7 | 70.5 | 60.9 | 73.7 | 82.4 | .. | 80.7 | 74.5 | 63.2 | 58.4 | 68.2 | 64.3 | 65.8 | 75.3 | 71.3 | 66.9 | 62.2 | 68.0 | 68.9 | 74.6 | 80.5 | 67.9 | 70.5 | 70.8 | 78.4 | 59.8 | 69.2 | 71.0 | 66.7 | 66.3 | 64.6 | 76.7
2011 Q2 | 77.8 | 74.3 | 60.4 | 75.6 | 84.4 | .. | 80.5 | 76.5 | 66.4 | 58.9 | 64.6 | 68.1 | 66.3 | 75.6 | 71.6 | 70.1 | 64.1 | 79.1 | 71.6 | 77.8 | 77.3 | 68.7 | 69.8 | 74.5 | 76.2 | 58.7 | 70.8 | 74.8 | 69.8 | 67.5 | 67.1 | 78.5
2011 Q3 | 78.2 | 75.2 | 61.9 | 76.0 | 85.4 | .. | 79.6 | 76.5 | 67.7 | 58.0 | 72.9 | 66.6 | 66.2 | 75.3 | 69.9 | 75.5 | 65.3 | 87.6 | 71.6 | 76.3 | 79.4 | 67.0 | 71.1 | 75.1 | 76.5 | 63.4 | 71.2 | 75.7 | 69.2 | 68.7 | 65.4 | 78.4
2011 Q4 | 77.8 | 73.3 | 62.1 | 75.2 | 84.7 | .. | 79.9 | 77.2 | 67.0 | 56.6 | 71.6 | 68.2 | 64.5 | 75.1 | 65.7 | 72.5 | 64.1 | 76.7 | 71.1 | 73.7 | 78.6 | 65.1 | 71.9 | 73.6 | 77.4 | 70.5 | 70.4 | 70.4 | 68.3 | 67.7 | 66.5 | 78.6
2011 | 78.1 | 73.3 | 61.3 | 75.1 | 84.2 | 79.3 | 80.2 | 76.2 | 66.1 | 58.0 | 69.5 | 66.8 | 65.7 | 75.3 | 69.7 | 71.3 | 63.9 | 77.9 | 70.8 | 75.6 | 78.9 | 67.2 | 70.8 | 73.5 | 77.1 | 62.9 | 70.4 | 73.0 | 68.4 | 67.5 | 65.9 | 78.1
2012 Q1 | 78.9 | 71.6 | 60.6 | 74.6 | 83.0 | .. | 77.8 | 76.3 | 66.1 | 54.1 | 69.4 | 67.3 | 64.2 | 75.3 | 61.2 | 70.5 | 62.4 | 76.4 | .. | 71.9 | 79.2 | 62.2 | 71.6 | 72.5 | 78.4 | 65.9 | 69.9 | 65.8 | 70.7 | 65.9 | 61.5 | 77.2
2012 Q2 | 78.5 | 74.5 | 60.1 | 76.1 | 84.6 | .. | 77.9 | 77.0 | 65.0 | 54.6 | 73.7 | 69.4 | 65.8 | 77.0 | 57.9 | 71.3 | 64.3 |  | .. | 73.7 | 79.4 | 64.1 | 71.5 | 75.9 | 76.2 | - | 68.3 | - | 71.4 | 68.4 | 60.1 | 78.7
2012 Q3 | 78.0 | 75.4 | 59.4 | 77.1 | 85.3 | .. | 81.5 | 77.8 | 65.7 | 55.4 | 72.7 | 71.0 | 67.0 | 77.7 | 58.6 | 75.9 | 64.7 | 84.9 | .. | 73.0 | 78.9 | 62.9 | 71.5 | 76.3 | 75.9 | 76.5 | 68.6 | 67.4 | 70.5 | 68.3 | 70.0 | 79.4
2012 Q4 | 78.5 | 72.4 | 59.8 | 76.8 | 83.5 | .. | 80.8 | 77.3 | 67.5 | 53.9 | 68.3 | 67.6 | 66.9 | 76.6 | 54.7 | 76.0 | 65.4 | 83.6 | .. | 70.7 | 79.2 | 66.9 | 69.9 | 75.8 | 76.7 | 74.9 | 65.5 | - | 73.0 | 67.6 | 63.8 | 78.6
2012 | 78.5 | 73.5 | 60.0 | 76.1 | 84.1 | .. | 79.5 | 77.1 | 66.1 | 54.5 | 70.9 | 68.9 | 66.0 | 76.7 | 58.1 | 73.5 | 64.2 | 82.1 | .. | 72.3 | 79.2 | 64.0 | 71.1 | 75.2 | 76.8 | 71.1 | 68.1 | 68.4 | 71.4 | 67.5 | 64.0 | 78.5
2013 Q1 | 78.4 | 70.5 | 60.1 | 75.0 | 82.1 | .. | 79.3 | 76.0 | 66.3 | 51.7 | 70.9 | 67.7 | 65.0 | 75.1 | 53.5 | 75.5 | 64.5 | 81.6 | .. | 68.3 | 79.2 | 67.0 | 69.6 | 74.4 | 78.0 | 72.8 | 63.3 | 75.8 | 69.6 | 66.3 | 61.2 | 78.1
2013 Q2 | 78.3 | 74.0 | 60.0 | 77.4 | 83.4 | .. | 80.4 | 77.2 | 67.5 | 54.1 | 79.2 | 70.2 | 66.5 | 75.8 | 55.6 | 80.1 | 67.1 | 83.2 | .. | 68.3 | 77.1 | 68.8 | 68.6 | 74.7 | 77.9 | 68.9 | 64.5 | 70.7 | 70.1 | 67.9 | 65.9 | 80.2
2013 Q3 | 77.2 | 74.9 | 61.2 | 78.3 | 83.3 | .. | 81.5 | 77.9 | 67.2 | 52.8 | 71.6 | 69.6 | 67.7 | 78.2 | 58.1 | 78.3 | 68.9 | 83.6 | .. | 69.1 | 81.2 | 70.1 | 67.6 | 75.2 | 77.3 | 70.6 | 63.6 | 68.7 | 74.1 | 68.2 | 65.0 | 80.4
2013 Q4 | 77.2 | 71.6 | 60.8 | 75.5 | 84.6 | .. | 81.3 | 77.5 | 68.1 | 54.3 | 66.1 | 68.1 | 66.4 | 77.9 | 58.2 | 80.2 | 68.9 | 82.4 | .. | 68.6 | 80.0 | 67.1 | 69.4 | 75.7 | 80.0 | 65.7 | 64.9 | 75.4 | 71.0 | 67.1 | 63.5 | 79.8
2013 | 77.8 | 72.7 | 60.5 | 76.6 | 83.3 | 83.3 | 80.6 | 77.2 | 67.3 | 53.2 | 71.9 | 68.9 | 66.4 | 76.7 | 56.3 | 78.4 | 67.4 | 82.7 | .. | 68.6 | 79.4 | 68.2 | 68.8 | 75.0 | 78.3 | 69.5 | 64.1 | 72.5 | 71.3 | 67.4 | 63.9 | 79.6
2014 Q1 | 77.1 | 68.1 | 61.4 | 74.1 | 82.9 | .. | 84.3 | 76.2 | 67.3 | 52.6 | 70.1 | 65.5 | 64.2 | 78.4 | 57.6 | 82.6 | 67.7 | 75.4 | .. | 67.0 | 73.7 | 67.6 | 67.0 | 74.3 | 78.7 | 73.5 | 67.6 | 75.2 | 67.4 | 66.5 | 67.7 | 79.7
2014 Q2 | 77.6 | 71.6 | 60.6 | 76.3 | 83.6 | .. | 84.2 | 76.5 | 70.6 | 56.3 | 76.8 | 67.0 | 64.2 | 79.5 | 59.0 | 83.9 | 68.7 | 84.0 | .. | 69.4 | 81.7 | 71.1 | 69.9 | 74.3 | 79.1 | 72.0 | 69.7 | 76.3 | 69.5 | 67.6 | 66.3 | 81.0
2014 Q3 | 77.8 | 72.9 | 58.7 | 77.8 | 83.9 | .. | 84.9 | 77.6 | 73.2 | 57.7 | 73.8 | 66.2 | 64.2 | 79.6 | 60.7 | 82.1 | 68.9 | 85.5 | .. | 69.5 | 80.1 | 63.1 | 70.3 | 75.7 | 78.2 | 72.6 | 70.9 | 82.0 | 64.4 | 69.5 | 74.6 | 81.9
2014 Q4 | 78.6 | 71.8 | 60.6 | 77.5 | 84.5 | .. | 82.9 | 77.6 | 72.2 | 57.3 | 77.3 | 65.7 | 64.1 | 78.4 | 58.4 | 82.5 | 68.7 | 85.8 | .. | 68.8 | 80.1 | 68.9 | 71.5 | 74.5 | 79.8 | 69.9 | 69.6 | 81.9 | 65.6 | 68.7 | 72.7 | 80.9
2014 | 77.8 | 71.1 | 60.3 | 76.4 | 83.7 | .. | 84.1 | 77.0 | 70.9 | 56.0 | 74.6 | 66.1 | 64.2 | 79.0 | 58.9 | 82.7 | 68.5 | 82.8 | .. | 68.7 | 78.9 | 67.7 | 69.7 | 74.7 | 79.0 | 72.1 | 69.5 | 78.6 | 66.8 | 68.1 | 70.5 | 80.9
Women
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 68.1 | 67.0 | 58.9 | 69.8 | 75.5 | .. | 55.8 | 67.7 | 72.9 | 52.2 | 61.6 | 66.2 | 61.0 | 65.7 | 47.8 | 49.6 | 56.2 | 75.4 | 54.3 | 45.2 | 53.1 | 42.9 | 70.6 | 74.1 | 69.0 | 51.9 | 61.0 | 51.7 | 62.6 | 71.1 | 24.2 | 62.3
2010 Q2 | 68.6 | 66.8 | 57.7 | 71.2 | 74.6 | .. | 56.2 | 68.1 | 73.5 | 52.2 | 61.5 | 68.6 | 61.4 | 65.5 | 48.2 | 49.9 | 56.4 | 76.9 | 55.4 | 46.0 | 53.2 | 43.9 | 71.1 | 74.7 | 68.5 | 52.9 | 60.9 | 52.1 | 63.7 | 73.1 | 27.3 | 62.3
2010 Q3 | 68.6 | 67.9 | 58.6 | 70.5 | 74.8 | .. | 56.4 | 68.3 | 72.7 | 52.5 | 60.2 | 68.1 | 61.8 | 65.7 | 47.8 | 50.3 | 56.2 | 77.8 | 55.4 | 45.4 | 53.3 | 43.5 | 71.2 | 74.2 | 68.3 | 53.2 | 60.4 | 52.9 | 62.6 | 74.1 | 27.0 | 62.1
2010 Q4 | 68.9 | 67.3 | 59.5 | 70.6 | 75.3 | .. | 56.8 | 69.0 | 71.2 | 52.9 | 61.4 | 67.0 | 60.5 | 65.5 | 46.8 | 50.2 | 55.9 | 75.4 | 56.7 | 46.1 | 51.4 | 42.7 | 71.4 | 74.1 | 68.8 | 52.6 | 60.3 | 53.0 | 62.4 | 72.8 | 26.1 | 62.2
2010 | 68.5 | 67.3 | 58.7 | 70.5 | 75.1 | .. | 56.3 | 68.3 | 72.6 | 52.5 | 61.2 | 67.5 | 61.2 | 65.6 | 47.7 | 50.0 | 56.2 | 76.4 | 55.5 | 45.7 | 52.8 | 43.2 | 71.1 | 74.3 | 68.6 | 52.6 | 60.7 | 52.4 | 62.8 | 72.8 | 26.1 | 62.2
2011 Q1 | 68.2 | 67.4 | 58.4 | 70.0 | 75.9 | .. | 56.7 | 68.8 | 71.9 | 52.4 | 61.5 | 66.4 | 60.5 | 65.6 | 45.9 | 49.5 | 55.2 | 76.6 | 56.3 | 45.8 | 52.4 | 42.5 | 71.2 | 74.2 | 68.6 | 52.4 | 59.9 | 52.3 | 60.6 | 72.8 | 25.9 | 62.0
2011 Q2 | 68.9 | 67.5 | 59.4 | 71.4 | 76.4 | .. | 57.2 | 69.6 | 72.8 | 53.3 | 63.3 | 68.8 | 61.3 | 65.4 | 45.2 | 50.2 | 55.8 | 79.1 | 56.2 | 46.2 | 51.8 | 43.5 | 72.0 | 74.4 | 68.0 | 52.8 | 60.3 | 52.7 | 61.7 | 74.9 | 29.0 | 61.9
2011 Q3 | 69.1 | 68.7 | 59.5 | 70.6 | 75.2 | .. | 57.6 | 69.9 | 72.7 | 52.8 | 65.0 | 69.2 | 61.6 | 65.5 | 44.7 | 50.6 | 55.0 | 77.0 | 54.9 | 45.7 | 54.7 | 43.6 | 72.1 | 74.3 | 68.1 | 52.8 | 59.2 | 52.9 | 62.2 | 75.8 | 28.9 | 61.7
2011 Q4 | 69.0 | 67.5 | 59.3 | 70.4 | 76.6 | .. | 57.8 | 70.5 | 71.8 | 52.4 | 64.1 | 67.7 | 61.4 | 65.9 | 43.4 | 50.7 | 55.6 | 74.6 | 56.1 | 46.6 | 53.1 | 45.4 | 72.4 | 74.2 | 69.0 | 52.8 | 58.2 | 52.4 | 61.9 | 74.1 | 27.6 | 61.9
2011 | 68.8 | 67.8 | 59.1 | 70.6 | 76.0 | 44.1 | 57.3 | 69.7 | 72.3 | 52.7 | 63.5 | 68.0 | 61.2 | 65.6 | 44.8 | 50.2 | 55.4 | 76.9 | 55.9 | 46.1 | 53.0 | 43.7 | 71.9 | 74.3 | 68.4 | 52.7 | 59.4 | 52.6 | 61.6 | 74.4 | 27.9 | 61.9
2012 Q1 | 68.4 | 67.9 | 58.8 | 69.9 | 75.9 | .. | 57.5 | 69.3 | 71.9 | 51.8 | 64.3 | 67.5 | 61.0 | 66.1 | 42.6 | 50.4 | 54.9 | 75.5 | .. | 46.5 | 53.4 | 43.9 | 72.3 | 74.5 | 68.1 | 52.6 | 58.2 | 52.7 | 61.9 | 73.6 | 26.5 | 61.6
2012 Q2 | 69.0 | 68.1 | 58.9 | 71.2 | 75.7 | .. | 58.2 | 69.7 | 72.5 | 51.9 | 65.7 | 69.5 | 61.7 | 66.1 | 42.1 | 51.6 | 55.4 | 79.3 | .. | 47.1 | 54.0 | 45.4 | 72.4 | 75.1 | 67.9 | 53.1 | 58.4 | 52.9 | 60.9 | 75.5 | 29.8 | 62.1
2012 Q3 | 68.9 | 69.4 | 59.7 | 70.5 | 76.3 | .. | 58.7 | 70.0 | 72.2 | 51.2 | 65.1 | 69.9 | 61.9 | 66.5 | 41.3 | 52.6 | 55.2 | 79.8 | .. | 46.4 | 57.6 | 45.3 | 72.7 | 74.9 | 67.8 | 53.4 | 58.2 | 52.9 | 60.7 | 76.4 | 29.2 | 62.0
2012 Q4 | 69.0 | 68.7 | 60.0 | 70.7 | 76.3 | .. | 59.0 | 70.4 | 71.3 | 50.7 | 64.0 | 67.6 | 61.7 | 67.1 | 41.0 | 52.0 | 56.0 | 78.0 | .. | 46.6 | 54.7 | 44.9 | 73.0 | 74.8 | 67.0 | 53.4 | 56.8 | 52.2 | 60.6 | 74.6 | 29.1 | 62.3
2012 | 68.8 | 68.5 | 59.4 | 70.6 | 76.0 | .. | 58.3 | 69.8 | 72.0 | 51.4 | 64.8 | 68.6 | 61.6 | 66.4 | 41.8 | 51.7 | 55.4 | 78.2 | .. | 46.7 | 54.9 | 44.9 | 72.6 | 74.8 | 67.7 | 53.1 | 57.9 | 52.7 | 61.0 | 75.0 | 28.7 | 62.0
2013 Q1 | 68.2 | 68.3 | 58.9 | 70.4 | 77.0 | .. | 58.9 | 70.4 | 70.8 | 50.2 | 64.4 | 67.6 | 61.6 | 66.9 | 40.0 | 51.3 | 55.6 | 76.6 | .. | 45.9 | 54.7 | 43.9 | 72.6 | 74.8 | 68.0 | 52.3 | 56.4 | 53.0 | 59.9 | 74.3 | 28.3 | 61.6
2013 Q2 | 68.8 | 69.0 | 59.5 | 71.5 | 76.5 | .. | 59.7 | 70.7 | 72.2 | 50.6 | 66.5 | 69.6 | 62.2 | 66.8 | 40.3 | 52.2 | 56.4 | 80.0 | .. | 46.3 | 55.7 | 45.4 | 72.5 | 74.8 | 67.7 | 53.0 | 57.4 | 53.0 | 60.0 | 76.2 | 31.0 | 62.4
2013 Q3 | 68.5 | 69.8 | 60.8 | 71.0 | 76.4 | .. | 59.8 | 71.0 | 72.8 | 50.9 | 65.6 | 68.8 | 62.7 | 67.2 | 40.1 | 52.8 | 56.7 | 81.4 | .. | 45.8 | 52.4 | 45.0 | 72.3 | 74.9 | 69.2 | 54.0 | 57.9 | 53.5 | 61.2 | 77.1 | 29.9 | 62.4
2013 Q4 | 68.8 | 68.6 | 59.5 | 71.2 | 78.1 | .. | 60.2 | 71.3 | 71.2 | 51.1 | 66.1 | 67.7 | 62.3 | 67.5 | 39.5 | 53.6 | 56.9 | 78.9 | .. | 46.3 | 57.3 | 45.7 | 72.0 | 74.7 | 70.3 | 54.4 | 58.4 | 53.8 | 60.0 | 76.1 | 29.1 | 62.5
2013 | 68.6 | 68.9 | 59.7 | 71.0 | 77.0 | 46.6 | 59.6 | 70.8 | 71.7 | 50.7 | 65.7 | 68.4 | 62.2 | 67.1 | 40.0 | 52.5 | 56.4 | 79.1 | .. | 46.1 | 55.0 | 45.0 | 72.4 | 74.8 | 68.8 | 53.4 | 57.6 | 53.3 | 60.3 | 75.9 | 29.6 | 62.2
2014 Q1 | 67.7 | 68.5 | 59.6 | 70.2 | 77.1 | .. | 59.9 | 71.0 | 70.4 | 51.0 | 65.3 | 67.4 | 62.4 | 68.0 | 40.2 | 54.8 | 56.5 | 76.7 | .. | 46.0 | 56.5 | 44.3 | 70.7 | 74.1 | 70.1 | 54.3 | 58.4 | 54.0 | 60.3 | 75.5 | 28.0 | 62.7
2014 Q2 | 68.5 | 68.9 | 60.2 | 71.5 | 77.2 | .. | 60.2 | 71.5 | 71.4 | 51.7 | 67.8 | 70.2 | 62.7 | 68.1 | 40.8 | 55.5 | 57.0 | 79.5 | .. | 46.3 | 55.0 | 44.5 | 71.0 | 75.2 | 69.7 | 54.7 | 59.1 | 54.1 | 61.9 | 77.1 | 30.7 | 63.1
2014 Q3 | 68.3 | 69.2 | 61.2 | 71.1 | 77.6 | .. | 60.9 | 71.4 | 72.4 | 51.6 | 67.4 | 69.9 | 62.4 | 68.4 | 41.5 | 56.4 | 57.6 | 80.9 | .. | 46.3 | 57.3 | 44.0 | 71.8 | 75.0 | 70.6 | 55.7 | 59.6 | 54.3 | 61.6 | 78.6 | 29.9 | 62.6
2014 Q4 | 68.5 | 69.1 | 61.1 | 70.9 | 80.2 | .. | 61.9 | 71.9 | 73.0 | 52.3 | 66.8 | 67.7 | 62.5 | 69.0 | 41.3 | 56.6 | 58.2 | 80.1 | .. | 46.9 | 55.9 | 44.2 | 72.1 | 75.0 | 72.0 | 56.1 | 59.5 | 54.6 | 61.2 | 76.1 | 29.5 | 63.5
2014 | 68.3 | 68.9 | 60.5 | 70.9 | 78.0 | .. | 60.7 | 71.4 | 71.8 | 51.7 | 66.8 | 68.8 | 62.5 | 68.4 | 40.9 | 55.8 | 57.3 | 79.3 | .. | 46.4 | 56.1 | 44.3 | 71.4 | 74.8 | 70.6 | 55.2 | 59.1 | 54.3 | 61.3 | 76.8 | 29.5 | 63.0
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 59.2 | 57.8 | 45.3 | 63.5 | 65.0 | .. | 54.4 | 54.5 | 56.1 | 54.9 | 59.6 | 57.1 | 49.2 | 57.4 | 50.2 | 60.3 | 54.9 | 76.0 | 59.9 | 50.2 | 61.9 | 33.1 | 57.3 | 65.7 | 60.5 | 36.5 | 64.7 | 39.5 | 62.0 | 55.7 | 27.4 | 56.6
2010 Q2 | 59.4 | 58.1 | 44.1 | 64.0 | 66.9 | .. | 55.0 | 56.0 | 61.5 | 54.5 | 56.1 | 55.5 | 50.6 | 57.9 | 51.7 | 63.8 | 54.7 | 75.7 | 60.7 | 50.8 | 61.5 | 32.7 | 57.8 | 64.6 | 60.7 | 38.4 | 64.6 | 39.9 | 63.4 | 55.3 | 28.0 | 58.1
2010 Q3 | 60.6 | 59.4 | 44.5 | 63.2 | 67.5 | .. | 57.3 | 56.9 | 64.2 | 54.7 | 59.5 | 54.3 | 49.5 | 58.4 | 52.3 | 64.9 | 53.6 | 69.5 | 60.6 | 49.2 | 62.6 | 29.7 | 58.1 | 64.7 | 60.7 | 54.7 | 64.1 | 36.5 | 56.2 | 57.3 | 26.7 | 57.4
2010 Q4 | 61.8 | 59.4 | 46.3 | 62.7 | 67.1 | .. | 58.3 | 55.6 | 60.1 | 53.3 | 58.7 | 53.7 | 50.0 | 57.7 | 49.4 | 58.7 | 52.9 | 78.7 | 61.1 | 49.1 | 63.6 | 30.0 | 57.9 | 64.5 | 62.3 | 46.9 | 64.0 | 39.9 | 58.0 | 55.5 | 29.3 | 57.7
2010 | 60.3 | 58.7 | 45.0 | 63.3 | 66.6 | .. | 56.2 | 55.7 | 60.6 | 54.3 | 58.5 | 55.1 | 49.8 | 57.9 | 50.9 | 61.9 | 54.0 | 75.0 | 60.5 | 49.8 | 62.4 | 31.5 | 57.8 | 64.8 | 61.0 | 43.4 | 64.3 | 38.9 | 59.8 | 55.9 | 27.8 | 57.4
2011 Q1 | 61.4 | 58.6 | 44.6 | 62.5 | 65.9 | .. | 55.3 | 57.0 | 57.0 | 51.9 | 55.6 | 51.0 | 50.4 | 58.3 | 47.4 | 57.4 | 53.5 | 81.4 | 61.4 | 50.8 | 63.6 | 31.9 | 58.2 | 65.5 | 63.0 | 47.6 | 64.7 | 45.3 | 55.7 | 56.6 | 27.3 | 56.4
2011 Q2 | 61.5 | 58.3 | 45.7 | 62.9 | 67.3 | .. | 53.7 | 58.8 | 57.7 | 53.7 | 58.0 | 57.4 | 51.3 | 58.1 | 49.0 | 55.0 | 54.8 | 76.7 | 61.7 | 50.7 | 61.1 | 34.5 | 56.5 | 66.9 | 64.6 | 52.4 | 67.5 | 43.2 | 55.3 | 57.3 | 25.1 | 56.5
2011 Q3 | 61.7 | 58.8 | 42.7 | 63.3 | 67.1 | .. | 53.2 | 59.3 | 59.6 | 52.2 | 63.5 | 57.1 | 50.1 | 58.4 | 46.2 | 52.9 | 54.3 | - | 61.0 | 48.9 | 60.3 | 42.4 | 55.9 | 67.7 | 63.2 | 50.5 | 67.5 | - | 53.3 | 58.4 | 26.7 | 56.1
2011 Q4 | 61.5 | 58.7 | 44.8 | 63.3 | 67.7 | .. | 54.4 | 58.2 | 57.5 | 49.9 | 61.7 | 57.8 | 49.0 | 57.2 | 44.6 | 56.5 | 53.8 | - | 61.3 | 48.5 | 60.6 | 42.8 | 57.6 | 67.2 | 64.6 | - | 67.3 | - | 52.8 | 58.9 | 28.7 | 57.6
2011 | 61.6 | 58.6 | 44.4 | 63.0 | 67.0 | 59.7 | 54.1 | 58.3 | 58.0 | 51.9 | 59.7 | 55.8 | 50.2 | 58.0 | 46.8 | 55.4 | 54.1 | 74.9 | 61.4 | 49.7 | 61.4 | 38.0 | 57.0 | 66.8 | 63.9 | 48.1 | 66.7 | 46.7 | 54.3 | 57.8 | 27.0 | 56.7
2012 Q1 | 61.0 | 58.4 | 43.4 | 62.7 | 68.1 | .. | 54.1 | 57.8 | 56.3 | 49.5 | 64.5 | 56.5 | 50.1 | 55.6 | 41.1 | 54.9 | 54.0 | 74.9 | .. | 49.2 | 62.5 | 40.6 | 56.3 | 66.1 | 64.2 | 50.4 | 65.2 | 56.2 | 54.6 | 58.0 | 33.1 | 56.7
2012 Q2 | 61.4 | 59.0 | 44.1 | 64.7 | 68.3 | .. | 55.1 | 60.0 | 57.5 | 50.0 | 64.1 | 60.2 | 49.8 | 56.5 | 41.5 | 60.3 | 54.6 | 76.6 | .. | 50.5 | 63.5 | 43.0 | 56.8 | 69.0 | 64.8 | 57.7 | 67.2 | 56.4 | 54.6 | 58.9 | 34.1 | 57.1
2012 Q3 | 61.8 | 58.3 | 45.2 | 65.0 | 68.2 | .. | 54.5 | 59.4 | 58.5 | 50.8 | 63.8 | 60.1 | 50.0 | 57.4 | 42.6 | 60.6 | 53.9 | 73.3 | .. | 49.9 | 63.1 | 42.4 | 58.4 | 67.4 | 64.6 | 54.8 | 65.0 | 59.0 | 57.3 | 58.9 | 31.0 | 56.7
2012 Q4 | 61.6 | 58.7 | 45.4 | 65.3 | 68.2 | .. | 54.7 | 59.9 | 55.1 | 49.3 | 65.1 | 59.4 | 48.5 | 58.6 | 40.8 | 65.5 | 53.1 | 78.6 | .. | 50.2 | 64.5 | 42.6 | 56.3 | 64.1 | 64.5 | 45.4 | 62.0 | 66.0 | 54.6 | 57.9 | 32.8 | 57.2
2012 | 61.4 | 58.6 | 44.5 | 64.4 | 68.2 | .. | 54.6 | 59.3 | 56.8 | 49.9 | 64.4 | 59.1 | 49.6 | 57.0 | 41.5 | 60.4 | 53.9 | 75.8 | .. | 50.0 | 63.4 | 42.2 | 56.9 | 66.7 | 64.5 | 51.7 | 64.8 | 59.7 | 55.2 | 58.4 | 32.7 | 56.9
2013 Q1 | 61.9 | 58.4 | 46.2 | 64.9 | 67.8 | .. | 55.3 | 59.3 | 57.6 | 48.5 | 68.9 | 56.6 | 47.9 | 58.6 | 38.7 | 62.6 | 53.2 | 78.1 | .. | 49.9 | 63.9 | 40.6 | 54.3 | 63.0 | 65.1 | 45.1 | 60.3 | 64.1 | 44.2 | 57.3 | 35.2 | 56.8
2013 Q2 | 62.1 | 58.4 | 44.3 | 65.8 | 69.2 | .. | 58.9 | 59.9 | 60.3 | 48.3 | 65.7 | 61.8 | 48.9 | 59.0 | 39.5 | 56.7 | 53.9 | 75.6 | .. | 49.2 | 63.8 | 37.3 | 55.0 | 65.7 | 65.6 | 49.3 | 60.0 | 58.8 | 51.2 | 59.5 | 35.2 | 57.4
2013 Q3 | 62.2 | 59.1 | 45.6 | 65.6 | 68.7 | .. | 58.8 | 60.5 | 60.4 | 49.0 | 64.0 | 57.0 | 48.8 | 58.6 | 40.0 | 56.3 | 54.8 | 77.6 | .. | 48.9 | 65.5 | 40.5 | 56.7 | 66.7 | 64.4 | 48.5 | 62.6 | 60.2 | 50.5 | 59.0 | 32.6 | 58.1
2013 Q4 | 61.8 | 58.2 | 44.9 | 64.6 | 68.2 | .. | 60.6 | 59.3 | 58.1 | 47.9 | 65.0 | 57.2 | 49.1 | 59.8 | 39.7 | 57.4 | 54.5 | 78.5 | .. | 49.5 | 60.6 | 38.0 | 55.7 | 66.0 | 65.3 | 48.2 | 62.2 | 59.3 | 49.5 | 58.3 | 29.3 | 57.2
2013 | 62.0 | 58.5 | 45.3 | 65.2 | 68.5 | 66.7 | 58.4 | 59.8 | 59.1 | 48.4 | 65.9 | 58.2 | 48.7 | 59.0 | 39.5 | 58.3 | 54.1 | 77.5 | .. | 49.4 | 63.4 | 39.0 | 55.4 | 65.4 | 65.1 | 47.7 | 61.3 | 60.5 | 48.9 | 58.5 | 33.0 | 57.4
2014 Q1 | 61.3 | 58.5 | 45.2 | 64.3 | 67.6 | .. | 59.5 | 59.1 | 54.7 | 47.5 | 58.4 | 54.7 | 49.5 | 59.3 | 39.4 | 58.2 | 53.8 | 77.0 | .. | 49.6 | 66.3 | 38.8 | 55.3 | 64.0 | 65.8 | 60.8 | 64.1 | 50.1 | 48.2 | 57.1 | 47.6 | 57.2
2014 Q2 | 61.8 | 60.9 | 47.7 | 65.0 | 70.4 | .. | 61.9 | 60.1 | 58.1 | 49.1 | 58.4 | 55.6 | 50.9 | 60.6 | 42.8 | 56.7 | 54.0 | - | .. | 50.4 | 65.8 | 39.3 | 55.5 | 65.7 | 64.3 | 63.3 | 64.3 | - | 51.1 | 58.9 | 43.9 | 57.5
2014 Q3 | 61.9 | 59.4 | 45.3 | 63.9 | 68.5 | .. | 57.5 | 61.6 | 59.2 | 49.4 | 67.4 | 56.1 | 51.6 | 61.2 | 44.2 | 60.1 | 54.5 | 79.9 | .. | 50.0 | 61.4 | 42.2 | 54.1 | 63.1 | 64.7 | 45.1 | 63.9 | 57.7 | 50.8 | 61.1 | 29.7 | 57.5
2014 Q4 | 62.0 | 58.3 | 44.4 | 64.9 | 69.3 | .. | 59.2 | 59.6 | 57.3 | 50.3 | 67.1 | 54.3 | 50.3 | 61.3 | 43.7 | 63.4 | 54.7 | - | .. | 48.7 | 66.6 | 39.3 | 55.1 | 65.7 | 66.5 | - | 65.0 | - | 46.4 | 59.9 | - | 57.9
2014 | 61.7 | 59.3 | 45.6 | 64.5 | 69.0 | .. | 59.5 | 60.1 | 57.4 | 49.1 | 62.5 | 55.2 | 50.6 | 60.6 | 42.5 | 59.5 | 54.3 | 79.9 | .. | 49.7 | 65.0 | 39.9 | 55.0 | 64.6 | 65.3 | 54.2 | 64.3 | 54.7 | 49.1 | 59.3 | 37.2 | 57.5
Notes: Data refer to the working-age population (15-64). Data are not adjusted for seasonal variations. Comparisons should therefore be made for the same quarters of each year, and not for successive quarters within a given year.

Sources: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand: Labour Force surveys; Chile: Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN) ; Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE); United States: Current Population Surveys.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261118

Table 2.A1.2. Quarterly unemployment rates by place of birth and gender in OECD countries, 2010-14
Percentage of the active population aged 15-64
Men + Women
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 7.1 | 8.4 | 3.5 | .. | 8.1 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 17.9 | 19.8 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 7.9 | 11.6 | 12.0 | 12.8 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 2.6 | 5.5 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 15.2 | 7.0 | 8.3 | 13.2 | 10.5
2010 Q2 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 3.1 | .. | 7.2 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 18.1 | 18.0 | 9.3 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 13.6 | 8.6 | 6.4 | 8.0 | - | 5.3 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 9.6 | 10.9 | 14.4 | 7.0 | 8.3 | 10.0 | 9.9
2010 Q3 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 3.7 | .. | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 17.8 | 14.0 | 6.9 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 12.4 | 11.0 | 13.6 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 6.3 | 9.2 | 11.2 | 14.2 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 10.3 | 9.8
2010 Q4 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 3.1 | .. | 7.0 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 18.3 | 13.3 | 7.2 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 14.2 | 11.0 | 13.7 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 8.3 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 6.7 | 9.4 | 11.2 | 13.9 | 7.7 | 6.1 | 9.9 | 9.2
2010 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 3.3 | .. | 7.4 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 18.0 | 16.3 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 12.4 | 11.3 | 13.4 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 11.0 | 14.4 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 10.8 | 9.9
2011 Q1 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 3.2 | .. | 7.2 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 19.1 | 14.0 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 15.7 | 11.9 | 13.8 | 7.3 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 3.5 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 7.1 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 14.0 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 10.5 | 9.6
2011 Q2 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 2.6 | .. | 6.8 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 18.7 | 12.6 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 16.4 | 11.0 | 14.3 | 8.2 | 5.5 | 7.4 | 2.8 | 5.4 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 6.7 | 9.6 | 12.3 | 13.3 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 9.2
2011 Q3 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 3.4 | .. | 6.5 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 19.3 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 17.7 | 10.8 | 14.9 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 7.4 | - | 5.7 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 6.4 | 9.4 | 12.7 | 13.2 | 7.7 | 5.5 | 8.4 | 9.4
2011 Q4 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 3.0 | .. | 6.5 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 20.4 | 11.0 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 20.6 | 10.8 | 14.2 | 5.5 | 5.9 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 6.4 | 9.8 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 8.2 | 8.5
2011 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 3.0 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 5.3 | 6.9 | 19.4 | 12.0 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 17.6 | 11.1 | 14.3 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 3.4 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 6.7 | 9.8 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 8.9 | 9.2
2012 Q1 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 5.4 | 7.6 | 3.1 | .. | 7.1 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 21.9 | 11.5 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 8.0 | 22.1 | 12.0 | 14.6 | 6.6 | .. | 10.4 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 7.2 | 10.7 | 15.2 | 14.1 | 8.5 | 6.7 | 9.5 | 8.8
2012 Q2 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 2.7 | .. | 6.7 | 4.9 | 7.1 | 22.4 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 23.0 | 11.1 | 14.7 | 6.8 | .. | 10.2 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 6.8 | 10.0 | 15.3 | 13.7 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 8.3
2012 Q3 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 3.6 | .. | 7.0 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 23.2 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 24.2 | 10.6 | 14.8 | 4.5 | .. | 9.6 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 2.7 | 7.3 | 10.0 | 16.2 | 13.7 | 9.1 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 8.4
2012 Q4 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 3.2 | .. | 7.2 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 23.9 | 8.9 | 6.8 | 9.7 | 7.5 | 25.2 | 10.8 | 13.4 | 4.8 | .. | 11.2 | 3.6 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 7.0 | 10.2 | 17.3 | 14.5 | 9.5 | 6.0 | 8.4 | 7.7
2012 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 3.1 | .. | 7.0 | 4.9 | 6.8 | 22.9 | 9.9 | 7.5 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 23.6 | 11.1 | 14.4 | 5.7 | .. | 10.4 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 2.7 | 7.1 | 10.2 | 16.0 | 14.0 | 8.8 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 8.3
2013 Q1 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 3.1 | .. | 7.5 | 5.3 | 7.2 | 24.9 | 10.1 | 8.6 | 9.5 | 7.7 | 26.4 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 5.7 | .. | 12.2 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 11.4 | 17.9 | 14.6 | 10.5 | 7.1 | 9.6 | 8.3
2013 Q2 | 5.6 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 2.9 | .. | 6.8 | 4.7 | 6.2 | 24.4 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 26.3 | 10.3 | 13.5 | 6.5 | .. | 11.4 | 3.5 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 3.0 | 6.8 | 10.6 | 16.6 | 14.1 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 7.8
2013 Q3 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 3.5 | .. | 7.0 | 4.7 | 6.6 | 23.8 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 26.3 | 9.9 | 12.7 | 3.9 | .. | 10.8 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 2.8 | 6.4 | 9.9 | 15.8 | 14.1 | 9.2 | 5.7 | 8.9 | 7.7
2013 Q4 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 2.9 | .. | 6.8 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 24.0 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 7.0 | 27.0 | 9.2 | 11.4 | 4.3 | .. | 12.2 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 2.6 | 6.3 | 9.9 | 15.6 | 14.3 | 9.3 | 5.7 | 9.0 | 6.9
2013 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 3.1 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 24.3 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 26.5 | 10.2 | 12.7 | 5.1 | .. | 11.7 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 10.4 | 16.5 | 14.3 | 9.7 | 6.5 | 8.9 | 7.7
2014 Q1 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 3.3 | .. | 6.9 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 24.0 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 6.6 | 26.9 | 8.3 | 11.6 | 5.2 | .. | 13.0 | - | 5.0 | 6.6 | 2.9 | 6.2 | 10.7 | 15.5 | 14.2 | 10.5 | 6.9 | 10.3 | 7.2
2014 Q2 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 3.2 | .. | 6.1 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 22.9 | 6.7 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 6.1 | 25.8 | 8.2 | 11.5 | 6.0 | .. | 11.9 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 9.2 | 14.3 | 13.2 | 9.3 | 6.9 | 8.9 | 6.4
2014 Q3 | 6.2 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 4.0 | .. | 5.9 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 22.2 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 24.9 | 7.5 | 11.1 | 3.8 | .. | 11.5 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 3.0 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 13.4 | 13.0 | 9.2 | 5.5 | 10.2 | 6.6
2014 Q4 | 6.1 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 2.9 | .. | 5.8 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 22.2 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 9.7 | 5.5 | 25.4 | 7.2 | 9.8 | 4.0 | .. | 12.9 | - | 4.5 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 6.2 | 8.2 | 13.7 | 12.7 | 9.3 | 5.7 | 10.8 | 5.7
2014 | 6.2 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 3.3 | .. | 6.2 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 22.8 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 6.1 | 25.8 | 7.8 | 11.0 | 4.7 | .. | 12.3 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 2.9 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 14.2 | 13.3 | 9.6 | 6.2 | 10.0 | 6.5
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 6.2 | 10.1 | 18.0 | 10.2 | 9.8 | .. | 8.3 | 13.1 | 14.1 | 29.3 | 22.9 | 16.8 | 15.5 | 9.1 | 15.9 | 10.0 | 15.4 | - | 6.5 | 12.5 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 13.5 | 14.5 | - | 9.7 | 16.3 | 15.1 | 11.4
2010 Q2 | 5.7 | 9.3 | 16.9 | 10.2 | 7.4 | .. | 7.5 | 11.6 | 14.9 | 28.7 | 25.5 | 18.7 | 13.9 | 9.2 | 15.9 | 7.7 | 16.3 | - | 5.2 | 11.4 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 13.5 | 14.1 | - | 9.6 | 17.4 | 13.3 | 8.7
2010 Q3 | 5.2 | 8.2 | 17.9 | 10.5 | 7.4 | .. | - | 10.7 | 13.9 | 28.0 | 25.5 | 17.8 | 14.2 | 8.9 | 15.6 | - | 17.5 | - | 6.4 | 9.7 | - | 6.4 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 6.9 | - | 14.7 | - | - | 15.9 | 10.8 | 9.2
2010 Q4 | 5.1 | 8.1 | 15.5 | 8.9 | 7.1 | .. | 6.3 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 29.0 | 17.0 | 15.5 | 15.0 | 8.5 | 18.1 | 6.8 | 18.4 | - | 6.4 | 12.1 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 10.7 | 16.9 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 16.1 | 11.8 | 9.9
2010 | 5.6 | 8.9 | 17.1 | 10.0 | 7.9 | .. | 7.2 | 11.6 | 13.8 | 28.8 | 22.7 | 17.2 | 14.6 | 8.9 | 16.3 | 8.0 | 16.9 | 13.4 | 6.1 | 11.4 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 7.4 | 11.6 | 15.1 | 11.8 | 9.6 | 16.4 | 12.8 | 9.8
2011 Q1 | 5.5 | 10.4 | 14.6 | 9.3 | 7.7 | .. | 7.3 | 10.2 | 15.7 | 30.7 | 19.2 | 17.1 | 15.6 | 8.8 | 21.5 | 9.6 | 17.7 | 13.2 | 5.5 | 11.5 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 18.9 | 12.0 | 13.2 | 17.0 | 13.2 | 10.1
2011 Q2 | 5.3 | 8.3 | 15.5 | 8.7 | 6.1 | .. | 8.2 | 9.2 | 14.4 | 30.1 | 19.3 | 14.1 | 14.3 | 9.0 | 19.6 | 10.1 | 17.2 | - | 4.8 | 10.8 | 7.6 | 6.1 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 9.4 | 16.7 | - | 10.9 | 17.3 | 11.4 | 8.7
2011 Q3 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 15.6 | 9.1 | 6.5 | .. | 8.8 | 8.9 | 14.1 | 31.0 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 14.5 | 9.8 | 22.0 | 9.6 | 17.2 | - | 5.0 | 10.0 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 9.0 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 14.8 | 16.0 | - | 10.3 | 15.5 | 9.8 | 9.0
2011 Q4 | 4.9 | 9.4 | 14.8 | 8.7 | 6.9 | .. | 7.8 | 8.7 | 13.8 | 33.1 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 15.7 | 10.0 | 26.5 | 9.3 | 17.2 | 11.5 | 4.9 | 13.9 | 5.4 | 7.4 | 9.1 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 15.2 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 11.2 | 15.3 | 9.7 | 8.7
2011 | 5.2 | 8.9 | 15.1 | 8.9 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 9.2 | 14.5 | 31.2 | 16.8 | 15.2 | 15.0 | 9.4 | 22.3 | 9.6 | 17.3 | 11.1 | 5.0 | 11.6 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 11.9 | 16.9 | 15.6 | 11.5 | 16.3 | 11.1 | 9.1
2012 Q1 | 5.5 | 9.1 | 17.0 | 8.8 | 7.5 | .. | 9.3 | 9.4 | 16.0 | 35.2 | 13.0 | 15.2 | 16.4 | 10.2 | 31.3 | 11.8 | 18.1 | - | .. | 15.0 | 7.1 | 9.0 | 10.4 | 7.8 | 8.0 | - | 18.6 | - | 10.6 | 16.3 | 12.6 | 9.2
2012 Q2 | 5.3 | 8.7 | 15.5 | 8.6 | 6.5 | .. | 8.9 | 8.3 | 14.9 | 34.4 | 13.4 | 14.4 | 15.4 | 8.8 | 33.2 | 11.1 | 17.3 | - | .. | 13.3 | 4.8 | 8.8 | 10.6 | 6.7 | 7.1 | - | 18.3 | - | 10.2 | 16.1 | 13.3 | 7.7
2012 Q3 | 5.3 | 8.7 | 16.6 | 8.6 | 6.5 | .. | 8.6 | 8.2 | 14.5 | 33.2 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 14.8 | 9.2 | 33.4 | 9.0 | 17.3 | 9.1 | .. | 11.9 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 10.0 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 6.5 | 19.1 | 13.8 | 11.4 | 15.7 | 9.4 | 7.8
2012 Q4 | 5.6 | 9.3 | 18.3 | 7.8 | 7.6 | .. | - | 8.2 | 13.4 | 35.2 | - | - | 16.2 | 9.2 | 37.4 | - | 16.4 | - | .. | 15.1 | - | 4.9 | 11.1 | - | 7.4 | - | 21.5 | - | - | 16.2 | 11.6 | 7.9
2012 | 5.4 | 8.9 | 16.9 | 8.5 | 7.0 | .. | 8.9 | 8.5 | 14.7 | 34.5 | 12.9 | 14.2 | 15.7 | 9.3 | 33.8 | 9.5 | 17.3 | 9.5 | .. | 13.8 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 10.5 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 19.4 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 16.1 | 11.6 | 8.1
2013 Q1 | 6.2 | 11.5 | 18.1 | 8.5 | 8.5 | .. | 9.0 | 8.9 | 13.5 | 37.3 | 11.0 | 15.4 | 17.3 | 9.6 | 40.1 | 10.1 | 17.0 | 7.9 | .. | 17.6 | 6.9 | 5.8 | 12.4 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 10.9 | 23.0 | 9.4 | 19.1 | 16.9 | 10.6 | 8.1
2013 Q2 | 5.9 | 9.3 | 16.6 | 7.8 | 7.4 | .. | 8.1 | 8.3 | 12.2 | 35.2 | 10.4 | 14.6 | 15.7 | 8.8 | 38.2 | 8.4 | 16.4 | - | .. | 17.3 | 8.5 | 5.6 | 12.5 | 7.8 | 5.9 | 10.7 | 23.0 | - | 15.7 | 16.5 | 11.1 | 6.6
2013 Q3 | 5.8 | 9.0 | 17.1 | 8.1 | 7.8 | .. | - | 7.7 | 11.7 | 35.5 | - | - | 14.9 | 9.2 | 37.0 | - | 15.4 | - | .. | 15.2 | - | 7.1 | 12.8 | 7.7 | 6.6 | - | 21.1 | - | - | 16.0 | 10.3 | 6.7
2013 Q4 | 5.7 | 9.9 | 17.2 | 8.0 | 7.3 | .. | - | 7.7 | 12.3 | 35.0 | - | 14.3 | 16.5 | 7.9 | 36.6 | - | 14.3 | - | .. | 16.7 | - | 8.8 | 13.3 | 7.1 | 6.1 | - | 20.0 | - | - | 16.3 | 10.7 | 6.5
2013 | 5.9 | 9.9 | 17.2 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 3.9 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 12.4 | 35.8 | 11.0 | 14.8 | 16.1 | 8.9 | 38.0 | 9.9 | 15.7 | 8.6 | .. | 16.7 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 12.7 | 7.8 | 6.2 | 12.2 | 21.8 | 10.7 | 15.3 | 16.4 | 10.7 | 7.0
2014 Q1 | 6.6 | 11.3 | 16.2 | 8.3 | 8.7 | .. | 7.1 | 8.5 | 14.8 | 36.3 | 11.9 | 16.0 | 17.4 | 7.9 | 37.6 | 8.5 | 15.0 | 12.2 | .. | 18.1 | 9.0 | 6.2 | 14.1 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 12.0 | 17.9 | 10.8 | 14.9 | 17.3 | 7.8 | 6.9
2014 Q2 | 6.0 | 9.2 | 17.1 | 8.0 | 7.5 | .. | 6.4 | 7.8 | 11.6 | 33.1 | - | 18.1 | 15.9 | 7.2 | 34.7 | - | 14.3 | - | .. | 15.6 | - | 7.4 | 12.3 | 7.2 | 6.1 | - | 16.7 | - | 11.4 | 17.7 | 12.4 | 5.6
2014 Q3 | 5.9 | 9.8 | 18.7 | 8.4 | 7.3 | .. | 6.9 | 7.5 | 11.7 | 31.7 | 8.8 | 15.7 | 14.5 | 6.9 | 32.4 | 6.3 | 13.3 | - | .. | 14.8 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 10.6 | 7.9 | 6.2 | 14.4 | 16.7 | - | 12.1 | 15.5 | 13.6 | 5.2
2014 Q4 | 5.9 | 10.3 | 18.4 | 6.8 | 7.1 | .. | 7.7 | 7.8 | 11.2 | 32.1 | 5.5 | 17.3 | 16.3 | 6.4 | 33.4 | 3.9 | 11.4 | - | .. | 17.2 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 12.0 | 8.2 | 5.3 | 10.9 | 16.4 | - | 13.6 | 15.1 | 13.1 | 5.3
2014 | 6.1 | 10.1 | 17.6 | 7.9 | 7.7 | .. | 7.0 | 7.9 | 12.3 | 33.3 | 9.3 | 16.8 | 16.1 | 7.1 | 34.5 | 6.0 | 13.5 | 7.7 | .. | 16.4 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 12.2 | 7.9 | 6.3 | 12.1 | 16.9 | 7.4 | 13.0 | 16.4 | 12.0 | 5.8
Men
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 6.0 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 10.3 | 3.2 | .. | 7.6 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 17.3 | 25.5 | 10.4 | 9.0 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 12.8 | 16.4 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 7.8 | - | 5.5 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 6.2 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 15.1 | 7.2 | 8.7 | 13.2 | 12.4
2010 Q2 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 2.9 | .. | 6.3 | 6.7 | 8.2 | 17.2 | 22.4 | 10.0 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 12.0 | 17.1 | 9.1 | 6.5 | 7.4 | - | 5.4 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 14.2 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 9.7 | 11.0
2010 Q3 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 3.3 | .. | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 17.1 | 14.5 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 16.8 | - | 7.3 | 6.7 | - | 5.7 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 5.6 | 8.8 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 9.8 | 10.3
2010 Q4 | 4.8 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 2.9 | .. | 6.0 | 6.0 | 7.2 | 17.7 | 14.3 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 17.2 | 7.8 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 6.5 | 9.0 | 10.3 | 13.9 | 7.9 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 10.1
2010 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 3.1 | .. | 6.5 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 17.3 | 19.1 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 11.8 | 16.9 | 7.9 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 2.5 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 6.1 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 14.3 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 10.5 | 10.9
2011 Q1 | 5.4 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 9.2 | 3.0 | .. | 6.5 | 6.5 | 7.9 | 18.4 | 15.6 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 17.4 | 9.3 | 6.3 | 7.7 | - | 5.5 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 6.5 | 10.1 | 11.9 | 14.1 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 10.2 | 10.9
2011 Q2 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 8.0 | 2.6 | .. | 5.9 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 18.3 | 13.6 | 9.3 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 13.4 | 10.9 | 17.8 | 9.5 | 5.6 | 6.9 | - | 5.4 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 6.5 | 9.1 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 9.8
2011 Q3 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 2.9 | .. | 5.6 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 18.6 | 10.3 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 14.7 | 10.7 | 18.1 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 6.6 | - | 5.5 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 8.1 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 9.5
2011 Q4 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 7.2 | 2.7 | .. | 5.5 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 19.9 | 12.3 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 17.4 | 10.8 | 17.8 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 8.4 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 14.4 | 13.9 | 8.4 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 9.0
2011 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 2.8 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 7.2 | 18.8 | 13.0 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 14.6 | 11.2 | 17.8 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 7.4 | 3.0 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 6.4 | 9.1 | 12.7 | 13.7 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 9.8
2012 Q1 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 8.9 | 3.0 | .. | 6.3 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 21.4 | 12.7 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 18.9 | 12.4 | 18.0 | 7.4 | .. | 9.8 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 6.7 | 10.3 | 15.1 | 13.9 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 9.5
2012 Q2 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 7.6 | 2.5 | .. | 5.8 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 22.2 | 11.3 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 19.7 | 11.6 | 18.4 | - | .. | 9.6 | - | 4.9 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 6.3 | 9.3 | 15.5 | 13.4 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 8.7
2012 Q3 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 3.7 | .. | 5.9 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 22.5 | 9.3 | 7.1 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 20.6 | 10.9 | 18.1 | 4.7 | .. | 8.8 | 3.6 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 9.1 | 16.8 | 13.0 | 8.5 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 8.4
2012 Q4 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 3.2 | .. | 6.2 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 23.3 | 9.3 | 7.4 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 21.9 | 11.0 | 16.8 | - | .. | 10.5 | - | 5.0 | 5.0 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 9.5 | 17.3 | 14.0 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 7.7 | 8.0
2012 | 5.4 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 7.6 | 3.1 | .. | 6.0 | 5.1 | 7.1 | 22.3 | 10.6 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 20.3 | 11.5 | 17.8 | 6.1 | .. | 9.7 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 6.7 | 9.6 | 16.2 | 13.6 | 8.6 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 8.6
2013 Q1 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 6.5 | 8.4 | 3.1 | .. | 6.6 | 5.7 | 7.3 | 24.3 | 10.8 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 8.4 | 23.2 | 12.5 | 15.7 | 5.8 | .. | 11.4 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 10.9 | 18.3 | 14.2 | 10.4 | 7.3 | 9.0 | 9.0
2013 Q2 | 5.6 | 4.3 | 6.4 | 7.8 | 2.9 | .. | 5.7 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 23.7 | 8.4 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 22.9 | 10.3 | 16.1 | 7.4 | .. | 10.9 | 3.2 | 5.2 | 6.4 | 3.5 | 6.1 | 10.0 | 16.7 | 13.8 | 9.9 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 8.3
2013 Q3 | 5.8 | 4.5 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 3.5 | .. | 5.8 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 22.9 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 23.0 | 9.7 | 15.0 | 4.0 | .. | 10.4 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 2.7 | 5.9 | 9.2 | 15.5 | 13.7 | 8.5 | 5.6 | 7.9 | 8.0
2013 Q4 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 3.2 | .. | 5.6 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 23.2 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 23.7 | 9.0 | 13.3 | 4.1 | .. | 11.7 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 6.3 | 2.8 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 15.2 | 14.5 | 8.9 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 7.4
2013 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 6.8 | 7.5 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 6.4 | 23.5 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 8.2 | 23.2 | 10.4 | 15.0 | 5.4 | .. | 11.1 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 9.8 | 16.4 | 14.0 | 9.4 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 8.2
2014 Q1 | 6.3 | 4.8 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 3.4 | .. | 5.9 | 5.4 | 6.5 | 23.2 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 7.3 | 23.9 | 8.2 | 13.8 | 6.0 | .. | 12.5 | - | 4.9 | 6.8 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 10.4 | 15.6 | 14.3 | 10.2 | 7.3 | 9.7 | 8.1
2014 Q2 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 3.3 | .. | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 22.0 | 7.8 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 6.6 | 22.5 | 8.1 | 13.8 | - | .. | 11.1 | - | 5.1 | 6.4 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 8.8 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 8.6 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 6.6
2014 Q3 | 6.6 | 4.7 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 3.8 | .. | 4.8 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 20.9 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 21.8 | 7.2 | 12.6 | - | .. | 10.8 | - | 5.4 | 6.0 | 3.1 | 4.8 | 7.6 | 12.7 | 12.4 | 8.1 | 5.8 | 9.1 | 6.5
2014 Q4 | 6.3 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 2.9 | .. | 4.9 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 21.1 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 10.1 | 6.0 | 22.3 | 7.2 | 11.8 | 4.4 | .. | 12.0 | - | 4.4 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 13.4 | 12.0 | 8.8 | 6.1 | 9.8 | 5.9
2014 | 6.3 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 3.4 | .. | 5.2 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 21.8 | 7.9 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 6.6 | 22.6 | 7.7 | 13.0 | 5.0 | .. | 11.6 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 8.6 | 13.9 | 12.9 | 8.9 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 6.8
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 5.7 | 11.5 | 18.6 | 10.7 | 9.8 | .. | - | 14.4 | 15.1 | 32.3 | 26.8 | 17.3 | 14.6 | 9.4 | 14.2 | - | 19.1 | - | 7.7 | 11.2 | - | 6.5 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 6.8 | - | 13.0 | - | - | 16.4 | 14.6 | 12.1
2010 Q2 | 5.2 | 10.0 | 17.1 | 10.5 | 6.3 | .. | - | 12.1 | 18.1 | 31.1 | - | - | 13.1 | 9.4 | 15.2 | - | 18.9 | - | 5.9 | 10.0 | - | 5.3 | 9.3 | - | 8.5 | - | 11.0 | - | - | 16.7 | 14.2 | 8.8
2010 Q3 | 5.0 | 8.6 | 16.9 | 10.1 | 6.3 | .. | - | 11.3 | 15.9 | 29.5 | 27.0 | 19.8 | 12.9 | 8.7 | 15.1 | - | 20.4 | - | 7.2 | 8.0 | - | 7.2 | 8.0 | 9.7 | 6.5 | - | 12.0 | - | - | 15.7 | 9.5 | 9.0
2010 Q4 | 4.5 | 8.0 | 15.0 | 8.7 | 6.4 | .. | - | 11.7 | 12.7 | 30.6 | 15.5 | 16.7 | 13.6 | 7.9 | 16.8 | - | 21.2 | - | 6.7 | 11.0 | - | 7.7 | 8.3 | 9.6 | 6.8 | - | 14.7 | - | 9.7 | 15.7 | 11.1 | 10.0
2010 | 5.1 | 9.5 | 16.9 | 10.0 | 7.2 | .. | 5.6 | 12.4 | 15.5 | 30.8 | 23.7 | 18.4 | 13.6 | 8.9 | 15.3 | 7.7 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 6.9 | 10.0 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 9.8 | 7.2 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 16.1 | 12.4 | 10.0
2011 Q1 | 4.7 | 11.3 | 16.0 | 9.1 | 7.3 | .. | - | 10.7 | 16.3 | 31.7 | 15.9 | 17.2 | 14.2 | 8.6 | 19.9 | 11.1 | 20.8 | - | 6.2 | 10.2 | - | 5.3 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 7.1 | - | 20.0 | - | 13.0 | 17.3 | 12.6 | 10.4
2011 Q2 | 4.6 | 8.9 | 16.0 | 8.2 | 5.9 | .. | 6.5 | 9.5 | 12.9 | 31.6 | 18.6 | 15.7 | 13.8 | 9.0 | 19.5 | - | 19.8 | - | 5.1 | 8.2 | - | 4.5 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 6.2 | - | 17.2 | - | - | 17.3 | 10.1 | 8.4
2011 Q3 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 15.0 | 8.3 | 5.4 | .. | 7.4 | 9.0 | 13.1 | 32.8 | 14.0 | 16.4 | 13.6 | 9.4 | 21.5 | 8.6 | 19.3 | - | 5.8 | 8.3 | - | 4.0 | 9.4 | 6.8 | 6.4 | - | 17.9 | - | 8.2 | 15.6 | 9.0 | 8.2
2011 Q4 | 4.6 | 8.8 | 14.9 | 8.0 | 6.2 | .. | 6.2 | 8.7 | 13.2 | 34.4 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 9.5 | 26.1 | - | 19.3 | - | 5.1 | 11.7 | - | 6.7 | 9.5 | 7.8 | 7.7 | - | 16.8 | - | 8.2 | 16.2 | 9.2 | 8.4
2011 | 4.6 | 8.9 | 15.5 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 6.2 | 9.5 | 13.8 | 32.6 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 14.1 | 9.1 | 21.7 | 8.8 | 19.8 | 11.7 | 5.6 | 9.6 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 9.7 | 8.3 | 6.8 | 9.7 | 18.0 | 11.4 | 9.7 | 16.6 | 10.3 | 8.9
2012 Q1 | 4.8 | 9.0 | 17.8 | 8.7 | 7.3 | .. | 8.1 | 9.7 | 15.0 | 37.0 | 15.3 | 14.8 | 16.8 | 9.4 | 30.7 | 10.6 | 21.0 | 10.3 | .. | 13.1 | 6.6 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 7.2 | 4.9 | 19.2 | - | 8.4 | 17.5 | 13.5 | 9.0
2012 Q2 | 4.7 | 9.7 | 15.1 | 8.6 | 5.7 | .. | - | 8.5 | - | 36.3 | - | - | 14.7 | 7.6 | 34.3 | - | 19.5 | - | .. | 12.0 | - | 9.6 | 10.7 | - | 6.6 | - | 20.3 | - | - | 16.4 | - | 7.1
2012 Q3 | 4.8 | 9.0 | 17.7 | 8.4 | 5.4 | .. | 6.2 | 8.3 | 13.8 | 35.7 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 14.3 | 7.9 | 34.5 | 9.4 | 18.9 | - | .. | 10.3 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 10.2 | 5.6 | 8.2 | - | 19.2 | - | 9.4 | 16.6 | 6.7 | 6.9
2012 Q4 | 5.3 | 10.6 | 19.6 | 7.5 | 6.7 | .. | - | 8.3 | 11.2 | 36.9 | - | 15.9 | 15.8 | 8.4 | 39.2 | - | 18.2 | - | .. | 14.0 | - | 4.0 | 11.1 | 6.2 | 6.5 | - | 21.9 | - | - | 17.2 | 11.4 | 7.0
2012 | 4.9 | 9.6 | 17.6 | 8.3 | 6.3 | .. | 7.3 | 8.7 | 13.5 | 36.5 | 14.9 | 14.5 | 15.4 | 8.3 | 34.6 | 9.8 | 19.4 | 9.1 | .. | 12.4 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 10.5 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 20.1 | 14.1 | 8.3 | 16.9 | 11.0 | 7.5
2013 Q1 | 6.1 | 12.9 | 20.1 | 8.7 | 8.1 | .. | 8.5 | 9.5 | 12.6 | 39.6 | 12.9 | 14.7 | 17.4 | 9.1 | 40.8 | 9.7 | 18.6 | - | .. | 17.1 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 12.1 | 7.8 | 5.1 | - | 23.6 | - | 14.5 | 17.6 | 12.3 | 7.6
2013 Q2 | 5.8 | 9.8 | 17.9 | 7.4 | 7.2 | .. | 7.0 | 8.3 | 11.0 | 35.9 | 7.2 | 15.7 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 37.8 | 4.4 | 17.2 | - | .. | 16.8 | 7.9 | 5.3 | 13.1 | 7.9 | 5.3 | - | 22.7 | 13.9 | 11.8 | 17.3 | 9.9 | 6.2
2013 Q3 | 5.7 | 9.0 | 17.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | .. | 6.8 | 7.8 | 12.0 | 38.1 | 9.1 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 8.1 | 35.1 | 8.7 | 16.1 | - | .. | 14.8 | 5.7 | 7.1 | 14.2 | 7.0 | 6.1 | - | 22.8 | - | 7.7 | 16.2 | 8.8 | 6.1
2013 Q4 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 17.1 | 8.0 | 6.0 | .. | 7.1 | 7.8 | 9.8 | 35.8 | 15.6 | 13.0 | 16.0 | 6.8 | 35.2 | 6.3 | 15.2 | - | .. | 15.0 | 6.3 | 9.3 | 13.7 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 7.9 | 20.8 | - | 10.1 | 16.8 | 9.9 | 6.1
2013 | 5.8 | 10.4 | 18.2 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 4.1 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 11.4 | 37.4 | 11.2 | 14.5 | 15.9 | 8.1 | 37.3 | 7.4 | 16.7 | 9.1 | .. | 15.9 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 13.2 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 22.5 | 11.8 | 11.0 | 17.0 | 10.2 | 6.5
2014 Q1 | 6.4 | 12.4 | 17.1 | 8.1 | 8.3 | .. | 5.8 | 9.1 | 13.3 | 37.5 | 13.1 | 16.3 | 18.4 | 6.6 | 36.2 | - | 15.8 | - | .. | 17.8 | 12.1 | 6.6 | 15.0 | 7.8 | 6.6 | - | 18.5 | - | 10.6 | 17.6 | - | 6.3
2014 Q2 | 5.4 | 10.1 | 19.3 | 7.7 | 7.0 | .. | 5.3 | 8.2 | 9.8 | 33.7 | 7.9 | 18.0 | 16.3 | 6.3 | 34.2 | 3.6 | 14.7 | - | .. | 15.5 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 12.3 | 7.4 | 4.4 | 11.8 | 17.5 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 18.2 | 12.2 | 5.2
2014 Q3 | 5.2 | 10.5 | 19.7 | 7.6 | 7.0 | .. | 5.2 | 7.8 | 10.7 | 32.2 | 10.3 | 15.4 | 14.8 | 6.2 | 31.7 | 4.1 | 14.2 | - | .. | 13.9 | 4.7 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 12.2 | 15.8 | - | 13.0 | 15.8 | 10.0 | 4.3
2014 Q4 | 5.5 | 10.2 | 18.6 | 6.4 | 6.2 | .. | 6.5 | 8.1 | 9.7 | 32.8 | - | 16.2 | 15.9 | 5.4 | 33.0 | - | 11.9 | - | .. | 15.3 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 9.5 | 4.3 | 8.6 | 17.3 | - | 11.8 | 15.0 | 10.9 | 4.8
2014 | 5.6 | 10.8 | 18.7 | 7.4 | 7.1 | .. | 5.7 | 8.3 | 10.8 | 34.0 | 8.8 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 6.1 | 33.8 | 4.0 | 14.2 | 7.4 | .. | 15.6 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 12.3 | 7.6 | 5.2 | 9.8 | 17.2 | 6.0 | 11.1 | 16.6 | 10.5 | 5.1
Women
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 3.7 | .. | 8.9 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 18.6 | 13.8 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 6.4 | 15.5 | 11.0 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 7.1 | 10.0 | - | 5.4 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 6.9 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 15.4 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 13.1 | 8.3
2010 Q2 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 3.4 | .. | 8.3 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 19.1 | 13.4 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 15.4 | 10.6 | 9.3 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 6.7 | 9.9 | 11.6 | 14.7 | 6.5 | 7.9 | 10.6 | 8.8
2010 Q3 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 4.1 | .. | 8.6 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 18.8 | 13.5 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 16.4 | 10.9 | 9.7 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 3.8 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 7.1 | 9.8 | 12.5 | 14.3 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 11.6 | 9.3
2010 Q4 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 6.0 | 3.3 | .. | 8.2 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 19.1 | 12.2 | 6.5 | 9.4 | 6.8 | 18.0 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 9.5 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 12.1 | 14.0 | 7.5 | 5.9 | 11.0 | 8.3
2010 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 3.6 | .. | 8.5 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 18.9 | 13.2 | 7.4 | 8.9 | 6.7 | 16.3 | 10.8 | 9.2 | 6.4 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 3.6 | 5.4 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 6.9 | 10.1 | 12.0 | 14.6 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 11.6 | 8.7
2011 Q1 | 5.8 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 3.5 | .. | 8.2 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 19.9 | 12.1 | 7.6 | 9.1 | 6.8 | 19.4 | 11.4 | 9.4 | - | 5.4 | 9.1 | - | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 7.7 | 10.3 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 11.2 | 8.2
2011 Q2 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 5.4 | 6.4 | 2.7 | .. | 7.9 | 4.9 | 5.9 | 19.2 | 11.5 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 7.0 | 20.4 | 11.1 | 9.9 | 6.7 | 5.4 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 10.2 | 12.5 | 12.8 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 9.7 | 8.5
2011 Q3 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 3.8 | .. | 7.8 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 20.2 | 10.6 | 6.1 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 21.7 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 8.5 | - | 6.0 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 6.6 | 10.7 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 10.5 | 9.2
2011 Q4 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 3.3 | .. | 7.6 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 21.0 | 9.5 | 5.6 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 24.6 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 5.1 | 6.4 | 10.0 | 4.3 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 2.1 | 6.6 | 10.9 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 9.6 | 7.9
2011 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 3.3 | 10.0 | 7.9 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 20.1 | 10.9 | 6.9 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 21.5 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 8.9 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 10.5 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 7.8 | 6.2 | 10.2 | 8.5
2012 Q1 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 3.3 | .. | 8.1 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 22.5 | 10.2 | 6.8 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 26.2 | 11.5 | 10.4 | 5.7 | .. | 11.4 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 7.7 | 11.1 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 8.5 | 6.5 | 10.1 | 8.0
2012 Q2 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 2.9 | .. | 7.9 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 22.7 | 8.4 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 6.9 | 27.2 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 6.9 | .. | 11.0 | - | 5.0 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 7.2 | 10.8 | 15.2 | 14.1 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 7.9
2012 Q3 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 3.4 | .. | 8.3 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 24.0 | 9.1 | 6.7 | 9.3 | 7.2 | 28.8 | 10.2 | 10.6 | - | .. | 10.6 | - | 5.5 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 7.6 | 11.0 | 15.6 | 14.6 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 9.7 | 8.4
2012 Q4 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 3.1 | .. | 8.5 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 24.7 | 8.5 | 6.1 | 9.8 | 6.9 | 29.4 | 10.6 | 9.4 | - | .. | 12.3 | - | 5.0 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 7.4 | 11.1 | 17.2 | 15.1 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 10.2 | 7.3
2012 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 3.2 | .. | 8.2 | 4.7 | 6.6 | 23.5 | 9.0 | 6.8 | 9.2 | 7.0 | 27.9 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 5.2 | .. | 11.3 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 2.2 | 7.5 | 11.0 | 15.8 | 14.6 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 9.5 | 7.9
2013 Q1 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 3.2 | .. | 8.6 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 25.7 | 9.4 | 7.5 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 30.4 | 10.8 | 10.0 | 5.5 | .. | 13.2 | - | 5.0 | 5.1 | 2.4 | 7.7 | 12.0 | 17.5 | 15.1 | 10.5 | 6.9 | 11.0 | 7.6
2013 Q2 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 3.0 | .. | 8.2 | 4.4 | 6.5 | 25.2 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 8.7 | 6.7 | 30.5 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 5.6 | .. | 11.9 | - | 5.1 | 5.3 | 2.5 | 7.4 | 11.3 | 16.4 | 14.5 | 10.1 | 7.2 | 9.6 | 7.3
2013 Q3 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 3.4 | .. | 8.5 | 4.4 | 6.4 | 24.9 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 7.1 | 30.6 | 10.0 | 9.8 | - | .. | 11.5 | - | 5.6 | 5.6 | 2.9 | 6.8 | 10.9 | 16.0 | 14.6 | 10.0 | 5.9 | 11.2 | 7.4
2013 Q4 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 5.4 | 2.5 | .. | 8.1 | 4.4 | 6.2 | 25.0 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 9.2 | 6.3 | 31.2 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 4.4 | .. | 13.0 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 2.4 | 6.9 | 10.6 | 16.1 | 14.2 | 9.7 | 5.5 | 11.3 | 6.5
2013 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 3.0 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 25.2 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 8.9 | 6.7 | 30.7 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 4.9 | .. | 12.4 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 2.6 | 7.2 | 11.2 | 16.5 | 14.6 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 10.8 | 7.2
2014 Q1 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 3.2 | .. | 8.1 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 24.9 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 5.9 | 30.7 | 8.4 | 8.9 | - | .. | 13.8 | - | 5.0 | 6.5 | 2.4 | 6.8 | 11.1 | 15.4 | 14.0 | 10.8 | 6.5 | 11.6 | 6.4
2014 Q2 | 5.9 | 4.3 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 3.1 | .. | 7.4 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 24.0 | 5.4 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 30.0 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 6.0 | .. | 13.0 | - | 5.0 | 6.0 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 9.8 | 14.7 | 13.5 | 10.1 | 6.6 | 10.6 | 6.1
2014 Q3 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 4.1 | .. | 7.4 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 23.9 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 5.7 | 29.0 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 4.0 | .. | 12.4 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 2.9 | 6.4 | 9.1 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 10.4 | 5.2 | 12.7 | 6.7
2014 Q4 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 2.9 | .. | 6.9 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 23.5 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 9.2 | 5.0 | 29.3 | 7.3 | 7.5 | - | .. | 14.0 | - | 4.7 | 5.7 | 2.4 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 14.0 | 13.6 | 10.0 | 5.2 | 13.1 | 5.5
2014 | 6.1 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 3.3 | .. | 7.4 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 24.1 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 8.8 | 5.5 | 29.8 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 4.5 | .. | 13.3 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 14.6 | 13.7 | 10.3 | 5.9 | 12.0 | 6.1
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 6.9 | 8.5 | 17.3 | 9.6 | 9.8 | .. | 9.9 | 11.4 | 12.8 | 25.9 | 19.6 | 16.2 | 16.6 | 8.8 | 18.3 | 10.7 | 10.8 | - | 5.4 | 14.1 | 8.3 | 5.8 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 15.3 | 15.9 | - | 8.5 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 10.3
2010 Q2 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 16.5 | 9.8 | 8.8 | .. | 10.5 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 26.0 | 24.8 | 17.4 | 14.8 | 9.0 | 16.8 | 8.1 | 13.2 | - | 4.3 | 13.1 | - | 7.1 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 7.8 | - | 17.0 | - | 9.5 | 18.3 | 10.4 | 8.6
2010 Q3 | 5.5 | 7.7 | 19.2 | 11.0 | 8.7 | .. | 9.4 | 9.9 | 12.0 | 26.4 | 24.4 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 9.2 | 16.3 | 7.6 | 13.9 | 13.8 | 5.5 | 11.8 | 6.6 | 4.6 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 5.4 | 17.3 | - | 10.5 | 16.2 | 15.1 | 9.4
2010 Q4 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 16.2 | 9.2 | 7.9 | .. | 8.1 | 10.7 | 11.9 | 27.2 | 18.4 | 14.1 | 16.6 | 9.2 | 20.1 | - | 14.8 | - | 6.0 | 13.5 | - | 8.0 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 7.4 | - | 19.0 | - | 10.7 | 16.5 | 14.2 | 9.8
2010 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 17.3 | 9.9 | 8.8 | .. | 9.5 | 10.7 | 12.1 | 26.4 | 21.8 | 15.8 | 15.9 | 9.0 | 17.8 | 8.2 | 13.2 | 10.4 | 5.3 | 13.1 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 11.0 | 17.3 | 16.7 | 9.8 | 16.8 | 14.1 | 9.5
2011 Q1 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 12.8 | 9.4 | 8.1 | .. | 11.6 | 9.6 | 15.2 | 29.6 | 22.2 | 16.9 | 17.2 | 9.0 | 23.6 | - | 13.8 | - | 4.4 | 13.2 | 9.5 | 12.4 | 8.6 | 7.3 | 7.3 | - | 17.9 | - | 13.5 | 16.7 | 15.1 | 9.6
2011 Q2 | 6.2 | 7.8 | 14.9 | 9.1 | 6.3 | .. | 10.8 | 8.9 | 15.7 | 28.6 | 20.0 | 12.3 | 14.8 | 9.0 | 19.7 | 11.0 | 14.1 | 14.4 | 4.2 | 13.9 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 8.5 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 10.7 | 16.2 | 27.4 | 13.8 | 17.2 | 15.9 | 9.1
2011 Q3 | 5.9 | 8.1 | 16.3 | 9.9 | 7.8 | .. | - | 8.7 | 15.1 | 29.0 | - | - | 15.6 | 10.3 | 22.8 | - | 14.6 | - | 4.6 | 12.2 | - | 4.0 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 7.9 | - | 14.0 | - | - | 15.5 | 12.3 | 10.1
2011 Q4 | 5.3 | 9.9 | 14.6 | 9.4 | 7.6 | .. | - | 8.6 | - | 31.7 | - | - | 17.0 | 10.7 | 27.0 | - | 14.6 | - | 4.5 | 16.5 | - | 8.5 | 8.6 | - | 5.9 | - | 15.6 | - | - | 14.3 | - | 9.2
2011 | 6.0 | 8.8 | 14.6 | 9.5 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 10.9 | 9.0 | 15.1 | 29.7 | 17.9 | 14.2 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 23.3 | 10.5 | 14.3 | 10.4 | 4.5 | 14.0 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 14.5 | 15.9 | 20.9 | 14.0 | 15.9 | 13.6 | 9.5
2012 Q1 | 6.3 | 9.3 | 15.8 | 9.0 | 7.6 | .. | 11.0 | 9.0 | 16.9 | 33.4 | 11.1 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 11.0 | 32.2 | 13.0 | 14.6 | - | .. | 17.1 | 7.7 | 5.4 | 11.0 | 6.2 | 8.8 | - | 18.0 | - | 13.9 | 15.0 | 11.2 | 9.4
2012 Q2 | 6.0 | 7.6 | 16.0 | 8.5 | 7.4 | .. | 10.1 | 8.0 | 15.9 | 32.3 | 12.0 | 14.4 | 16.3 | 10.2 | 31.8 | 9.2 | 14.8 | - | .. | 14.8 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 10.4 | 5.2 | 7.6 | - | 16.3 | - | 14.3 | 15.9 | 13.6 | 8.5
2012 Q3 | 5.8 | 8.2 | 15.2 | 8.9 | 7.9 | .. | 12.0 | 8.0 | 15.3 | 30.5 | 13.6 | 13.1 | 15.3 | 10.9 | 32.0 | 8.5 | 15.5 | - | .. | 13.8 | 9.9 | 6.3 | 9.6 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 12.8 | 19.0 | - | 14.2 | 14.7 | 13.6 | 9.0
2012 Q4 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 16.7 | 8.1 | 8.8 | .. | - | 8.1 | 15.7 | 33.5 | - | - | 16.8 | 10.1 | 35.0 | - | 14.2 | - | .. | 16.3 | - | 6.6 | 11.2 | 7.9 | 8.3 | - | 21.1 | - | - | 14.9 | 11.9 | 9.0
2012 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 15.9 | 8.6 | 7.9 | .. | 11.2 | 8.2 | 15.9 | 32.4 | 11.2 | 13.8 | 16.1 | 10.6 | 32.7 | 9.2 | 14.8 | 9.9 | .. | 15.5 | 7.8 | 6.5 | 10.5 | 6.3 | 8.1 | 11.7 | 18.6 | 9.1 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 12.6 | 9.0
2013 Q1 | 6.4 | 9.9 | 15.4 | 8.4 | 8.9 | .. | 9.9 | 8.1 | 14.5 | 34.9 | 9.4 | 16.1 | 17.3 | 10.1 | 39.3 | 10.6 | 15.1 | - | .. | 18.2 | 7.7 | 5.9 | 12.8 | 9.6 | 8.0 | - | 22.4 | - | 25.9 | 16.2 | 8.3 | 8.8
2013 Q2 | 6.1 | 8.7 | 14.9 | 8.2 | 7.5 | .. | 9.8 | 8.3 | 13.3 | 34.4 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 15.5 | 9.4 | 38.6 | 12.9 | 15.4 | - | .. | 17.8 | 9.2 | 6.3 | 11.8 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 21.1 | 23.2 | - | 20.7 | 15.4 | 12.6 | 7.2
2013 Q3 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 16.4 | 8.6 | 8.0 | .. | 9.7 | 7.7 | 11.5 | 32.8 | 11.7 | 15.9 | 15.4 | 10.5 | 39.3 | 14.1 | 14.5 | - | .. | 15.6 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 11.4 | 8.7 | 7.1 | 24.6 | 19.4 | - | 19.1 | 15.7 | 12.7 | 7.4
2013 Q4 | 5.7 | 9.8 | 17.3 | 8.0 | 8.8 | .. | 9.5 | 7.6 | 14.7 | 34.2 | 9.0 | 15.7 | 17.2 | 9.1 | 38.5 | 14.2 | 13.2 | - | .. | 18.5 | 10.6 | 7.8 | 12.7 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 20.9 | 19.2 | - | 20.6 | 15.8 | 12.2 | 7.1
2013 | 6.1 | 9.3 | 16.0 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 3.7 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 13.5 | 34.1 | 10.8 | 15.2 | 16.4 | 9.8 | 38.9 | 12.8 | 14.5 | 8.1 | .. | 17.5 | 8.6 | 6.8 | 12.2 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 9.5 | 21.4 | 15.8 | 11.5 | 7.6
2014 Q1 | 6.9 | 10.1 | 14.9 | 8.4 | 9.3 | .. | 8.9 | 7.8 | 16.4 | 35.1 | 10.8 | 15.6 | 16.3 | 9.5 | 39.4 | 12.8 | 14.0 | - | .. | 18.5 | - | 5.6 | 13.1 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 18.1 | 17.4 | - | 20.8 | 17.1 | - | 7.8
2014 Q2 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 14.3 | 8.4 | 8.0 | .. | - | 7.3 | 13.6 | 32.6 | - | 18.3 | 15.5 | 8.3 | 35.3 | - | 13.8 | - | .. | 15.7 | - | 9.0 | 12.2 | 7.0 | 7.9 | - | 16.1 | - | - | 17.3 | - | 6.2
2014 Q3 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 17.5 | 9.4 | 7.7 | .. | 9.3 | 7.0 | 12.8 | 31.1 | 7.4 | 16.0 | 14.2 | 7.7 | 33.2 | 8.8 | 12.3 | - | .. | 15.7 | 9.0 | 5.6 | 11.4 | 10.7 | 7.1 | 17.5 | 17.6 | - | 10.9 | 15.1 | 21.1 | 6.4
2014 Q4 | 6.4 | 10.4 | 18.2 | 7.2 | 8.2 | .. | - | 7.5 | 13.0 | 31.4 | - | - | 16.8 | 7.5 | 33.8 | - | 10.8 | - | .. | 19.5 | - | 4.0 | 11.8 | - | 6.4 | - | 15.6 | - | - | 15.3 | - | 5.9
2014 | 6.6 | 9.5 | 16.3 | 8.4 | 8.3 | .. | 8.8 | 7.4 | 13.9 | 32.6 | 9.7 | 17.2 | 15.7 | 8.2 | 35.4 | 8.3 | 12.7 | 8.0 | .. | 17.4 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 12.1 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 14.8 | 16.7 | 9.1 | 15.7 | 16.2 | 14.7 | 6.6
Notes: Data refer to the active population aged 15-64. Data are not adjusted for seasonal variations. Comparisons should therefore be made for the same quarters of each year, and not for successive quarters within a given year.

Sources: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand: Labour Force surveys; Chile: Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN) ; Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE); United States: Current Population Surveys.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261124

Table 2.A1.3. Quarterly participation rates by place of birth and gender in OECD countries, 2010-14
Percentage of the population aged 15-64
Men + Women
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 77.9 | 74.2 | 68.5 | 77.1 | 83.2 | .. | 69.8 | 77.4 | 80.0 | 71.8 | 74.0 | 73.4 | 70.8 | 75.6 | 66.8 | 61.2 | 68.5 | 82.8 | 62.1 | 61.3 | 62.1 | 62.8 | 79.3 | 78.1 | 79.1 | 64.9 | 73.2 | 68.4 | 71.3 | 79.1 | 50.3 | 72.2
2010 Q2 | 78.0 | 74.8 | 67.6 | 79.0 | 82.5 | .. | 69.9 | 77.2 | 80.3 | 72.2 | 73.4 | 76.6 | 70.7 | 75.6 | 67.0 | 61.7 | 69.4 | 86.6 | 62.8 | 61.4 | 62.0 | 63.8 | 79.3 | 79.1 | 78.5 | 65.3 | 73.0 | 68.5 | 71.4 | 81.5 | 52.5 | 72.5
2010 Q3 | 77.9 | 76.1 | 68.4 | 79.6 | 83.3 | .. | 70.4 | 77.4 | 80.3 | 72.2 | 72.9 | 74.9 | 71.3 | 76.4 | 66.9 | 62.2 | 69.5 | 85.0 | 63.7 | 60.4 | 63.7 | 63.6 | 79.4 | 78.5 | 78.7 | 65.8 | 73.0 | 69.0 | 71.6 | 81.3 | 52.9 | 72.7
2010 Q4 | 78.3 | 75.2 | 68.8 | 77.9 | 83.1 | .. | 70.3 | 77.7 | 79.7 | 72.4 | 73.5 | 73.3 | 70.6 | 75.9 | 66.8 | 61.9 | 68.6 | 83.9 | 63.4 | 61.4 | 62.4 | 62.6 | 79.3 | 78.1 | 79.1 | 65.4 | 72.8 | 68.9 | 71.4 | 79.4 | 51.5 | 71.8
2010 | 78.0 | 75.1 | 68.3 | 78.4 | 83.0 | .. | 70.1 | 77.4 | 80.1 | 72.2 | 73.5 | 74.6 | 70.8 | 75.9 | 66.9 | 61.8 | 69.0 | 84.6 | 63.0 | 61.1 | 62.6 | 63.2 | 79.3 | 78.5 | 78.9 | 65.3 | 73.0 | 68.7 | 71.4 | 80.3 | 51.8 | 72.3
2011 Q1 | 78.1 | 74.3 | 66.9 | 77.4 | 83.6 | .. | 70.0 | 77.6 | 80.1 | 72.4 | 73.9 | 73.8 | 70.4 | 75.6 | 66.5 | 61.5 | 68.0 | 83.5 | 62.7 | 61.1 | 62.2 | 62.4 | 79.1 | 77.6 | 79.1 | 65.2 | 73.0 | 68.5 | 69.6 | 79.8 | 51.4 | 71.4
2011 Q2 | 77.9 | 74.9 | 67.7 | 79.2 | 83.3 | .. | 70.4 | 77.7 | 80.3 | 72.7 | 74.4 | 77.2 | 70.5 | 75.6 | 66.4 | 62.1 | 69.0 | 87.0 | 63.0 | 60.9 | 60.4 | 63.3 | 79.3 | 78.2 | 78.4 | 65.7 | 73.0 | 68.5 | 69.8 | 82.3 | 53.9 | 71.7
2011 Q3 | 77.8 | 76.0 | 67.9 | 79.5 | 83.5 | .. | 70.7 | 78.1 | 80.7 | 73.0 | 75.2 | 75.6 | 71.1 | 76.2 | 66.4 | 62.7 | 68.9 | 84.4 | 63.3 | 60.7 | 62.6 | 63.7 | 79.7 | 78.5 | 78.2 | 66.1 | 72.8 | 68.8 | 70.9 | 82.0 | 54.5 | 72.2
2011 Q4 | 77.9 | 75.2 | 67.9 | 77.6 | 83.9 | .. | 70.6 | 78.4 | 79.9 | 72.8 | 74.1 | 73.8 | 71.0 | 76.2 | 66.4 | 62.6 | 68.8 | 82.7 | 62.8 | 61.9 | 61.2 | 64.4 | 80.3 | 78.1 | 78.9 | 66.1 | 72.3 | 69.0 | 70.8 | 80.3 | 52.7 | 71.3
2011 | 77.9 | 75.1 | 67.6 | 78.5 | 83.6 | 61.7 | 70.4 | 78.0 | 80.2 | 72.7 | 74.4 | 75.1 | 70.8 | 75.9 | 66.4 | 62.2 | 68.7 | 84.4 | 62.9 | 61.1 | 61.6 | 63.5 | 79.6 | 78.1 | 78.7 | 65.7 | 72.8 | 68.7 | 70.3 | 81.1 | 53.1 | 71.7
2012 Q1 | 77.9 | 74.5 | 67.1 | 77.1 | 83.2 | .. | 70.6 | 77.5 | 79.7 | 72.9 | 74.5 | 74.0 | 70.7 | 76.1 | 66.6 | 62.5 | 68.3 | 82.9 | .. | 62.5 | 61.6 | 63.3 | 80.4 | 78.2 | 79.0 | 65.9 | 72.4 | 69.4 | 70.0 | 80.2 | 51.2 | 71.0
2012 Q2 | 77.8 | 75.7 | 67.6 | 79.0 | 82.8 | .. | 71.2 | 77.6 | 80.1 | 73.3 | 74.4 | 77.3 | 71.1 | 76.3 | 66.7 | 63.3 | 68.8 | 86.9 | .. | 62.9 | 62.6 | 64.6 | 80.4 | 78.9 | 78.1 | 66.4 | 72.7 | 69.3 | 69.4 | 82.6 | 53.9 | 71.6
2012 Q3 | 77.6 | 77.0 | 68.3 | 79.4 | 84.1 | .. | 72.1 | 78.1 | 79.7 | 73.5 | 75.2 | 76.2 | 71.7 | 76.9 | 66.7 | 64.2 | 69.3 | 85.5 | .. | 62.2 | 64.7 | 64.9 | 80.6 | 78.8 | 77.8 | 66.9 | 72.9 | 69.6 | 70.7 | 82.5 | 54.2 | 72.0
2012 Q4 | 77.9 | 75.9 | 68.2 | 77.8 | 83.9 | .. | 72.2 | 78.2 | 78.9 | 73.2 | 73.9 | 73.7 | 71.8 | 77.0 | 66.8 | 64.0 | 68.5 | 83.2 | .. | 63.1 | 63.6 | 64.0 | 80.8 | 78.3 | 77.4 | 66.8 | 72.2 | 69.4 | 70.9 | 80.8 | 54.1 | 71.4
2012 | 77.8 | 75.8 | 67.8 | 78.3 | 83.5 | .. | 71.5 | 77.8 | 79.6 | 73.2 | 74.5 | 75.3 | 71.3 | 76.6 | 66.7 | 63.5 | 68.7 | 84.6 | .. | 62.7 | 63.1 | 64.2 | 80.5 | 78.6 | 78.1 | 66.5 | 72.5 | 69.4 | 70.3 | 81.5 | 53.4 | 71.5
2013 Q1 | 77.9 | 75.2 | 67.4 | 77.3 | 84.0 | .. | 72.2 | 78.0 | 79.1 | 73.3 | 74.7 | 74.1 | 71.3 | 76.6 | 66.4 | 63.2 | 68.4 | 82.8 | .. | 62.6 | 61.9 | 63.2 | 80.9 | 78.2 | 78.2 | 66.3 | 72.0 | 70.0 | 70.2 | 81.3 | 53.0 | 70.9
2013 Q2 | 77.9 | 76.2 | 68.7 | 78.9 | 83.2 | .. | 72.7 | 78.2 | 79.2 | 73.3 | 75.1 | 77.5 | 71.6 | 76.6 | 66.8 | 64.4 | 69.7 | 87.6 | .. | 62.4 | 62.6 | 64.4 | 81.2 | 78.8 | 77.8 | 66.8 | 72.1 | 69.6 | 70.2 | 83.4 | 55.3 | 71.5
2013 Q3 | 77.6 | 77.4 | 69.1 | 79.3 | 83.7 | .. | 73.1 | 78.4 | 79.6 | 73.5 | 74.8 | 75.4 | 71.8 | 77.3 | 66.7 | 65.1 | 69.7 | 87.8 | .. | 61.9 | 62.4 | 64.4 | 81.2 | 78.8 | 78.6 | 67.4 | 72.4 | 69.9 | 71.3 | 83.4 | 55.3 | 71.7
2013 Q4 | 77.8 | 76.2 | 68.1 | 77.9 | 84.3 | .. | 73.1 | 78.6 | 78.1 | 73.5 | 75.0 | 73.8 | 71.6 | 77.0 | 66.3 | 65.2 | 69.2 | 84.7 | .. | 63.0 | 64.6 | 64.7 | 81.0 | 78.0 | 79.7 | 67.4 | 72.8 | 69.8 | 70.0 | 81.9 | 54.0 | 70.7
2013 | 77.8 | 76.2 | 68.3 | 78.4 | 83.8 | 62.8 | 72.8 | 78.3 | 79.0 | 73.4 | 74.9 | 75.2 | 71.6 | 76.9 | 66.5 | 64.5 | 69.3 | 85.6 | .. | 62.5 | 62.9 | 64.1 | 81.1 | 78.5 | 78.6 | 67.0 | 72.3 | 69.8 | 70.4 | 82.5 | 54.4 | 71.2
2014 Q1 | 77.7 | 75.5 | 68.2 | 77.2 | 83.6 | .. | 72.9 | 78.3 | 78.0 | 73.1 | 74.3 | 74.2 | 71.6 | 76.9 | 66.5 | 65.9 | 68.8 | 83.8 | .. | 63.0 | 65.0 | 63.6 | 80.5 | 77.7 | 79.9 | 67.5 | 72.4 | 70.1 | 70.3 | 81.9 | 53.5 | 70.7
2014 Q2 | 77.5 | 76.0 | 68.0 | 78.8 | 83.5 | .. | 73.0 | 78.2 | 78.5 | 73.4 | 75.5 | 77.8 | 71.6 | 76.8 | 66.5 | 66.6 | 69.3 | 88.1 | .. | 62.7 | 62.9 | 63.7 | 80.5 | 78.8 | 79.1 | 67.5 | 72.6 | 70.0 | 71.6 | 83.8 | 55.8 | 71.4
2014 Q3 | 77.4 | 76.9 | 68.8 | 79.2 | 84.7 | .. | 73.7 | 78.7 | 79.7 | 73.4 | 76.1 | 75.8 | 71.8 | 77.4 | 66.6 | 67.5 | 70.2 | 86.3 | .. | 62.7 | 65.4 | 63.8 | 80.9 | 78.9 | 79.4 | 68.2 | 72.7 | 70.4 | 71.9 | 84.0 | 56.0 | 71.5
2014 Q4 | 77.6 | 76.1 | 68.9 | 77.6 | 85.4 | .. | 74.0 | 78.7 | 79.4 | 73.7 | 75.3 | 74.3 | 72.2 | 77.2 | 66.3 | 67.3 | 69.7 | 85.0 | .. | 63.9 | 64.0 | 63.4 | 80.8 | 78.1 | 81.1 | 68.2 | 72.5 | 70.6 | 71.7 | 81.9 | 55.2 | 70.9
2014 | 77.6 | 76.1 | 68.5 | 78.2 | 84.3 | .. | 73.4 | 78.5 | 78.9 | 73.4 | 75.3 | 75.5 | 71.8 | 77.1 | 66.5 | 66.8 | 69.5 | 85.8 | .. | 63.1 | 64.3 | 63.6 | 80.7 | 78.4 | 79.9 | 67.8 | 72.5 | 70.3 | 71.4 | 82.9 | 55.1 | 71.1
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 72.4 | 70.3 | 63.2 | 75.6 | 80.1 | .. | 71.4 | 72.1 | 73.6 | 80.4 | 74.5 | 74.0 | 67.4 | 71.4 | 75.9 | 71.4 | 70.7 | 89.0 | 67.6 | 70.0 | 75.6 | 51.6 | 69.2 | 75.8 | 73.7 | 54.3 | 80.2 | 64.1 | 74.0 | 72.2 | 56.3 | 74.6
2010 Q2 | 71.8 | 71.2 | 63.2 | 76.9 | 81.4 | .. | 73.0 | 72.7 | 74.4 | 80.5 | 76.0 | 76.1 | 67.9 | 72.5 | 76.0 | 71.3 | 71.8 | 88.7 | 68.8 | 70.5 | 73.9 | 51.4 | 71.0 | 76.0 | 73.8 | 55.7 | 80.6 | 63.4 | 74.2 | 73.6 | 57.2 | 75.4
2010 Q3 | 72.3 | 72.3 | 64.9 | 77.4 | 81.9 | .. | 74.7 | 73.2 | 74.7 | 80.8 | 79.8 | 72.3 | 67.8 | 73.6 | 76.4 | 71.7 | 71.6 | 83.4 | 69.7 | 69.0 | 74.9 | 53.2 | 70.6 | 75.0 | 72.9 | 59.5 | 80.8 | 61.9 | 69.3 | 74.2 | 55.7 | 75.1
2010 Q4 | 73.7 | 72.0 | 64.6 | 75.6 | 80.6 | .. | 74.4 | 72.4 | 72.0 | 79.8 | 76.9 | 69.9 | 68.1 | 72.6 | 75.7 | 68.5 | 71.1 | 84.6 | 69.3 | 69.4 | 75.6 | 54.7 | 70.7 | 74.5 | 74.5 | 59.5 | 82.3 | 66.8 | 71.3 | 72.9 | 57.7 | 74.8
2010 | 72.6 | 71.5 | 64.0 | 76.4 | 81.0 | .. | 73.3 | 72.6 | 73.7 | 80.4 | 76.8 | 73.0 | 67.8 | 72.5 | 76.0 | 70.7 | 71.3 | 86.4 | 68.9 | 69.7 | 75.0 | 52.7 | 70.4 | 75.3 | 73.8 | 57.0 | 81.0 | 64.0 | 72.2 | 73.2 | 56.8 | 75.0
2011 Q1 | 74.0 | 71.8 | 61.4 | 74.7 | 80.1 | .. | 73.9 | 72.9 | 70.9 | 79.4 | 75.8 | 69.3 | 68.4 | 72.8 | 75.3 | 68.3 | 70.2 | 86.1 | 68.7 | 69.6 | 77.6 | 54.3 | 70.6 | 74.4 | 76.0 | 59.0 | 82.4 | 66.3 | 71.1 | 73.8 | 56.9 | 74.2
2011 Q2 | 73.5 | 71.9 | 62.7 | 75.6 | 80.6 | .. | 73.9 | 74.2 | 72.0 | 80.4 | 75.5 | 72.9 | 68.2 | 73.1 | 74.9 | 68.7 | 71.7 | 89.2 | 69.7 | 70.6 | 75.1 | 55.5 | 69.2 | 77.2 | 74.9 | 61.3 | 82.8 | 70.4 | 70.8 | 75.1 | 56.2 | 74.3
2011 Q3 | 73.7 | 71.8 | 61.5 | 76.4 | 81.3 | .. | 73.5 | 74.2 | 73.9 | 79.7 | 79.2 | 72.7 | 67.5 | 73.8 | 74.2 | 70.0 | 72.2 | 86.4 | 69.5 | 68.2 | 74.0 | 57.1 | 69.3 | 76.4 | 74.9 | 66.3 | 82.4 | 72.8 | 68.7 | 75.0 | 54.4 | 74.1
2011 Q4 | 73.3 | 72.5 | 62.2 | 75.6 | 81.7 | .. | 73.6 | 73.8 | 71.8 | 79.4 | 77.6 | 73.3 | 66.9 | 73.1 | 74.7 | 70.1 | 71.2 | 82.5 | 69.2 | 69.5 | 73.7 | 58.7 | 70.8 | 76.1 | 76.0 | 65.0 | 82.0 | 72.8 | 68.9 | 74.6 | 55.9 | 74.7
2011 | 73.6 | 72.0 | 61.9 | 75.6 | 80.9 | 72.4 | 73.7 | 73.8 | 72.1 | 79.7 | 77.1 | 72.0 | 67.7 | 73.2 | 74.8 | 69.3 | 71.3 | 85.8 | 69.3 | 69.5 | 75.1 | 56.4 | 70.0 | 76.0 | 75.4 | 62.7 | 82.4 | 70.4 | 69.9 | 74.6 | 55.9 | 74.3
2012 Q1 | 73.9 | 71.1 | 62.3 | 75.1 | 81.5 | .. | 73.1 | 73.7 | 72.4 | 79.8 | 76.5 | 72.8 | 68.0 | 72.3 | 74.1 | 70.3 | 70.9 | 84.7 | .. | 70.0 | 76.2 | 57.2 | 70.9 | 75.2 | 77.1 | 61.3 | 83.0 | 70.5 | 71.1 | 73.9 | 51.7 | 73.7
2012 Q2 | 73.8 | 72.6 | 61.2 | 76.8 | 81.7 | .. | 73.1 | 74.4 | 71.5 | 79.6 | 78.5 | 75.5 | 68.0 | 72.7 | 74.2 | 73.6 | 71.7 | 91.0 | .. | 70.3 | 75.0 | 58.8 | 71.3 | 77.7 | 75.8 | 66.0 | 82.9 | 70.6 | 70.8 | 75.7 | 52.2 | 73.6
2012 Q3 | 73.7 | 72.6 | 62.4 | 77.5 | 82.1 | .. | 74.5 | 74.5 | 72.4 | 79.3 | 78.2 | 75.2 | 68.2 | 74.1 | 75.7 | 74.6 | 71.4 | 87.3 | .. | 68.4 | 77.0 | 56.8 | 71.7 | 76.3 | 76.2 | 70.8 | 82.5 | 73.0 | 72.6 | 75.3 | 53.1 | 73.7
2012 Q4 | 74.0 | 71.8 | 64.1 | 76.8 | 82.1 | .. | 74.5 | 74.5 | 70.4 | 79.6 | 75.6 | 73.9 | 68.4 | 74.0 | 76.0 | 75.5 | 70.5 | - | .. | 70.0 | 76.8 | 58.7 | 70.6 | 75.3 | 76.1 | 68.7 | 81.1 | - | 72.5 | 74.7 | 53.1 | 73.5
2012 | 73.9 | 72.0 | 62.5 | 76.6 | 81.9 | .. | 73.8 | 74.3 | 71.7 | 79.6 | 77.2 | 74.3 | 68.1 | 73.3 | 75.0 | 73.6 | 71.1 | 87.3 | .. | 69.7 | 76.2 | 57.9 | 71.1 | 76.1 | 76.3 | 66.4 | 82.4 | 72.0 | 71.7 | 74.9 | 52.5 | 73.7
2013 Q1 | 74.6 | 72.4 | 64.6 | 76.2 | 81.9 | .. | 74.3 | 74.1 | 71.5 | 79.7 | 78.3 | 73.3 | 67.8 | 73.6 | 76.5 | 76.5 | 70.7 | 86.5 | .. | 70.7 | 76.8 | 58.0 | 70.1 | 75.3 | 76.3 | 67.3 | 80.1 | 76.6 | 71.0 | 74.3 | 51.9 | 73.3
2013 Q2 | 74.5 | 72.3 | 62.1 | 77.4 | 82.3 | .. | 76.1 | 74.5 | 72.4 | 78.8 | 79.6 | 77.0 | 67.9 | 73.5 | 76.5 | 73.9 | 72.1 | 88.8 | .. | 70.0 | 77.0 | 56.5 | 70.1 | 76.2 | 76.1 | 66.7 | 80.7 | 73.4 | 72.3 | 76.2 | 54.1 | 73.6
2013 Q3 | 73.9 | 73.1 | 64.3 | 78.2 | 82.4 | .. | 76.8 | 74.8 | 71.9 | 78.8 | 75.1 | 74.7 | 67.8 | 74.9 | 77.2 | 75.1 | 72.9 | - | .. | 68.4 | 78.5 | 59.7 | 70.9 | 77.1 | 75.6 | 69.4 | 79.9 | - | 71.7 | 75.6 | 52.5 | 74.0
2013 Q4 | 73.6 | 71.6 | 63.7 | 76.0 | 82.3 | .. | 77.4 | 73.9 | 71.5 | 78.4 | 74.4 | 72.9 | 68.6 | 74.3 | 76.6 | 75.4 | 71.8 | - | .. | 69.8 | 76.9 | 57.6 | 71.7 | 76.4 | 77.1 | 66.7 | 79.3 | 73.3 | 71.0 | 74.7 | 50.1 | 73.1
2013 | 74.2 | 72.3 | 63.7 | 76.9 | 82.2 | 77.2 | 76.2 | 74.3 | 71.8 | 78.9 | 76.9 | 74.4 | 68.0 | 74.1 | 76.7 | 75.2 | 71.9 | 87.4 | .. | 69.7 | 77.3 | 58.0 | 70.7 | 76.2 | 76.3 | 67.5 | 80.0 | 74.4 | 71.5 | 75.2 | 52.1 | 73.5
2014 Q1 | 74.0 | 71.1 | 63.4 | 75.2 | 82.4 | .. | 77.6 | 73.8 | 71.3 | 78.4 | 72.0 | 71.5 | 68.3 | 74.4 | 77.0 | 75.9 | 71.3 | 86.9 | .. | 70.2 | 77.0 | 56.6 | 70.7 | 75.8 | 77.9 | 76.5 | 80.0 | 70.0 | 68.5 | 74.6 | 62.2 | 73.5
2014 Q2 | 74.1 | 72.7 | 65.1 | 76.6 | 83.3 | .. | 78.1 | 73.9 | 72.7 | 78.6 | 74.7 | 75.0 | 67.9 | 75.0 | 77.3 | 73.0 | 71.4 | 90.5 | .. | 70.0 | 78.3 | 59.4 | 70.9 | 75.6 | 76.1 | 75.6 | 80.0 | 70.3 | 68.4 | 76.7 | 63.3 | 73.3
2014 Q3 | 74.1 | 73.0 | 63.7 | 77.1 | 82.2 | .. | 76.4 | 75.1 | 74.6 | 78.1 | 77.2 | 72.7 | 67.2 | 75.2 | 77.0 | 75.0 | 71.0 | 88.3 | .. | 69.1 | 75.8 | 56.1 | 69.0 | 75.5 | 76.0 | 68.3 | 80.6 | 72.8 | 65.8 | 77.1 | 59.8 | 73.5
2014 Q4 | 74.5 | 72.1 | 64.1 | 76.1 | 82.7 | .. | 77.0 | 74.2 | 72.7 | 79.0 | 76.2 | 72.6 | 67.8 | 74.3 | 76.0 | 75.7 | 69.5 | 86.6 | .. | 70.0 | 79.1 | 57.2 | 71.2 | 76.4 | 77.1 | 65.4 | 80.3 | 72.3 | 64.8 | 75.6 | 60.0 | 73.2
2014 | 74.2 | 72.2 | 64.1 | 76.3 | 82.6 | .. | 77.3 | 74.2 | 72.8 | 78.5 | 74.9 | 72.9 | 67.8 | 74.7 | 76.8 | 74.9 | 70.8 | 88.0 | .. | 69.8 | 77.6 | 57.3 | 70.5 | 75.8 | 76.8 | 71.6 | 80.2 | 71.3 | 66.9 | 76.0 | 61.3 | 73.4
Men
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 83.6 | 78.7 | 73.2 | 79.6 | 87.9 | .. | 78.1 | 82.1 | 82.8 | 79.1 | 76.6 | 75.0 | 74.7 | 81.0 | 77.1 | 67.0 | 75.8 | 86.1 | 65.5 | 72.3 | 69.5 | 82.1 | 84.5 | 80.1 | 84.4 | 71.7 | 77.6 | 75.7 | 75.2 | 80.9 | 73.4 | 76.5
2010 Q2 | 83.5 | 80.0 | 73.1 | 82.0 | 87.6 | .. | 78.3 | 82.1 | 83.0 | 79.7 | 75.9 | 78.2 | 74.5 | 81.2 | 77.1 | 67.7 | 76.6 | 89.5 | 66.3 | 72.2 | 69.5 | 83.0 | 84.5 | 81.4 | 83.9 | 71.9 | 77.1 | 76.0 | 74.5 | 83.5 | 75.1 | 77.0
2010 Q3 | 83.4 | 81.3 | 73.6 | 82.8 | 88.3 | .. | 78.9 | 82.2 | 83.1 | 79.6 | 76.3 | 76.9 | 74.9 | 82.1 | 76.9 | 68.1 | 76.8 | 86.9 | 66.9 | 71.2 | 71.9 | 82.9 | 84.7 | 80.7 | 84.1 | 72.6 | 77.1 | 76.2 | 75.7 | 83.3 | 75.7 | 77.1
2010 Q4 | 83.9 | 80.3 | 73.5 | 80.6 | 88.1 | .. | 78.6 | 82.3 | 83.1 | 79.1 | 77.2 | 74.9 | 74.4 | 81.6 | 76.6 | 67.8 | 75.4 | 87.1 | 65.8 | 71.9 | 69.7 | 82.0 | 84.2 | 80.3 | 84.6 | 72.4 | 77.1 | 76.3 | 75.2 | 81.4 | 74.2 | 75.8
2010 | 83.6 | 80.1 | 73.4 | 81.3 | 88.0 | .. | 78.5 | 82.2 | 83.0 | 79.4 | 76.5 | 76.2 | 74.7 | 81.5 | 76.9 | 67.7 | 76.1 | 87.4 | 66.1 | 71.9 | 70.1 | 82.5 | 84.4 | 80.6 | 84.3 | 72.2 | 77.2 | 76.0 | 75.1 | 82.3 | 74.6 | 76.6
2011 Q1 | 83.7 | 78.4 | 71.7 | 80.0 | 88.3 | .. | 78.0 | 82.3 | 83.1 | 79.2 | 78.0 | 75.7 | 74.2 | 80.9 | 76.3 | 67.4 | 75.1 | 86.2 | 65.7 | 71.7 | 68.6 | 81.7 | 83.9 | 79.1 | 84.1 | 72.0 | 77.5 | 76.1 | 73.3 | 81.3 | 74.3 | 75.4
2011 Q2 | 83.3 | 79.8 | 72.6 | 82.1 | 87.9 | .. | 78.6 | 82.2 | 83.0 | 79.3 | 77.2 | 79.4 | 74.3 | 80.9 | 76.2 | 68.1 | 76.0 | 89.2 | 66.5 | 71.4 | 67.5 | 82.3 | 83.9 | 79.7 | 84.1 | 72.6 | 77.3 | 76.6 | 73.2 | 84.0 | 76.1 | 75.8
2011 Q3 | 82.9 | 81.0 | 71.9 | 82.9 | 88.6 | .. | 78.8 | 82.5 | 83.3 | 79.6 | 77.8 | 77.4 | 74.8 | 81.7 | 76.0 | 68.8 | 76.0 | 86.8 | 66.9 | 71.3 | 68.5 | 82.8 | 84.4 | 80.4 | 83.9 | 73.1 | 77.4 | 76.6 | 74.5 | 83.7 | 77.1 | 76.5
2011 Q4 | 83.2 | 79.9 | 72.8 | 80.5 | 88.4 | .. | 78.5 | 82.8 | 82.7 | 79.1 | 77.5 | 75.8 | 74.6 | 81.5 | 75.4 | 68.5 | 76.1 | 86.6 | 65.5 | 72.0 | 66.9 | 82.9 | 84.9 | 80.3 | 84.2 | 72.8 | 76.8 | 76.9 | 73.6 | 81.9 | 75.3 | 75.6
2011 | 83.3 | 79.8 | 72.3 | 81.4 | 88.3 | 75.8 | 78.5 | 82.4 | 83.0 | 79.3 | 77.6 | 77.1 | 74.5 | 81.3 | 76.0 | 68.2 | 75.8 | 87.2 | 66.2 | 71.6 | 67.9 | 82.4 | 84.3 | 79.9 | 84.1 | 72.6 | 77.2 | 76.5 | 73.7 | 82.7 | 75.7 | 75.8
2012 Q1 | 83.1 | 78.2 | 71.8 | 79.5 | 87.8 | .. | 78.5 | 82.0 | 82.1 | 78.7 | 77.4 | 75.5 | 74.4 | 81.2 | 75.6 | 68.3 | 75.3 | 85.7 | .. | 72.5 | 67.3 | 82.1 | 85.0 | 80.4 | 84.4 | 72.5 | 76.3 | 77.1 | 72.2 | 81.5 | 72.9 | 75.1
2012 Q2 | 82.8 | 80.3 | 72.7 | 81.9 | 87.4 | .. | 79.1 | 82.0 | 82.3 | 79.3 | 77.0 | 79.2 | 74.8 | 81.5 | 75.7 | 69.2 | 76.0 | 88.6 | .. | 72.9 | 69.2 | 83.1 | 84.8 | 80.9 | 83.2 | 73.2 | 76.8 | 76.9 | 72.2 | 83.9 | 75.3 | 76.0
2012 Q3 | 82.7 | 81.3 | 72.7 | 82.6 | 89.2 | .. | 79.9 | 82.6 | 82.0 | 79.4 | 78.9 | 77.4 | 75.4 | 82.2 | 75.5 | 69.9 | 76.7 | 87.5 | .. | 72.4 | 69.3 | 83.6 | 85.0 | 80.7 | 82.6 | 73.8 | 77.0 | 77.3 | 74.1 | 83.9 | 76.1 | 76.6
2012 Q4 | 83.1 | 80.3 | 72.5 | 80.6 | 89.0 | .. | 79.7 | 82.5 | 81.8 | 78.7 | 78.0 | 75.5 | 75.2 | 81.9 | 75.7 | 70.0 | 75.3 | 85.1 | .. | 73.0 | 69.6 | 82.5 | 85.1 | 80.1 | 82.7 | 73.6 | 76.0 | 77.2 | 74.6 | 82.3 | 75.9 | 75.8
2012 | 82.9 | 80.0 | 72.4 | 81.2 | 88.4 | .. | 79.3 | 82.3 | 82.1 | 79.0 | 77.8 | 76.9 | 75.0 | 81.7 | 75.6 | 69.3 | 75.8 | 86.7 | .. | 72.7 | 68.9 | 82.8 | 85.0 | 80.5 | 83.2 | 73.3 | 76.5 | 77.1 | 73.3 | 82.9 | 75.1 | 75.9
2013 Q1 | 83.2 | 79.0 | 71.7 | 79.4 | 88.3 | .. | 79.7 | 82.0 | 82.0 | 78.7 | 78.4 | 75.1 | 74.9 | 81.4 | 75.4 | 69.1 | 75.1 | 84.4 | .. | 72.3 | 67.3 | 81.8 | 85.1 | 79.7 | 83.0 | 73.2 | 75.8 | 77.5 | 73.3 | 82.8 | 74.2 | 75.3
2013 Q2 | 82.9 | 80.3 | 73.3 | 81.6 | 87.4 | .. | 80.2 | 82.3 | 81.1 | 78.7 | 78.3 | 79.3 | 75.1 | 81.6 | 75.8 | 70.7 | 76.3 | 90.3 | .. | 72.1 | 67.0 | 82.6 | 85.6 | 80.8 | 82.7 | 73.9 | 75.8 | 77.2 | 73.5 | 84.6 | 76.3 | 75.8
2013 Q3 | 82.8 | 81.4 | 72.5 | 82.3 | 88.1 | .. | 80.7 | 82.4 | 81.4 | 79.2 | 78.7 | 77.3 | 75.2 | 82.4 | 75.8 | 71.7 | 76.6 | 90.8 | .. | 71.9 | 69.7 | 82.7 | 85.7 | 80.5 | 83.1 | 74.4 | 76.0 | 77.1 | 74.3 | 84.9 | 76.8 | 76.2
2013 Q4 | 82.9 | 80.3 | 72.3 | 80.5 | 88.3 | .. | 80.5 | 82.6 | 80.3 | 78.7 | 78.0 | 74.8 | 74.6 | 82.1 | 75.3 | 71.5 | 76.0 | 86.9 | .. | 72.6 | 69.3 | 82.9 | 85.4 | 79.3 | 84.2 | 74.1 | 76.0 | 76.8 | 73.3 | 83.1 | 75.3 | 74.7
2013 | 82.9 | 80.3 | 72.5 | 80.9 | 88.0 | 76.0 | 80.3 | 82.3 | 81.2 | 78.8 | 78.3 | 76.6 | 74.9 | 81.9 | 75.6 | 70.7 | 76.0 | 88.0 | .. | 72.2 | 68.3 | 82.5 | 85.5 | 80.1 | 83.2 | 73.9 | 75.9 | 77.2 | 73.6 | 83.8 | 75.7 | 75.5
2014 Q1 | 82.7 | 78.9 | 72.3 | 79.8 | 87.3 | .. | 80.4 | 82.2 | 80.5 | 78.2 | 78.0 | 75.3 | 74.7 | 81.7 | 75.0 | 72.2 | 75.6 | 87.4 | .. | 72.5 | 71.5 | 82.1 | 85.3 | 79.4 | 84.8 | 74.0 | 75.9 | 77.3 | 72.9 | 83.1 | 75.3 | 74.6
2014 Q2 | 82.3 | 80.0 | 71.8 | 81.3 | 87.3 | .. | 80.8 | 81.8 | 81.0 | 78.6 | 79.3 | 78.9 | 75.0 | 81.5 | 74.8 | 73.0 | 76.2 | 91.4 | .. | 72.2 | 68.1 | 82.1 | 85.3 | 80.5 | 84.2 | 74.4 | 76.1 | 77.4 | 74.1 | 84.9 | 77.2 | 75.7
2014 Q3 | 82.2 | 81.3 | 71.9 | 82.4 | 88.3 | .. | 81.3 | 82.6 | 82.4 | 78.8 | 79.7 | 76.7 | 75.3 | 82.3 | 74.9 | 74.0 | 77.0 | 88.2 | .. | 72.5 | 70.0 | 82.7 | 85.6 | 80.6 | 83.5 | 75.1 | 76.2 | 77.8 | 75.0 | 85.0 | 77.6 | 76.2
2014 Q4 | 82.3 | 80.1 | 72.4 | 80.3 | 88.1 | .. | 81.3 | 82.4 | 81.5 | 78.8 | 79.0 | 75.9 | 75.5 | 81.9 | 74.3 | 73.7 | 76.7 | 86.9 | .. | 73.1 | 70.2 | 82.1 | 85.1 | 79.3 | 85.3 | 74.9 | 76.0 | 77.8 | 75.0 | 83.4 | 76.4 | 74.8
2014 | 82.4 | 80.1 | 72.1 | 81.0 | 87.7 | .. | 81.0 | 82.3 | 81.3 | 78.6 | 79.0 | 76.7 | 75.1 | 81.8 | 74.8 | 73.2 | 76.4 | 88.5 | .. | 72.5 | 69.9 | 82.3 | 85.3 | 80.0 | 84.4 | 74.6 | 76.0 | 77.6 | 74.3 | 84.1 | 76.6 | 75.3
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 81.4 | 78.1 | 72.1 | 81.3 | 88.4 | .. | 81.9 | 83.1 | 84.4 | 86.8 | 74.9 | 80.2 | 76.2 | 80.4 | 90.1 | 76.5 | 80.2 | - | 72.6 | 83.8 | 83.7 | 68.9 | 76.6 | 80.6 | 81.8 | 67.9 | 84.2 | 82.8 | 79.7 | 78.5 | 72.0 | 85.5
2010 Q2 | 80.4 | 79.8 | 74.3 | 83.0 | 89.6 | .. | 83.4 | 82.8 | 79.9 | 87.5 | 77.6 | 85.4 | 77.2 | 81.8 | 89.9 | 73.7 | 81.0 | - | 74.8 | 84.9 | 82.1 | 69.6 | 79.3 | 81.8 | 82.2 | 67.2 | 83.8 | - | 78.0 | 80.3 | 74.9 | 86.5
2010 Q3 | 80.8 | 81.1 | 74.8 | 84.2 | 90.1 | .. | 85.3 | 83.7 | 76.7 | 87.7 | 81.4 | 81.1 | 77.4 | 83.4 | 90.6 | 73.6 | 81.1 | 86.5 | 75.9 | 84.8 | 82.9 | 74.5 | 78.8 | 80.1 | 80.9 | 61.8 | 84.6 | 79.9 | 75.6 | 80.7 | 73.1 | 86.5
2010 Q4 | 81.9 | 79.9 | 74.6 | 82.5 | 88.7 | .. | 84.7 | 83.0 | 77.2 | 86.8 | 83.4 | 78.1 | 77.0 | 82.5 | 89.9 | 75.4 | 80.3 | 85.7 | 74.4 | 84.6 | 84.0 | 76.3 | 79.7 | 80.0 | 82.2 | 69.6 | 86.2 | 81.6 | 76.9 | 80.0 | 74.5 | 85.3
2010 | 81.1 | 79.7 | 74.0 | 82.8 | 89.2 | .. | 83.8 | 83.1 | 79.4 | 87.2 | 79.3 | 81.2 | 77.0 | 82.0 | 90.1 | 74.8 | 80.7 | 89.3 | 74.4 | 84.5 | 83.2 | 72.3 | 78.6 | 80.6 | 81.8 | 66.9 | 84.7 | 81.7 | 77.5 | 79.9 | 73.6 | 86.0
2011 Q1 | 82.6 | 79.5 | 72.4 | 81.1 | 88.9 | .. | 84.4 | 83.5 | 75.5 | 85.6 | 81.2 | 77.7 | 76.7 | 82.4 | 89.0 | 75.3 | 78.5 | 84.6 | 73.5 | 83.0 | 84.6 | 71.7 | 78.2 | 78.0 | 84.4 | 65.3 | 86.5 | 78.9 | 76.7 | 80.2 | 73.9 | 85.6
2011 Q2 | 81.5 | 81.5 | 71.9 | 82.4 | 89.7 | .. | 86.0 | 84.4 | 76.2 | 86.1 | 79.4 | 80.7 | 76.9 | 83.1 | 88.9 | 77.3 | 79.9 | 88.8 | 75.5 | 84.8 | 82.1 | 72.0 | 77.7 | 82.1 | 81.2 | 63.9 | 85.5 | 81.7 | 76.6 | 81.6 | 74.6 | 85.7
2011 Q3 | 81.9 | 80.5 | 72.8 | 82.9 | 90.2 | .. | 86.0 | 84.0 | 77.9 | 86.3 | 84.8 | 79.7 | 76.6 | 83.1 | 89.1 | 82.6 | 80.9 | 92.6 | 76.0 | 83.3 | 82.2 | 69.8 | 78.5 | 80.6 | 81.7 | 71.8 | 86.7 | 86.5 | 75.4 | 81.3 | 71.9 | 85.5
2011 Q4 | 81.6 | 80.4 | 73.0 | 81.8 | 90.2 | .. | 85.2 | 84.6 | 77.2 | 86.3 | 83.9 | 80.0 | 75.6 | 82.9 | 89.0 | 77.4 | 79.5 | 87.0 | 74.9 | 83.5 | 82.4 | 69.8 | 79.5 | 79.8 | 83.9 | 79.2 | 84.6 | 83.1 | 74.3 | 80.8 | 73.3 | 85.8
2011 | 81.9 | 80.5 | 72.5 | 82.0 | 89.8 | 82.6 | 85.4 | 84.1 | 76.7 | 86.1 | 82.4 | 79.5 | 76.4 | 82.9 | 89.0 | 78.2 | 79.7 | 88.2 | 75.0 | 83.6 | 82.8 | 70.8 | 78.4 | 80.1 | 82.8 | 69.6 | 85.8 | 82.4 | 75.8 | 81.0 | 73.5 | 85.6
2012 Q1 | 82.9 | 78.7 | 73.7 | 81.7 | 89.5 | .. | 84.7 | 84.4 | 77.8 | 85.8 | 82.0 | 79.0 | 77.2 | 83.2 | 88.2 | 78.9 | 79.0 | 85.1 | .. | 82.7 | 84.8 | 69.8 | 79.5 | 79.9 | 84.5 | 69.3 | 86.5 | 77.1 | 77.2 | 79.8 | 71.1 | 84.9
2012 Q2 | 82.4 | 82.6 | 70.8 | 83.3 | 89.8 | .. | 84.6 | 84.1 | 75.5 | 85.8 | 86.8 | 81.1 | 77.2 | 83.3 | 88.0 | 81.8 | 79.9 | - | .. | 83.8 | 82.2 | 70.9 | 80.1 | 82.6 | 81.6 | - | 85.7 | - | 77.0 | 81.7 | 69.1 | 84.7
2012 Q3 | 82.0 | 82.8 | 72.2 | 84.2 | 90.2 | .. | 86.9 | 84.9 | 76.2 | 86.1 | 83.5 | 81.5 | 78.3 | 84.3 | 89.6 | 83.7 | 79.8 | 92.5 | .. | 81.3 | 83.5 | 67.4 | 79.7 | 80.8 | 82.7 | 78.0 | 85.0 | 80.2 | 77.7 | 81.9 | 75.1 | 85.2
2012 Q4 | 82.9 | 81.0 | 74.4 | 83.0 | 89.5 | .. | 86.8 | 84.4 | 76.0 | 85.4 | 81.5 | 80.4 | 79.4 | 83.6 | 90.0 | 81.4 | 80.0 | 88.8 | .. | 82.2 | 84.1 | 69.7 | 78.7 | 80.8 | 82.1 | 77.6 | 83.9 | - | 79.5 | 81.7 | 72.0 | 84.5
2012 | 82.5 | 81.3 | 72.8 | 83.0 | 89.7 | .. | 85.7 | 84.4 | 76.4 | 85.7 | 83.3 | 80.5 | 78.0 | 83.6 | 88.9 | 81.5 | 79.6 | 90.3 | .. | 82.5 | 83.7 | 69.4 | 79.5 | 81.0 | 82.7 | 73.6 | 85.3 | 79.7 | 77.8 | 81.3 | 71.9 | 84.9
2013 Q1 | 83.5 | 81.0 | 75.1 | 82.1 | 89.4 | .. | 86.6 | 84.0 | 75.9 | 85.6 | 81.4 | 79.3 | 78.7 | 82.6 | 90.2 | 83.6 | 79.3 | 90.3 | .. | 82.4 | 84.5 | 71.1 | 79.2 | 80.7 | 82.2 | 78.2 | 82.9 | 85.0 | 81.4 | 80.4 | 69.8 | 84.6
2013 Q2 | 83.2 | 82.0 | 73.0 | 83.6 | 89.9 | .. | 86.4 | 84.2 | 75.8 | 84.5 | 85.4 | 83.3 | 79.0 | 82.6 | 89.5 | 83.8 | 81.0 | 91.6 | .. | 82.1 | 83.7 | 72.6 | 79.0 | 81.1 | 82.3 | 70.5 | 83.4 | 82.1 | 79.5 | 82.1 | 73.2 | 85.5
2013 Q3 | 81.8 | 82.3 | 74.3 | 84.8 | 90.1 | .. | 87.4 | 84.5 | 76.3 | 85.3 | 78.8 | 81.4 | 79.1 | 85.1 | 89.5 | 85.8 | 82.2 | 92.6 | .. | 81.1 | 86.1 | 75.4 | 78.8 | 80.9 | 82.4 | 74.4 | 82.4 | 81.4 | 80.3 | 81.5 | 71.2 | 85.6
2013 Q4 | 81.8 | 79.5 | 73.4 | 82.1 | 90.0 | .. | 87.4 | 84.0 | 75.5 | 84.6 | 78.4 | 78.2 | 79.0 | 83.6 | 89.7 | 85.5 | 81.2 | 89.4 | .. | 80.7 | 85.4 | 74.1 | 80.5 | 81.3 | 84.2 | 71.3 | 82.0 | 81.1 | 79.0 | 80.6 | 70.4 | 84.9
2013 | 82.6 | 81.2 | 74.0 | 83.2 | 89.8 | 86.8 | 87.0 | 84.2 | 75.9 | 85.0 | 80.9 | 80.5 | 78.9 | 83.5 | 89.7 | 84.6 | 80.9 | 91.0 | .. | 81.6 | 84.9 | 73.3 | 79.3 | 81.0 | 82.8 | 73.7 | 82.7 | 82.2 | 80.0 | 81.1 | 71.1 | 85.1
2014 Q1 | 82.4 | 77.7 | 74.1 | 80.7 | 90.4 | .. | 89.5 | 83.8 | 77.6 | 84.1 | 80.6 | 78.3 | 78.7 | 83.9 | 90.3 | 86.5 | 80.4 | 88.4 | .. | 81.5 | 83.8 | 72.4 | 78.8 | 80.6 | 84.3 | 78.6 | 82.9 | 82.8 | 75.3 | 80.7 | 73.6 | 85.0
2014 Q2 | 82.1 | 79.7 | 75.1 | 82.6 | 89.9 | .. | 89.0 | 83.3 | 78.3 | 84.9 | 83.4 | 81.7 | 76.7 | 84.8 | 89.6 | 87.0 | 80.5 | 88.8 | .. | 82.1 | 85.9 | 76.0 | 79.7 | 80.2 | 82.8 | 81.6 | 84.5 | 83.8 | 76.6 | 82.6 | 75.5 | 85.5
2014 Q3 | 82.1 | 81.4 | 73.1 | 84.1 | 90.2 | .. | 89.6 | 84.2 | 82.0 | 85.2 | 82.2 | 78.3 | 75.4 | 84.8 | 88.9 | 85.6 | 80.2 | 90.1 | .. | 80.8 | 84.0 | 69.3 | 78.0 | 80.2 | 82.8 | 82.8 | 84.2 | 83.9 | 74.0 | 82.6 | 82.9 | 85.6
2014 Q4 | 83.2 | 79.9 | 74.4 | 82.8 | 90.1 | .. | 88.7 | 84.5 | 79.9 | 85.2 | 80.8 | 78.4 | 76.2 | 82.9 | 87.1 | 85.7 | 78.0 | 90.1 | .. | 81.2 | 85.6 | 74.1 | 81.5 | 82.4 | 83.4 | 76.4 | 84.1 | 84.1 | 74.3 | 80.7 | 81.6 | 85.0
2014 | 82.4 | 79.7 | 74.2 | 82.6 | 90.1 | .. | 89.2 | 83.9 | 79.5 | 84.8 | 81.8 | 79.2 | 76.7 | 84.1 | 89.0 | 86.2 | 79.8 | 89.4 | .. | 81.4 | 84.8 | 73.0 | 79.5 | 80.8 | 83.3 | 79.9 | 83.9 | 83.6 | 75.1 | 81.7 | 78.7 | 85.3
Women
|  | AUS | AUT | BEL | CAN | CHE | CHL | CZE | DEU | DNK | ESP | EST | FIN | FRA | GBR | GRC | HUN | IRL | ISL | ISR | ITA | LUX | MEX | NLD | NOR | NZL | POL | PRT | SVK | SVN | SWE | TUR | USA
Native-born | 2010 Q1 | 72.1 | 69.7 | 63.8 | 74.5 | 78.4 | .. | 61.2 | 72.5 | 77.1 | 64.2 | 71.4 | 71.7 | 67.0 | 70.2 | 56.6 | 55.7 | 61.3 | 79.3 | 58.5 | 50.2 | 54.4 | 45.4 | 73.9 | 76.0 | 74.1 | 58.1 | 69.0 | 61.1 | 67.2 | 77.1 | 27.8 | 68.0
2010 Q2 | 72.3 | 69.6 | 61.9 | 76.0 | 77.2 | .. | 61.3 | 72.3 | 77.5 | 64.6 | 71.0 | 75.0 | 67.0 | 70.0 | 57.0 | 55.9 | 62.1 | 83.6 | 59.1 | 50.5 | 54.8 | 46.3 | 74.0 | 76.7 | 73.4 | 58.7 | 69.0 | 61.1 | 68.2 | 79.4 | 30.5 | 68.3
2010 Q3 | 72.4 | 70.8 | 63.2 | 76.3 | 78.0 | .. | 61.6 | 72.5 | 77.5 | 64.7 | 69.6 | 72.9 | 67.7 | 70.8 | 57.2 | 56.4 | 62.2 | 82.9 | 60.4 | 49.5 | 55.4 | 46.2 | 74.0 | 76.3 | 73.5 | 59.0 | 69.0 | 61.8 | 67.3 | 79.2 | 30.5 | 68.5
2010 Q4 | 72.5 | 70.0 | 63.9 | 75.1 | 77.9 | .. | 61.9 | 73.0 | 76.1 | 65.3 | 69.9 | 71.7 | 66.8 | 70.2 | 57.1 | 56.2 | 61.7 | 80.6 | 60.9 | 50.9 | 54.6 | 44.9 | 74.4 | 75.8 | 73.9 | 58.5 | 68.6 | 61.6 | 67.4 | 77.3 | 29.3 | 67.9
2010 | 72.3 | 70.0 | 63.2 | 75.5 | 77.9 | .. | 61.5 | 72.6 | 77.0 | 64.7 | 70.5 | 72.8 | 67.1 | 70.3 | 57.0 | 56.0 | 61.8 | 81.6 | 59.7 | 50.3 | 54.8 | 45.7 | 74.1 | 76.2 | 73.7 | 58.6 | 68.9 | 61.4 | 67.5 | 78.3 | 29.5 | 68.1
2011 Q1 | 72.4 | 70.2 | 62.1 | 74.9 | 78.6 | .. | 61.8 | 72.9 | 77.0 | 65.4 | 70.0 | 71.8 | 66.6 | 70.3 | 56.9 | 55.9 | 61.0 | 80.7 | 59.5 | 50.4 | 55.6 | 44.8 | 74.2 | 76.0 | 74.3 | 58.3 | 68.7 | 60.8 | 65.8 | 78.3 | 29.1 | 67.6
2011 Q2 | 72.5 | 69.9 | 62.7 | 76.3 | 78.5 | .. | 62.1 | 73.2 | 77.4 | 66.0 | 71.6 | 74.8 | 66.8 | 70.3 | 56.8 | 56.4 | 62.0 | 84.8 | 59.5 | 50.3 | 53.3 | 45.9 | 74.6 | 76.5 | 73.1 | 58.7 | 68.9 | 60.4 | 66.3 | 80.5 | 32.2 | 67.7
2011 Q3 | 72.6 | 71.0 | 63.8 | 76.1 | 78.2 | .. | 62.5 | 73.6 | 78.0 | 66.1 | 72.7 | 73.7 | 67.6 | 70.8 | 57.0 | 56.8 | 61.8 | 82.0 | 59.5 | 49.9 | 56.5 | 46.4 | 74.8 | 76.5 | 72.9 | 59.1 | 68.4 | 61.0 | 67.1 | 80.1 | 32.3 | 68.0
2011 Q4 | 72.7 | 70.5 | 63.0 | 74.7 | 79.2 | .. | 62.5 | 74.0 | 77.0 | 66.3 | 70.8 | 71.7 | 67.4 | 71.0 | 57.6 | 56.8 | 61.6 | 78.6 | 59.9 | 51.7 | 55.4 | 47.7 | 75.6 | 75.8 | 73.8 | 59.3 | 68.0 | 61.2 | 67.9 | 78.5 | 30.5 | 67.2
2011 | 72.6 | 70.4 | 62.9 | 75.5 | 78.6 | 49.0 | 62.2 | 73.4 | 77.3 | 65.9 | 71.3 | 73.0 | 67.1 | 70.6 | 57.1 | 56.5 | 61.6 | 81.5 | 59.6 | 50.6 | 55.2 | 46.2 | 74.8 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 58.9 | 68.5 | 60.9 | 66.8 | 79.4 | 31.0 | 67.6
2012 Q1 | 72.6 | 70.9 | 62.4 | 74.5 | 78.4 | .. | 62.5 | 72.9 | 77.1 | 66.9 | 71.6 | 72.4 | 67.1 | 71.1 | 57.7 | 57.0 | 61.3 | 80.0 | .. | 52.5 | 55.5 | 46.1 | 75.6 | 76.0 | 73.8 | 59.2 | 68.7 | 61.6 | 67.7 | 78.8 | 29.5 | 67.0
2012 Q2 | 72.8 | 70.9 | 62.4 | 75.9 | 77.9 | .. | 63.2 | 73.1 | 77.8 | 67.1 | 71.7 | 75.3 | 67.6 | 71.0 | 57.9 | 57.7 | 61.7 | 85.2 | .. | 52.9 | 55.6 | 47.7 | 75.7 | 76.8 | 73.3 | 59.6 | 68.8 | 61.6 | 66.5 | 81.2 | 32.5 | 67.4
2012 Q3 | 72.4 | 72.7 | 63.9 | 76.0 | 79.0 | .. | 64.0 | 73.5 | 77.2 | 67.4 | 71.6 | 74.9 | 68.2 | 71.7 | 58.0 | 58.6 | 61.8 | 83.5 | .. | 51.9 | 60.1 | 48.0 | 76.0 | 76.9 | 73.4 | 60.1 | 68.9 | 62.0 | 67.3 | 81.1 | 32.3 | 67.7
2012 Q4 | 72.7 | 71.6 | 63.8 | 75.0 | 78.7 | .. | 64.5 | 73.8 | 75.9 | 67.4 | 69.9 | 72.0 | 68.4 | 72.1 | 58.1 | 58.1 | 61.8 | 81.3 | .. | 53.2 | 57.3 | 47.3 | 76.5 | 76.4 | 72.4 | 60.1 | 68.5 | 61.5 | 67.1 | 79.2 | 32.4 | 67.2
2012 | 72.6 | 71.5 | 63.1 | 75.4 | 78.5 | .. | 63.6 | 73.3 | 77.0 | 67.2 | 71.2 | 73.7 | 67.8 | 71.5 | 57.9 | 57.8 | 61.6 | 82.5 | .. | 52.6 | 57.2 | 47.3 | 76.0 | 76.5 | 73.2 | 59.7 | 68.7 | 61.7 | 67.1 | 80.1 | 31.7 | 67.3
2013 Q1 | 72.5 | 71.4 | 63.1 | 75.1 | 79.6 | .. | 64.5 | 73.9 | 76.2 | 67.6 | 71.1 | 73.1 | 67.8 | 71.8 | 57.5 | 57.5 | 61.8 | 81.1 | .. | 52.9 | 56.3 | 46.2 | 76.6 | 76.6 | 73.7 | 59.4 | 68.4 | 62.4 | 66.9 | 79.8 | 31.8 | 66.6
2013 Q2 | 72.8 | 71.9 | 63.8 | 76.2 | 78.9 | .. | 65.0 | 73.9 | 77.2 | 67.7 | 71.9 | 75.6 | 68.1 | 71.7 | 58.0 | 58.2 | 63.1 | 84.7 | .. | 52.5 | 57.9 | 47.8 | 76.6 | 76.7 | 73.1 | 59.8 | 68.7 | 62.0 | 66.7 | 82.0 | 34.4 | 67.4
2013 Q3 | 72.4 | 73.3 | 65.5 | 76.4 | 79.2 | .. | 65.3 | 74.2 | 77.8 | 67.7 | 70.9 | 73.5 | 68.6 | 72.3 | 57.7 | 58.7 | 62.9 | 84.7 | .. | 51.8 | 55.0 | 47.7 | 76.6 | 77.1 | 74.3 | 60.6 | 69.0 | 62.6 | 68.0 | 81.9 | 33.7 | 67.3
2013 Q4 | 72.7 | 72.0 | 63.8 | 75.2 | 80.2 | .. | 65.5 | 74.6 | 75.9 | 68.1 | 72.0 | 72.7 | 68.6 | 72.0 | 57.5 | 59.1 | 62.5 | 82.5 | .. | 53.2 | 59.9 | 48.0 | 76.3 | 76.6 | 75.5 | 60.8 | 69.7 | 62.7 | 66.4 | 80.5 | 32.8 | 66.8
2013 | 72.6 | 72.2 | 64.1 | 75.7 | 79.4 | 51.0 | 65.1 | 74.2 | 76.8 | 67.8 | 71.5 | 73.7 | 68.3 | 72.0 | 57.7 | 58.4 | 62.5 | 83.2 | .. | 52.6 | 57.3 | 47.4 | 76.5 | 76.8 | 74.2 | 60.1 | 68.9 | 62.4 | 67.0 | 81.1 | 33.2 | 67.0
2014 Q1 | 72.8 | 72.1 | 64.1 | 74.6 | 79.7 | .. | 65.2 | 74.3 | 75.5 | 67.9 | 70.5 | 73.2 | 68.5 | 72.2 | 58.0 | 59.9 | 62.0 | 80.1 | .. | 53.3 | 58.3 | 46.7 | 75.6 | 76.0 | 75.2 | 61.0 | 69.0 | 62.8 | 67.6 | 80.7 | 31.7 | 67.0
2014 Q2 | 72.7 | 72.0 | 64.1 | 76.1 | 79.7 | .. | 65.0 | 74.5 | 75.9 | 68.0 | 71.6 | 76.7 | 68.4 | 72.1 | 58.3 | 60.5 | 62.4 | 84.6 | .. | 53.2 | 57.2 | 46.8 | 75.5 | 77.0 | 74.3 | 60.7 | 69.2 | 62.5 | 68.9 | 82.5 | 34.3 | 67.1
2014 Q3 | 72.6 | 72.5 | 65.6 | 76.0 | 80.9 | .. | 65.8 | 74.6 | 76.8 | 67.8 | 72.6 | 74.9 | 68.4 | 72.6 | 58.4 | 61.1 | 63.5 | 84.3 | .. | 52.8 | 60.6 | 46.5 | 76.1 | 77.2 | 75.5 | 61.2 | 69.5 | 62.9 | 68.7 | 82.9 | 34.2 | 67.1
2014 Q4 | 72.8 | 72.1 | 65.3 | 74.9 | 82.6 | .. | 66.5 | 74.9 | 77.1 | 68.4 | 71.6 | 72.8 | 68.8 | 72.6 | 58.4 | 61.1 | 62.9 | 83.1 | .. | 54.6 | 57.8 | 46.3 | 76.4 | 76.8 | 77.2 | 61.5 | 69.1 | 63.3 | 68.0 | 80.2 | 33.9 | 67.2
2014 | 72.7 | 72.2 | 64.8 | 75.4 | 80.7 | .. | 65.6 | 74.6 | 76.3 | 68.0 | 71.6 | 74.4 | 68.5 | 72.4 | 58.3 | 60.6 | 62.7 | 83.0 | .. | 53.5 | 58.5 | 46.6 | 75.9 | 76.8 | 75.5 | 61.1 | 69.2 | 62.9 | 68.3 | 81.6 | 33.5 | 67.1
Foreign-born | 2010 Q1 | 63.6 | 63.2 | 54.7 | 70.2 | 72.0 | .. | 60.4 | 61.5 | 64.4 | 74.0 | 74.2 | 68.1 | 59.0 | 62.9 | 61.5 | 67.6 | 61.5 | 86.4 | 63.3 | 58.4 | 67.5 | 35.2 | 62.8 | 71.1 | 66.1 | 43.1 | 77.0 | 47.7 | 67.7 | 66.5 | 32.8 | 63.1
2010 Q2 | 63.4 | 63.5 | 52.8 | 71.0 | 73.4 | .. | 61.5 | 62.9 | 69.7 | 73.7 | 74.7 | 67.2 | 59.4 | 63.7 | 62.1 | 69.4 | 63.0 | 84.3 | 63.4 | 58.4 | 65.0 | 35.2 | 63.5 | 69.8 | 65.9 | 46.3 | 77.8 | 45.9 | 70.0 | 67.6 | 31.2 | 63.6
2010 Q3 | 64.1 | 64.3 | 55.1 | 71.0 | 73.9 | .. | 63.2 | 63.1 | 73.0 | 74.3 | 78.7 | 64.1 | 58.8 | 64.3 | 62.5 | 70.2 | 62.3 | 80.6 | 64.1 | 55.8 | 67.0 | 31.1 | 63.1 | 69.7 | 65.5 | 57.8 | 77.5 | 43.6 | 62.8 | 68.4 | 31.4 | 63.3
2010 Q4 | 65.7 | 64.8 | 55.2 | 69.1 | 72.8 | .. | 63.4 | 62.2 | 68.2 | 73.2 | 71.9 | 62.5 | 60.0 | 63.6 | 61.9 | 62.8 | 62.1 | 83.4 | 65.0 | 56.8 | 67.5 | 32.6 | 62.5 | 68.6 | 67.3 | 50.2 | 79.0 | 50.0 | 65.0 | 66.5 | 34.1 | 64.0
2010 | 64.2 | 63.9 | 54.5 | 70.3 | 73.0 | .. | 62.1 | 62.4 | 68.9 | 73.8 | 74.9 | 65.4 | 59.3 | 63.6 | 62.0 | 67.5 | 62.2 | 83.7 | 63.9 | 57.3 | 66.8 | 33.6 | 63.0 | 69.7 | 66.2 | 48.8 | 77.8 | 46.8 | 66.3 | 67.3 | 32.4 | 63.5
2011 Q1 | 65.7 | 64.7 | 51.1 | 68.9 | 71.7 | .. | 62.6 | 63.0 | 67.3 | 73.7 | 71.5 | 61.4 | 60.9 | 64.0 | 62.1 | 62.4 | 62.0 | 87.6 | 64.5 | 58.5 | 70.3 | 36.4 | 63.6 | 70.6 | 68.0 | 51.9 | 78.8 | 53.4 | 64.4 | 67.9 | 32.1 | 62.4
2011 Q2 | 65.6 | 63.3 | 53.7 | 69.2 | 71.9 | .. | 60.2 | 64.5 | 68.4 | 75.1 | 72.5 | 65.5 | 60.2 | 63.8 | 61.1 | 61.8 | 63.8 | 89.6 | 64.6 | 58.9 | 67.8 | 38.0 | 61.7 | 72.2 | 68.9 | 58.7 | 80.6 | 59.6 | 64.2 | 69.2 | 29.8 | 62.2
2011 Q3 | 65.6 | 64.0 | 51.0 | 70.3 | 72.8 | .. | 59.8 | 64.9 | 70.2 | 73.6 | 74.7 | 66.0 | 59.3 | 65.2 | 59.9 | 59.2 | 63.6 | 80.6 | 63.8 | 55.7 | 65.4 | 44.2 | 61.1 | 72.3 | 68.6 | 61.5 | 78.5 | - | 61.5 | 69.1 | 30.5 | 62.5
2011 Q4 | 65.0 | 65.2 | 52.4 | 69.8 | 73.3 | .. | 60.6 | 63.7 | 67.3 | 73.1 | 72.1 | 67.2 | 59.0 | 64.0 | 61.1 | 64.2 | 63.1 | - | 64.2 | 58.1 | 64.8 | 46.8 | 63.0 | 72.3 | 68.7 | - | 79.7 | - | 62.5 | 68.7 | 32.4 | 63.4
2011 | 65.5 | 64.3 | 52.1 | 69.6 | 72.4 | 64.7 | 60.8 | 64.0 | 68.3 | 73.9 | 72.7 | 65.1 | 59.8 | 64.2 | 61.0 | 61.9 | 63.1 | 83.6 | 64.3 | 57.8 | 67.0 | 41.4 | 62.4 | 71.9 | 68.6 | 56.2 | 79.4 | 59.1 | 63.1 | 68.7 | 31.2 | 62.6
2012 Q1 | 65.1 | 64.3 | 51.6 | 68.9 | 73.7 | .. | 60.8 | 63.5 | 67.8 | 74.3 | 72.5 | 67.0 | 59.6 | 62.5 | 60.6 | 63.1 | 63.2 | 84.3 | .. | 59.4 | 67.7 | 43.0 | 63.2 | 70.5 | 70.4 | 53.2 | 79.5 | 64.8 | 63.4 | 68.2 | 37.2 | 62.6
2012 Q2 | 65.3 | 63.9 | 52.5 | 70.7 | 73.8 | .. | 61.3 | 65.2 | 68.3 | 73.9 | 72.9 | 70.3 | 59.4 | 63.0 | 60.8 | 66.4 | 64.0 | 86.9 | .. | 59.3 | 67.8 | 46.6 | 63.4 | 72.8 | 70.2 | 61.2 | 80.3 | 61.7 | 63.7 | 70.1 | 39.5 | 62.4
2012 Q3 | 65.6 | 63.6 | 53.3 | 71.4 | 74.0 | .. | 61.9 | 64.6 | 69.0 | 73.2 | 73.9 | 69.2 | 59.0 | 64.5 | 62.6 | 66.3 | 63.8 | 81.8 | .. | 57.9 | 70.1 | 45.2 | 64.6 | 71.6 | 70.0 | 62.8 | 80.3 | 66.6 | 66.7 | 69.0 | 35.9 | 62.3
2012 Q4 | 65.5 | 63.6 | 54.5 | 71.1 | 74.8 | .. | 61.8 | 65.2 | 65.3 | 74.2 | 70.8 | 67.7 | 58.3 | 65.2 | 62.7 | 70.0 | 61.9 | 83.5 | .. | 60.0 | 69.4 | 45.7 | 63.4 | 69.6 | 70.3 | 58.4 | 78.6 | 69.0 | 64.7 | 68.1 | 37.2 | 62.8
2012 | 65.4 | 63.8 | 53.0 | 70.5 | 74.1 | .. | 61.5 | 64.6 | 67.6 | 73.9 | 72.5 | 68.5 | 59.1 | 63.8 | 61.7 | 66.4 | 63.2 | 84.1 | .. | 59.1 | 68.7 | 45.1 | 63.7 | 71.1 | 70.2 | 58.5 | 79.7 | 65.7 | 64.6 | 68.9 | 37.4 | 62.5
2013 Q1 | 66.1 | 64.8 | 54.6 | 70.9 | 74.5 | .. | 61.3 | 64.5 | 67.4 | 74.5 | 76.1 | 67.5 | 57.9 | 65.2 | 63.6 | 70.0 | 62.7 | 83.5 | .. | 61.0 | 69.2 | 43.1 | 62.2 | 69.7 | 70.7 | 54.7 | 77.6 | 69.7 | 59.7 | 68.4 | 38.4 | 62.3
2013 Q2 | 66.1 | 64.0 | 52.1 | 71.6 | 74.8 | .. | 65.3 | 65.3 | 69.5 | 73.7 | 75.4 | 71.4 | 57.8 | 65.2 | 64.4 | 65.1 | 63.6 | 86.3 | .. | 59.9 | 70.3 | 39.8 | 62.4 | 71.2 | 70.2 | 62.6 | 78.2 | 65.3 | 64.6 | 70.4 | 40.2 | 61.9
2013 Q3 | 66.2 | 64.9 | 54.6 | 71.8 | 74.7 | .. | 65.2 | 65.6 | 68.2 | 72.8 | 72.5 | 67.8 | 57.7 | 65.5 | 65.9 | 65.5 | 64.1 | 83.6 | .. | 58.0 | 70.5 | 43.6 | 64.0 | 73.0 | 69.3 | 64.4 | 77.6 | 67.7 | 62.4 | 70.1 | 37.3 | 62.7
2013 Q4 | 65.5 | 64.5 | 54.3 | 70.2 | 74.8 | .. | 67.0 | 64.2 | 68.1 | 72.9 | 71.4 | 67.8 | 59.3 | 65.8 | 64.6 | 66.9 | 62.8 | 83.9 | .. | 60.8 | 67.7 | 41.2 | 63.8 | 71.2 | 70.3 | 60.9 | 77.0 | 65.1 | 62.4 | 69.1 | 33.4 | 61.6
2013 | 66.0 | 64.5 | 53.9 | 71.1 | 74.7 | 69.3 | 64.7 | 64.9 | 68.3 | 73.5 | 73.9 | 68.6 | 58.2 | 65.4 | 64.6 | 66.9 | 63.3 | 84.3 | .. | 59.9 | 69.4 | 41.9 | 63.1 | 71.3 | 70.1 | 60.5 | 77.6 | 66.9 | 62.3 | 69.5 | 37.3 | 62.1
2014 Q1 | 65.9 | 65.1 | 53.2 | 70.2 | 74.5 | .. | 65.3 | 64.1 | 65.5 | 73.2 | 65.5 | 64.8 | 59.1 | 65.5 | 64.9 | 66.8 | 62.6 | 85.9 | .. | 60.9 | 70.0 | 41.2 | 63.6 | 70.6 | 72.0 | 74.3 | 77.6 | 57.7 | 60.9 | 68.9 | 51.5 | 62.1
2014 Q2 | 66.2 | 66.4 | 55.7 | 71.0 | 76.6 | .. | 67.1 | 64.8 | 67.3 | 72.8 | 67.8 | 68.0 | 60.3 | 66.0 | 66.1 | 61.2 | 62.6 | - | .. | 59.8 | 70.7 | 43.2 | 63.2 | 70.6 | 69.9 | 70.3 | 76.6 | - | 59.7 | 71.2 | 50.4 | 61.4
2014 Q3 | 66.3 | 65.3 | 54.8 | 70.5 | 74.2 | .. | 63.4 | 66.3 | 67.8 | 71.7 | 72.8 | 66.8 | 60.1 | 66.4 | 66.2 | 65.9 | 62.1 | 86.8 | .. | 59.3 | 67.5 | 44.7 | 61.1 | 70.6 | 69.6 | 54.7 | 77.6 | 63.4 | 57.0 | 72.0 | 37.6 | 61.5
2014 Q4 | 66.2 | 65.1 | 54.4 | 69.9 | 75.5 | .. | 65.3 | 64.4 | 65.8 | 73.3 | 71.8 | 66.7 | 60.4 | 66.3 | 66.0 | 66.2 | 61.3 | - | .. | 60.5 | 72.4 | 40.9 | 62.4 | 70.3 | 71.1 | 54.8 | 77.0 | - | 55.3 | 70.7 | 36.5 | 61.5
2014 | 66.1 | 65.5 | 54.5 | 70.4 | 75.2 | .. | 65.3 | 64.9 | 66.6 | 72.7 | 69.3 | 66.6 | 60.0 | 66.1 | 65.8 | 65.0 | 62.2 | 86.8 | .. | 60.1 | 70.2 | 42.5 | 62.6 | 70.5 | 70.6 | 63.7 | 77.2 | 60.2 | 58.2 | 70.7 | 43.6 | 61.6
Notes: Data refer to the working-age population (15-64). Data are not adjusted for seasonal variations. Comparisons should therefore be made for the same quarters of each year, and not for successive quarters within a given year.

Sources: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand: Labour Force surveys; Chile: Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN) ; Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE); United States: Current Population Surveys.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261130

Figure 2.A1.1. Share of foreign-born in total employment, in 2007, 2011 and 2014

Percentages

Note: The OECD average excludes Israel, Japan, Korea and Turkey for which information is not available every year. The data for Germany, Turkey and Canada are for 2008 instead of 2007; Mexico: 2006 instead of 2007 and 2013 instead of 2014; Japan: 2010 instead of 2011; Korea: 2012-13 average instead of 2014.

Source: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Japan: Japanese Population Census 2010; Korea: Foreign Labour Force Survey 2012-13 and Economically Active Population Survey of Korean nationals (EAPS) 2012-13; Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand: Labour Force Surveys; Chile: Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN); Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE); United States: Current Population Surveys.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261155

Figure 2.A1.2. Employment rates by place of birth and gender in selected OECD countries, 2001-14

Percentages

Notes: Data refer to the working-age population (15-64). There are breaks in series in Finland (2006/07), Ireland (2008/09), Switzerland (2009/10) and the United Kingdom (2008/09). Prior to 2010, the data for Switzerland are based on the second quaterly only.

Source: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada, New Zealand: Labour Force Surveys; United States: Current Population Surveys.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261162

Table 2.A1.4. Employment of foreign-born persons by industry, 2014
Percentage of total foreign-born employment
| Agriculture and fishing | Mining, Manufacturing and Energy | Construction | Wholesale and retail trade | Hotels and restaurants | Education | Health | Households | Admin. and ETO | Other services
Austria | 0.9 | 17.6 | 11.3 | 14.5 | 12.6 | 4.2 | 9.6 | 0.3 | 10.4 | 18.5
Belgium | 0.9 | 12.9 | 9.2 | 12.4 | 7.4 | 5.6 | 11.0 | 0.6 | 21.3 | 18.9
Czech Republic | 1.3 | 27.1 | 10.7 | 17.3 | 5.9 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 9.7 | 19.9
Denmark | 2.9 | 15.5 | 4.0 | 10.9 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 16.2 | 0.5 | 10.8 | 21.5
Estonia | 1.3 | 27.6 | 7.9 | 12.3 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 7.9 | - | 6.4 | 26.7
Finland | 2.5 | 15.3 | 6.2 | 11.6 | 10.3 | 6.6 | 13.9 | 0.5 | 8.2 | 25.0
France | 1.5 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 12.0 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 13.8 | 4.3 | 13.2 | 22.2
Germany | 0.7 | 25.3 | 7.8 | 13.1 | 8.5 | 4.2 | 11.2 | 1.2 | 10.0 | 18.0
Greece | 10.1 | 11.6 | 13.2 | 15.3 | 16.4 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 12.0 | 6.5 | 9.8
Hungary | 2.5 | 20.4 | 6.8 | 17.7 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 0.1 | 9.8 | 23.0
Iceland | 4.1 | 25.6 | 4.3 | 9.5 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 9.8 | - | 9.9 | 15.5
Ireland | 2.4 | 15.3 | 4.2 | 14.7 | 14.1 | 4.3 | 13.4 | 0.7 | 7.5 | 23.4
Italy | 4.8 | 20.2 | 10.3 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 19.7 | 6.4 | 13.0
Luxembourg | 0.5 | 6.5 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 8.3 | 2.8 | 18.8 | 38.5
Netherlands | 1.8 | 14.7 | 4.1 | 13.7 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 14.5 | 0.1 | 14.8 | 24.6
Norway | 1.2 | 13.1 | 9.2 | 11.1 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 19.2 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 20.9
Poland | 2.0 | 18.1 | 6.4 | 20.9 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 8.2 | 1.0 | 5.7 | 28.1
Portugal | 2.4 | 13.5 | 6.8 | 13.8 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 9.7 | 5.2 | 12.5 | 19.2
Slovak Republic | 3.0 | 26.2 | 7.9 | 12.8 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 10.0 | - | 12.2 | 11.7
Slovenia | 2.4 | 28.5 | 15.7 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 7.4 | - | 8.2 | 18.3
Spain | 6.4 | 9.0 | 6.7 | 15.2 | 16.1 | 2.7 | 5.1 | 15.7 | 8.3 | 14.7
Sweden | 0.8 | 11.8 | 4.6 | 10.2 | 6.9 | 11.0 | 18.6 | 0.0 | 12.1 | 24.0
Switzerland | 1.2 | 17.4 | 7.0 | 13.1 | 7.6 | 5.7 | 13.1 | 1.4 | 6.5 | 27.0
Turkey | 3.1 | 28.0 | 3.3 | 11.6 | 6.1 | 14.1 | 6.0 | - | 14.7 | 13.1
United Kingdom | 0.8 | 11.5 | 5.8 | 11.9 | 9.7 | 7.6 | 14.0 | 0.6 | 10.1 | 28.0
United States | 1.9 | 12.5 | 10.1 | 13.5 | 10.0 | 5.5 | 12.1 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 30.3
Notes: A dash indicates that the estimate is not reliable enough for publication. ETO stands for extra-territorial organisations.
Sources: European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Survey (Eurostat), Q1-Q3 2014; United States: Current Population Surveys.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261141

Changing patterns in the international migration of doctors and nurses to OECD countriesThis chapter was written by Clémence Merçay (University of Neuchâtel), Jean-Christophe Dumont (OECD) and Gaétan Lafortune (OECD). It was prepared in cooperation with the WHO and with the support of the Swiss authorities.The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Chapter 3.

Changing patterns in the international migration of doctors and nurses to OECD countries¹²

This chapter examines how the international migration of health workers to OECD countries has evolved since 2000. It analyses flows against the background of shifts in migration and health policies and economic and institutional change.

At a time when skilled migration is on the increase, immigrant doctors and nurses account for mounting shares of the healthcare professionals who practice in the OECD area. The figures in 2010/11 were 23% for doctors and 14% for nurses although, less are foreign-trained than foreign-born, which suggests that host countries provide some of their training.

This chapter also considers how the 2007/08 crisis and EU enlargement affect the immigration of doctors and nurses, particularly to Europe, and looks at the part played by immigration policies and the management of labour supply and demand in the healthcare sector. The chapter also volunteers a detailed analysis of the impact on countries of origin and looks at updated data for 2010/11 on the medical brain drain from 120 countries worldwide. The chapter concludes with a look at recent trends in the internationalisation of medical studies.

Introduction

The 2007 edition of the OECD’s International Migrant Outlook contained a chapter that broke new ground. Entitled “Immigrant Health Workers in OECD Countries in the Broader Context of Highly Skilled Migration”, it painted the very first broad picture of migration flows among healthcare professionals by country of origin and destination. This, and other work on the subject carried out jointly with the WHO like The Looming Crisis in the Health Workforce: How Can OECD Countries Respond? (OECD and WHO, 2008) unveiled facts that shed new light on national and international debate.

This chapter seeks to identify recent trends in the international migration of health workers. It examines them against the backdrop of evolving policy in the areas of immigration, health workforce management, and institutional and economic change. The economic crisis, for example, which started in 2007/08 and whose aftershocks are still felt in some OECD countries, has reshaped labour markets in a number of ways. Similarly, EU enlargement to 13 new member states in 2004, 2007 and 2013 has redrawn the European migration map, including for health workers. In May 2010, the World Health Assembly adopted its Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel (WHO, 2010), a non-binding code of ethics that governs the recruitment of migrant health workers and is designed to strengthen the health systems in their countries of origin.

What is the scale of the international migration of doctors and nurses, and who heads where? How and what do migrant health workers contribute to host countries and to what extent does their outflow affect the health workforce in their countries of origin? And how much do immigration policies in the field of healthcare affect the main channels of migration? This chapter seeks, first, to home in on recent trends in the international migration flows of doctors and nurses by destination countries and by main countries of origin. It then goes on to consider the effect of government policy, before training its sights on the internationalisation of medical and healthcare education and training programmes.

Main findings

Foreign-born doctors and nurses account for a significant share of the healthcare professionals working in the OECD area. Doctors’ share grew in most countries between 2000/01 and 2010/11 from an average (across 22 countries) of 19.5% to more than 22%, while that of nurses rose from 11% to 14.5%. In total, the number of migrant doctors and nurses working in OECD countries has increased by 60% over the past ten years. The trend mirrors the general increase in immigration to OECD countries – particularly that of skilled workers. It also points to the sizeable contribution that immigrants made to the rise in numbers of healthcare workers in the 2000s, although the very latest data show a fall in inflows in a number of countries.

Although the United States hosts the highest number of migrant doctors and nurses in absolute terms, the steepest rises in foreign-born doctors between 2000/01 and 2010/11 were in the United Kingdom and Germany. There were also significant increases in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and Switzerland while numbers continued at their relatively high levels in Canada, and the United States.

Between 2012 and 2014, foreign-trained doctors and nurses accounted for 17% and 6% respectively of the healthcare workforce in the 26 countries for doctors and 24 countries for nurses for which data were available. On average, foreign-trained health workers are outnumbered by the foreign-born health workers, reflecting the fact that some people born abroad have been trained in their destination country. In some countries, by contrast, the share of foreign-trained health workers may also be higher than the share of foreign-born health workers, from which it may be inferred that part of the healthcare workforce is trained in a country other than the one in which they were born.

In 2010/11, foreign-born doctors and nurses practicing in OECD countries made up about 5% of all healthcare professionals worldwide. India – already the world’s top supplier of emigrant doctors in 2000/01 – further confirmed that position in 2010/11. A similar pattern was to be seen in Philippines, the single largest country of origin of internationally mobile nurses. Other Asian countries, too, like China, Pakistan, and Viet Nam also saw their outflows of health workers increase. There was significant mobility between OECD countries, too, chiefly because of growing intra-EEA flows.

In the same two years, doctors and nurses who had emigrated to the OECD area from countries affected by severe shortages of healthcare professionals (as defined by WHO) accounted for 20% of estimated healthcare workforce needs in their countries of origin, compared to 9% in 2000/01. The growing shortfall was attributable, in part, to emigration and in part to the critical dearth worldwide over the decade. In the decade preceding the adoption of the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel (WHO, 2010) the number of doctors and nurses originating from countries with severe shortages who emigrated to OECD countries grew by nearly 84%.

Most OECD countries have stepped up their education and training efforts of doctors and nurses since 2000/01 in response to expected shortages in the context of population ageing generally (which is expected to increase the demand for health services) and the ageing of the medical and nursing workforce (which is expected to reduce their supply). These efforts have partly slowed down the increase in international recruitment.

Against the background of burgeoning international student mobility, the number of medical students pursuing their education abroad has soared in recent years. That trend is the result of the increasingly international nature of medical studies that may be ascribed both to unmet demand in countries that restrict access to healthcare education and training and to the growing offer of places in medical school in others. In the coming years, the number of international medical graduates can be expected to continue to rise. Although they will be a boon to the countries where they work, they will make national planning a more complex matter insofar as a significant number of these international students might wish to return to practice in their home country after obtaining their first degree abroad.

The economic crisis which started in 2007/08 had varying effects on international flows of migrant health workers. Some countries have recruited fewer international healthcare professionals as they set limits on their health systems’ financial resources and native-born health workers are back on the job market. As for the countries hardest hit by the crisis, chiefly in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, they experienced considerable outflows of health workers at the end of the 2000s, most of whom headed for Germany and the United Kingdom. And although the accession of new member states to the EU in 2004 had a significant, albeit time-limited, curbing effect on health-worker emigration, the crisis triggered it afresh. In Romania and Bulgaria, the combined effects of EU accession in 2007 and the economic crisis have led to high rates of emigration to this day. It appears that within the European Union, international mobility actually exerted a balancing effect on labour markets by reducing the risks of under-employment among health workers in countries sorely hit by the crisis.

There are few specific instruments to manage migration movements of health personnel which occur in the larger framework of skilled labour migration. The listing of health care occupations among professions facing shortages is one of the few tools used in OECD countries in order to ease the recruitment of health personnel. This instrument of immigration policy can be adapted quickly according to the needs of the labour market.

In recent years a number of OECD countries – e.g. Germany, Ireland, Finland and Japan – have ventured into international co-operation agreements that include training and recruiting healthcare professionals. They have targeted with increasing care the countries with which they have initiated co-operation deals in consideration of their strategies for training healthcare workers and anxious not to rob them of the human resources their health systems need. Although they have led to relatively low numbers of health workers being recruited, international co-operation schemes that include a medical staff recruitment component could well spread in years to come.

Practices relating to the recognition of professional qualifications differ among OECD countries and often constitute a major barrier to the foreign recruitment of health professionals. These practices are evolving rapidly. Recent developments point to higher requirements for mastery of the language in the destination country (United Kingdom, Australia) and the introduction of supervised positions (Ireland, Canada) and bridging training that allows unrestricted professional activity (Canada). This latter type of programmes is designed to prevent a waste of skills and competences.

Within the European Union, health worker mobility has also been facilitated by provisions for recognising professional qualifications first developed in the 1970s and consolidated in 2005. In some destination countries, these provisions have allowed foreign-trained health workers already working in the country to have their qualifications recognised in the same way as their domestically educated and trained peers.

International migration of health workers in OECD countries: The destination country perspective

Overall trends in health human resources in OECD countries

Most OECD countries have, over the last ten years, experienced increases in the number and density of doctors and nurses (Figures 3.1 and 3.2). The growth in the number of doctors has been particularly noticeable in countries such as Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Australia, Greece and the United Kingdom, while there has also been a strong growth in the number of nurses in Portugal, Spain, Korea and Turkey (OECD, 2013a). Israel is the only country where there was a fall in the density of physicians of doctors and nurses between 2000 and 2012, as the population grew faster than the number of healthcare professionals. In most countries, the growth in the number and density of doctors and nurses continued post-crisis, albeit at a slower pace, despite the worsening of the economic situation. Certain European countries that were particularly affected by the economic crisis were nevertheless compelled to cut back their health workforce – Estonia, for example, laid off nurses.

Figure 3.1. Practising doctors per 1 000 population, 2000 and 2012 (or nearest year)

1. Data include not only doctors providing direct care to patients, but also those working in the health sector as managers, educators, researchers, etc. (adding another 5-10% of doctors).

2. Data refer to all doctors licensed to practice (resulting in a large over-estimation of the number of practising doctors in Portugal).

Source: OECD Health Statistics 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health-data-en.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261281

Figure 3.2. Practising nurses per 1 000 population, 2000 and 2012 (or nearest year)

1. Data include not only nurses providing direct care to patients, but also those working in the health sector as managers, educators, researchers, etc.

2. Data refer to all nurses who are licensed to practice.

3. Austria reports only nurses employed in hospital.

Source: OECD Health Statistics 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health-data-en.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261292

The main factors influencing the supply of health workers include, in terms of inflows, the commitment to education and training, the immigration of people trained abroad (Box 3.1), and policies to bring the economically inactive back into the labour market. As for outflows, the chief factors are job losses and emigration. What role, then, have foreign healthcare professionals played in the supply and demand of labour in OECD countries’ health systems?

Box 3.1. Sources used to measure the international mobility of health personnel

The description of the international mobility of health workers is based on two main indicators: doctors and nurses born abroad, and doctors and nurses trained abroad. To identify the country of birth, two sources were used: the Database on Immigrants in OECD Countries (DIOC) 2010-11, which takes its figures from the latest round of population censuses, and the Eurostat’s Labour Force Survey (LFS) for some European countries.

Health workers are identified on the basis of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), revised in 2008. Data collected cover “medical doctors” (221) and “nursing and midwifery professionals” (222), as well as “nursing and midwifery associate professionals” (322). Although it is possible to reconcile ISCO-08 classification with the previous version (ISCO-88), there can be significant differences depending on which classification is used.* The available data pertaining to foreign-born doctors and nurses cover 29 and 28 countries, respectively.

Data on foreign-trained health workers were collected from health ministries and registers of healthcare professionals in OECD countries. For some countries, the data were drawn from statistical surveys (Table 3.5). Available data for foreign-trained workers cover 26 countries for doctors and 25 countries for nurses.

The main limitation on data comparability relates to differences in the activity status of health workers which makes it possible to identify with precision the professionally active, who include practising medical and healthcare professionals, while other countries identify all those who are authorised to practice, irrespective of whether they are or not professionally active or residents (Table 3.5).

The European Commission’s Regulated Professions Database was also used. This database covers applications for recognition of qualifications by country of origin as well as by country of education and training, and country of destination. These applications supply information on intentions to emigrate but do not necessarily reflect migration flows. What is more, they count several applications from the same person as separate applications if they renew their application or submit in one or more other countries.

Lastly, the WHO Global Health Observatory Data Repository was used for numbers of health workers in non-OECD countries and to calculate expatriation rates. Not all countries’ data, however, are flawless or up-to-date. The WHO database in some countries covers only healthcare professionals at work in the public sector, so excluding anyone who practices privately, in the armed forces, or in international organisations.

* Furthermore, some OECD countries have not adopted the International Standard Classification of Occupations (e.g. Australia, Canada and the United States) and consequently define occupations slightly differently.

Foreign-born health workers

Situation in 2010/11

There are some important variations among OECD countries in the proportion of health personnel born abroad. For doctors, the figure ranges from less than 3% in Poland and Turkey to more than 50% in Australia and New Zealand (Figure 3.3). The share of foreign-born among nursing professionals, for instance, is insignificant in Poland and the Slovak Republic, but over 30% in Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, or Luxembourg (Figure 3.4). In almost all countries, with the exception of Turkey, Italy and Estonia, immigrants make up a higher proportion of doctors than of nurses, and markedly so in Australia, and New Zealand.

Figure 3.3. Percentage of foreign-born doctors in 29 OECD countries, 2010/11

Note: The OECD average is the unweighted average for the 29 OECD countries presented in the chart. It differs slightly from the OECD total presented in Table 3.1 because the latter is a weighted average based on the 23 OECD countries for which data are available in 2000/01 and in 2010/11.

Source: DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261301

Figure 3.4. Percentage of foreign-born nurses in 28 OECD countries, 2010/11

Note:  The OECD average is the unweighted average for the 28 OECD countries presented in the chart. It differs slightly from the OECD total presented in Table 3.2 because the latter is a weighted average based on the 22 OECD countries for which data are available in 2000/01 and in 2010/11.

Source: DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261312

To a certain degree, the share of migrants among healthcare professionals mirrors that of immigrants – particularly those who are skilled – in the workforce as a whole. That being said, the percentage of foreign-born doctors tends to be greater than the percentage of immigrants among highly educated workers, whereas the share of foreign-born nurses is similar or lower. Unsurprisingly, the proportions of foreign-born doctors and nurses are highest in the main settlement countries (e.g. Australia, Canada, Israel, and New Zealand) and European countries like Luxembourg and Switzerland where large migrant flows head. Other countries, too – such as the United Kingdom and Belgium – also near the top of the list for shares of foreign-born health professionals, as do some Nordic countries when it comes to doctors, and as does Ireland for nurses. Countries in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe as well as Turkey have the lowest proportions of foreign-born health workers.

In absolute terms, the United States remains the main country of destination for migrant doctors and nurses. Of all foreign-born health workers around 36% of doctors and 44% of nurses practise in the United States (Figure 3.5). The United Kingdom is the second country of destination for doctors, receiving 14% of all foreign-born doctors who practise in OECD countries, followed by Germany (9%). This ranking is reversed for nurses, with Germany in second place (12%) followed by the United Kingdom (10%).

Figure 3.5. Distribution of foreign-born doctors and nurses by country of residence, 2010/11

Source: DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261325

Table 3.1. Practising doctors by place of birth in 30 OECD countries, 2000/01 and 2010/11
| Doctors
| 2000/01 | 2010/11
Country of residence |  | Total | Foreign-born | % foreign-born | Total | Foreign-born | % foreign-born |
Australia | (2001) | 48 211 | 20 452 | 42.9 | 68 795 | 36 076 | 52.8 | (2011)
Austria | (2001) | 30 068 | 4 400 | 14.6 | 40 559 | 6 844 | 16.9 | (2011/12)
Belgium¹ | (1998-02) | 39 133 | 4 629 | 11.8 | 40 148 | 10 202 | 25.4 | (2011/12)
Canada | (2001) | 65 110 | 22 860 | 35.1 | 79 585 | 27 780 | 34.9 | (2011)
Czech Republic* |  | … | … | … | 39 562 | 3 468 | 8.8 | (2011)
Denmark² | (2002) | 14 977 | 1 629 | 10.9 | 15 403 | 2 935 | 19.1 | (2011)
Estonia* |  | … | … | … | 4 145 | 747 | 18.0 | (2011)
Finland | (2000) | 14 560 | 575 | 4.0 | 18 937 | 1 454 | 7.7 | (2011)
France | (1999) | 200 358 | 33 879 | 16.9 | 224 998 | 43 955 | 19.5 | (2011)
Germany | (1998-02) | 282 124 | 28 494 | 11.1 | 366 700 | 57 210 | 15.7 | (2011/12)
Greece³ | (2001) | 13 744 | 1 181 | 8.6 | 49 577 | 3 624 | 7.3 | (2011/12)
Hungary | (2001) | 24 671 | 2 724 | 11.0 | 28 522 | 3 790 | 13.3 | (2011)
Ireland | (2002) | 8 208 | 2 895 | 35.3 | 12 832 | 5 973 | 46.6 | (2011/12)
Israel* |  | … | … | … | 23 398 | 11 519 | 49.2 | (2011)
Italy* |  | … | … | … | 234 323 | 11 822 | 5.0 | (2011/12)
Luxembourg | (2001) | 882 | 266 | 30.2 | 1 347 | 536 | 40.0 | (2011)
Mexico* | (2000) | 205 571 | 3 005 | 1.5 | … | … | … |
Netherlands | (1998-02) | 42 313 | 7 032 | 16.7 | 57 976 | 8 429 | 14.6 | (2011)
New-Zealand | (2001) | 9 009 | 4 215 | 46.9 | 12 708 | 6 897 | 54.3 | (2011)
Norway | (1998-02) | 12 761 | 2 117 | 16.6 | 19 624 | 4 460 | 22.7 | (2011)
Poland | (2002) | 99 687 | 3 144 | 3.2 | 109 652 | 2 935 | 2.7 | (2011)
Portugal | (2001) | 23 131 | 4 552 | 19.7 | 36 831 | 6 040 | 16.4 | (2011)
Slovak Republic* |  | … | … | … | 21 552 | 823 | 3.8 | (2011)
Slovenia* |  | … | … | … | 5 556 | 1 006 | 18.1 | (2011)
Spain | (2001) | 126 248 | 9 433 | 7.5 | 210 500 | 21 005 | 10.3 | (2011)
Sweden⁴ | (2003) | 26 983 | 6 148 | 22.9 | 47 778 | 14 173 | 29.8 | (2011/12)
Switzerland⁵ | (2000) | 23 039 | 6 431 | 28.1 | 43 416 | 18 082 | 41.6 | (2011/12)
Turkey | (2000) | 82 221 | 5 090 | 6.2 | 104 950 | 3 003 | 2.9 | (2011/12)
United Kingdom | (2001) | 147 677 | 49 780 | 33.7 | 236 862 | 83 951 | 35.4 | (2011/12)
United States | (2000) | 807 844 | 196 815 | 24.4 | 838 933 | 221 393 | 26.4 | (2007-11)
OECD Total (23 countries) |  | 2 142 959 | 418 741 | 19.5 | 2 666 632 | 590 748 | 22.2 |

Notes: Countries for which data for 2000/01 are derived from a census: AUS, AUT, CAN, CHE, ESP, FIN, FRA, GBR, HUN, IRL, LUX, MEX, NZL, POL, TUR, USA; countries for which data for 2000/01 are derived from LFS: BEL, DEU, NLD, NOR. Countries for which data for 2010/11 are derived from a census: AUS, CAN, CZE, DNK, ESP, EST, FIN, FRA, HUN, ISR, LUX, NLD, NOR, NZL, POL, PRT, SVK, SVN, USA; countries for which data for 2010/11 are derived from LFS: AUT, BEL, CHE, CZE, DEU, GBR, GRC, HUN, IRL, ITA, SWE, TUR.

Doctors whose place of birth is unknown are excluded from the calculation of the percentage of foreign-born doctors. Countries marked with an asterisk (*) are not counted in the total (OECD23) due to data gaps at least for one year.

1. Other sources indicate a slightly higher increase in the number of doctors in Belgium during this period.

2. Some doctors undergoing specialty training may not be counted in 2011.

3. In 2001, doctors are only partially covered.

4. Other sources indicate a slightly lower increase in the number of doctors in Sweden during this period.

5. Some doctors undergoing specialty training may not be counted in 2000.

Sources: OECD (2007) for 2000/01 data, DIOC 2010/11 and LFS 2009/12 for 2010/2011 data.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261172

Table 3.2. Practising nurses by place of birth in 30 OECD countries, 2000/01 and 2010/11
| 2000/01 | 2010/11
Country of residence |  | Total | Foreign-born | % foreign-born | Total | Foreign-born | % foreign-born |
Australia | (2001) | 191 105 | 46 750 | 24.8 | 238 935 | 78 508 | 33.2 | (2011)
Austria | (2001) | 56 797 | 8 217 | 14.5 | 70 147 | 10 265 | 14.6 | (2009-10)
Belgium | (1998-02) | 127 384 | 8 409 | 6.6 | 140 054 | 23 575 | 16.8 | (2011-12)
Canada | (2001) | 284 945 | 48 880 | 17.2 | 326 700 | 73 425 | 22.5 | (2011)
Czech Republic* |  | … | … | … | 89 301 | 1 462 | 1.6 | (2011-12)
Denmark¹ | (2002) | 57 047 | 2 320 | 4.1 | 61 082 | 6 301 | 10.3 | (2011-12)
Estonia* |  | … | … | … | 8 302 | 2 162 | 26.0 | (2011-12)
Finland | (2000) | 56 365 | 470 | 0.8 | 72 836 | 1 732 | 2.4 | (2011-12)
France | (1999) | 421 602 | 23 308 | 5.5 | 550 163 | 32 345 | 5.9 | (2009-10)
Germany | (1998-02) | 781 300 | 74 990 | 10.4 | 1 074 523 | 150 060 | 14.0 | (2009-12)
Greece | (2001) | 39 952 | 3 883 | 9.7 | 55 364 | 1 919 | 3.5 | (2011-12)
Hungary | (2001) | 49 738 | 1 538 | 3.1 | 59 300 | 1 218 | 2.1 | (2011-12)
Ireland | (2002) | 43 320 | 6 204 | 14.3 | 58 092 | 15 606 | 26.9 | (2011-12)
Israel* |  | … | … | … | 31 708 | 16 043 | 50.6 | (2011)
Italy* |  | … | … | … | 399 777 | 39 231 | 9.8 | (2011-12)
Luxembourg | (2001) | 2 551 | 658 | 25.8 | 4 372 | 1 347 | 30.8 | (2011-12)
Mexico* | (2000) | 267 537 | 550 | 0.2 | … | … | … |
Netherlands | (1998-02) | 259 569 | 17 780 | 6.9 | 323 420 | 30 909 | 9.6 | (2009-10)
New Zealand | (2001) | 33 261 | 7 698 | 23.2 | 40 002 | 13 884 | 35.0 | (2011)
Norway | (1998-02) | 70 698 | 4 281 | 6.1 | 97 725 | 8 795 | 9.0 | (2009-10)
Poland | (2002) | 243 225 | 1 074 | 0.4 | 245 667 | 595 | 0.2 | (2009-10)
Portugal | (2001) | 36 595 | 5 077 | 13.9 | 53 491 | 4 643 | 8.7 | (2011-12)
Slovak Republic* |  | … | … | … | 52 773 | 303 | 0.6 | (2011-12)
Slovenia* |  | … | … | … | 17 124 | 1 483 | 8.7 | (2011-12)
Spain | (2001) | 167 498 | 5 638 | 3.4 | 252 804 | 14 400 | 5.7 | (2011-12)
Sweden | (2003) | 98 505 | 8 710 | 8.9 | 113 956 | 15 834 | 13.9 | (2011-12)
Switzerland² | (2000) | 62 194 | 17 636 | 28.6 | 110 069 | 36 531 | 33.3 | (2011-12)
Turkey* | (2000) | … | … | … | 147 611 | 4 484 | 3.1 | (2009-10)
United Kingdom | (2001) | 538 647 | 81 623 | 15.2 | 618 659 | 134 075 | 21.7 | (2011-12)
United States | (2000) | 2 818 735 | 336 183 | 11.9 | 3 847 068 | 561 232 | 14.6 | (2007-11)
OECD Total (22 countries) |  | 6 441 033 | 711 327 | 11.0 | 8 414 429 | 1 217 200 | 14.5 |

Notes: Countries for which data for 2000/01 are derived from a census : AUS, AUT, CAN, CHE, ESP, FIN, FRA, GBR, HUN, IRL, LUX, MEX, NZL, POL, PRT, TUR, USA ; countries for which data for 2000/01 are derived from LFS: BEL, DEU, NLD, NOR ; countries for which data for 2000/01 are derived from a register : DNK. Countries for which data for 2010/11 are derived from a census: AUS, CAN, ISR, NZL, USA; countries for which data for 2010/11 are derived from LFS : AUT, BEL, CHE, CZE, DEU, DNK, ESP, EST, FIN, FRA, GBR, GRC, HUN, IRL, ITA, LUX, NLD, NOR, POL, PRT, SVK, SVN, SWE, TUR.

Nurses whose place of birth is unknown are excluded from the calculation of the percentage of foreign-born nurses. Countries marked with an asterisk (*) are not counted in the total (OECD22) due to data gaps for at least one year.

1. Other sources indicate that the number of nurses in Denmark may be about 25% higher in 2002 and in 2012. Some associate professional nurses may not be counted.

2. Other sources indicate that the number of nurses in Switzerland may be about 50% higher in 2000 and 20% higher in 2010.

Sources: OECD (2007) for 2000/01 data, DIOC 2010/11 and LFS 2009/12 for 2010/2011 data.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261182

Trends since 2000/01

Among the OECD countries for which data are available and comparable for 2000/01 and 2010/11, it emerges that the percentage of foreign-born nursing professionals rose by an average of 3.5 percentage points, while the increase among doctors was 2.7 percentage points (Tables 3.1 and 3.2).

As far as doctors are concerned, increases were highest in Belgium, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand.³ With the exception of Belgium, the increase was driven chiefly by the rise in the number of foreign students. By contrast, the share of foreign-born doctors remained stable in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

When it comes to nurses, the sharpest increases came in Ireland, New Zealand, Belgium, and Australia against the background of a visibly upward trend almost everywhere – except in Hungary and, to a lesser extent, Austria and France.

Portugal and Greece, both hit hard by the economic crisis, were the only OECD member states to register significant declines in the shares of foreign-born professionals working in healthcare. Among doctors, the proportions fell by 3.3 percentage points in Portugal and by 1.3 in Greece. As for immigrant nurses, the drops were even greater – 5.2 points down in Portugal and 6.3 in Greece.

To what extent have foreign-born doctors and nurses contributed to the growth of the national health workforce in OECD countries over the past decade? In seven countries, more than half of the increase in the total number of doctors is attributable to immigration (Figure 3.6). In those countries, save the United States and Belgium, that increase was part of a sharp upward swing in health sector employment. Immigration also accounted for over half of the increase in the number of nurses in seven countries, which included main settlement countries, the United Kingdom and Ireland (Figure 3.7). Immigration’s contribution to the nursing workforce in the United States, by contrast, was much less.

Figure 3.6. Share of the growth in practising doctors between 2000/01 and 2010/11 attributed to foreign-born doctors in 17 OECD countries

Source: OECD (2007) for 2000/01; DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12 for 2010/11.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261330

Figure 3.7. Share of the growth in practising nurses between 2000/01 and 2010/11 attributed to foreign-born nurses in 18 OECD countries

Source: OECD (2007) for 2000/01; DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12 for 2010/11.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261344

The variations in numbers of immigrants between 2000/01 and 2010/11 (Figure 3.8) spring from the twin effect of net immigration (inflows minus outflows of the foreign-born) plus the net inflow into the workplace of immigrants already living in the host country in question. In most countries, though – with a few exceptions such as Belgium – the preponderant factor in that combined effect is net immigration.

Figure 3.8. Distribution of new foreign-born doctors and nurses by country of residence in OECD countries

Share of the growth in the total number of doctors and nurses between 2000/01 and 2010/11

Note: Calculations based on the data by destination countries presented in Tables 3.1 and 3.2 for the comparison across time (excluding those countries where there has been a decrease in the number of foreign-born health personnel).

Source: OECD (2007) for 2000/01: DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12 for 2010/11.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261355

The greatest swing in the number of foreign-born doctors came in the United Kingdom (up 34 000) and Germany (up 29 000). The United States was only third with 24 500 doctors, followed by Australia with 16 000, then Switzerland and Spain with 11 500 each. By way of comparison, the increase in Canada was a mere 5 000.

As for immigrant nursing professionals, the biggest change in sheer numbers was in the United States with an inflow that was up by 225 000. Next was Germany with 75 000 more foreign-born nurses, followed by the United Kingdom (up 52 500).

Both numbers and shares of immigrant health practitioners rose in most OECD countries. Although the dual increase reflected the general trend in immigration, particularly skilled immigration, it is also true to say that immigrants did indeed swell the numbers of health workers between 2000/01 and 2010/11. Almost half of all foreign-born nurses at work in the OECD area practiced in the United States. It also hosts the largest number of immigrant doctors, although net flows into the United Kingdom and Germany were greater.

Foreign-trained health workers

Data on health workers trained abroad shed further light on recent trends and the dependence of host countries’ health system on foreign practitioners. In most OECD countries, the proportion of health workers trained abroad is lower than that of health workers born abroad, which points to the fact that host countries provide part of migrants’ training and education.

Situation in 2012-14

The countries in which the foreign-educated account for the highest share of physicians are – after Israel with 58% – New Zealand at over 40%, followed by Ireland and Australia with over 30% each (Tables 3.3 and 3.4). The high proportion of foreign-trained doctors in Israel not only mirrors the importance of immigration to the country, it is also attributable to the growing number of licences to practice that native-born Israelis gain at medical schools abroad – one-third of physicians licensed to practice in 2011 (Haklai et al., 2013).⁴

Table 3.3. Foreign-trained doctors registered in selected OECD countries, 2000, 2006 and 2012-14
| 2000 | 2006 | 2012-14
Country of residence | Year | Total | Foreign-trained | % of total | Year | Total | Foreign-trained | % of total | Year | Total | Foreign-trained | % of total
Australia |  | … | … | … | 2005 | … | … | 25.0 | 2013 | 82 498 | 25 153 | 30.5
Austria | 2000 | 25 611e | 461 | 1.8 | 2006 | 30 236 | 888 | 2.9 | 2014 | 35 844 | 1 640 | 4.6
Belgium | 2000 | 44 380 | 1 934 | 4.4 | 2006 | 49 695 | 2 636 | 5.3 | 2014 | 59 070 | 6 732 | 11.4
Canada | 2000 | 64 462 | 13 701 | 21.3 | 2006 | 70 870 | 15 237 | 21.5 | 2013 | 90 205 | 21 225 | 23.5
Chile |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2014 | 36 013 | 5 489 | 15.2
Czech Republic | 2000 | 43 765 | 579 | 1.3 | 2006 | 44 064 | 1 744 | 4.0 | 2014 | 41 671 | 1 135 | 2.7
Denmark | 2000 | 15 551 | 681 | 4.4 | 2006 | 18 403 | 1 145 | 6.2 | 2012 | 20 250 | 1 127 | 5.6
Estonia | 2002 | 2 259 | 0 | 0.0 | 2006 | 5 336 | 30 | 0.6 | 2014 | 6 294 | 166 | 2.6
Finland |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | .. | 2012 | 20 866 | 4 154 | 19.9
France | 2000 | 199 445 | 7 795 | 3.9 | 2006 | 212 711 | 12 261 | 5.8 | 2013 | 219 833 | 20 275 | 9.2
Germany¹ | 2000 | 267 965 | 9 971 | 3.7 | 2006 | 284 427 | 14 703 | 5.2 | 2013 | 326 945 | 28 901 | 8.8
Hungary |  | … | … | .. | 2006 | 37 908 | 2 917 | 7.7 | 2013 | 32 668 | 2 470 | 7.6
Ireland | 2000 | 12 243e | 1 359 | 11.1 | 2006 | 15 512e | 4 663 | 30.1 | 2014 | 19 066 | 6 877 | 36.1
Israel | 2000 | 21 869 | 14 080 | 64.4 | 2006 | 23 890 | 14 746 | 61.7 | 2014 | 25 570 | 14 839 | 58.0
Netherlands | 2001 | 39 772 | 706 | 1.8 | 2006 | 45 051 | 941 | 2.1 | 2011 | 51 939 | 1 352 | 2.6
New Zealand | 2000 | 9 890 | 3 756 | 38.0 | 2006 | 11 889 | 4 833 | 40.7 | 2014 | 14 786 | 6 298 | 42.6
Norway |  | … | … | … | 2008 | 18 557 | 5  996 | 32.3 | 2014 | 22 659 | 8 447 | 37.3
Poland |  | … | … | … | 2008 | 119 604 | 2 529 | 2.1 | 2012 | 125 073 | 2 203 | 1.8
Slovak Republic | 2000 | 18 571e | 130 | 0.7 | 2004 | 17 375e | 139 | 0.8 | 2011 | 16 899 | 506 | 3.0
Slovenia |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | .. | 2012 | 5 228 | 732 | 14.0
Spain |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2011 | 207 042 | 19 462 | 9.4
Sweden | 2000 | 27 502 | 3 827 | 13.9 | 2006 | 32 802 | 6 321 | 19.3 | 2012 | 38 144 | 9 283 | 24.3
Switzerland | 2000 | 25 272e | 2 982 | 11.8 | 2008 | 29 653 | 6 479 | 21.8 | 2012 | 31 858 | 8 617 | 27.0
Turkey | 2000 | 85 242 | 55 | 0.1 | 2006 | 104 475 | 240 | 0.2 | 2013 | 133 775 | 261 | 0.2
United Kingdom² |  | … | … | .. | 2008 | 146 834 | 43 885 | 29.9 | 2014 | 172 561 | 48 766 | 28.3
United States³ | 2000 | … | … | 25.5 | 2006 | 664 814 | 166 810 | 25.1 | 2013 | 859 470 | 214 438 | 25.0
OECD Total (26 countries) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 696 227 | 460 548 | 17.1
Note: Doctors whose place of training is unknown have been excluded from the calculation of the percentage of foreign-trained doctors (the Netherlands, Slovak Republic, Slovenia and the United Kingdom). e: estimation
1. The data refer to foreign citizens (not necessarily foreign-trained).
2. Data cover England, Wales and Scotland (but not Northern Ireland).
3. The percentage in 2000 is calculated based on all doctors registered to practise. Data for 2006 and 2011 refer to doctors who are professionally active.
Sources: See Table 3.5.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261199

Table 3.4. Foreign-trained nurses registered in selected OECD countries, 2000, 2006 and 2012-14
| 2000 | 2006 | 2012-14
Country of residence | Year | Total | Foreign-trained | % of total | Year | Total | Foreign-trained | % of total | Year | Total | Foreign-trained | % of total
Australia |  | … | … | … | 2007 | 263 332 | 38 108 | 14.5 | 2013 | 296 029 | 47 507 | 16.0
Belgium | 2000 | 130 560 | 679 | 0.5 | 2006 | 150 817 | 1 290 | 0.9 | 2014 | 186 278 | 5 411 | 2.9
Canada | 2000 | 232 566 | 14 187 | 6.1 | 2006 | 326 170 | 21 445 | 6.6 | 2013 | 375 768 | 28 330 | 7.5
Chile |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2014 | 34 674 | 702 | 2.0
Denmark¹ | 2000 | 49 694 | 889 | 1.8 | 2006 | 51 840 | 818 | 1.6 | 2012 | 55 037 | 724 | 1.3
Estonia |  | … | … | … | 2006 | 10 264 | … | … | 2014 | 12 519 | 4 | 0.0
Finland² | 2000 | … | … | 0.2 | 2005 | … | … | 0.3 | 2012 | 72 471 | 1 293 | 1.8
France | 2000 | 404 564 | 7 016 | 1.7 | 2006 | 493 503 | 11 712 | 2.4 | 2014 | 622 052 | 17 692 | 2.8
Germany³ |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2010 | 1 211 000 | 70 000 | 5.8
Hungary |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2013 | 53 323 | 650 | 1.2
Ireland |  | … | … | … | 2004 | 60 819e | 8 758 | 14.4 |  | … | … | …
Israel | 2000 | 39 064 | 7 277 | 18.6 | 2006 | 43 481 | 6 077 | 14.0 | 2014 | 45 982 | 4 528 | 9.8
Italy | 2000 | 304 159 | 1 825 | 0.6 | 2006 | 358 746 | 15 108 | 4.2 | 2014 | 424 813 | 20 072 | 4.7
Netherlands | 2001 | 169 580 | 1 495 | 0.9 | 2006 | 186 990 | 2 149 | 1.1 | 2011 | 198 694 | 1 358 | 0.7
New Zealand | 2002 | 33 027 | 4 860 | 14.7 | 2008 | 39 247 | 8 931 | 22.8 | 2013 | 44 714 | 10 885 | 24.3
Norway |  | … | … | … | 2008 | 70 575 | 5 022 | 7.1 | 2014 | 83 647 | 7 640 | 9.1
Poland |  | … | … | … | 2008 | 268 015 | 5 | 0.0 | 2012 | 278 496 | 7 | 0.0
Portugal | 2002 | 41 902 | 1 954 | 4.7 | 2006 | 51 095 | 2 285 | 4.5 | 2013 | 65 868 | 1 947 | 3.0
Slovenia |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2012 | 4 551 | 19 | 0.4
Spain |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2011 | 250 277 | 5 247 | 2.1
Sweden | 2000 | 88 302 | 2 358 | 2.7 | 2006 | 98 905 | 2 789 | 2.8 | 2012 | 106 176 | 2 882 | 2.7
Switzerland |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2012 | 61 609 | 11 536 | 18.7
Turkey | 2000 | 69 550 | 11 | 0.0 | 2006 | 82 626 | 79 | 0.1 | 2013 | 139 544 | 239 | 0.2
United Kingdom⁴ | 2001 | 632 050e | 50 564 | 8.0 | 2006 | 659 470 | 88 609 | 13.4 | 2014 | 683 625 | 86 668 | 12.7
United States⁵ |  | … | … | … |  | … | … | … | 2012 | 4 104 854e | 246 291e | 6.0
OECD Total (24 countries) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 412 001 | 571 632 | 6.1
Note: Nurses whose place of training is unknown are excluded from the calculation of the percentage of foreign-trained nurses (e.g. Switzerland). e : estimation
1. The data only include professional nurses (and exclude associate professional nurses).
2. The data refer only to general nurses.
3. The data refer to citizens born abroad, not German by birth (except ethnic German repatriates) and the highest degree in nursing acquired in a foreign country.
4. Different source in 2001, Aiken and al. (2004).
5. Data refer to all nurses registered to practice.
Sources: See Table 3.5.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261208

Nevertheless data on foreign-trained doctors may well underestimate the importance of immigration in some countries. One such is Switzerland, where it is estimated that some 4 000 immigrant doctors working as assistants in hospitals are not counted.⁵ In France, large numbers of doctors who qualified from outside the EU work in hospitals without having secured their entry on the medical register (Ordre des médecins). However, their situation is expected to be regularised by 2016.

In most OECD countries which supplied data, the proportion of nurses trained abroad tends to be much lower than that of doctors. Only Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia and the United Kingdom report figures higher than 10%. For Switzerland, the figure of almost 19% relates only to the hospital sector, which is not considered to be representative of the health system as a whole. In 2008, for example, it was estimated that 21% of nurses working in residential homes for the elderly had been trained abroad, and that 13% of home care givers were of foreign nationality⁶ (Jaccard Ruedin et al., 2010ab).

Trends since 2000

Among the countries recording sharp increases in the number and share of foreign-trained doctors over the last decade are Ireland, Germany, France and Switzerland, where the proportion more than doubled over the past ten years. In Sweden, too, there has been a steep increase, with the inflow of German, Polish and Iraqi doctors accounting for the most of it. Most of Switzerland’s foreign-trained doctors are from countries on its borders – Germany, Austria, Italy and France. In France, the rise in the number of foreign-trained doctors may, to a large extent, be ascribed to the fact that the National Order of Doctors has regularised the professional status of many foreign-trained doctors and to the influx of medical school graduates from the EU’s new member states, especially Romania.

In English-speaking countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom or Canada, the proportion of foreign-trained doctors remained relatively stable until 2012-14, accounting for between 20% and 30% of all doctors. However, this apparent stability is associated with a rising number of foreign-trained doctors, because the overall number of doctors increased in these countries over that period.

A steep rise in the number of foreign-trained doctors for example in Finland and Norway should be treated warily, as the data for these countries include all licensed doctors, regardless of their activity status. New registrations tend to accumulate, even if a portion of the doctors registered may subsequently cease their activity or leave the country. Increases in Estonia, the Slovak Republic, Austria, and the Czech Republic should be seen against still very modest numbers of foreign-trained practitioners.

Table 3.5. Data sources on foreign-trained doctors and nurses
Doctors
Country | Source | Comment
Australia | Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). | Professionally active doctors, includes resident doctors.
Austria | Austrian Medical Chamber. | Practising doctors, includes resident doctors.
Belgium | Federal Public Service – Public Health, Database of health work professionals (INAMI – RIZIV) | Health work professionals with a licence to practice the profession.
Canada | Canadian Institute for Health Information, Scotts Medical Database (SMDB). | Professionally active doctors, includes resident doctors, but excludes doctors in the military and doctors who requested that their information not be published.
Chile | Health Superintendence – National Registry of Individual Health Providers. | All licensed doctors, includes resident doctors.
Czech Republic | Czech Medical Chamber. | All licensed doctors, includes resident doctors.
Denmark | Statens Serum Institut, Population Register. | Practising doctors, includes resident doctors.
Estonia | Health Board, Register of Health Professionals. | All licensed doctors.
Finland | National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira), Central Register of Health Care Professionals. | Licensed doctors, including resident doctors, but only includes doctors under the age of 64 and excludes specialists.
France | Direction de la Recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques (DRESS) based on Adeli until 2010 and RPPS from 2011. | Professionally active doctors, does not include resident doctors.
Germany | German Medical Association. | Practising doctors, includes resident doctors. Data based on nationality (not place of training).
Hungary | Office of Health Authorisation and Administrative Procedures, Operational Registry. | Professionally active doctors, does not include resident doctors. Includes doctors who have a valid registration in the Operational Registry, which is the condition for unsupervised healthcare activity.
Ireland | Medical Council of Ireland. | Data refer to all licensed doctors, includes doctors working outside Ireland.
Israel | Health Information Division, Ministry of Health, Physician License Registry. | All licensed doctors, includes resident doctors. Possible delay in removing inactive doctors.
Netherlands | CIBG, Beroepen in de Gezondheidszorg (BIG). | Professionally active doctors, includes resident doctors. Data on cross-border doctors working in the Netherlands are likely to be incomplete.
New Zealand | Medical Council of New Zealand, Medical Register. | Practising doctors, includes resident doctors, only includes permanent registrations.
Norway | Statistics Norway. Statistics on health-care personnel. | Professionally active doctors, includes interns and residents, although some of them may be working in other occupations.
Poland | Polish Supreme Chamber of Physicians and Dentists, Central Register of Physicians and Dentists of the Republic of Poland. | Practising doctors, does not include resident doctors, possible delay in updating the register.
Slovak Republic | National administrative register of healthcare professionals. | Practising doctors, includes resident doctors, about 60% of the total number of doctors are covered.
Slovenia | National Institute of Public Health Slovenia, National Healthcare Providers Database. | Practising doctors, includes resident doctors.
Spain | Regional Councils of Physicians, National Institute of Statistics. | Licensed doctors, for some regions, only data on nationality or country of birth are available.
Sweden | National Board of Health and Welfare, NPS-register. | Practising doctors, does not include resident doctors.
Switzerland | Fédération des médecins suisses (FMH). | Professionally active doctors, does not includes resident doctors.
Turkey | General Directorate for Health Information Systems. | Professionally active doctors, includes resident doctors.
United Kingdom | ISD (Scotland), HSCIC (England) and GMS Census (Wales). | Practising doctors, includes resident doctors and only doctors active in the public sector. Does not include data on Northern Ireland.
United States | Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) – GME Track. | Data reflect first-year residents entering ACGME-accredited residency programs.
Nurses
Country | Source | Comment
Australia | Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). | Professionally active nurses.
Belgium | Federal Public Service – Public Health, Database of health work professionals (INAMI – RIZIV). | Licensed nurses.
Canada | Canadian Institute for Health Information, Health Workforce Database. | Professionally active nurses.
Chile | Health Superintendence – National Registry of Individual Health Providers. | Licensed nurses, only includes professional nurses (excludes lower-level nurses).
Denmark | Statens Serum Institut, Population Register. | Practising nurses, only includes professional nurses (excludes lower-level nurses).
Estonia | Health Board, Register of Health Professionals. | Licensed nurses.
Finland | National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira), Central Register of Health Care Professionals. | Professionally active nurses, includes nurses under age 64.
France | Direction de la Recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques (DRESS), Répertoire Adeli des professions de santé. | Professionally active nurses.
Germany | Federal Statistical Office in cooperation with the Federal Statistical Offices of the Länder, Statistics for the Federal Recognition Act (2012). | Practising nurses, includes geriatric nurses and midwives.
Hungary | Office of Health Authorisation and Administrative Procedures, Operational Registry. | Nurses with a valid registration in the Operational Registry (a condition for unsupervised practice).
Irlande | Irish Nursing Board (An Board Altranais). | Includes only the newly registered general nurses.
Israel | Health Information Division, Ministry of Health, Nurse License Registry. | Only includes nurses under age of 65. Includes nurses living abroad or working in another sector (these accounted for about 5% of all nurses on the register in 2008).
Italy | Federazione nazionale dei Collegi Ipasvi. | Nurses entitled to practice, includes nurses registered in Italy but practicing abroad.
Netherlands | CIBG, Beroepen in de Gezondheidszorg (BIG). | Professionally active nurses, data on cross-border nurses working in the Netherlands are likely to be incomplete.
New Zealand | Nursing Council of New Zealand, New Zealand Workforce Survey Data. | Practising nurses, includes professional nurses.
Norway | Statistics Norway; Statistics on health-care personnel. Administrative registers. | Professionally active nurses, although some of them may be working in other occupations.
Poland | Main Chamber of Nurses and Midwifes, Central Register of Nurses and Midwifes. | Licensed nurses.
Portugal | Ordem dos Enfermeiros, Gestão de Membros da Ordem dos Enfermeiros. | Professionally active nurses.
Slovenia | National Institute of Public Health Slovenia, National Healthcare Providers Database. | Practising nurses, only includes professional nurses (excludes lower-level nurses).
Spain | Regional Councils of Nurses, National Institute of Statistics. | Licensed nurses, for some regions, only data on nationality or country of birth are available.
Sweden | National Board of Health and Welfare, NPS-register. | Practising nurses.
Switzerland | FSO Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Administrative Hospital Statistics. | Practising nurses, only includes nurses working in hospital (these data are not representative of the nursing population as a whole).
Turkey | General Directorate for Health Information Systems. | Professionally active nurses.
United Kingdom | Nursing and Midwifery Council – Wiser database. | Practising nurses.
United States | 2013 National Workforce Survey of Registered Nurses, National Council of State Boards of Nursing. | Professionally active nurses, includes registered nurses, nurses trained in Guam, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands or any other U.S. territory unspecified are not included.

The growth in the number and proportion of foreign-trained nurses has been particularly strong in Italy up by 18 150 or 4.1 percentage points. This increase has been driven primarily by the inflow of Romanian nurses; since 2003, Romanian nurses have represented more than 40% of the annual registrations of foreign-trained nurses in Italy. This inflow thus precedes Romania’s entry into the EU in 2007, although in that accession year there was a spike in the number of registrations.

In a number of countries – e.g. France, Belgium, and Finland – where the shares of foreign-trained nurses are low, their numbers have nonetheless risen sharply. They have more than doubled in France and increased eightfold in Belgium.

Israel is, with Denmark, the only country where the number and proportion of foreign-trained nurses have declined between 2000 and 2014. This decline, which has occurred across all countries of training, indicates a gradual substitution of foreign-trained nurses by domestically-trained nurses.

There was also a slight decrease in the number and proportion of foreign-trained nurses in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2014. As for Ireland, the only data available are those on new licenses issued to nurses trained abroad. Whereas in 2006 these nurses accounted for nearly 80% of new registrants, this share dropped to 21% in 2011, before moving up again to 29% in 2012.

Although it is not always easy to compare data on foreign-trained healthcare professionals, they do suggest that the pace of growth in immigration between 2000 and 2014 was uneven. The rise in the number of doctors was greater between 2006 and 2012-14, while most of the increase in the number of nurses came between 2000 and 2006.

Box 3.2. Migration among long-term care givers

Demographic trends and the pressures that restrict families’ ability to care for their dependent relatives have driven the demand for long-term carers (nurses, nursing aides, and low-skilled carers). Long-term care encompasses help in the home for the elderly and handicapped in “activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, and getting in and out of bed, which are often performed by family, friends and lower-skilled caregivers or nurses.” (Colombo et al., 2011).

Shortages of carers on domestic markets have prompted a number of OECD countries to step up the hiring of foreign workers. The scale of recruitment and entry requirements and regulations vary widely from one country to another.

Work permits for long-term care givers

Almost all OECD countries consider long-term carers as low-skilled immigrants, requiring employers to conduct labour market tests and even capping numbers of incomers.

In Southern European countries like Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece, close family members once cared for elderly relatives. Families have now switched to the practice of outsourcing help to immigrants who come into the home and often work in the informal sector (Bettio et al., 2006). To that end, Spain has introduced jobseeking visas, although they are still underused. Italy has sought to facilitate the hiring of migrants by paying a monthly lump sum of around EUR 500 to people considered as completely dependant. However, the mismatch between legal employment provisions and demand has led to large numbers of illegal foreigners being employed in the care-giving sector. In response, Italy conducted three legalisation schemes in 2002, 2009, and 2012, reaching out to the many domestic workers providing care. Since the crisis, however, which hit Southern European countries hard, a greater number of nationals have entered the care-giving job market (Pasquinelli and Rusmini, 2013). Furthermore, the drop in Italians’ standard of living has sharply eroded families’ ability to afford home care services. The result has been a steep fall in international recruitment in the sector.

In Germany, the family is the chief care provider (Lutz and Palenga-Möllenbeck, 2010). Nevertheless, the support allowances granted to families who look after their relatives make it easier for them to take on migrants as carers in the home. Lutz and Palenga-Möllenbeck (2010) estimated that in 2009, there were between 150 000 and 200 000 home care givers. Women from Central and Eastern Europe do the job, shuttling back and forth between their country of origin and the one in which they work. There are no longer any obstacles to them doing so since the last restrictions were lifted in 2011 on freedom of movement for nationals of states that joined the EU in 2004. What’s more, recruitment agencies have proliferated.

In the United Kingdom, local government funds social care programmes even though the private sector is the chief provider of care. Immigrants account for a particularly high share of carers working with the elderly – 35% were foreign-born in 2009 compared to 23% in the nursing profession (Spencer et al., 2010). In April 2011, however, the British government did agree to follow the recommendations of the Migration Advisory Committee and withdraw care-giving from the Tier 2 skills shortage list.

Long-settled migrants seeking a quick way to enter the job market may also take up care-giving jobs. In Switzerland, for example, many migrants – most of whom did not immigrate to work – follow training courses on basic care and daily help (Alber and von Aarburg, 2012).

In Israel, the single biggest contingent of foreign workers is employed in social care. They are considered temporary workers with residence permits that do not exceed five years. The Israeli government is seeking bilateral agreements with the Philippines, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.

While most countries have been putting in place special schemes aimed chiefly at skilled migrants, Canada was one of the few to have included provisions for social care workers with its 1992 Live-in Caregiver Program. The idea was that migrant care givers could apply for permanent residence once they had totalled 24 months of paid work over four years. Over the decade ending 2013, Canada admitted under this program an average of 18 850 temporary workers and 4 620 permanent residents. In November 2014 major program changes included ending the live-in requirement, and providing eligible caregivers with two pathways (childcare and health care) that will lead to permanent residence within six months. Each pathway is capped at 2 750 places per year (not included dependents) for permanent residence.

Australia has found a way to meet at least some of the demand for social care in its family migration policy, which sought to grant up to 375 permits in 2013-14 to carers willing to look after a sick Australian relative.

How many home care givers are there and where are they from?

In contrast to long-term carers who work in institutions, home care givers are often informally employed and, depending on the country, need only a residence permit – and large numbers have availed themselves of the arrangement. While, government immigration statistics are clearly inadequate to the task of measuring those numbers, labour market surveys can do so. Indeed, they paint a picture of care workers, 28% of whom are foreign-born and are directly employed by households in Southern Europe, Ireland and Israel. In other European countries and the United States, they work in homes but as employees of social care service companies. In Canada, by contrast, they do not give care only in households (see table below).

In the United States, home care givers accounted for 0.37% of the economically active population in 2013, with 25% of them born outside the country (see table below). 62% come from Latin America, 14% from Asia, and 13% from Africa. In Europe, the social care sector employed at least 0.85% of the economically active population in 2012-13. There are, however, wide variations from country to country, ranging from 5% in Sweden to less than 0.1% in France, Ireland, Germany, Portugal, and Greece. The United Kingdom is by far the biggest employer of home care workers, although it recruits them chiefly among the native-born. In Italy, by contrast, foreign-born workers occupy 89% of positions. Spain, too, draws mostly on immigrants to meet the demand for elder care at home. In the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Poland most of the native-born care workers in households are cross-border workers who work in neighbouring countries. Most care givers in Israel come from East Asia and Eastern Europe.

Home-based caregivers in the total labour force by country of residence and place of birth in selected OECD countries in 2012-13
Country of residence | Home-based caregivers in the labour force | Home-based caregivers | Foreign-born among the home-based caregivers | Top four countries of birth
(%) | Total | Foreign-born | (%)
Sweden | 5.01 | 214 950 | 47 630 | 22.2 | Iraq, Finland, Serbia, Iran
United Kingdom | 2.70 | 754 100 | 141 870 | 18.8 | India, Nigeria, Philippines, Zimbabwe
Slovak Republic1 | 1.57 | 35 860 | 150 | 0.4 | -
Netherlands | 1.38 | 110 340 | 15 820 | 14.3 | Morocco, Suriname, Germany, Indonesia
Italy | 1.03 | 224 770 | 200 060 | 89.0 | Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, Peru
Finland | 0.92 | 22 010 | - | - | -
Switzerland | 0.80 | 33 920 | 6 820 | 20.1 | Germany, Portugal, Kosovo, Italy
Belgium | 0.79 | 35 000 | 5 100 | 14.6 | -
Czech Republic | 0.70 | 33 400 | 570 | 1.7 | Slovak Republic
Austria | 0.52 | 21 220 | 6 290 | 29.6 | Romania, Slovak Republic
Estonia | 0.49 | 2 880 | 130 | 4.5 | Russian Federation
Norway | 0.46 | 11 020 | 2 150 | 19.5 | Somalia, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Germany
Spain | 0.43 | 74 710 | 50 350 | 67.4 | Bolivia, Ecuador, Romania, Colombia
Hungary | 0.27 | 10 430 | - | - | Romania
Slovenia | 0.20 | 1 780 | - | - | -
Luxembourg | 0.19 | 440 | 220 | 50.0 | -
Poland1 | 0.19 | 28 790 | 460 | 1.6 | -
Greece | 0.09 | 3 210 | 2 390 | 74.5 | Bulgaria
Portugal | 0.09 | 3 640 | - | - | -
Germany | 0.08 | 31 200 | 3 360 | 10.8 | -
Ireland | 0.08 | - | - | - | -
France | 0.02 | 5 140 | - | - | -
European countries above | 0.85 | 1 660 200 | 487 170 | 29.3 | Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, Poland
Canada | 2.04 | 340 130 | 93 600 | 27.5 | -
Israel | 0.71 | 22 870 | 20 880 | 91.3 | Asian countries (excl. Former USSR Asian republics), Former USSR (excl. Russia and the former Asian Republics)
United States | 0.37 | 746 760 | 187 630 | 25.1 | Dominican Republic, Mexico, Jamaica, Haiti
OECD | 0.47 | 2 769 960 | 789 280 | 28.5 | Romania, Ukraine, Philippines, Dominican Republic

Note: Countries are ordered by decreasing importance of the share of caregivers in the labour force. The data for Greece, Spain, Ireland, Israel, Italy and Portugal are underestimates because they include only the caregivers directly employed by a household and exclude those recruited by a company to provide home-based care. The data on Canada are overestimates because they are not restricted to home-based care and can include other assisting occupations in support of health services.

Sources: European countries: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat) 2012-13, except Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain: 2012-13-14; Canada: Labour Force Survey 2012; Israel: Labour Force Survey 2011; United States: American Community Survey 2013.

Linking information on country of birth and country of training

While a proportion of foreign-born health workers were in fact trained in the host country, among those who qualified in a foreign country not all were necessarily born there.

Different types of migration paths are possible. People having received training in their home country or in another country may then emigrate to take employment in a third country (foreign-born and foreign-trained). The decision to emigrate may be related to professional reasons, but this is not necessarily the case (for example, in the case of family reunification). A person born abroad might also be trained and educated in another country than where he or she was born then practice there (foreign-born and domestically-trained). Immigrants’ children who arrived at a relatively young age in the host country, for example, or international students who come later. Finally, a person may study in a foreign country without having been born there and may choose, upon completing those studies, to return to his or her home country (native born and foreign-trained).

Based on the available data, it is generally not possible to identify and account precisely for these different migration paths at the individual level (see for example Özden and Philipps, 2014, for a detailed study of medical doctors of African origin in the United States). However, the examples of the United States, Sweden and France for doctors (Figures 3.9 to 3.11) and Canada, Italy and Belgium for nurses (Figures 3.12 to 3.14) illustrate different types of relationships between destination and origin countries. Information on the number of health workers born and trained abroad for each of these destination countries are shown in the “bubbles”. These charts indicate the main countries of training and teaching (by the size of the bubble) and show how many students were born or not in those countries (indicated by the position relative to the median). Only the main teaching and training countries were used in the analysis.

Figure 3.9 highlights the preponderance of Indian-born and educated doctors in the United States. The Philippines, Pakistan and Canada appear as secondary recruitment countries. In these countries of origin (but Pakistan), and in China, the number of people trained in a country is lower than the number of persons born there. That pattern reflects the magnitude of the migration of foreign students from those countries and of the community settled in the United States. By contrast, doctors who were taught and trained in Dominica and Grenada are not generally born there, may not even be foreign-born. These Caribbean islands are in fact training grounds for international students. There is also a remarkably high share of doctors taught and trained in Mexico who were not born there.

In Sweden, the immigration of doctors is more evenly divided among several countries of origin: Poland accounts for 12% of all doctors trained abroad, Germany 11.7%, Iraq 8.8%, and Denmark 8.1%. It is, however, easy to distinguish between those countries where foreign-educated health workers outnumber their foreign-born peers, and those where the foreign-born are a majority. That distinction itself is the reflection of two different migration models. It is possible, nevertheless, that a good number of doctors trained in Germany, Denmark or Hungary, and who currently practice in Sweden, were in fact born in another country.

Algeria is the leading country of training for foreign-trained doctors practising in France. However, the majority of doctors born in Algeria (and Morocco or Tunisia) working in France were nonetheless trained in France. After Algeria, the main countries of training are Romania and Belgium. These two countries are not only recruitment countries but also training countries for French students.

When it comes to nursing in Canada, Filipino nationals account for nearly a third of foreign-trained nurses, although half of the nurses born in the Philippines were probably in fact trained in Canada. The general rule in Canada, though, is that foreign-born health workers outnumber those who received their medical education and training abroad. That pattern stems in part from Canada’s procedures for recognising foreign credentials, which compel a high number of immigrants to take additional exams or start their training afresh in Canada if they wish to practice there.

In Italy, Romania stands out as the main country of origin, with nearly one foreign nurse in two having a degree granted in that country. A sizeable proportion qualify in Italy through bilateral agreements on medical education and training – e.g. between the city of Parma and the province of Cluj-Napoca. Albania is also one of the countries that send most international students to Italy (Chaloff, 2008).

The Belgian case is particularly interesting in that the vast majority of foreign-born nurses are actually trained in Belgium. International recruitment thus plays only a minor role and many migrants, indeed, come in Belgium in order to pursue their studies (France, Netherlands), or else come from well-established communities (Portugal).

These comparisons between countries of birth and training make it possible to point up the complex, diverse channels that immigrant health workers use. It also shows that differences between destination countries are important, but not necessarily any more so than those between the different communities within a single host country.

Figure 3.9. Immigrant doctors in the United States, main countries of origin, 2011

Note: The size of the bubble corresponds to the share of the country in the total number of foreign-trained doctors.

Source: DIOC 2010/11 and professional register (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261361

Figure 3.10. Immigrant doctors in Sweden, main countries of origin, 2011

Note: The size of the bubble corresponds to the share of the country in the total number of foreign-trained doctors.

Source: LFS 2011/12 and professional register (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261378

Figure 3.11. Immigrant doctors in France, main countries of origin, 2011

Note: The size of the bubble corresponds to the share of the country in the total number of foreign-trained doctors.

Source: DIOC 2010/11 and professional register (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261383

Figure 3.12. Immigrant nurses in Canada, main countries of origin, 2011

Note: The size of the bubble corresponds to the share of the country in the total number of foreign-trained nurses.

Source: DIOC 2010/11 and professional register (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261393

Figure 3.13. Immigrant nurses in Italy, main countries of origin, 2012

Note: The size of the bubble corresponds to the share of the country in the total number of foreign-trained nurses.

Source: LFS 2011/12 and professional register (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261408

Figure 3.14. Immigrant nurses in Belgium, main countries of origin, 2012

Note: The size of the bubble corresponds to the share of the country in the total number of foreign-trained nurses.

Source: LFS 2011/12 and professional register (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261413

International migration trends for health workers in OECD countries: The sending country perspective

Countries of origin of migrant health workers

The emigration of health workers from their country of origin can be reconstructed through the use of data collected in their destination countries when it comes to migrants’ place of birth. Unfortunately, the same thing cannot be done from data on the country where they qualified. Figure 3.15 presents the distribution by region of origin of foreign-born doctors and nurses who were working in OECD countries in 2000/01 and 2010/11.

Figure 3.15. Distribution of foreign-born doctors and nurses in selected OECD countries by main region of origin, 2000/01 and 2010/11

Note: The regional groupings correspond to the 6 WHO regions (for country details, see www.who.int/about/regions), except the OECD countries. Countries which have joined the OECD since 2000 are included in the OECD region in 2000/01 and 2010/11.

Includes countries where 2000/01 and 2010/11 data are available (see Tables 3.1 and 3.2), except Germany. Data for Mexico are missing in 2000/01.

Source: DIOC 2000/01 and 2010/11.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261420

In 2010/11, 26% of foreign-born doctors and 29% of foreign-born nurses at work in an OECD country were from other OECD countries. The figures reflect both the scale of historical migration – particularly of Europeans to the main settlement countries – and the vitality of intra-EEA, trans-Tasman, and North American flows. The region from which most doctors originated was Southeast Asia, while most nurses hailed from the West Pacific. Growth in the number of expatriate doctors between 2000/01 and 2010/11 was distributed fairly evenly among those different regions. As for nurses, it was more uneven, depending on the region of origin.

The ranking of the 25 principal origin countries highlights the main countries (Figure 3.16). In the South East Asia region, the increase came mainly from doctors born in India. Romania stands out among European countries for its high volume of emigration. In the Eastern Mediterranean and the Western Pacific regions, Pakistan and China accounted for the highest shares of foreign-born doctors in the OECD area, while the Philippines sent the largest proportion of nurses. Germany and the United Kingdom were the main countries of origin among OECD countries. In the Africa region, immigrant doctors in OECD countries came primarily from South Africa and Nigeria, and in the Americas, from Colombia and Peru, while the Caribbean supplied most nurses.

Figure 3.16. Foreign-born doctors and nurses in OECD countries by 25 main countries of origin, 2000/01 and 2010/11

Note: Includes countries where 2000/01 and 2010/11 data are available (see Tables 3.1 and 3.2), except Germany.

Source: DIOC 2000/01 and 2010/11.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261435

India and the Philippines account for the spectacularly largest shares of migrant doctors and nurses. They were already the two main sending countries in 2000/01, but their outflows have further grown, and considerably so, over the last ten years.

Most of the top countries of origin in 2010/11 already ranked high in 2000/01. Over that period, the numbers of doctors and nurses born in the United Kingdom and Canada, or doctors born in Algeria and Egypt, evolved little. The position of these countries in the ranking therefore reflects immigration from an earlier date. Among newcomers, doctors are from Colombia and nurses from Zimbabwe, Viet Nam, Ghana, and Kenya. Over the last decade, however, the greatest increase in the emigration of doctors came from India, China, Germany, Pakistan and Romania, and of nurses from the Philippines, India, Germany, Nigeria and China. Romanian doctors, for example, climbed from 18th to 9th place and Indian nurses from the 6th to the 2nd spot.

The first seven countries of origin accounted for nearly half of the increase in the number of foreign-born doctors. For nurses, nearly half of those emigrating came from the first four countries of origin. The tendency of some countries to specialise in training international migrants is an important factor in the international mobility of health workers.

Due to changes in the classification method, recent data for the countries of the former USSR, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia cannot be compared individually with those for 2000/01. However, it is possible to track trends for these countries as a whole. Emigration of nurses from the former USSR has been particularly strong, rising from 10 000 expatriates in 2000/01 to nearly 40 000 in 2010/11. The former USSR was thus in effect the fourth country of emigration for nurses during that decade. For the countries which constituted the former Yugoslavia, the number of expatriate nurses rose from 13 000 in 2000/01 to 22 000 in 2010/11. The emigration of doctors from these three groups of countries has been more limited. In fact, the number of expatriate doctors from the former Czechoslovakia actually declined.

Although most countries saw an increase in the number of their expatriates between 2000/01 and 2010/11, the number of nurses born in Ireland who had migrated to another OECD country in fact declined. This decline was mostly due to a reduction of emigrants to the United Kingdom, where the number of Irish-born nurses fell by nearly half (from 14 000 in 2000/01 to around 8 000 in 2010/11). This trend is part of a wider one that saw Ireland, long a country of emigration, become an important immigrant destination for health workers at the end of the 1990s (Aiken et al., 2004).

As the leading destination country, the United States employs around 60% of doctors born in India, Pakistan and Iran, and nearly 70% and 90% of doctors born in China and the Philippines. The United Kingdom is the second country of destination for Indian and Pakistani doctors, accounting for around one-third of the total. Doctors born in China have also headed for Australia (10%) and Canada (9%).

German-born doctors have migrated primarily to Switzerland and, to a lesser extent, to Austria. The share of German doctors working in Switzerland grew from 12% in 2000/01 to 30% in 2010/11. The largest numbers of Romanian-born doctors are found in the United States (30%) and France (16%), where immigration is more recent.

While the greatest numbers of nurses born in the Philippines are found in the United States (72% of the total), many have also immigrated to the United Kingdom (13%), Canada (7%) and Australia (3%). Nurses born in India are to be found in many OECD countries, primarily the United States (42%), the United Kingdom (28%), Australia (9%), New Zealand (7%), and Ireland (7%). Nurses born in the United Kingdom practise primarily in Australia (40%) and the United States (27%). German nurses have relocated mainly in the United States (37%) and Switzerland (22%). Here again, there has been an increase in the share of German nurses moving to Switzerland, although the rise was more modest than for doctors. The United States employs nearly all Mexican-born nurses working in other OECD countries (97%), and the majority of those born in Haiti (87%) and in Nigeria (70%). Canada is the second destination for nurses born in Haiti (11%), and the United Kingdom for those born in Nigeria (24%).

To a certain extent, the countries and regions from which healthcare professionals immigrate are, on one hand, geographically close to destination countries and, on the other hand, follow historical patterns of migration to OECD countries. Nevertheless, when broken down by healthcare professionals’ country of origin, recent trends point to much immigration originating from a small number of countries. As for destinations, English-speaking countries – particularly the United States – are the most popular among qualified healthcare practitioners seeking to work internationally. Germany stands out among OECD countries as a major immigration and emigration country.

Expatriation rates: context and scope of migration in countries of origin

Table 3.6 summarises the broad trends concerning expatriation rates over the past decade and Table 3.A1.1 presents expatriation rates by country and region of origin. In 2000/01, emigration rates were generally higher among doctors than among nurses. In 2010/11, they had risen for both doctors and nurses and expatriation rates are much closer. In 2010/11, about 5% of doctors and nurses in the world had migrated to an OECD country. The emigration rates of doctors are highest on the African continent (13.9%) while those of nurses are highest in Latin America (15.7%).

Table 3.6. Trends in the expatriation rates of doctors and nurses to OECD countries, 2000/01 and 2010/11
| Doctors | Nurses
| 2000/01 | 2010/11 | 2000/01 | 2010/11
Overall expatriation rate | 5.3 | 5.9 | 4.5 | 5.7
Average expatriation rate | 19.5 | 21.8 | 16.6 | 21.8
Median expatriation rate | 13.0 | 13.6 | 6.4 | 10.4

Note: The average expatriation rate corresponds to the unweighted average of each country’s expatriation rate (and therefore does not take into account the demographic weight of each country) whereas the overall expatriation rate indicates the share of expatriates in OECD countries in the total number of doctors and nurses of the countries examined. Countries for which expatriates are under 10 for nurses (5 for doctors) or resident in the origin country are below 50 for nurses (10 for doctors) are not included in the calculations. Expatriation rates are only calculated for countries for which data back to 2005 at the latest are available. 149 countries of origin are therefore included for doctors and 141 for nurses. Data on the expatriation rates in 2000/01 of nurses born in Brazil, India and South Africa (OECD 2007) have been updated on the basis of new data on the number of nurses working in these countries in 2000/01. The revised expatriation rates in 2000/01 are: Brazil: 1.5%, India: 2.9% and South Africa: 12.6%.

Sources: OCDE (2007); DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12 and Global Health Observatory (WHO).

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The average expatriation rate is higher than the global rate, because countries with the lowest populations and those that are islands show the highest rates of emigration. The increase in expatriation rates, particularly the median rate, is greater among nurses than doctors. For doctors, the increase in the expatriation rate was concentrated in a more limited number of countries, while for nurses the rate has risen in nearly all countries.

As for national emigration rates, the 2000/01 data for African countries had not yet fully reflected the increase in international recruitment that began in the late 1990s and continued into the early years of this century; the expatriation rates for 2010/11 reflect these recent developments. For example, the expatriation rate for nurses in South Africa rose from 12.6% in 2000/01 to 16.5% in 2010/11, in Nigeria from 10% to 17%, and in Zimbabwe from 28% to 43%. For the two main origin countries of doctors in Africa who have migrated to an OECD country (South Africa and Nigeria), expatriation rates have risen as well in South Africa (from 17% to 22%), but not so much in Nigeria (from 11.7% to 12.3%).

In some cases, the changes observed in the expatriation rates are not so much related to an increase or a decrease in migration flows, but rather with a change in the national ‘stock’ of health workers. For example, the expatriation rate for doctors in Angola dropped from 63% to 34%, while the number of expatriate doctors remained stable. This reflects a sharp increase in the number of doctors registered by the WHO as working in Angola over the last decade. For Nigeria, the number of expatriate doctors nearly doubled in ten years (from around 4 600 to 8 200), whereas the expatriation rate remained stable at around 12%. This again reflects the growth in the number of doctors working in the country. On the other hand, the increase in the expatriation rate of doctors in Zimbabwe (from 28% to 56%) is in large part attributable to the fact that the number of doctors practising in the country fell by more than half.

Among Central and Eastern Europe countries, an increase in the expatriation rate can be observed for nurses in Romania (from 4.9% in 2000/01 to 8.6% in 2010/11), in Bulgaria (from 2.6% to 4.4%), in Poland (from 4.6% to 7.7%) and in Hungary (from 2.4% to 4.3%). The expatriation rate for doctors also increased in these countries, but to a lesser extent. In addition, there have been significant changes in the national stock of health workers in these countries which have affected the expatriation rates.

Despite the sharp increase in the number of healthcare professionals emigrating from India and the Philippines, their expatriation rates remained relatively constant. For example, the number of expatriate Indian doctors jumped from 56 000 in 2000/01 to around 87 000 in 2010/11, but the corresponding expatriation rates rose only by one-half of a percentage point to 8.6%7. In China, the number of expatriate nurses doubled in ten years (from around 12 200 to 24 400), but the expatriation rate remained at only 1%. Similar trends can be seen in Pakistan for doctors and in Viet Nam for nurses.

As was already the case in 2000/01, expatriation rates for some of the Caribbean islands were particularly high in 2010/11 (between 60% and 95%). For example, Guyana reports an expatriation rate of 85% for doctors. Yet only a very small number of these doctors have apparently been trained in Guyana. The “brain drain” phenomenon is thus not as pronounced as the expatriation rate might suggest. This observation also applies, to a lesser extent, to Jamaica. For nurses, the expatriation rates for several Caribbean islands also show extreme values.

Yet in the case of Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados and Grenada, the number of their expatriate nurses in OECD countries actually fell between 2000/01 and 2010/11. For these countries, the expatriation rates are thus a reflection of prior migrations. Nevertheless, Guyana and Jamaica, where the expatriation rates for nurses are 96% and 93%, have witnessed high emigration rates over the last decade. In order to ease the shortage in its nursing workforce, Jamaica has itself recruited internationally, mainly from Ghana, Nigeria and Guyana (Lofters, 2012), while Guyana has conducted recruitment campaigns in India (Anderson, 2010).

Table 3.7 shows doctors’ and nurses’ expatriation rates by the level of income of the country of origin. Generally speaking, the lower the income, the higher the expatriation rate – a pattern that is particularly pronounced among nurses where the rate per group of countries is as high as 16% in the low-income economies. Doctors’ rates, by contrast, bear only a loose relationship to income, particularly when they come from middle- and high-income countries.

Table 3.7. Expatriation rates of doctors and nurses by income level of the country of origin, 2010/11
Doctors
| Average expatriation rate | Overall expatriation rate | Median expatriation rate
Low-income economies | 32.7 | 12.4 | 26.1
Lower-middle-income economies | 19.6 | 3.2 | 11.3
Upper-middle-income economies | 17.0 | 4.5 | 11.1
High-income economies | 10.9 | 3.8 | 6.5
Nurses
| Average expatriation rate | Overall expatriation rate | Median expatriation rate
Low-income economies | 26.0 | 16.0 | 17.3
Lower-middle-income economies | 19.3 | 6.0 | 11.0
Upper-middle-income economies | 16.2 | 4.3 | 7.1
High-income economies | 10.5 | 3.1 | 4.8

Note: The average expatriation rate corresponds to the average of each country’s expatriation rate to OECD countries in a group of countries (and therefore does not take into account the demographic weight of each country) whereas the overall expatriation rate indicates the share of expatriate health personnel located in an OECD country relative to the total number of doctors and nurses working or originating from each group of countries. Countries for which expatriates are under 10 for nurses (5 for doctors) or resident in the origin country are below 50 for nurses (10 for doctors) are not included in the calculations. Expatriation rates are only calculated for countries for which data back to 2005 at the latest are available. For a World Bank classification of countries by income level, go to: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups.

Source: DIOC 2010/11.

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The data in the table translate not only the propensity of health workers to emigrate in different groups of countries, but the different sizes of national workforces, which raises the issue of the link between emigration and health worker shortages in countries of origin.

The impact of emigration on health systems in countries of origin

In its 2006 report, WHO put at 2.4 million the number of workers needed in the 57 countries it considered to be suffering from critical shortages of health practitioners. (Countries with critical shortages were those with less than 22.8 health professionals [doctors, nurses and midwifes] per 10 000 people and where less than 80% of childbirths were delivered by skilled birth attendants.) And the global shortfall was as high as 4.2 million if the estimated shortages in other countries were also taken into account. In 2010/11, WHO estimated that 54 countries were still facing critical shortages of 2.8 million health workers. Most of the countries – 31 in all – were in Africa. Strides made in India to close the gap between health worker supply and demand accounted for much of the reduced shortage observed in 2010/11. In Africa and the Americas, however, the gap widened. Indeed, the WHO estimates that it would take 7.2 million healthcare practitioners to achieve universal health coverage (WHO, 2013).

It is possible to evaluate the relative contribution of emigration for those countries where the density of health workers is considered too low and to see to what extent such emigration contributed to these critical shortages (Table 3.8).

Table 3.8. Estimated critical shortages of doctors, nurses and midwifes, by WHO region, 2000/01 et 2010/11
WHO region | Number of countries | In countries with critical shortages | Foreign-born doctors and nurses in OECD countries by region of origin
Total | With critical shortages | Total stock | Estimated critical shortage | Number | Percentage of the estimated critical shortage
2000/01 | 2010/11 | 2000/01 | 2010/11 | 2000/01 | 2010/11 | 2000/01 | 2010/11 | 2000/01 | 2010/11
Africa | 46 | 36 | 31 | 464 865 | 579 748 | 817 992 | 941 505 | 61 212 | 124 824 | 7% | 13%
Americas | 35 | 5 | 5 | 82 647 | 59 695 | 37 886 | 49 376 | 26 917 | 36 689 | 71% | 74%
South-East Asia | 11 | 6 | 7 | 1 763 637 | 2 318 101 | 1 164 001 | 661 267 | 90 216 | 177 018 | 8% | 27%
Europe | 52 | 0 | 0 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | …
Eastern Mediterranean | 21 | 7 | 6 | 278 412 | 344 050 | 306 031 | 263 394 | 29 926 | 45 703 | 10% | 17%
Western Pacific | 27 | 3 | 5 | 20 991 | 26 443 | 32 560 | 38 269 | 3 577 | 5 732 | 11% | 15%
Total number of countries with critical shortages |  | 57 | 54 | 2 610 552 | 3 328 037 | 2 358 470 | 1 953 810 | 211 848 | 389 966 | 9% | 20%
Sources: OECD (2007), DIOC 2010/11 and LFS 2009/12, Global Health Observatory (WHO).
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Although increases in critical health worker shortages persist, they have levelled out, thanks in part to rises in staffing levels that have been at last as fast as population growth. Yet the countries affected have seen their health workers continue to emigrate in growing numbers. The inference is that emigration appears as a more determinant in critical shortages. Indeed, it accounted for 20% of estimated critical shortages in 2010/11 against 9% in 2000/01. In the decade preceding the adoption of the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel (WHO, 2010) the number of doctors and nurses originating from countries with severe shortages who emigrated to OECD countries grew by nearly 84%, while the total number of migrant health workers increased by 60%.

The number of health professionals born in African countries with critical shortages but working in OECD countries doubled between 2000/01 and 2010/11. At the same time the critical shortages in their countries of origin grew, albeit at a slower rate. So, over that period, migration’s share of the estimated shortage climbed from 7% in 2000/01 to 13% in 2010/11. However, the picture varies from one country to another. Ethiopia was the African country with the starkest critical shortage. There was a shortfall of 175 000 health workers, even though only 6 000 doctors and nurses had emigrated. In Nigeria, by contrast, emigrant workers accounted for over 40% of the critical shortage, with 36 000 expatriates and a shortfall of 81 000 health workers.

In the Americas, the high share of the estimated shortage attributed to migrant health personnel is due mainly to the high emigration of nurses from the Caribbean. In absolute terms, the greatest shortage is in the South-East Asia region. Shortages are particularly acute in Bangladesh and Indonesia, with health worker shortfalls of 260 000 and 240 000 respectively, although India accounts for the highest share of émigré doctors and nurses. The Eastern Mediterranean region saw an easing of its estimated shortage with Iraq no longer considered to suffer from a critical shortage. Nonetheless, with the increase in emigration – particularly of Pakistan-born doctors – outflows to the OECD area accounted for 17% of the region’s estimated critical shortage in 2010/11. Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Papua New Guinea are the countries where the shortfalls in health personnel are the greatest in the Western Pacific region. In this region, migration also accounted for a higher share of the shortage in 2010/11 compared with 2000/01.

The impact that international migrations of health workers can have on the health system of origin countries is difficult to assess because of the lack of data and the problems in establishing the direction of causality. On one hand, these migrations may be interpreted as a symptom rather than a determinant of the problems facing these health systems. The fact that there is a shortage does not necessarily mean that there is a lack of health workers with the required qualifications and skills: it may also reflect the reluctance of these people to work under existing conditions (Buchan and Aiken, 2008). On the other hand, the emigration of health workers can indeed be a problem when the volume of outflows is significant, particularly when it concerns skills that are in short supply or when migrants come from regions that are already undersupplied (Wismar et al., 2011). The impact of migration generally depends on the domestic resource constraints facing policymakers, which may include the scale of needs and imbalances in geographic distribution and the provision of skills. Although migration may be an important factor, it is not a decisive one, even in the most critical cases.

The consequences of the emigration of health workers are particularly well documented in Central and Eastern Europe countries, where they appear to have had a greater impact on certain medical specialties. In Poland, anaesthetists and certain categories of specialised surgeons appear more able to emigrate than other categories of doctors. Between 2004 and 2014, 18% of doctors in these specialties signalled their intention of leaving by applying for a certificate of professional qualifications that would allow them to work in another EU country, compared to an average of 7% among all doctors. In Hungary and in the Slovak Republic as well, intentions to migrate, as reported in 2009, were higher among anaesthetists and intensive care specialists, followed by general practitioners and surgeons (Eke et al., 2011; Beňušová et al., 2011). In these countries, these medical specialties for which intentions to emigrate were highest were also those for which there were the greatest shortages (Kautsch and Czabanowska, 2011; Eke et al., 2011; Beňušová et al., 2011), thus exacerbating problems of access to the type of care provided by these specialists.

The emigration of even a limited number of specialists can have an important impact on the delivery of health care, especially in rural areas where there is a dearth of health workers (Eke et al., 2011; Galan et al., 2011). In Romania, peripheral or small-scale hospitals have trouble recruiting and retaining medical and nursing personnel (Galan et al., 2013). In Bulgaria, the shortage of specialists obliges patients in rural areas to travel long distances to access such services. Some medical offices also find it hard to recruit general practitioners, and the country as a whole suffers from a shortage of nursing personnel. In Romania and Bulgaria, these problems have been compounded by emigration.

The impact of health policies and immigration policies on the international mobility of health workers

The growing international mobility of health professionals must be viewed in relation to other elements that also affect the supply of health workers, primarily the entry on the labour market of new graduates on the inflow side, and the retirement or the temporary or permanent exit of certain workers on the outflow side (Figure 3.17). Factors governing inflows and outflows are education and training policies, immigration policies, and economic and institutional settings.

Figure 3.17. Supply of health workers: inflows, stocks and outflows

Source: OECD (2008).

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Countries’ chief means of expanding the supply of doctors or nurses are to boost their education and training capacity and their average duration of health practitioners working lives – particularly by keeping them from emigrating. Policies to those ends are costly, however, and those that seek to improve and expand training only bear fruit in time. Against that background, recruiting foreign health workers is something of a stop-gap, particularly for the most urgent needs. Policies to improve wages and working conditions can also act as incentives to come home or not to emigrate. Generally speaking, however, policies to shape the supply and demand of health workers obviously affect migration trends.

Institutional change can also be a way of evening the balance between supply and demand at national and/or international levels. EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007, for example, together with the progressive introduction of the free movement of labour, exerted a considerable effect on migrant flows in EU and EFTA countries. The adoption of the WHO’s Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel in 2010 was also a move to change recruitment practices so that the expected benefits of international migration would be strengthened and better shared.

International migration flows of health workers are also likely to be affected by the economic context. The 2007/08 economic crisis forced some countries to cut health expenditure, which led to job losses among health workers and deterioration in working conditions. Conversely, the deterioration in economic conditions can provide an incentive for people who had withdrawn from the workforce – nurses for example – to return to the labour market or postpone retirement. Depending on the country, the combination of these different effects of the economic crisis may lead to an increase or decrease in international recruitment needs.

Migration policies spell out the rules and conditions governing foreign recruitment. In recent years, most countries have made policy changes to that effect – particularly in the recruitment of skilled workers, who include healthcare practitioners. They have had a certain effect on the scale and make-up of migration flows. Policies related to the recognition of professional qualifications acquired abroad can also influence migration flows by establishing the conditions under which health professionals can practise in the country of destination.

This section reviews the main policies in the area of health and immigration that have had an impact on the international migration of health workers in recent years, and analyses their impact in OECD countries.

Domestic education and training policies and workforce planning: what effects on international migrations of health professionals?

Policies relating to the education and training of doctors, nurses and other health professionals are among the most powerful tools that countries may use to adjust the supply of health human resources to needs. Training sufficiently large numbers of health workers so as to curb dependence on immigration is in fact one of the key principles of the WHO’s Code of Practice. Most OECD countries control in some ways the number of students admitted to medical and nursing schools, mainly through a numerus clausus, and several countries have raised admission levels in these programmes since 2000, either to meet expected growing needs for health services or to reduce their dependence on foreign-trained doctors or nurses.

There has been an especially noticeable intensification of education and training efforts of doctors since 2000 in the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, as shown by the growing number of medical graduates (Figures 3.18 and 3.19). In France, Switzerland and Italy, the number of nursing graduates rose sharply between 2000 and 2013, while the training of doctors remained essentially flat. By contrast, Finland nearly doubled the number of medical graduates during this time, while keeping the number of nursing graduates constant. Korea has also seen a massive increase in the number of nursing graduates – more than 46 000 in 2012 versus around 30 000 in 2006 (OECD Health Statistics, 2013). The drop in the number of graduates in Spain in 2012 is attributable to its 2011 decision to increase the length of medical and nursing degree courses from three to four years.

Figure 3.18. Changes in the number of medical graduates in four OECD countries, 1990-2013

Source: OECD Health Statistics 2013.

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Figure 3.19. Changes in the number of nursing graduates in four OECD countries, 1995-2014

Source: OECD Health Statistics 2015 and NCLEX Exam Stats (NCSBN) for the United States.

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Because medical school is six to eight years long and nursing degree courses take three to five years, the number of graduates on the market at any one time is the result of policy decisions taken years earlier. In 2012, several OECD countries reported having raised admission rates in medical faculties and in nursing schools over the previous five years, despite the economic crisis of 2007/08 (Table 3.9). In most countries, the number of graduates is therefore likely to continue rising in the years to come.

Table 3.9. Changes in medical and nursing education intake between 2007 and 2012
| Medical education intake | Nursing education intake
Australia | Increase | Increase
Austria | Constant | No reply
Belgium | Increase | Constant
Canada | Increase | Increase
Chile | Increase | Increase
Czech Republic | Constant | Constant
Denmark | Increase | Increase
Estonia | No reply | Increase
Finland | Increase | Increase
France | Increase | Constant
Germany | Constant | Constant
Greece | Constant | Constant
Hungary | Constant | Constant
Iceland | Constant | Constant
Ireland | Increase | Decrease
Israel | Increase | Increase
Italy | Increase | Constant
Japan | Increase | Increase
Korea | Constant | Increase
Luxembourg | Constant | Constant
Mexico | Constant | Increase
Netherlands¹ | Increase | No reply
New Zealand | Increase | Constant
Norway | Increase | Increase
Portugal | Constant | Increase
Slovenia | Increase | Increase
Spain | Increase | Increase
Sweden | Increase | Increase
Switzerland | Increase | Increase
United Kingdom² | Constant | Decrease
United States | Increase | Increase
Note: No reply for other OECD countries.

1. In the Netherlands, the 2013 report from the ACMMP (Advisory Council on Medical Manpower Planning) recommended a reduction in the number of post-graduate medical residency training to the pre-2010 level to avoid a possible over-supply of doctors arising from a greater than expected continued inflow of foreign-trained doctors in the Netherlands (ACMMP, 2013).

2. In England, the number of nursing and midwifery training spots is expected to increase by 6%, making 1 900 additional training spots for 2014/15.

Sources: OECD Health System Characteristics Survey 2012-13, Buchan and Seccombe (2013) for the data on nurses in the United-Kingdom.

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The interdependence between domestic training and international recruitment is particularly striking in the United States, with respect to nurses (Figure 3.20).⁸ The number of nurses passing the certification exam more than doubled in ten years, from fewer than 70 000 in 2001 to nearly 150 000 in 2012. At the same time, the number of nurses trained abroad and passing that exam dropped from around 23 000 in 2007 to slightly over 5 000 in 2012. A similar if less pronounced pattern characterises the flows of doctors in the United States (Figure 3.21). From 2007, the number of domestic graduates rose slightly, while new registrations by foreign-trained doctors have declined.

Figure 3.20. Changes in the number of nursing graduates and number of foreign-trained nurses passing the nursing exam, United States, 2001-12

Source: The U.S. Nursing Workforce: Trends in Supply and Education, Health Resources Services Administration (HRSA), 2013.

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Figure 3.21. Changes in the number of medical graduates and number of foreign-trained doctors newly registered, United States, 2001-11

Note: Medical graduates in the United States may qualify as allopathic or osteopathic physicians, while foreign-trained doctors have degrees only in allopathic medicine.

Source: American Medical Associations, National Centre for Health Statistics.

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In the United Kingdom (Figure 3.22), the rise in the number of medical graduates from the end of the last decade reduced the need to recruit abroad. The sharp fall in inflows of foreign-trained doctors since 2008 can nevertheless be put down to drastic changes in immigration policies and by deep cuts in health expenditure and the recruitment of health workers, including doctors. The countries of origin of foreign-trained doctors in the United Kingdom have also changed considerably in recent years, with a growing portion of doctors who were educated in EU countries.

Figure 3.22. Changes in the number of medical graduates and number of new registrations of foreign-trained doctors, United Kingdom, 1999-2012

Source: Blacklock et al., 2012, UK Graduate Output 1991/92 to 2012/13, Health and Social Care Information Centre.

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Shifting trends in the international recruitment of nurses may also be attributed to changes in policy. In the 2002/03 academic year in Ireland, the Bachelor of Science in Nursing replaced the Diploma in Nursing, extending the length of studies by one year.⁹ As a result, the country produced no nurses in 2005, as Figure 3.23 shows, the shortfall was then filled by recruitment from abroad. More recently, Ireland is the only OECD country, apart from the United Kingdom, to have cut back the number of nursing students. As a result, since 2011, there has been a slight decline in the number of registrations of nurses trained in Ireland.

Figure 3.23. Changes in the number of new registrations of domestic and foreign-trained nurses, Ireland, 2002-13

Note: The number of new registrations of domestically-trained nurses is not necessarily equal to the number of new graduates because some of the new graduates may emigrate immediately upon graduation.

Source: Irish Nursing Board, An Board Altranais.

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In countries where the percentage of personnel trained abroad is relatively low, the effects on immigration of changes in training and education policy tend to be less pronounced. In Canada, for example, the increase in the number of qualified nurses had only a slight impact on immigration (Figure 3.24).

Figure 3.24. Changes in the number of nursing graduates and number of new registrations of foreign-trained nurses, Canada, 2000-12

Note: In 2012, there was a total of nearly 19 000 nursing graduates in Canada (Registered nurses and Licensed practical nurses).

Source: Canadian Nurses Association and Canadian Associations of Schools of Nursing, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Nursing Database.

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The number of training positions available is, however, not the only determinant of the size of the health workforce. For doctors, several countries restrict not only entry to initial training but also access to postgraduate training (Table 3.10). For those few countries that do not explicitly set such quotas (Chile and the Czech Republic), budgetary constraints at the national or sub-national level or capacity constraints in universities or postgraduate training places impose a de facto ceiling on the number of students trained. Such restrictions may rob international medical students of opportunities and prompt their home-grown peers to emigrate in search of brighter prospects.

Table 3.10. Limitations to intake into medical education and training, 26 OECD countries, 2012
No limit to intake | Initial medical education intake limited | Initial medical education and specialist training intake limited
Chile | Australia | Belgium
Czech Republic | Austria | Canada
| Finland | Denmark
| Germany | France
| Greece | Korea
| Ireland | Netherlands
| Israel | Poland
| Japan | Portugal
| New-Zealand | Slovenia
| Norway | Spain
| Sweden | United States¹
| Switzerland |
| United Kingdom |
1. In the United States, the federal government does not participe in any decision related to the medical education intake but medical schools voluntarily limit the number of training spots (Cooper 2008).
Source: OECD Health System Characteristics Survey 2012-13.
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Effects of European Union enlargement on international mobility of health workers

The free movement of people and workers has been a cornerstone of efforts to build the EU since the Treaty of Rome was signed in 1957. However, in accordance with treaty provisions, incumbent members applied transitional restrictions to eight of the ten new member countries¹⁰ that acceded in 2004. Only three countries – Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom – decided to grant full free movement and opened their labour markets immediately. Germany, Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg and Denmark have maintained restrictions, but simplified procedures in some cases. On 1 July 2007, Romania and Bulgaria joined the European Union. This time, Sweden and Finland were the only countries that decided not to apply the transition period restrictions. Greece, Spain and Portugal opened their labour market to the two new member countries in 2009.

Figures 3.25 and 3.26 show the composition by country of origin of foreign-born doctors and nurses in EU/EFTA countries in 2010/11. In the majority of European OECD countries, health workers from countries outside the EU/EFTA predominate. In general, migration patterns reflect historic, colonial and linguistic ties as well as the effects of geographic proximity. For example, foreign doctors practising in Slovenia come primarily from the Russian Federation and other countries of the former USSR. In Portugal, the bulk of foreign doctors come from African Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Angola and Mozambique, while in Spain doctors come primarily from Latin America (Colombia, Cuba, Argentina and Peru). In other countries, the presence of non-EU/EFTA citizens is in part a reflection of international recruitment practices of health workers.

Figure 3.25. Share of doctors born in an EU/EFTA country among foreign-born doctors practising in selected OECD countries, 2010/11

Notes: Only percentages higher than 2% are indicated.

Source: DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12.

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Figure 3.26. Share of nurses born in an EU/EFTA country among practising foreign-born nurses in selected OECD countries, 2010/11

Notes: Only percentages higher than 2% are indicated.

Source: DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261531

When health workers born in the states that acceded to the EU in 2004 and 2007 emigrate, the destination they choose is strongly influenced by linguistic and historical ties, even though new migration channels have emerged. In Germany and the Nordic countries, Polish citizens account for a large share of such immigrants, while health workers born in Romania are more numerous in Belgium, Greece, and France, with great numbers of Romania-born nurses working in Italy and Spain. In Austria, too, doctors tend to arrive from Romania, while far more nurses come from Poland. The massive presence of Romania-born nurses in Italy and Spain can also be noted.

Prior to the accession of the ten new member countries in 2004, there were concerns about a possible massive inflow of health workers from these countries. These concerns were based primarily on the results of surveys of health workers’ intentions to migrate, conducted before enlargement. For example, more than a third of Polish health workers and more than half of Estonian health workers expressed their intention to emigrate to find work (Vörk et al., 2004). In 2012, the medical professions were seen as the most mobile in the EU, as 62 000 foreign-born doctors and 57 000 nurses seeking permanent residence applied to have their qualifications recognised.¹¹ Yet migration flows have been modest, all things considered.

Following accession, there was, for example, a substantial increase in the number of Polish doctors who obtained a registration in another EU country in 2004, particularly in Germany (Figure 3.27). However, this number (fewer than 200) still remained very low in comparison to the total number of doctors practising in Poland then (over 80 000). Furthermore, from 2005, admission plummeted. They have remained very low, despite a slight increase from 2009, when Germany opened its market to immigrants holding a university degree. Figures for Denmark and Norway tell a similar tale.

Figure 3.27. Changes in the numbers of new registrations of doctors trained in Poland in three OECD countries, 2001-12

Source: Professional registers (see Table 3.5).

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Since 2010, Polish doctors have been going home in sizeable numbers. This trend may reflect the substantial increase in doctors’ incomes in Poland following the strikes in 2006/07, and the increase in the financing of the health system. That the infatuation with immigration is fading can be seen in the falling numbers of applications for recognition of foreign qualifications.

Regarding nurses (Figure 3.28), the available information indicates that there was no sudden inflow of Polish nurses into Western European countries in 2004. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the flows appear to have been affected more by labour market demand which grew robustly around 2007 before suddenly drying up in 2007. In 2005, Germany in fact negotiated bilateral agreements for the recruitment of nursing assistants with several Central and Eastern Europe countries¹², including Poland, Romania, and Croatia.

Figure 3.28. Changes in the numbers of new registrations of nurses born in Poland in three OECD countries, 2003-12

Note: Data from 2006 to 2008 for the United Kingdom correspond to the financial year, while data from 2009 to 2012 correspond to the calendar year.

Source: Professional registers (see Table 3.5).

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Romania is another country from which there are large outflows of health workers. In Italy and – to a lesser extent – France there have been steep increases in the recruitment of Romanian healthcare practitioners over the last 10 years (Figure 3.29). France has seen a steady inflow of Romanian-trained doctors since 2007, when recognition of their qualifications became easier in the wake of accession.¹³ The movement of Romanian-trained doctors to France therefore began with the country’s accession to the EU in 2007. In Italy, the migration of nurses trained in Romania started to grow around 2002 and reached its highest level in 2007, once Romania acceded to the EU. Italy limited access to its labour market to Romanian and Bulgarian citizens, but these restrictions did not include nurses, because since 2002 foreign nurses have been exempted from annual quotas in response to shortages (Chaloff, 2008).

Figure 3.29. Changes in the numbers of new registrations in Italy and France of health personnel trained in Romania, 2000-12 and 2006-12

Source: Professional registers (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261561

Since 1 January 2014, the transitional provisions applied to Romanian and Bulgarian workers have expired in all countries of the EU, allowing people from these countries to move and work in any EU country. It seems unlikely, however, that this development will generate significant movements of health workers, since they have in fact benefited from facilitated access to labour markets in countries of the EU15/EFTA and Cyprus1, 2 and Malta, even in those countries that were imposing some restrictions before 2014.

The impact of budgetary constraints on employment and salaries in the health sector and on migration flows following the economic crisis

In general, employment in the health and social sector tends to be less sensitive to short-term fluctuations than employment in other sectors of the economy (Morgan and Astofoli, 2013). Thus, the total number of doctors and nurses has continued to rise over the last decade in the majority of OECD countries, and if there has been any impact from the recession, it has mainly been to slowdown the pace of this increase or to level off the number of workers.

Austerity measures, particularly in Europe, have not necessarily had a direct impact on health workers in countries hardest hit by the crisis. Some countries, though, have taken steps to cut staff levels in their health systems. In Greece, temporary staffing was eliminated, and only one retiree in five has been replaced (Mladovsky et al., 2012). In Ireland, a moratorium on hiring was introduced in March 2009, again with a view to reducing the number of health workers. Nurses were particularly affected by this measure, and by December 2010 their numbers had declined by 4.2% from their December 2008 level, representing a cut of 1 600 full-time equivalent jobs (Thomas et al., 2013). In Iceland, some 700 persons, or 10% of the workforce, lost their jobs at the national university hospital between 2007 and 2010 (Mladovsky et al., 2012).

Measures targeted at salaries and working conditions have been more widespread. Health workers have seen their salaries either reduced, as in Greece, Ireland and Spain¹⁴, or frozen (in nominal or real terms) in France, England, Portugal and Slovenia (Mladovsky et al., 2012). In a few countries, budget cuts also involved a reduction in the number of training positions following the economic crisis, particularly for nurses. In the United Kingdom, for example, 2 500 training places for nurses were cut between 2009 and 2012, representing a drop of 12% (Buchan and Seccombe, 2013; Lintern, 2012)¹⁵. In Ireland, the number of training places for nurses was cut by around 17% following the economic crisis (Mc Sharry et al., 2009).

On one hand, to the extent that the demand for health workers tends to stagnate or to grow more slowly in economic downturns, the demand for foreign workers should in principle decline and immigration diminish. Moreover, in a time of economic crisis, workers – notably nurses – who had previously left their job will often return to work in the health sector for different reasons (to make up for lost family income or because they might have lost their job in another sector). In the case of doctors, the retirement age has tended to increase in recent years, as a result either of the economic crisis or pension reforms (DREES, 2013; Pong, 2011; van der Windt, 2013). Higher retention rates of existing workers also tend to reduce demand for foreign health workers.

On the other hand, the austerity measures taken in countries sorely affected by the crisis may also be an added incentive to migrate. By making working conditions less attractive, limiting employment opportunities or widening international wage gaps, these measures can spark dissatisfaction that will push health workers to seek employment abroad.

The impact of the crisis on the international migration of health workers in Europe

The consequences of the economic and financial crisis for the migration of health workers in Europe cannot be entirely separated from the effects of EU enlargement discussed in the previous section – particularly of enlargement to Romania and Bulgaria in 2007. Figure 3.30 shows changes in the migration of doctors from Hungary to Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom – three of the major destinations for migrant doctors. The first point to emerge is that Hungarian doctors begin emigrating after enlargement, with outflows – particularly to Germany – gathering pace from 2008. That increase in emigration was not driven only by the impact of the crisis on the Hungarian health system, but by the post-accession transition measures that Germany put in place between 2004 and 2011. Data from German and British medical registers reveal similar patterns in the emigration of healthcare professionals from the Slovak and Czech Republics, both of which also joined the EU in 2004.

Figure 3.30. Changes in the numbers of doctors trained in Hungary in three OECD countries, 2000-12

Note: Data for Germany refer to the number of doctors of Hungarian nationality. Data for Sweden are only available up to 2011, while data for the United Kingdom are only available for 2008-12.

Source: Professional registers (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261575

Greece and Italy, two countries that were particularly hard hit by the crisis, have since 2008 seen a significant increase in the numbers of doctors moving to other European countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom (Figures 3.31 and 3.32). It should be noted, however, that the doctor densities recorded in Greece and Italy are still among the highest in OECD countries (6.1 and 4.1 doctors per 1 000 population in 2011, compared with an OECD average of 3.2) and that some doctors were already leaving these countries before the economic crisis.

Figure 3.31. Changes in the numbers of doctors trained in Greece in three OECD countries, 2000-12

Note: Data for Germany refer to the number of doctors of Greek nationality. Data for the United Kingdom are only available for 2008-12.

Source: Professional registers (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261584

Figure 3.32. Changes in the numbers of doctors trained in Italy in four OECD countries, 2006-12

Notes: Data for Germany refer to the number of doctors of Italian nationality. Data for the United Kingdom and Switzerland are only available for 2008-12.

Source: Professional registers (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261595

In recent years, Germany seems to be the favoured country of destination for doctors born in Greece and Italy. The number of doctors of Greek nationality in Germany rose by 50% between 2008 and 2012, from slightly more than 1 700 to nearly 2 600. Doctors trained in Italy also headed for France, the United Kingdom and Switzerland. At the same time, many German doctors emigrated to other countries. In Switzerland, for instance, nearly 1 500 German-trained doctors were added to the professional register between 2008 and 2012. The emigration of doctors from crisis-hit countries to Germany might thus have served to offset the emigration of some German doctors.

As for nurses, there has been a steep rise in emigration from Spain, Portugal and Ireland. Among EU/EFTA countries, the United Kingdom has been the first destination for these workers (Figure 3.33). Since 2009, nurses trained in these three countries have represented around 90% (between 85% and 95%) of the number of applications for recognition of qualifications filed in the United Kingdom. The majority of these people who were hoping to immigrate to the United Kingdom have found a job and been able to fulfil their plan to move.

Figure 3.33. Changes in the numbers of new registrations of foreign-trained nurses in the United Kingdom, 2007-12

Source: Professional register (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261606

In Ireland, the emigration of nurses in the latter part of the last decade was directed primarily to Australia. In 2008, the Irish Nursing Board received nearly 5 000 applications for skills verification from Australia. The number of applications then fell off progressively.¹⁶ Nurses initially recruited in India and the Philippines accounted for much of that movement. Such secondary migration paths may be ascribed to several factors: the deterioration in Irish working conditions, the idea that Ireland is a stop-over on the way to a final destination (primarily Australia but also the United States and Canada), and dissatisfaction with the conditions relating to residency rights or family reunification (Humphries et al., 2009).These results suggest that in several countries, the economic crisis had an adverse impact on working and living conditions for health personnel, leading some of them to consider moving abroad. In several cases, international mobility was a mechanism for alleviating surpluses on domestic labour markets by redistributing health workers to countries where there were professional openings (see Box 3.3). In other cases, there appears to have been a “substitution effect”, whereby the immigration of health workers offset the departure of some national or foreign personnel.

Box 3.3. How economic difficulties affect and have affected the international mobility of health workers in other OECD countries

Some Southern, Central, and Eastern European countries were hit hard by the economic and financial downturn of 2007/08. The past and present experiences of non-European OECD countries supply other examples of how flows of migrant health workers respond in times of economic hardship and how their immigration and emigration affect available resources.

Canada contended with serious economic difficulties in the 1990s. Cuts in health spending had a particularly harsh effect on nurses’ jobs and, to a lesser extent, those of doctors. Shrinking employment prospects combined with robust demand in the United States triggered large-scale emigration among Canadian healthcare professionals. In the 1990s, the United States granted roughly 32 000 TN visas* to nurses authorising them to work and over 27 000 settled there permanently (Dumont et al., 2008). As for Canadian doctors, some 12% of those who completed their post-graduate residency training in 1990 were practising abroad ten years later (AFMC, 2009). The 1990s were also marked by very low levels of health worker migration into Canada. The early 2000s saw a reversal of those trends and in 2004, the number of doctors returning to Canada from abroad was, for the first time, greater than those leaving (Dumont et al., 2008). At the same time, medical and healthcare education was stepped up and immigration picked up. Between 2000 and 2012, the number of foreign-educated doctors registering in Canada rose from 1 100 to 2 700 and their share from 21% to 24%. The inflow of foreign-trained nurses was more uneven, with new registrations climbing from 650 in 2000 to some 1 900 in 2012, with a spike of 2 500 in 2002.

New Zealand has long been a country of health workers’ emigration and immigration. With its special trans-Taman relationship with Australia and the lure it exerts, outflows from New Zealand are highly sensitive to shifts in the economic climate with its neighbour. Yet it seems to have coped through a number of active policies. In 2000/01, the emigration rate among doctors was 17.4% and among nurses 19.5% (OECD, 2007), the highest in the OECD after Ireland. Most emigrants headed for Australia and smaller shares to the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. At the same time, New Zealand also boasted the highest share of foreign doctors in the OECD and one of the highest proportions of foreign nurses – 46.9% and 23.2%, respectively. Yet in 2010/11, it emerged that the number of expatriate New Zealander health workers has been stable since 2000/01. Whilst their numbers had climbed in Australia, they had fallen elsewhere. Furthermore, qualified medical professionals have remained loyal to New Zealand in much same proportions over the last 15 years, with 84% still practising in the country two years after qualifying and, eight to fourteen years later, between 61% and 70% were still in the country. At 72%, a similar percentage of nurses who qualified in New Zealand in 2006 were still working there in 2012. Even when New Zealand medical professionals do exit the health workforce, it is not necessarily on a permanent basis, as 85% of them renew their practising certificates every year (Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2013). This finding may be explained by the fact that some nurses complete their residency training abroad before returning a few years later (MCNZ, 2012) and that, generally speaking, emigration among New Zealand’s healthcare practitioners may have been a passing phenomenon. This reversal of the emigration trend may be put down to incentives introduced by the government to persuade health workers to stay (OECD, 2008). One example was a volunteer scheme initiated in 2009 to encourage newly qualified medical graduates to work in understaffed specialities or communities by offering them financial incentives (New Zealand Ministry of Health, 2012). At the same time, New Zealand has remained a major destination for immigrant health workers, with the share of foreign-trained doctors climbing from 34% to 40% between 2000 and 2012. Many stay only for short times, as only one-third are still practising three years after registration (MCNZ, 2012).

Israel benefitted from a large inflow of foreign doctors and nurses, chiefly from the former Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s. Those doctors accounted for over one-third of all doctors practising in Israel in the early 2000s. They are ageing, however, and Israel now has the highest share of physicians over 55 years old in the OECD and the lowest number of qualified doctors per capita. Although it has recently increased admissions to medical school, it is difficult to tell if greater numbers of students will offset the shortfall (OECD, 2012). Some medical specialities and nursing already suffer from stark staffing shortages (IMA, 2011; Nirel et al., 2012) and the difficulties that the healthcare professions struggle with appear to be compounded by the economic crisis, as the health workers’ strike in 2011 attested. It has been reported that, against that background, a growing number of healthcare practitioners are leaving Israel. In the 2000s, for example, 20% of the country’s anaesthetists are said to have emigrated to the United States, Canada, and other countries (IMA, 2011). Émigrés from other countries who then settled in Israel appear to account for the bulk of the outflow, as the numbers of Israel-born health workers rose scarcely at all between 2000/01 and 2010/11. But with healthcare immigration having steadily dwindled throughout the 2000s, healthcare is a fundamental issue that will not go away.

* The Trade NAFTA (TN) visa is a special non-immigrant status created as part of the North American Free Trade Agreement of 1994. TN visas have to be renewed annually. The values indicated should not therefore be interpreted as representing a number of individuals.

Immigration and integration policies in the main countries of destination

This section looks at recent changes in immigration policies as well as policies and practices concerning the recognition of foreign qualifications. These two policy areas are closely linked, in that together they have a selective impact on immigration and employment for foreign health workers. This review is confined to the main countries of destination for migrant health workers.

United States

In the United States, the last decade was marked by considerable debate and a number of legislative amendments concerning the conditions of entry for nursing personnel. In 1999, Congress passed the Nursing Relief for Disadvantaged Areas Act, creating an H-1C non-immigrant visa targeted specifically at foreign nurses willing to work in areas where there was a nursing shortage. The strict conditions under which this visa could be granted, however, limited its use. For example, only 110 H-1C visas were issued in 2008 (US Department of Homeland Security, 2008) and only seven in 2013. Since 2003, foreign nurses can also apply for an H-1B visa, which is the working visa for qualified personnel. This visa, however, is reserved to nurses holding a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and working in a specialised occupation. Only 136 visas of this type were issued for nurses in 2008 (US Department of Homeland Security, 2008) but recent numbers are expected to be much higher.

The majority of nurses entering the United States use the permanent immigration route. In general, for a person to be admitted as a permanent immigrant for employment purposes, the employer must demonstrate that there is no domestic worker who is able, willing, qualified, and available to take the job. Nurses, like physiotherapists, are however included in Schedule A, meaning that there is a shortage already determined by the Secretary of Labor. In 2005, 50 000 visas were made available for Schedule A workers. More recently, the immigration quota per country increased the waiting time for the processing of applications. In March 2014, the processing time for the Philippines and India, two important sources of nursing personnel, reached seven and ten years respectively (US Department of State, 2014). Figure 3.34 illustrates the sharp drop in admissions for nationals of these two countries between 2008 and 2011.

Figure 3.34. Number of foreign-trained nurses passing the nursing exam in the United States, 2008-11

Source: Nurse Licensee Volume and NCLEX Examination Statistics.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261618

Conversely, with the introduction of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), which extends medical coverage considerably, the demand for nurses is expected to grow in the coming years. According to some projections, nursing employment could rise by 19% between 2012 and 2022, representing an additional 526 800 jobs for nurses, to which would be added the need to replace 525 800 current nurses (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Given that the training of nurses has expanded greatly in the United States in recent years, these needs could be met in large part by domestic workers, but the need to recruit abroad is also likely to rise in the future.

Regarding foreign-trained doctors, the legal entry routes to the United States are relatively circumscribed. First, any doctor trained abroad must undergo clinical training in the United States in order to be registered. Foreign doctors may apply for a J-1 “exchange visitor” visa, sponsored by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG). During the academic year 2010/11, ECFMG sponsored more than 7 500 doctors for clinical training in the US residency programme (ECFMG, 2012).¹⁷ Furthermore, 2 400 H-1B visas were granted to doctors in 2014 (US Department of Homeland Security, 2015). At the end of their clinical training, the doctors with a J-1 visa are normally required to leave the US territory and to wait two years before they can apply for a change in their immigration status. A further possibility is to participate in the “Conrad 30 Waiver” programme, which allows each US state to sponsor up to 30 foreign doctors per year, provided they practise for three years in a region where there is a shortage of doctors. With around 1 000 waivers granted in 2010, this instrument has become an important means of recruiting doctors for understaffed regions (Nyapati, 2012). A foreign doctor applying for a waiver must submit a “no objection” letter from the government of his home country, if this government has funded his/her exchange programme (US Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2013). This condition indicates that careful attention is paid to the specific context in the doctor’s home country and concerns relating to “brain drain”.

The discussion of reforms to US immigration policy has also dealt with the provisions governing the entry of foreign doctors into the United States. This interest is linked in particular to the entry into force of the ACA on 1 October 2013, and the greater demand for medical personnel that could result from the expansion of insurance coverage.

Canada

In Canada, when it comes to permanent immigration, there is no specific entry channel for doctors and nurses, and they do not receive bonus points in the Federal “skilled workers” programme. They are, however, eligible to apply through the latter. Nearly all Canadian provinces have introduced a programme to support candidates in their application for permanent residence (the “Provincial Nominee Programme”).¹⁸ These programmes have had growing success in recent years, and have benefited a total of 41 000 people (accompanying persons included) in 2012. In 2013, all provinces recognised doctors as a strategic profession under their programme (Atanackovic and Bourgeault, 2013). In order to be admitted under the new “Express Entry” system, doctors and nurses are required to have their qualifications recognised. In those provinces that participate in the Express Entry programme (for example British Colombia), doctors and nurses must be sponsored or have a job offer from a public health institution. They also need to register with the provinces.

For doctors, the first requirement is to have a medical degree deemed acceptable by the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research, to supply proof of language capabilities in English or French, and to pass an assessment examination sponsored by the Medical Council of Canada. This examination may be taken in 80 countries, and costs CAD 1 700. Doctors registered as specialists in their home country must nevertheless complete their postgraduate training in Canada. Depending on the country where doctors were trained, and on the province processing the application, all or only a portion of their postgraduate training must be done in Canada. In Canada, medical practice is regulated at the provincial or territorial level. As a result, conditions of accreditation, including registration fees, vary considerably across provinces. The Federation of Medical Regulatory Authorities of Canada (FMRAC) has recently developed an agreement to establish a national standard for licensure which should facilitate mobility in the future.

In order to find a training position in Canada, a foreign-trained doctor may apply for the national twinning programme for residents or participate in one of the programmes geared to foreign doctors offered by the provinces. Most provinces will also issue temporary work permits, whereby doctors who have not yet completed all the steps to obtain recognition of their qualifications may nevertheless practice in Canada. For some provinces that face greater difficulties in attracting and retaining doctors, the proportion of doctors with a temporary work permit was as high as 30% of all registered doctors in 2003 (Dumont et al., 2008).

Nurses wishing to practice in Canada must first be registered in their country of training, have professional experience, and demonstrate language competence. Candidates must then pass an examination, which cannot be administered abroad. If all the other conditions are met, they may practice under a temporary work permit while they await passing this examination. Several provinces have also introduced “bridge training” programmes for nurses trained abroad, allowing them to gain professional experience and/or to prepare for the examination.

The process of obtaining recognition of professional qualifications for health workers in Canada is recognised as particularly complex. The bridging programmes introduced are intended to remedy these problems, although it is still too early to assess their effectiveness. In general, candidates are advised to complete the qualifications recognition process before they move to Canada (Atanackovic and Bourgeault, 2013).

Quebec and France have signed an agreement on the mutual recognition of professional qualifications in 2008 targeting 81 professions, including physicians and nurses. Doctors eligible for mutual recognition are subject to a simplified recognition procedure which exists solely for this profession and RSQ (“Recrutement Santé Québec”) may cover some of the costs of the procedure. Data on the admission of nurses trained outside Canada shows the impact of these measures: in 2011, nearly 200 French nurses arrived in Canada, compared to 67 in the previous year. Between the entry into force of the mutual recognition agreement for nurses in 2011 and the end of 2014, 799 French nurses have obtained a Quebec licence through this simplified channel. It should be noted that the chapter on the mutual recognition of professional qualifications of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement project between Canada and the European Union (CETA) is strongly inspired by the Québec-France agreement.

Australia

In Australia, qualified nurses and doctors are both on the skilled occupation list and on the consolidated skilled occupation list established by state governments. The two professions are thus eligible for the temporary and permanent migration programmes. Between 2005/06 and 2009/10, more than 31 000 temporary work permits (Temporary Work (skilled) visa (subclass 457)) were issued to foreign nurses (15 960 permits) and doctors (15 490 permits). Between 2004/05 and 2009/10, some 16 000 permanent permits (General Skilled Migration category migrants) were issued, primarily to nurses (8 230) but also to doctors (2 330 permits), as well as to pharmacists (2 080 permits). At the end of 2013, the requirement for a prior labour market assessment was introduced for those applying for a temporary permit. In 2013/14, the number of temporary visas granted to doctors and nurses dropped to 4 114 (compared with an annual average of approximately 6 300 between 2004/05 and 2009/10), suggesting that the restrictions had an effect. At the same time, permanent migration grew by more than 25% between 2005-09 and 2010-14.

Qualified doctors and nurses are exempted from this procedure due to their skills level. For other health workers, it is possible, however, that this legislative change might favour the permanent immigration route, which is an option promoted by governments and employers as the work permit can be conditioned on the acceptance of employment in underserved areas (Hawthorne, 2011).

In recent years, a number of measures have encouraged the immigration of doctors from other English-speaking countries. In 2007, doctors registered with the professional associations of the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, New Zealand and Ireland were exempted from passing the Australian Medical Council examination. As well, as of 1 July 2014, the fees charged for the assessment of qualifications will be waived for these doctors. Since 2010, the conditions for passing the professional English examination have been stiffened, leading to a lower success rate. As a prerequisite for registration as a doctor or nurse in Australia, this test constitutes a significant barrier to immigration for non-English-speaking health workers. A good command of the English language was also deemed important during the review of the skilled immigration programme in 2011.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, most of the nursing professions were removed from the “long-term skilled shortage list” in 2013, thereby making it more difficult to obtain a “work to residence visa”, a two-year work permit leading to eligibility for a permanent visa. It is still possible for registered nurses to apply for a resident visa as a skilled immigrant, even though they do not benefit from bonus points. In 2014, mental health nurses have been added to the “immediate skill shortage list”, which means that for this profession, a prior labour market test is not necessary in order to obtain a temporary working visa. All other nursing professions are usually subject to a labour market test, unless the job offer comes from an accredited employer. Most of the medical specialties are on the “immediate skill shortage list”.

The conditions for registration of foreign-trained nurses were revised in 2013. Candidates are now required to be registered with a competent regulatory body abroad, must have three years of professional training, and at least two years of working experience. Moreover, any foreign-trained nurse may be required to follow a skills assessment programme. This programme generally lasts from six to eight weeks, and includes a theoretical part as well as a clinical part (for which participants are paid).

For doctors, the conditions for recognition of foreign qualifications differ, depending on whether these qualifications were obtained in the United Kingdom or Ireland (Competent Authority Pathway), whether the candidates are registered as physicians in one of the 22 listed countries (Comparable Health System Pathway), or whether they fall under another category. In this latter case, they may pass the NZREX clinical exam leading to temporary registration. In 2014, the Medical Council of New Zealand limited the NZREX examination to three sittings for that year. The decision to reduce seats for the examination was taken in response to the growing demand for internships, difficulties encountered by New Zealand graduates in finding a residency position, and the shortage of openings in training programmes for certain specialties.

Japan

Under economic agreements concluded with Indonesia and the Philippines, Japan has permitted the recruitment of candidate nurses in these countries since 2008 and 2009 respectively. Two years of professional experience are required (three for Philippines nationals) in order to participate in this programme. Indonesian candidates who entered Japan after 2011 receive Japanese language training before their arrival. They then have three years to pass the professional examination and can retake it several times. Meanwhile they can work as assistant nurses. In the first few years, the implementation of the agreements met with mixed success. Between 2009 and 2012, only 51 Indonesian nurses out of the 363 who arrived in Japan passed the national professional examination, with a pass rate of only 4% in 2011 (only 16 out of 400 candidates passed). To improve the success rate, coaching has been instituted to help candidates learn Japanese and improve their communication skills. As well, the language tests have been simplified (Salaverria, 2013). Foreign candidates also receive special treatment when they sit the national professional exam. They are given a guide to Chinese characters and extra time to complete the exam. In 2012, the pass rate rose to 11%, 10% the next year, and 11% again in 2014. Japan also signed an agreement with Viet Nam in 2009. In this case, the Japanese government pays for a year of advance language training from its development assistance budget, and the language test is administered before departure for Japan (Wakisaka, 2012).

At the same time, the number of foreign nurses who obtained a nursing licence in Japan outside the framework of these agreements rapidly rose during the last few years – from roughly 15 in 2006 to over 80 in 2010. They are mainly Chinese nurses for whom acquisition of the Japanese language is easier than for Indonesian or Philippines nurses (Asato, 2012).

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, a number of legislative changes have affected the recruitment of health workers from outside Europe. Doctors were removed from the professional shortages list in 2005, and general nurses in 2006, obliging employers to give priority to recruiting personnel from the EU/EFTA countries. Since 2006, non-European doctors holding a training position were also required to have a work permit. These measures had a particular impact on Indians and Pakistanis (Blacklock et al., 2012). In 2008, the United Kingdom introduced an immigration policy based on a points system. Initially, the system allowed foreign doctors to come to the United Kingdom without a prior job offer, but that possibility was revoked in a 2010 amendment. When this new system was introduced, general nurses were on the skills shortage list, one of the pathways under the Tier 2 category. At that time, this occupation made the greatest use of the shortage occupation route. This list was then reduced to a few nursing specialties and in 2014, only neonatal nursing was on the list. In 2011/12, 1 200 nurses have nonetheless been admitted under the Tier 2 category following a labour market test. Figure 3.35 shows the effects of these various measures. There was a clear decline in the number of registrations of nurses and midwives trained outside the EU between 2003/04 and 2009/10, due in particular to the increase in domestic training and the practice of progressive substitution to the advantage of European nurses.

Figure 3.35. Admissions to the nursing register from EU and non-EU countries in the United Kingdom, 1990/91 to 2014/15

Source: Buchan, J. (2015).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261624

As of 18 June 2014, doctors trained within the European Economic Area (EEA) will be required to demonstrate their linguistic skills in order to have their qualifications recognised. This new requirement is made possible by the amendment of the EU directive on professional qualifications (2013/55/EU). The required level of language competence for all doctors trained abroad (in and outside the EU) will rise from 7 to 7.5, according to the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). Other measures under consideration concern the language skills evaluation of doctors already registered in the United Kingdom. These include the creation of a new category in the professional register to which doctors who do not have a sufficient command of English may be relegated (Box 3.4).

Box 3.4. Towards a common immigration policy for third-country nationals: The European Blue Card

In 2009, the European Council adopted Directive 2009/50/EC, easing conditions of entry and work for highly qualified nationals of third countries by creating the European Blue Card. To obtain this card, a candidate must have completed a higher education programme and have accumulated several years of professional experience. Even if the directive stipulates that the salary threshold should be 1.5 times higher than the average salary, the actual reference salary varies from one country to another, with the effect that the range is between 90% and 160% of the gross annual average income (OECD, 2013d). Member States may still lower the pay threshold for certain professions where there is a shortage. While nurses would not seem to meet the criteria set for issuing the European Blue Card, doctors from third countries should be able to obtain this permit. Germany was one of the last countries to transpose the EU directive fully into its domestic legislation. A minimum annual gross income of EUR 46 400 has been set as the condition of eligibility for the Blue Card, but for doctors and other professions in short supply, the threshold has been reduced to EUR 36 192. All Member States of the EU have adopted the Blue Card with the exception of Denmark, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Moreover, the directive does not prevent Member States from making their own legal provisions for other routes of entry for non-European nationals.

In 2005, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) instituted the Overseas Nurses Programme (ONP), a compulsory orientation course for nurses wishing to practise in the United Kingdom. Because course space is limited, there tend to be long waiting lists. In 2007, the required level of English was raised from 6.5 to 7.0 according to the IELTS. In 2013, the NMC undertook consultations concerning the amendment of programmes for foreign nurses. The new formula would include an online theoretical exam as well as a practical assessment through an objectively structured clinical examination, and a subsequent supervised practice period.

Ireland

In Ireland, between 2000 and 2006, a working visa and work authorisation scheme was instituted to allow the recruitment of doctors and nurses from third countries. In 2007, a Green Card was introduced to facilitate the entry of qualified personnel with an annual salary of EUR 60 000. A list of highly skilled shortage occupations, which included doctors and nurses, afforded another recruitment channel with a lower salary threshold (EUR 30 000). In addition, non-consultant hospital doctors from outside Europe registered in the General Section of the medical register are no longer required, as of 2010, to have a work permit. In this way, Ireland has in fact facilitated immigration of health workers during the last decade. Thus, the sharp drop in arrivals of non-European nurses since 2008 (Figure 3.36) may be due to both budgetary constraints in the health sector and to recent changes in immigration policies. Similarly, inflows of European doctors dropped away from 2007, though far less than those of doctors from third countries (Box 3.5).

Figure 3.36. Admissions to the nursing register from EU and non-EU countries in Ireland, 2002-13

Source: Professional register (see Table 3.5).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261631

Box 3.5. Policies and practices for recognising qualifications in the EU

Directive 2005/36/EC on the recognition of professional qualifications came into effect in October 2007. This directive consolidates the sectoral directives that cover the medical and nursing professions (particularly 77/452/EEC and 75/362/EEC) and establishes a single system for the recognition of qualifications. It allows for automatic recognition of qualifications obtained after a specific reference date. Qualifications awarded before that date may be recognised on the basis of acquired rights. The holder of such qualifications must be able to demonstrate professional experience of at least three consecutive years over the preceding five years. For medical specialists not covered in the automatic system or for EU citizens who have done their training in a third country, the directive provides for recognition based on the general system. After examining the candidate’s training and professional experience, the host country may decide to recognise the qualifications, to refuse recognition, or to impose supplementary measures prior to recognition (an aptitude test or a supervised adaptation period of up to three years). Some Member States may also apply this regime to handle requests for recognition submitted by nationals of third countries.

In addition, simplified conditions are permitted to facilitate movement for purposes of providing temporary cross-border service, with the temporary nature being assessed case-by-case. Health personnel may then simply submit a declaration, if the host country requests it. In 2010, most countries reported only a modest interest in this procedure, although its use is growing in some countries.

In November 2013, the European Parliament adopted directive 2013/55/EU, amending Directive 2005/36/EC. It calls for introduction of a European Professional Card to facilitate the free movement of professionals within the EU and to simplify the administrative procedure for recognising qualifications, with issuance by the country of origin of an electronic certificate that would then be validated by the host country. As well, a system of alerts should be implemented to prevent a health professional convicted of a crime or subjected to disciplinary penalties from taking up practice in another Member State. The professional card is scheduled for introduction in 2016 for a limited number of professions, which could include doctors and nurses.

The amendment to directive 2005/36/EC also sought to clarify the language requirements relating to recognition of qualifications. The new text reaffirms that, in principle, the verification of language skills should follow a procedure different from that involved in the recognition of qualifications. A number of professional organisations have expressed concerns about mastery of the host country language by health workers whose qualifications have been recognised (European Commission, 2011). Following the amendment of the directive, the competent authorities may now apply systematic language controls for professions that have health implications.

France

In France, legislative amendments have focused on the question of doctors trained outside the European Economic Area (EEA) and working in public hospitals under the status of student or “contractual assistant practitioner”. Not having followed the licensing procedure, these doctors are not allowed to work in France except under the supervision of a licensed physician. This status is generally associated with lower salaries and less favourable working conditions (Delamaire and Schweyer, 2011). According to the law of 1 February 2012 (Law 2012-157), doctors trained outside the EEA may practise until 31 December 2016, after which time they must have passed the licensing examination in order to continue working in France. The law also eases the conditions for taking that examination: the “three tries” limit has been repealed, and doctors who have two months’ paid work to their credit between August 2010 and December 2011, and who have three years of professional experience, can take an aptitude test that stresses clinical skills rather than theoretical knowledge. Next comes a probationary period of one year, at the end of which, on the advice of the medical committee, the doctor may obtain a license to practise. Also noteworthy is a decree of 3 August 2010 which withdraws from hospitals the possibility of recruiting doctors trained outside the European Union and taking them on as students, a practice that had come under increasing criticism (Delamaire and Schweyer, 2011).

Switzerland

In Switzerland, a referendum initiative was adopted on 9 February 2014, reintroducing an immigration quota system which required the government and the Parliament to introduce a new admission system with quantitative limits and quotas for all foreign nationals. Currently the principle of free circulation of persons from EU Member States is still in effect, but Switzerland intends to establish procedures for applying and implementing this new immigration policy over the next three years. Given the heavy dependency of Swiss health institutions on foreign personnel, primarily from bordering European countries, some stakeholders in the health sector have expressed concerns about shortages, if limits are placed on the recruitment of foreign health workers (CDS, 2014).

The WHO Global Code of Practice and bilateral agreements on the training and employment of health workers

The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel encourages Member States to put in place bilateral, regional or multilateral arrangements to promote cooperation and coordination in the area of international recruitment (WHO, 2010). The code specifies, in particular, that these arrangements should take into account the needs of developing countries and countries with economies in transition. In recent years, several OECD countries have implemented such programmes or bilateral agreements for the international recruitment of health personnel. None of the agreements reviewed here are designed specifically to implement the WHO Code of Practice, and some indeed preceded its adoption. However, by defining clearly the procedure and the conditions for international recruitment, by targeting recruitment from countries or regions that do not have a shortage of health workers, or by encouraging professional integration and recognition of qualifications for health personnel, these programmes tend to promote ethical recruitment, to the benefit of the countries of origin and destination alike, as well as the migrants themselves. The WHO is currently evaluating the Code of Practice (see Box 3.6).

Box 3.6. Evaluation of the relevance and impact of the WHO code

Upon the request of its Executive Board in January 2015, the WHO Secretariat convened an Expert Advisory Group (EAG) to facilitate the process for the first review of the relevance and effectiveness of the Code and present recommendations to the World Health Assembly in May 2015.

The EAG comprised representatives of Member States, international organizations and civil society, and individual experts with knowledge of the Code’s development, negotiation and implementation, as well as of health workforce and health systems issues. The EAG concluded that:

“The WHO Global Code is highly relevant; especially in the context of growing regional and inter-regional labour mobility. Notwithstanding, the Code should be subject to periodic review to ensure that it continues to be a key framework to address issues arising from global and regional migration of health personnel, health workforce development and health systems sustainability.

Evidence of the effectiveness of the Code is emerging in some countries. This evidence provides a solid foundation for expanding global, regional, national and sub-national implementation and measurement of its effectiveness. Notwithstanding, the low awareness, advocacy and dissemination of the Code in other countries – as suggested by the limited response to the first round of reporting – should be corrected.

The work to develop, strengthen and maintain the implementation of the Code should be viewed as a continuing process for all Member States and other relevant stakeholders.”

Germany concluded a bilateral agreement with Viet Nam in 2012, covering pilot projects for the training and recruitment of geriatric nurses in Viet Nam, a country identified on the basis of its strategy of training nurses for the global market. The project was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) and is being implemented by the German cooperation agency, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIS) in collaboration with the Vietnamese Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs. Some 100 Vietnamese nursing graduates were selected initially to take six months of training in the German language and culture. Participants then travelled to Germany at the end of 2013 to begin two years of professional training, accompanied by a programme of integration and language courses. This pilot project seeks to establish a baseline for the future recruitment of skilled foreign personnel to provide care in Germany. At the same time, a project for recruiting nurses in China was launched by the caregiving employers’ association, the Arbeitgeberverband Pflege. A bachelor’s degree, one year of professional experience, and eight months of language and cultural training are the conditions for participation in the programme. While awaiting recognition of their credentials, these Chinese nurses work as nursing assistants. Germany expects to receive 150 Chinese nurses via this route in 2014.

The German authorities have sought to ensure that, consistent with the principles of the WHO Code of Practice, its international recruitment activities do not come at the expense of the countries of origin. During the July 2013 review of the list of professions in short supply in Germany, the government prohibited the recruitment of health workers in the 57 countries identified by WHO in 2006 as facing a critical shortage. This decision was subsequently reconsidered, as it not only banned active recruitment by an employer or private agency but also prevented health workers from seeking employment in Germany at their own initiative (so-called passive recruitment). This provision was finally eliminated with the revision in October 2013 of the employment ordinance, which now prohibits active recruitment and the private placement of health workers from the 57 countries mentioned.

In Ireland, the positions of non-consultant hospital physicians have proven particularly difficult to fill. In anticipation of a shortage, in 2011, the Health Service Executive launched a recruitment campaign in India and Pakistan, with which Ireland has a bilateral agreement in place. In 2013, a new recruitment campaign was initiated in South Africa and Pakistan. In order to allow these doctors trained outside the EU to practice in Ireland, the Medical Practitioners Act (MPA) was amended in 2011 to create supervised posts in a limited field of activity. Registration in the Supervised Division may not exceed two years. In 2012, 290 Indian and Pakistani doctors were registered in Ireland via this route. These recruitment campaigns attracted wide media attention in Ireland, particularly because of the costs involved and the fact that the skills test for registration in the Supervised Division was generally administered only several months after the doctors had arrived in Ireland (Ring, 2012). As the first wave of recruits was approaching the end of the two years’ registration period, debate also focused on the conditions under which the recruited doctors might be transferred to the General Division of the medical register. In July 2013, with a view to rationalising recruitment procedures, a series of exceptions to the Pre-registration Examination System requirement were notified (Stationery Office, 2013).

In Finland, two international recruitment experiments are worth mentioning: the DOKTOR – Promoting work-based immigration of doctors project, conducted by the University of Eastern Finland between 2008 and 2011, and the Mediko – Recruitment of Foreign Health and Social Care Professionals to Finland programme, also launched in 2008 and still in place. These two initiatives received financing from the European Social Fund as well as the local, regional and national public authorities. The DOKTOR project focused on recruiting doctors in north-western Russia. They worked first as assistants while following a training programme that included Finnish language courses and receiving professional and social integration help. These doctors then took the examination required by the national health authority (Valvira) for exercising the medical profession. Initially coordinated by the municipality of Kotka, the Mediko project was then expanded to cover all of Finland. Since its creation, Mediko has provided counselling to some 80 doctors, mainly Russian, wishing to practice in Finland. Mediko has also begun to recruit nurses in Spain. Following an exploratory visit in 2012, 2 000 Spanish nurses expressed an interest in moving to Finland. Finnish language courses have been organised in various Spanish cities, and since 2012, nearly 150 persons have been recruited via this route. With a view to longer-term recruitment, intensive language courses prior to departure are planned as a way of bolstering the motivation to move. Mediko also promotes cooperation between Finnish training institutions and Spanish, Russian and Estonian institutions.

These examples illustrate the proliferation of international recruitment initiatives in the health field within the context of bilateral agreements. The growing role played over the past several years by private international recruitment agencies in instigating the flow of health workers has often been discussed (Maybud and Wiskow, 2006). It appears that public players, local or national, may also have engaged in such projects. For the time being, the number of people involved in these projects is still limited and the persons recruited through these projects generally represent only a very small proportion of doctors and nurses. They may however play an important role if they are steered towards positions that are particularly difficult to fill. Some players also believe that a recruitment campaign, once launched, may well grow over time to reach a substantial number of candidates for immigration.

Another feature of several of the recruitment initiatives discussed here is the absence of historic, colonial and linguistic ties that previously prevailed between countries of origin and countries of destination. Countries are being increasingly targeted for recruitment in light of their strategy of training health workers for the international market. Learning the language of the destination country then becomes a central condition of success of such recruitment programmes. Experience suggests that a certain command of the language should be acquired before the person immigrates. The provision of language training, and the availability of support arrangements in the destination country, will also help with the professional and social integration of migrant health workers and thus facilitate their retention over the medium and longer term.

International mobility of students: A growing component of international migration of health workers

The international mobility of students is a phenomenon that is neither new nor specific to the health field. In 2001, the OECD was already pointing to the growing share of this population among students registered in member countries (OECD, 2001). For the host countries, the benefits these students bring include a broadening of funding sources in national education systems, through their tuition payments, as well as their contribution to domestic consumption during their stay. It was recognised, however, that there was less enthusiasm for pursuing professional studies, including medical and nursing education, because of their national selection criteria. Some ten years later, the training of health professionals has become increasingly internationalised and the choice of studying abroad is an attractive option for growing numbers of students, especially those denied admission to national programmes by the numerus clausus or those looking for less expensive training outside of their country of origin. This section focuses on international medical students, a phenomenon which is both more important and easier to document.

What is the scope of this phenomenon? What are the conditions that have made it possible, and the factors that explain its growth? What are the political issues for the countries of origin and of training? This last section provides some elements to respond to these questions.

Elements for understanding the scope of the phenomenon

Despite the lack of systematic data for assessing the number of individuals studying medicine abroad, the available information for certain OECD countries confirm that numbers are growing.

In the case of the United States, for example, it is estimated that, in 2013, 43% of the 7 100 doctors trained abroad who registered with the American Medical Association were in fact American citizens. In 2000, by contrast, Americans accounted for no more than 23% of the doctors trained abroad. Doctors who have obtained their degree abroad and wish to undertake specialisation in the United States must obtain a certificate from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG), which is issued on the condition that the candidate passes the first two stages of the examination for registration as a licensed doctor in the United States. In 2000, about 1 400 certificates were issued for American citizens. Since then, this number constantly increased and reached more than 2 800 in 2012 (Figure 3.37). In recent years, American doctors trained abroad have in fact partially replaced foreign doctors who were trained abroad. The majority of American international medical graduates (IMGs) received their training in the Caribbean (Dominica, Grenada and Sint Maarten).

Figure 3.37. International medical students whose training has been certified in the United States, number of ECFMG certificates issued, total international students and U.S. citizen international students, 2000-12

Notes: Reporting delays artificially decrease certification volume in 2002 and 2004 and artificially increase certification volume in 2003 and 2005.

In 2012, 41% of the 6 828 non-U.S. citizen international students and 49% of the 4 279 US citizen international students participating to the National Resident Matching Program succeeded in securing a residency position.

Source: ECFMG Database. Data current as of January 10, 2013.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261642

The emigration of Canadian medical students has also grown substantially in recent years. In 2005/06, the number of Canadians studying medicine outside Canada or the United States was estimated at 1 500 (Banner, 2006). In 2010, it was estimated that the number exceeded 3 500 (CARMS, 2010). More than half of these students are studying in the Caribbean, but Ireland and Australia are also important destinations.

Around 150 international students a year received their medical degree in Australia in the early 2000s. Most had received grants from their government to pursue their studies in Australia. In 2013, 500 international students obtained their degree in Australia, accounting for 20% of all degrees granted. Most planned to remain in Australia in order to pursue specialisation (Hawthorne and Hamilton, 2010). Indeed, that trend looks set to continue in the years to come. The rise in the number of international students has occurred in the context of fast-expanding medical training capacity in Australia. Over the last decade, nine new medical faculties have opened their doors. International students have been actively recruited by universities to fill these new places. They have also brought with them a significant financial contribution: on average, a foreign student pays AUD 300 000 for six years of study in Australia. The leading countries of origin of these students are Malaysia and Singapore.

The number of Swedish students pursuing medical studies abroad has also surged in recent years. From around 760 in 2002, it soared to more than 3 300 in 2011 (Figure 3.38). Denmark was traditionally the main destination, but a growing number of Swedish medical students are choosing Poland (one-third of the total) and other Central and Eastern Europe countries – it is thought that more than 900 are studying in Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic (Socialstyrelsen, 2013). These international students are included in government projections of the supply of doctors in Sweden, and several Swedish counties have put in place programmes to facilitate clinical internships (Polkowski, 2013).

Figure 3.38. Changes in the number of Swedish international medical students by country of training, 2002-11

Source: Socialstyrelsen 2013.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261651

The number of Portuguese doctors pursuing their specialisation in Portugal after having studied abroad more than doubled from 56 in 2011 to 130 in 2012. Most of them qualified in Spain, but some have recently branched out to other countries, particularly the Czech Republic.¹⁹ In 2013, the total number of Portuguese studying medicine abroad was estimated at 1 300 (Ribeiro et al., 2014).

For French medical students caught out by cap on the numbers, Belgium has long been a favourite fallback option to pursue their medical studies. But in recent years, the influx of French students has prompted the Belgian authorities to introduce restrictions, and a growing number of French students are now heading for Romania and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe to study medicine. In the summer of 2011, there were 700 French students registered in medicine in Romania.

In Israel, around 100 new Israeli doctors trained abroad were being added to the professional register each year between 2000 and 2007. Since 2008, the number of returning international students registered has swollen, rising up to 340 in 2012.

The causes and conditions of the internationalisation of medical training

Within the EU, student mobility has been facilitated, indeed encouraged, by Directive 2005/36/EC on the recognition of professional qualifications, as well as by the Bologna process. Academic recognition and the recognition of degrees are two of the principal pillars of this policy. The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) allows the recognition of periods of study abroad and of diplomas acquired in another EU country.

Within EU countries, the language barrier is the main constraint to international mobility, particularly for non-English speakers. In Prague, one medical faculty has been offering courses in English since 1992, primarily for American students. Other universities in Central and Eastern Europe, notably in Poland, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria (Mayberry, 2013) have introduced medical training in English since that time. The medical faculties of these countries are also offering courses in French and German. For example, in Romania, five faculties provide medical training in French. At the same time, foreign students are expected to learn Romanian during their first three years of study, so that they will then be able to communicate with patients.²⁰

The private sector also plays a role in the internationalisation of medical studies, a long-established practice in the Philippines. It seeks primarily to train healthcare workers, chiefly nursing professional, to international standards for the world market. Similar trends are emerging in India for doctors and in China for nurses.

In the Caribbean and Central Europe, internationalisation has chiefly involved increasing intakes of foreign students whose goal is to practice medicine in the country of origin once they have qualified. The first offshore medical faculties appeared in the Caribbean in the 1970s, but the numbers have burgeoned in recent years. Among the 63 medical faculties (offshore or not) listed in the Caribbean in 2012, 38 were already established before 2000, 12 opened their doors between 2000 and 2005, and 13 since 2006 (van Zanten and Boulet, 2013). To promote the international certification of these faculties, the Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and Other Health Professions (CAAM-MP) was set up in 2006. However, it is up to the destination country to decide whether to recognise the qualifications acquired in the faculties certified by the CAAM-MP. The United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia are also countries whose medical training is equated with that offered in North America (Watts et al., 2011).

A number of studies have shown that international student mobility is driven in large part by unmet demand for medical training due to the rejection of candidacies in the home country. For example, in 2013, Switzerland had more than 4 400 students registered in the first year of medical school, but only 1 500 available places in the second year. In France, there were more than 55 000 students registered in the first year of general health studies in 2012, for some 7 500 places in second-year medicine. In 2012/13, Canadian universities received nearly 16 000 applications (individuals could file multiple applications) for 1 800 vacancies (AFMC, 2013). A study revealed that more than three quarters of Canadians studying medicine abroad in 2010 chose that route because of the few places in Canadian medical school (CARMS, 2010). In Israel, there are an estimated 2 000 applicants for 300 available training places (De Haller, 2014). The situation is similar in many OECD countries.

Economic factors, too, go some way towards explaining growing migration among medical students. From the viewpoint of universities, international students who pay up their full fees are a major financial boon (Table 3.11). In nearly all European countries,²¹ students from other European countries are subject to the same rules as domestic students when it comes to tuition fees. This is also the case in Ireland, but only for European students who have been resident in Ireland for at least three out of the last five years. In France, Germany, Spain and Switzerland, tuition fees are the same for all students (domestic and international, European and non-European). In Finland, Iceland and Norway, tuition is free for domestic and international students alike. By contrast, in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, international students have to pay higher fees. Indeed, there is a growing tendency to increase tuition fees for international students, which can be attributed to universities’ greater managerial autonomy and increasing budgetary restrictions, in particular in Europe (Weimer, 2013).

Table 3.11. Tuition fees for medical training in different country of training
Place of training | Average yearly tuition (USD) | Range of yearly tuition fees (USD) | Type of students
Lowest in the country | Highest in the country

United States (2008/09)

23 581

43 587

41 225

42 519

Public universities

Public universities

Private universities

Private universities

Domestic students

International students

Domestic students

International students

Canada (2010/11) | 9 355 34 640 | 2 922 19 245 | 18 992 99 107 | Domestic students International students
United Kingdom (2014) | 15 131 42 031 | 15 131 | 15 131 | Domestic students International students
Ireland (2010) | 48 354 | No tuition fees 40 595 | 61 221 | European students (2014) Non-european students
Australia (2010) | - 41 105 | 0 18 345 | 9 369 64 442 | Domestic students (2014) International students
Poland (2010) | 13 779 | 11 894 | 15 322 | International students
Romania (2014) |  | 4 415 | 10 623 | International students
Caribbean (2010) | 24 865 | 8 755 | 60 425 | International students
Middle East (2010) | 25 571 | 14 678 | 37 134 | International students
Sources: Adapted from CARMS (2010); MoHProf (2012), AAMC (2013) and www.medicalstudyguide.com.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261273

Depending on how tuition fees in a student’s home country compare with those charged in other countries, the prospect of studying abroad may be seen as financially feasible and even attractive. Beyond tuition fees, other costs that should be taken into account are food and accommodation. In Romania and Bulgaria, they cost only EUR 300 a month, compared to EUR 1 000 in the United Kingdom or France (Medical Study Guide, 2014). Thus the higher tuition fees that a foreign student might have to pay in some countries can be offset – at least partially – by the lower cost of living. Yet it is not necessarily for financial reasons that a growing number of students decide to study abroad. It has been found, for example, that American medical students in Grenada pile up more debts than those studying in the United States (Lorin, 2013), and among Canadian students studying medicine abroad who were interviewed in 2010, only 1.8% mentioned lower tuition fees as the reason for the move (CARMS, 2010).

Issues related to the integration of international medical students and health workforce planning

Medical students who have done their initial education abroad must then address the question of where they will take their postgraduate training and pursue their medical specialisation, and subsequently where they wish to practice. These choices are determined by personal preferences as well as by opportunities to get in postgraduate training and constraints associated with the recognition of qualifications.

More than 90% of Canadians studying medicine abroad in 2010 – whether in the Caribbean, Australia or Ireland – said they wanted to return to Canada to pursue their postgraduate training. Similarly, it is likely that students pursuing their medical studies in French or German in Central and Eastern European countries plan to return to their home countries and practise there. In Australia, by contrast, most students – including those from other English-speaking countries – state that they wish to stay on, particularly to complete their studies (Hawthorne and Hamilton, 2010).

In several OECD countries, international students may face difficulties in getting access to postgraduate training. Despite the creation of more than 1 000 new internship positions over the last decade, less than 40% of foreign-trained Canadians managed to get into a post-graduate course in Canada in 2011, compared to 52% in 2008 (AFMC, 2012). Taking into account the fact that private medical faculties in the Caribbean do not offer postgraduate training, the success rate for the 5 000 or so American international students seeking a postgraduate training slot in the United States in 2013 was 53% (versus 48% for non-American international students) (NRMP, 2013). As applications for post-graduate courses can be renewed from one year to the next, they could well turn into bottlenecks (Watts et al., 2011). Students who choose to take their medical training abroad with a view to returning later to their home country are therefore taking a risk. In Australia, some 160 international students were at risk of not securing an internship in 2012.22 In response to pressure from students and universities, the federal government and state governments created 116 additional posts.

Immigration policies governing employment for new graduates in destination countries also influence the career path of international students. Most OECD countries allow such persons to look for work after completing their studies, for periods of six months (Austria), one year (Poland, New Zealand, Ireland), 18 months (Australia, Germany) and even three years (Canada). In other countries, however, there is no provision allowing international students to remain and take up employment (OECD, 2014).

For countries trying to regulate their medical workforce by restricting access to training, the return of international students may also disrupt planning efforts. In 2011, the French authorities sought to limit such returns, issuing a decree whereby no European student could sit the national qualifying test for postgraduate training if (s)he had failed in two attempts to gain admission to the second year of medical school in France. In January 2013, this decree was repealed on the grounds that it mandated differential treatment between medical students who took their training abroad and those who first tried their luck in France.

In some countries that do not use entrance examinations, large intakes of international students can put their education and training system under pressure. In order to stem the flow of foreign students (primarily from Germany), Austria decided in 2006 to reserve 75% of places in its faculties of medicine and dentistry for persons who had obtained their baccalaureate in Austria. In Belgium, the number of foreign students (mainly from France) pursuing medical studies in French-speaking universities nearly tripled between 2005/06 and 2010/11, from around 300 to 900 (CREF, 2014). Faced with this inflow, Belgium also instituted a quota in 2012, limiting non-resident enrolment in medical and dentistry schools to 30% of new admissions. Such a quota had already been in place in Belgium since 2007 for veterinary medicine and physiotherapy. However, these two countries were taken to court by the European Commission in 2007 for violating the principle of free circulation. Austria and Belgium insisted on the risk that such immigration posed in terms of public health, claiming that the return of foreign degree holders could lead to a shortage of medical personnel domestically (in Austria and Belgium). The European Commission suspended proceedings to give these two countries time to compile the data for substantiating the threats to the sustainability of their health system. In 2012, the suspension was extended for four years.

In Ireland, while admissions of European medical students (including Irish citizens) had long been restricted to 305 registrations per year, the share of non-European students reached 60% of admissions in 2003/04. They thus became an essential funding source for medical faculties. In a context of limited clinical training capacities, it was deemed preferable to give priority for available places to European students rather than foreign students, who were likely to return home at the end of their studies (DOHC, 2006). In 2006, therefore, it was recommended that a portion of the non-European students admitted should be replaced by European students. Between 2006/07 and 2009/10, the number of medical students in Ireland from outside the EU dropped from around 2 900 to 2 500.

There are a number of issues involved in the recent boom in medical student mobility. This phenomenon is promoted by universities which see this as a source of funding, and by students who, in many cases were unable to be admitted to a medical school in their home country, and is facilitated in EU/EFTA countries by the principle of recognition of qualifications. On one hand, these international students may be regarded as a resource by their home country (in Sweden, for example) as well as by their country of training (in Australia, for example), helping to reduce the need for international recruitment. On the other hand, when they plan to return to complete their training and practice in their home country, these international students come into competition with domestic students, as well as with other foreign international students, for postgraduate training places. In several countries, the heightened competition has sparked pressures to break this bottleneck and increase the number of postgraduate training places, leading in the end to a growth in the number of doctors entering the labour market. In general, the growth in international students tends to diminish the effectiveness of medical workforce planning through measures such as the numerus clausus for controlling entry in medical education and postgraduate training, or at least to make the determination of the numerus clausus more complicated and uncertain.

Notes

 1. This chapter was written by Clémence Merçay (University of Neuchâtel), Jean-Christophe Dumont (OECD) and Gaétan Lafortune (OECD). It was prepared in cooperation with the WHO and with the support of the Swiss authorities.

 2. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

 3. Pronounced rises also came in Switzerland and Denmark, even though the time frame used for comparison should be treated with caution (see note to Table 3.1).

 4. Finland also hosts a much higher percentage of foreign-trained than foreign-born doctors – 20% versus 7%. Wismar et al. (2011) ascribe that large share to that fact that, in 2000, Finland granted numerous licences to practice to foreign physicians who have not necessarily migrated to Finland or who do not practice there.

 5. It is thought that the statistic from the Federation of Swiss Doctors (FMH) underestimates by between 10% and 15% the number of medical assistants – particularly those from other countries who sometimes stay in Switzerland for limited periods (Jaccard Ruedin et al., 2010a).

 6. It may be assumed that the proportion of home-based care providers trained abroad is roughly the same or lower than that of foreign nationality.

 7. The expatriation rate of nurses from the Philippines is not shown, as the total number of nurses is available only for 2004. Based on data for that year, the rate was 38.6%, compared to 46.5% in 2000.

 8. See Figure 3.A1.1 for examples of the relationship between medical training and international recruitment.

 9. This course revision also reflects the competition induced by nurses trained abroad, who often had a level of qualification that was theoretically higher (Arguillas et al., 2013).

 10. The eight new member states in question were Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia.

 11. Other healthcare occupations rate in the mobile occupation standings as follows: physiotherapists/masseurs-physiotherapists in 4th place (with 19 635 applications), medical assistants in 6th place (14 415), dentists in 8th place (11 640), pharmacists in 11th place (7 050), psychologists in 14th place (3 420), mid-wives in 15th place (3 410).

 12. Germany concluded such agreements with Croatia, Ukraine, Poland, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, and Romania (Dhillon et al., 2010).

 13. It was not until October 2012 that France added the medical professions to its list of shortage occupations, to which the so-called “principle of opposability of the labour market situation” (similar to the labour market test requirement) does not apply.

 14. In Greece, salary cuts were reported in 2011, and nurses saw their pay drop by 14% below 2009 levels. In Spain, a short-term salary cut was decided in 2010 for all public servants, including health personnel.

 15. This reduction in nurse training places should be offset, however, at least partly in 2014/15, with the creation of 1 094 new positions (HEE, 2013).

 16. These applications concerned all of the care-giving professions covered by the registry of the Irish Nursing Board, including midwives.

 17. In the framework of the J1 programme the Alien Physician Exchange programme provides a growing number of permits, from 1 500 in 2005 to 2 300 in 2013.

 18. The province of Quebec, which is responsible for its own immigration policy, has its own programme for selecting skilled workers and offers a simplified procedure for hiring workers in specialised fields, including doctors and nurses.

 19. At the faculty of medicine in Plenz in the Czech Republic, Portuguese students make up the largest foreign community (Ribeiro et al., 2014).

 20. Information collected on the websites: www.medicalstudyguide.com and etudier-en-roumanie.com.

 21. Including in Austria, Belgium (Flemish community), Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

 22. An internship is a compulsory year of training following the medical degree, and is required to continue practising in Australia and to obtain a general license.

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Annex 3.A1.

Supplementary tables and figures

Table 3.A1.1. Expatriation rates for doctors and nurses, 2010/11
Doctors | Nurses
Region of birth | Number of persons working in OECD countries | Expatriation rate to OECD countries | Region of birth | Number of persons working in OECD countries | Expatriation rate to OECD countries
OECD | 143 100 | 4.1 | OECD | 282 778 | 2.8
EU28 | 115 740 | 6.3 | EU28 | 209 307 | 4.9
Africa | 75 116 | 13.9 | Africa | 137 633 | 12.6
Southern Africa |  | 21.7 | Southern Africa |  | 14.2
Central Africa |  | 53.9 | Central Africa |  | 22.5
Western Africa |  | 16.3 | Western Africa |  | 22.3
Eastern Africa |  | 31.4 | Eastern Africa |  | 20.5
Northern Africa |  | 66.6 | Northern Africa |  | 3.7
Americas | 74 275 | 4.4 | Americas | 206 089 | 4.2
Central America |  | 2.4 | Central America |  | 10.0
Southern America |  | 18.7 | Southern America |  | 7.5
North America |  | 2.0 | North America |  | 0.9
Caribbean |  | 12.9 | Caribbean |  | 34.1
Asia | 242 718 | 5.1 | Asia | 391 776 | 5.4
Central Asia |  | 0.3 | Central Asia |  | 0.3
South-Eastern Asia |  | 9.8 | South-Eastern Asia |  | 5.1
Southern Asia |  | 9.5 | Southern Asia |  | 5.8
Western Asia |  | 8.7 | Western Asia |  | 2.6
Eastern Asia |  | 1.6 | Eastern Asia |  | 1.4
Europe | 135 579 | 4.7 | Europe | 230 690 | 3.8
Southern Europe |  | 3.6 | Southern Europe |  | 3.6
Western Europe |  | 5.7 | Western Europe |  | 3.8
Eastern Europe |  | 3.4 | Eastern Europe |  | 2.5
Northern Europe |  | 9.1 | Northern Europe |  | 8.2
Oceania | 3 546 | 3.9 | Oceania | 21 167 | 7.0
Australia and New Zealand |  | 0.5 | Australia and New Zealand |  | 5.5
Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia |  | 41.5 | Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia |  | 43.
Afghanistan | 1 240 | 14.1 | Afghanistan | 1 715 | 9.0
Albania | 564 | 13.6 | Albania | 1 345 | 9.5
Algeria | 11 423 | 21.8 | Algeria | 7 112 | 11.0
Andorra | 13 | 5.1 |  |  |
Angola | 1 539 | 34.2 | Angola | 931 | 3.1
|  |  | Antigua and Barbuda | 685 | 74.6
Argentina | 5 717 | 4.5 | Argentina | 2 152 | 12.9
Armenia | 412 | 4.8 | Armenia | 1 084 | 7.2
Australia | 1 243 | 1.7 | Australia | 6 097 | 2.6
Austria | 1 057 | 2.5 | Austria | 2 049 | 3.0
Azerbaijan | 165 | 0.5 | Azerbaijan | 345 | 0.6
Bahamas | 5 | 0.5 | Bahamas | 628 | 31.1
Bahrain | 409 | 25.3 | Bahrain | 21 | 0.7
Bangladesh | 2 759 | 4.9 | Bangladesh | 1 500 | 5.3
Barbados | 215 | 30.5 | Barbados | 2 997 | 69.6
Belarus | 1 212 | 3.3 | Belarus | 985 | 1.0
Belgium | 2 702 | 7.7 | Belgium | 6 814 | 4.2
|  |  | Belize | 1 227 | 69.9
Benin | 289 | 34.8 |  |  |
Bolivia | 610 | 11.3 | Bolivia | 912 | 8.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 826 | 21.5 |  |  |
Botswana | 51 | 7.9 | Botswana | 44 | 0.9
Brazil | 3 450 | 8.9 | Brazil | 4 297 | 1.5
Brunei Darussalam | 292 | 32.4 | Brunei Darussalam | 105 | 3.8
Bulgaria | 3 145 | 10.0 | Bulgaria | 1 447 | 4.4
Burkina Faso | 89 | 11.1 | Burkina Faso |  |
Burundi | 269 | 57.3 | Burundi | 946 | 41.4
Cabo Verde | 193 | 53.6 | Cabo Verde | 853 | 76.8
Cambodia | 753 | 18.2 | Cambodia | 1 634 | 16.1
Cameroon | 2 174 | 61.8 | Cameroon | 6 108 | 44.5
Canada | 10 619 | 11.2 | Canada | 28 229 | 8.1
Central African Republic | 156 | 43.2 |  |  |
Chad | 94 | 20.3 |  |  |
Chile | 1 430 | 7.6 | Chile | 2 278 | 75.2
China (People’s Republic of) | 26 583 | 1.3 | China (People’s Republic of) | 24 440 | 1.1
Colombia | 7 535 | 9.5 | Colombia | 6 409 | 17.5
Comoros | 34 | 22.8 |  |  |
Congo (Republic of the) | 2 202 | 84.6 | Congo (Republic of the) | 4 566 | 61.5
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1 579 | 21.3 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2 155 | 7.0
Cook Islands | 12 | 33.3 | Cook Islands | 69 | 37.3
|  |  | Costa Rica | 843 | 18.4
Côte d’Ivoire | 388 | 12.4 | Côte d’Ivoire | 865 | 11.0
Croatia | 836 | 6.3 | Croatia | 3 589 | 13.1
Cuba | 6 749 | 8.1 | Cuba | 8 969 | 8.0
Cyprus1, 2 | 1 714 | 40.2 | Cyprus1, 2 | 654 | 14.3
Czech Republic | 1 681 | 4.2 | Czech Republic | 2 318 | 2.7
Denmark | 878 | 4.4 | Denmark | 2 091 | 2.4
Djibouti | 9 | 4.6 | Djibouti | 970 | 68.9
Dominica | 8 | 6.1 |  |  |
Dominican Republic | 2 180 | 12.7 | Dominican Republic | 3 382 | 20.2
Ecuador | 1 631 | 6.5 | Ecuador | 2 060 | 7.3
Egypt | 8 218 | 3.5 | Egypt | 1 561 | 0.6
El Salvador | 469 | 3.9 | El Salvador | 5 318 | 64.5
|  |  | Equatorial Guinea | 193 | 47.0
Eritrea | 36 | 14.3 | Eritrea | 1 186 | 33.4
Estonia | 425 | 8.9 | Estonia | 549 | 6.2
Ethiopia | 1 207 | 35.9 | Ethiopia | 4 431 | 18.1
Fiji | 468 | 55.7 | Fiji | 3 484 | 64.0
Finland | 966 | 5.9 | Finland | 5 068 | 8.4
Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia | 423 | 7.3 |  |  |
France | 5 697 | 2.8 | France | 13 007 | 2.2
Gabon | 93 | 19.1 |  |  |
Gambia | 8 | 4.4 |  |  |
Georgia | 778 | 4.1 | Georgia | 650 | 4.8
Germany | 25 460 | 7.5 | Germany | 48 249 | 5.0
Ghana | 2 051 | 46.9 | Ghana | 11 148 | 33.1
Greece | 4 964 | 6.7 | Greece | 1 226 | 3.2
Grenada | 195 | 73.9 | Grenada | 1 809 | 82.0
Guatemala | 442 | 3.3 | Guatemala | 1 903 | 13.3
Guinea | 137 | 12.7 | Guinea | 337 | 7.7
Guinea-Bissau | 192 | 60.8 | Guinea-Bissau | 552 | 38.9
Guyana | 884 | 84.6 | Guyana | 9 423 | 95.9
Haiti | 2 093 | 51.8 | Haiti | 25 137 | 96.8
Honduras | 433 | 13.9 | Honduras | 1 922 | 19.8
Hungary | 2 984 | 9.2 | Hungary | 2 798 | 4.3
Iceland | 175 | 13.5 | Iceland | 697 | 12.5
India | 86 680 | 8.6 | India | 70 471 | 5.4
Indonesia | 1 742 | 3.4 | Indonesia | 3 630 | 1.6
Iran | 12 758 | 17.1 | Iran | 7 985 | 7.5
Iraq | 5 298 | 21.2 |  |  |
Ireland | 5 489 | 31.0 | Ireland | 13 715 | 19.8
Israel | 2 617 | 9.4 | Israel | 1 175 | 3.1
Italy | 6 122 | 2.4 | Italy | 6 337 | 1.6
Jamaica | 2 659 | 70.7 | Jamaica | 38 701 | 93.0
Japan | 2 190 | 0.8 | Japan | 7 958 | 0.6
Jordan | 2 244 | 12.2 | Jordan | 719 | 3.0
Kazakhstan | 153 | 0.2 | Kazakhstan | 652 | 0.5
Kenya | 1 378 | 15.4 | Kenya | 8 928 | 21.3
Korea | 9 604 | 8.7 |  |  |
|  |  | Kiribati | 15 | 4.3
Kuwait | 983 | 15.5 | Kuwait | 346 | 2.5
Kyrgyzstan | 202 | 1.5 | Kyrgyzstan | 22 | 0.1
Lao PDR | 301 | 19.9 | Lao PDR | 2 142 | 27.7
Latvia | 207 | 3.1 | Latvia | 534 | 5.0
Lebanon | 6 799 | 33.3 | Lebanon | 2 535 | 18.0
|  |  | Lesotho | 152 | 11.9
Liberia | 236 | 82.2 | Liberia | 2 718 | 81.4
Libya | 540 | 4.3 | Libya | 140 | 0.3
Lithuania | 1 304 | 9.5 | Lithuania | 1 341 | 5.6
Luxembourg | 718 | 33.4 | Luxembourg | 315 | 4.7
Madagascar | 1 113 | 26.1 | Madagascar | 1 933 | 35.0
Malawi | 535 | 66.9 | Malawi | 705 | 12.8
Malaysia | 7 737 | 19.0 | Malaysia | 6 207 | 6.4
|  |  | Maldives | 14 | 0.7
Mali | 150 | 10.4 |  |  |
Malta | 606 | 31.0 | Malta | 871 | 23.7
Mauritania | 59 | 11.7 | Mauritania | 465 | 19.2
Mauritius | 1 459 | 52.8 | Mauritius | 4 956 | 52.8
Mexico | 5 116 | 2.1 | Mexico | 22 342 | 7.1
|  |  | Micronesia | 268 | 46.2
Moldova | 261 | 2.0 | Moldova | 462 | 2.1
Monaco | 79 | 24.0 |  |  |
Mongolia | 92 | 1.2 |  |  |
Montenegro | 33 | 2.6 | Montenegro | 103 | 3.2
Morocco | 6 936 | 25.1 | Morocco | 7 338 | 19.8
Mozambique | 902 | 49.8 | Mozambique | 921 | 8.9
Myanmar | 3 029 | 9.7 | Myanmar | 766 | 2.8
Namibia | 243 | 23.9 | Namibia | 42 | 0.7
Nepal | 1 548 | 22.3 | Nepal | 2 606 | 31.5
Netherlands | 3 356 | 6.4 | Netherlands | 7 483 | 5.1
New Zealand | 1 582 | 12.0 | New Zealand | 9 699 | 17.0
Nicaragua | 603 | 22.8 | Nicaragua | 2 474 | 29.7
Niger | 321 | 52.7 | Niger | 316 | 15.9
Nigeria | 8 207 | 12.3 | Nigeria | 27 303 | 17.1
Norway | 507 | 2.7 | Norway | 2 117 | 3.2
Oman | 56 | 0.9 | Oman | 118 | 0.8
Pakistan | 17 834 | 11.0 | Pakistan | 5 172 | 6.6
Panama | 283 | 4.9 | Panama | 2 799 | 24.6
Papua New Guinea | 148 | 30.8 | Papua New Guinea | 661 | 18.9
Paraguay | 150 | 2.3 | Paraguay | 235 | 2.4
Peru | 5 950 | 17.9 | Peru | 7 323 | 17.9
Philippines | 16 568 | 15.0 | Philippines | 221 344 | 38.6
Poland | 8 237 | 8.9 | Poland | 16 785 | 7.7
Portugal | 951 | 2.7 | Portugal | 7 491 | 10.4
Qatar | 60 | 0.9 |  |  |
Romania | 10 759 | 17.4 | Romania | 10 734 | 8.6
Russian Federation | 6 822 | 0.9 | Russian Federation | 7 935 | 0.7
Rwanda | 204 | 26.4 | Rwanda | 1 559 | 18.6
|  |  | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 355 | 54.7
|  |  | Saint Lucia | 518 | 61.8
St Vincent and the Grenadines | 35 | 36.1 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 199 | 71.6
Samoa | 41 | 32.5 | Samoa | 545 | 64.7
Sao Tome and Principe | 113 | 58.2 |  |  |
Saudi Arabia | 819 | 3.8 | Saudi Arabia | 1 219 | 1.9
Senegal | 573 | 43.6 | Senegal | 1 019 | 18.6
Serbia | 1 706 | 7.6 |  |  |
Seychelles | 9 | 6.9 | Seychelles | 38 | 5.7
Sierra Leone | 337 | 71.3 | Sierra Leone | 4 331 | 82.4
Singapore | 1 761 | 16.6 | Singapore | 1 859 | 6.0
Slovak Republic | 920 | 4.9 | Slovak Republic | 3 266 | 9.3
Slovenia | 620 | 10.8 | Slovenia | 1 779 | 9.4
Solomon Islands | 6 | 4.8 | Solomon Islands | 39 | 4.0
Somalia | 31 | 9.4 | Somalia | 1 644 | 63.0
South Africa | 10 607 | 21.9 | South Africa | 11 090 | 16.5
Spain | 3 891 | 2.1 | Spain | 6 832 | 2.8
Sri Lanka | 5 784 | 28.3 | Sri Lanka | 5 372 | 13.2
Sudan | 1 313 | 10.8 | Sudan | 478 | 1.5
Suriname | 861 | 68.3 | Suriname | 5 730 | 69.4
Swaziland | 7 | 3.9 | Swaziland | 150 | 8.4
Sweden | 2 141 | 5.6 | Sweden | 4 706 | 4.8
Switzerland | 1 325 | 4.2 | Switzerland | 1 614 | 1.2
Syria | 7 516 | 19.7 | Syria | 828 | 2.1
Tajikistan | 13 | 0.1 | Tajikistan | 44 | 0.2
Tanzania | 499 | 62.4 | Tanzania | 1 406 | 17.3
Thailand | 1 709 | 6.1 | Thailand | 4 161 | 2.9
Timor-Leste | 38 | 31.1 | Timor-Leste | 71 | 7.4
Togo | 237 | 40.4 | Togo | 348 | 21.9
Tonga | 33 | 36.3 | Tonga | 538 | 58.7
Trinidad and Tobago | 2 155 | 58.3 | Trinidad and Tobago | 9 219 | 66.3
Tunisia | 3 227 | 19.9 | Tunisia | 1 575 | 4.4
Turkey | 2 469 | 1.9 | Turkey | 2 381 | 1.9
Turkmenistan | 6 | 0.0 |  |  |
Uganda | 1 000 | 22.9 | Uganda | 2 839 | 7.0
Ukraine | 4 893 | 3.0 | Ukraine | 6 691 | 2.0
United Arab Emirates | 151 | 1.6 | United Arab Emirates | 59 | 0.3
United Kingdom | 17 912 | 9.4 | United Kingdom | 51 845 | 9.0
United States | 7 053 | 0.9 | United States | 7 183 | 0.2
Uruguay | 500 | 3.6 | Uruguay | 517 | 2.6
Uzbekistan | 69 | 0.1 | Uzbekistan | 880 | 0.3
Vanuatu | 13 | 33.3 | Vanuatu | 35 | 9.5
Venezuela | 4 244 | 8.1 | Venezuela | 1 740 | 5.9
Viet Nam | 10 055 | 8.9 | Viet Nam | 11 431 | 13.3
Yemen | 439 | 8.3 | Yemen | 69 | 0.6
Zambia | 1 399 | 62.6 | Zambia | 1 832 | 19.7
Zimbabwe | 1 048 | 55.9 | Zimbabwe | 12 673 | 43.2
Notes:

1. Footnote by Turkey The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.

2. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union.

The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

Source: DIOC 2000/01 ; DIOC 2010/11, LFS 2009/12 and Global Health Observatory (WHO).

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261660

Figure 3.A1.1. Changes in the number of new graduates and in the entry of foreign-trained health personnel newly registered

Note: Between 2006 and 2008, cut-off date is 31 March. Break-in time series in 2008 for the number of new graduates. From 2008, data are estimates.

Sources: A: Federal Public Service, Communauté française et Vlaamse Gemeenschap; B: Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada; Canadian Institute for Health Information, Scott’s Medical Database (SMDB); C: Ministry of education, youth and sports; Czech Medical Chamber; D: National Board of Health; Statens Serum Institut, Population Register; E: National Board of Health; Statens Serum Institut, Population Register; F: Direction de la Recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques (DRESS); G: Federal Statistical Office, German Medical Association; H: Central Statistical Office (KSH); Office of Health Authorisation and Aministrative Procedures; I: Central Bureau of Statistics; Ministry of Health; J: Ministry of Health, Nurse License Registry; K: Ministry of Education; Federazione nazionale dei Collegi Ipasvi; L: Statistics of Netherlands; CIBG, Beroepen in de Gezondheidszorg (BIG); M: CIBG, Beropen in de Gezondheidszorg (BIG); Statistics Netherlands, Statistics of education; N: Medical Council of New Zealand (MCNZ); O: Nursing Council of New Zealand; P: Statistics Norway; Norwegian Registration Authority for Health Personnel; Q: National Board of Health and Welfare; R: Nursing and Midwifery Council.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933261672

Chapter 4.

Country notes: Recent changes in migration movements and policies

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Chile

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Korea

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russian Federation

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

Australia

Permanent migration fell by 4.2% in 2013-14 with 207 900 visas issued. There were 190 000 places under the Migration Programme, 13 800 under the Humanitarian Programme, 3 000 permanent places to New Zealand citizens and an additional 1 200 places, following on from the recommendation of the Expert Panel on Asylum Seekers, under the Family stream. Two-thirds of the Migration Programme visas were issued through the Skill stream and a third through the Family stream, with a small number (0.2%) granted under the Special Eligibility visa category.

For the third year in a row, India was the top source country for the Migration Programme, with 39 000 places (21%) – down 3% on the previous year. China followed with 26 800 places and the United Kingdom with 23 200 places. In addition to regulated migration, 27 300 New Zealand citizens entered Australia as permanent settlers under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement.

Visitors to Australia in 2013-14, were at their highest level ever, with almost 4 million visas issued – a 6% increase on 2012-13. The People’s Republic of China was the top source country, with 549 500 visas granted to offshore applicants – up 39% on 2011-12. This was followed by the United Kingdom and the United States of America with 546 900 and 389 100 visa grants respectively.

Consistent with the softening of the domestic labour market, demand for Temporary Work (Skilled) (subclass 457) visas decreased significantly in 2013-14. Subclass 457 visa grants fell 22% to 98 600 in 2013-14. For the second year in a row, India was the top source country, followed by the United Kingdom and China, with 24 500, 16 700 and 6 200 grants respectively.

The Working Holiday Maker Programme decreased 7% in the year 2013-14 to 239 600 visas granted. However, extensions (second Working Holiday visas) were up 18%, from 38 900 in 2012-13 to 46 000 in 2013-14. Poland and Greece both entered into a Work and Holiday arrangement with Australia in 2014.

International Student visa numbers have grown over the last three years, reaching 292 100 in 2013-14, a 13% increase on the previous year. Grants to Indian nationals increased 38%, from 24 800 in 2012-13 to 34 100 in 2013-14, while those to Chinese nationals increased 12%, from 54 000 in 2012-13 to 60 300 in 2013-14.

In 2013-14, a record 163 000 people were conferred Australian citizenship – up 32% on the previous year and 21% on the previous peak in 2006-07 of 135 300 conferrals.

11 000 visas were granted under the offshore resettlement component of the Humanitarian Programme in 2013-14, compared with 12 500 in the previous year, a 12% decrease. Offshore humanitarian visa grants represented 80% of all places and comprised 6 500 Refugee visas (59%) and 4 500 Special Humanitarian visas (41%). Recipients of these visas were mainly from Afghanistan and Iraq. A further 18 700 protection visa applications and refugee status determination requests from people seeking asylum in Australia were made, a 30% decrease on the previous year. This comprised 9 600 protection visa applications from those arriving by air and 9 100 refugee status determination requests from illegal maritime arrivals. The 2 800 recipients of protection visas were mainly from Pakistan, Iran, Egypt and Afghanistan.

Among the main policy developments have been a new Temporary Sponsored Visas Act to encourage employers to make genuine efforts to seek domestic workers before bringing in temporary foreign skilled labour. Inspectors now have increased authority to monitor compliance and the range of possible actions to sanction non-complying employers was increased.

Measures were introduced to streamline student visa processing to certain non-university educational institutions and the financial requirement for applicants in the higher risk category was reduced.

In December 2014, the Government introduced Temporary Protection visas. As a result anyone who has arrived in Australia illegally and has not yet had a protection visa granted will no longer be able to apply for permanent protection. They will however be able to apply for a Temporary Protection Visa or, once it is available, a Safe Haven Enterprise visa.

From 1 July 2015, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection and the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service will be consolidated into a single Department of Immigration and Border Protection. The operational border, investigation, compliance, detention and enforcement functions of the two agencies will be united in a single frontline operational border agency, the Australian Border Force. Policy, regulatory and corporate functions will combine within the broader department.

For further information

www.immi.gov.au

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Australia

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260342

Austria

Despite slowing GDP growth, net migration to -Austria has grown in 2013. The migration inflow reached 151 000 persons in 2013 – the highest level since the 1990s, and almost 8% more than in 2012. The migration outflow remained stable at 97 000 persons, so that net immigration grew to 55 000 persons in 2013 (25% more than in 2012). More than half (56%) of the inflow came from other EU countries: 36% from the new EU member countries (acceding in 2004 and after), and 20% from the other EU countries, mainly Germany. Close to 50 000 persons immigrated from non-EU countries, representing 32% of the inflow.

Inflows from Central and Eastern European EU countries and from European countries outside the EU exhibited the largest increases in 2013. Inflows from Turkey also grew. Migration inflows from Asia remained at roughly the same level as in 2012, accounting for 10% of the total migration inflow, while inflows from Africa and the Americas each represented less than 3% of the total migration inflow.

Incoming migrants from non-EU countries were issued 27 000 residence permits in 2013, which represents a fall by 7% compared to 2012. Two thirds of these permits were permanent (settlement permits). The residence of family members of non-EU citizens continues to be regulated by quotas; about one-fifth of the permanent permits was issued under such a quota. The remaining four-fifths were family members of Austrians or EEA-citizens, holders of Red-White-Red cards (i.e. labour migrants), non-EU citizens who graduated from Austrian universities, or humanitarian migrants. Temporary residence permits are issued for study, temporary work, business stays, and on humanitarian grounds. Their number stood at 8 600 in 2013. Data on residence permits in 2014 are affected by a review of the statistical infrastructure.

The foreign-born population residing in Austria numbered 1.4 million in 2014. Compared to the previous year, the share of foreign-born persons in the total population has climbed by 0.6 percentage points. About two-fifths (542 000) were born in EU countries, primarily in Germany. Of the 713 000 persons born outside the EU, most come from other European countries and Turkey. The group of residents born in Asia has grown from 100 000 in 2008 to 130 000 in 2014.

Close to 590 000 foreigners were employed in Austria in 2014, an increase of 6% over the level in 2013. Employed foreign workers were almost equally split into EU citizens and nationals of non-EU countries. While the number of non-EU nationals in employment has remained stable, that of EU citizens has almost doubled since 2007. Many of them gained the rights of EU citizenship in the last decade as their countries acceded to the EU. This is one likely reason why naturalisations have remained stable at a low level (7 600 in 2014).

Rising numbers of asylum seekers since 2010 appeared to stabilise in 2013 at the level of 17 500, after 17 400 in 2012. However, figures for 2014 show a 60% increases. While the largest numbers of asylum seekers in 2013 still came from the Russian Federation (2 800) and Afghanistan (2 600), the rise in the overall inflow of refugees reflects turmoil and conflict in North Africa and the Middle East – notably in Syria, from where 2 000 asylum seekers originated in 2013. Largely the same factors drive the increase in the observed irregular migration. According to the Austrian Ministry of the Interior, 24 000 persons were counted as unlawfully entering or residing in Austria in 2012. This constitutes the highest level since 2007 and exceeds the level in 2011 (21 000) by 15%.

Since July 2012, asylum seekers under the age of 18 have been allowed to take up apprenticeships. The age limit was raised to 25 years in March 2013. Asylum seekers may also work as self-employed in certain occupations not covered by trade law, e.g. journalism, arts, sports and language training. If working for charitable and non-profit institutions, asylum seekers may earn up to EUR 110 per month without any deductions from their welfare benefits.

Regulations concerning the Red-White-Red Card, a residence permit for skilled migrants introduced in July 2011, are expected to be revised following an evaluation in 2015.

For further information

www.bmi.gv.at

www.sozialministerium.at

www.statistik.gv.at

www.migration.gv.at/en

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Austria

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260358

Belgium

Immigration to Belgium has recently decreased while emigration has increased. The migration inflow in 2013 amounted to 119 000 persons, after 123 000 in 2012 and 132 000 in 2011 (not counting asylum seekers). The migration outflow rose from 81 000 in 2011 and 84 000 in 2012 to 92 000 in 2013. The largest groups of incoming foreigners in 2013 were nationals of France (13 600), Romania (10 000), the Netherlands (9 000) and Poland (7 500). Similarly, the largest outgoing groups were nationals of France (10 000), the Netherlands (6 800), Romania (4 200) and Poland (4 000).

While 13 500 Belgian citizens moved to Belgium in 2013, 24 900 of them left, leading to the largest net outflow (11 400) among groups by nationality. The largest net migration inflow was recorded with Romania (5 700), and overall net migration remained positive, at 27 400 persons. The foreign population of Belgium continued to rise and exceeded 1.2 million at the end of 2013, representing 11% of the total population. Italian, French and Dutch nationals made up the largest groups, each counting about 150 000.

The number of first work permits for employees in 2013 (granted to non-EU citizens and to nationals of Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia) decreased by 14% compared to 2012, to 13 100. More than half of the first permits issued in 2013 were granted to Bulgarian and Romanian nationals, often recruited for seasonal work in agriculture or horticulture. Permits for highly skilled workers have come to account for almost one-quarter of the work permits (including renewals) granted to employees in 2013.

The number of foreigners who participate in Belgium’s labour market increased by 4% in 2013, from 645 000 in 2012 (including 105 000 unemployed) to 669 000 in 2013 (including 109 000 unemployed). The active foreigners are mainly nationals of France (108 000), Italy (73 000), the Netherlands (60 000) and Poland (44 000). The number of active Romanians in Belgium roughly doubled between 2009 and 2013, reaching 30 000 in 2013; that of Bulgarians rose by 75%, reaching 14 000 in 2013. Restrictions on the labour market access of Bulgarian and Romanian workers terminated at the end of 2013 (but remained for Croatian nationals).

The Belgian nationality was acquired by 34 800 persons in 2013, which represents a fall of 10% compared with 2012. The decrease likely reflects the tightening of conditions for naturalisations. Nationals of Morocco (5 900), Turkey (1 900), Italy (1 900), the Democratic Republic of Congo and Russia (1 500 each) were naturalised most often and accounted for 36% of all naturalisations in 2013.

Almost 11 000 first applications for asylum in Belgium were filed in 2014, after 10 200 in 2013. First applicants’ main countries of origin in 2014 were Syria (1 800), Iraq (800) and Eritrea (700). Refugee status was given to 37% of the applicants, and another 10% received subsidiary protection. While about the same share of applicants received subsidiary protection in 2013, refugee status was in that year only given to 16% of the applicants.

With effect from April 2014, public officials share suspicions of ‘visa marriages’ with other local administrations. This measure seeks to prevent that persons intending to enter into such a marriage simply try until they find an unsuspecting local administration. A federal campaign was launched in November 2014 to raise awareness in the public service for the issue of ‘visa marriages’.

In February 2014, the government of Wallonia implemented new integration legislation that requires non-EEA citizens with residence permits for more than three months to pass an integration course within three months from the date of first registration at local level. Completion of four integration modules is required in the Flemish region, while courses are not compulsory in the capital region of Brussels.

For further information

www.emploi.belgique.be

www.ibz.be

https://dofi.ibz.be

www.statbel.fgov.be

www.cgra.be

http://fedasil.be

www.relationdecomplaisance.be

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Belgium

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260367

Bulgaria

Migration inflows to Bulgaria increased quickly in 2013: official data based on changes of permanent residence suggest that close to 19 000 persons immigrated in 2013, an increase by 32% over the level in 2012 (14 000). The migration outflow also rose, albeit less strongly – it approached 20 000 persons in 2013, up from 17 000 in 2012. These figures imply net emigration of 1 000 persons in 2013. Only in 2011, inflow and outflow had still stood at 5 000 and 10 000 persons, respectively, combining to a net emigration of 5 000 persons. However, figures based on changes of permanent residence might underestimate the true scale of migration flows. Incoming migrants in 2013 originated most frequently from Turkey, Syria and the Russian Federation. 70% of emigrants were younger than 35 years, and there is evidence that several hundred doctors and other highly trained medical staff have emigrated each year since 2010.

A record level of 110 000 foreign-born persons resided in Bulgaria in 2013, representing 1.4% of the total population, compared to 0.5% only two years earlier. Among other factors, Bulgaria’s membership of the EU and active policy measures to attract ethnic Bulgarians from abroad have likely contributed to this development. The number of foreign residents from other EU countries approached 40 000 in 2013, or 35% of the foreign-born population in Bulgaria. Immigrants from the Russian Federation (22 000 persons in 2013) made up the largest group of migrants from non-EU countries.

International students accounted for more than 4% of the student population in Bulgaria in the academic year 2012-13, or 11 000 persons. Almost 80% of them came from neighbouring countries such as Turkey, Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (whose citizens of Bulgarian origin have free access to universities in Bulgaria).

The labour market situation in Bulgaria is weak and labour demand has been shrinking. This likely contributed to a decline in the inflow of foreign workers. In 2013, less than 500 new work permits were issued, the lowest number since 2005. However, posted workers and those employed in tourism are often exempt from the requirement of a work permit. Foreign workers were largely employed by foreign contractors in a few sectors, notably construction. The main countries of origin among foreign workers from non-EU countries were Turkey, the Russian Federation, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova.

During 2013 and 2014, Bulgaria faced an unprecedented inflow of refugees, mainly from Syria. Refugees enter Bulgaria mainly from Turkey. In 2013, a total of 11 600 irregular border crossings were detected. According to the State Agency for Refugees (SAR), 7 100 persons applied for international protection in 2013, after only 1 400 applied in 2012. The number of applicants from Syria increased by 900% between 2012 and 2013. In the first seven months of 2014, 4 500 applications were received by the SAR; Syrian refugees filed 2 600 applications and Afghani refugees filed another 1 000.

The number of applicants for Bulgarian citizenship has remained high. Applicants come primarily from neighbouring countries such as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine and Albania; the vast majority of them claim to have an ethnic Bulgarian background. Following stricter requirements on the proof of ethnic Bulgarian background, the number of naturalisations dropped from 19 000 in 2012 to 7 000 in 2013. The possibility for non-EU citizens to obtain permanent residence and possibly citizenship by investing more than one million BGN (equivalent to more than EUR 500 000) was abolished in 2013, due to concerns about national security. In turn, the possibility to obtain Bulgarian citizenship, without the need to give up one’s original citizenship, was introduced in 2013 for spouses of Bulgarian citizens.

In line with EU Directive 2006/123, changes to employment law in 2014 aimed at removing the limitations on recruitment from abroad. In particular, the requirement that recruitment agencies register all mediated employment contracts with the Bulgarian authorities was dropped, as well as the requirement to periodically renew their registration. Recruitment agencies registered in another EU member state were allowed to operate in Bulgaria.

Concerns about the status of Bulgarian labour migrants abroad motivated the opening of labour offices in the Bulgarian Embassies in seven EU capitals (London, Madrid, Nicosia, Vienna, Athens, Berlin and Dublin). These offices serve to provide information to Bulgarian emigrants, support their return, and assist in the protection of their social and employment rights.

For further information

www.nsi.bg

www.aref.government.bg

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Bulgaria

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260374

Canada

The overall planned admission range for permanent residents in 2014 was 240 000-265 000, consistent with the previous year. In 2013, 259 000 new permanent residents were admitted, equivalent to roughly 0.7% of Canada’s resident population. This number is consistent with the average of about a quarter of a million immigrants admitted annually since 2006 and is slightly up on 2012 (257 900).

The number of family class immigrants increased by 26% from 65 000 admissions in 2012 to 81 800 in 2013. All other categories increased slightly except for economic immigrants where there were fewer admissions in 2013 (148 000) compared with 2012 (160 800), a decrease of 8%. In 2013, 57% of admissions were economic immigrants (along with their spouse/partner and dependants), 32% were in the family category, 9% were refugees and 3% were protected persons and other immigrants.

The leading three origin countries for permanent residents were again China (34 100), India (33 000) and the Philippines (29 500). The Philippines (16%) was the leading origin country for economic migrants, China (20%) for family migrants and Iraq (15%) for refugees.

Immigrants continue to be well qualified. In 2013, 46% (75 000) of permanent residents between 25 and 64 years of age had completed post-secondary studies with a bachelor’s, master or doctorate degree as their highest level of education, a 10% increase from 2012 (68 000).

In addition to permanent immigrants, Canada admits temporary migrants. In 2013, over 469 500 new temporary foreign workers and international student permit holders were admitted, which is 7% more than in 2012, with increases in both temporary foreign workers (277 500) and international students (194 000). Since the overhaul of the temporary foreign workers’ programme in June 2014, temporary foreign workers fall into two categories: 161 500 coming under the International Mobility Programme who are exempt from requiring a labour market impact assessment; and 118 000 entering under the Temporary Foreign Worker Program who do require a labour market impact assessment. Among the latter group, 45 500 were highly skilled and 73 200 were low skilled.

Under the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program, 37 600 people came to Canada to work in 2013. Mexico and Jamaica– the two leading source countries for agricultural workers for the past ten years – accounted respectively for 52% (19 400) and 20% (7 500).

In 2013, 5 600 government assisted refugees were admitted in Canada which was 15% below the target of 6 800 but 4% up on 2012 (5 400). In addition, Canada resettled 6 200 convention refugees under its privately sponsored refugee program and registered 8 100 persons who had positive asylum claims.

The number of naturalisations in 2013 was 129 000, up from 113 200 the year before but well down on 2011 (181 400). India (12%), the Philippines (11%) and China (8%) were again the top three origins.

The list of eligible occupations for the Foreign Skilled Workers Program (FSWP) was more than doubled in 2014 and the cap for the Federal Skilled Trades Programme was augmented during the transition period leading up to the implementation of the new Express Entry system. All 90 skilled trades listed in the programme regulations were made eligible for consideration, but sub-caps of 100 per occupation were introduced.

Express Entry, Canada’s new application management system for the FSWP, the Federal Skilled Trades Program, the Canadian Experience Class and a portion of the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP), was introduced in January 2015. Express Entry is intended to select skilled immigrants who are most likely to succeed economically and respond quickly to labour market needs not being met by the domestic workforce. Under Express entry, employers, provinces and territories play an important role in selecting skilled immigrants.

Applicants to the programs listed above must first submit an Express Entry profile. If they meet the minimum entry criteria, their submission is assigned points according to their language skills, work experience and education (points are added for a qualifying job offer from a Canadian employer or a PNP nomination). Top candidates are regularly invited to apply for permanent residence visa. The majority of applications received are to be processed within six months.

The Parents and Grandparents Program was reopened for new applications on January 2, 2014 with new and stricter criteria for the sponsors of parents and grandparents, including an extended undertaking period, a higher minimum necessary income (MINI), and a lengthened period for demonstrating ability to meet the MINI. The government expects cutting the remaining parents and grandparents application backlog by 75% by the end of 2015.

For further information

www.cic.gc.ca

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Canada

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260387

Chile

The foreign population in Chile grew by 6% between 2012 and 2013, from 415 500 to 441 500, continuing the trend of previous years. Foreign residents accounted for less than 2.5% of the entire population of Chile in 2013, of which almost three quarters were nationals of Latin American countries. Nationals of European and North American countries together represented 16%.

The leading nationalities of foreign residents were Peru (166 900 persons in 2013), Argentina (66 300 persons), Bolivia (34 200 persons), Ecuador (22 900 persons) and Colombia (22 600 persons). Spain (12 900), the United States (11 900), Germany and China (around 7 300 each) were the main nationalities of residents from non-Latin American countries. The foreign resident population is concentrated in the cities of Santiago and Arica, as well as in the mining regions of Tarapacá, Antofagasta and Atacama, where the foreign population increased by 70-80% between 2009 and 2013.

The number of permanent residence permits, which had risen strongly from 2010 to 2012, decreased by 5% in 2013, to 26 000 permits. Holders of permanent residence permits were primarily Peruvian (accounting for 36%), Bolivian and Colombian (14% each).

The number of newly issued visas nearly doubled between 2010 and 2013, from 68 500 to 132 100. Throughout these years, roughly half of the visas were issued to foreigners based on an employment contract, while temporary visas (granted for intra--company transfers, for example) largely made up the other half. Student visas accounted for under 3% of the total. While Peruvian nationals are still the largest group of visa recipients (numbering 39 300 in 2013), the number of visas issued in 2013 to Bolivian (26 900) and Colombian (26 600) nationals were much higher than in previous years.

The number of naturalisations almost halved, from more than 1 200 in 2012 to less than 700 in 2013. The main groups of foreigners who acquired Chilean citizenship in recent years were nationals of Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba and Bolivia.

In 2013, Chile counted 250 applications, after 200 in 2012. In both years, Colombian nationals accounted for the vast majority of applications.

The government’s agenda for the period 2014-18 includes a new immigration policy that is guided by human rights, plays an active role in humanitarian resettlement, regularises migrants’ status, protects victims of trafficking and accounts for links between migration and development issues. This will require modernising the regulatory framework and the state agencies involved, including in the field of integration. The current legal provisions on migration have not undergone a major reform in forty years. Procedures were established to involve several ministries as well as immigrant communities, academics and NGOs in the overhaul of migration legislation. As a result of these consultations, a draft law is to be submitted to the National Congress during the second half of 2015. The bill will propose the creation of a National Immigration Service as a separate public authority with its own budget and related to the presidential administration through the Ministry of the Interior.

In 2014 the Council on Migration Policy (CMP) – a standing permanent commission – was created to establish national migration policy and co-ordinate actions and programmes among institutional actors. The CMP covers seven thematic areas: Inclusion and Interculturalism; Social Inclusion, Labour and Innovation; International Affairs and Human Rights; Participation; Co-ordination with Emigration Policy and Information; and Monitoring of Public Policies.

In March 2014, the Supreme Court clarified that irregular migrants in Chile are not to be regarded as “non-resident foreigners”, which prevented children of irregular migrants from obtaining Chilean citizenship at birth. According to the ruling, only foreigners who do not intend to reside in Chile (such as tourists and crew members) shall be regarded as non-resident.

An agreement between the Ministry of the Interior and the Municipality of Santiago aims to promote the integration of immigrant children and their families through public schools. The initiative includes training principals and teachers in questions of immigration. This type of agreement is expected to extend to other regions beginning in early 2015.

On November 2014 access to healthcare for migrants was extended to those whose permits are pending approval.

A new temporary work visa was introduced in March 2015. This visa can be requested based on a signed employment contract that respects Chilean regulation and allows for foreigners to work up to one year before they must renew the visa. During this time, visa holders are free to change employers. Employers are not required to pay for the visa holders’ return to their home countries.

For further information

www.extranjeria.gov.cl

www.interior.gov.cl

www.minrel.gov.cl

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Chile

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260396

Czech Republic

For the first time since 2001, the Czech Republic experienced a net migration outflow in 2013, based on information from the Ministry of Interior and the Foreign Police: the migration outflow of 31 000 persons exceeded the migration inflow by more than 1 000 persons. The migration outflow has thus reached pre-crisis levels – it had stood at 33 000 in 2006 but hardly exceeded 20 000 in the years 2007-12. By contrast, the migration inflow of 30 000 in 2013 remained far below pre-crisis levels. The largest groups of incoming migrants in 2013 came from the Slovak Republic (6 000 persons), Ukraine (4 000) and the Russian Federation (3 000), while the largest groups among those leaving were Ukrainians (11 000), Czech nationals (4 000) and Russians (3 000). The largest net flows were a net outflow of 7 000 Ukrainians and a net inflow of 5 000 Slovaks.

Preliminary figures suggest a considerably rising migration inflow in 2014, consisting mainly of citizens of Ukraine, the Slovak Republic and the Russian Federation: 31 000 persons immigrated in the first three quarters of 2014, compared with 21 000 in the first three quarters of 2013. In the migration outflow in the first three quarters of 2014, Czech citizens and citizens of the Russian Federation were among the most frequent. At 20 000 persons, this migration outflow fell short of the corresponding outflow in 2013 by 1 000 persons. These figures suggest that net migration to the Czech Republic turned positive again in 2014.

At the end of 2013, the stock of foreigners with residence permits in the Czech Republic reached 441 000 persons and exceeded for the first time the pre-crisis level of 2008. The share of the foreign population in the total population reached approximately 4% in 2013. In 2014, the stock of foreigners rose by 2.4%, to 451 000. The share of permanent residents among all foreign residents has been increasing, and exceeded in 2013 the share of temporary residents for the first time. This trend continued in 2014. Two-fifths of the foreign residents were nationals of EU countries, whose share had still been below one-third in 2010. However, EU nationals comprised 56% of temporary residents and only 26% of permanent residents. In 2014, foreign residents originated above all from Ukraine (104 000), but high numbers also originated from the Slovak Republic (96 000) and Vietnam (57 000). Nationals of these three countries represented 57% of all foreign residents in the Czech Republic in both 2013 and 2014.

Czech citizenship was acquired by 2 500 foreigners in 2013, after 2 000 in 2012. The most frequent previous nationalities were the Ukrainian, Slovak and Polish nationalities.

In the academic year 2013/14, 41 000 international students were registered at universities in the Czech Republic, representing 11% of the entire university student body. Students from the Slovak Republic alone numbered 23 000, followed by 4 000 students from the Russian Federation, 2 000 from Ukraine and close to 1 500 from Kazakhstan. More than half of the international students studying full-time were enrolled in Bachelor’s programmes, two-fifths in Master’s programmes, and 6% in doctoral studies. Around 7 000 foreign students were respectively enrolled in the fields of technology, medicine and economic sciences. More than 4 000 respectively studied natural sciences and humanities or social sciences. While about 8 000 international students graduated from Czech universities in 2013/14, more than 9 000 newly enrolled.

The number of first applications for asylum almost doubled, from 500 in 2013 to more than 900 in 2014, the highest level since 2009. Ukraine continued to be the most important origin country of asylum seekers, followed by Syria and Vietnam. 80 persons were granted asylum in 2014 and another 300 persons were granted subsidiary protection. While less than 200 persons were detected in 2013 as irregular migrants at Czech borders, 4 000 were found to be residing in the country irregularly. The main groups among the latter were nationals of Ukraine, Russia, Vietnam, Libya or Kuwait.

Efforts were made in 2013 to overhaul integration policies in the Czech Republic, including policies targeting second-generation immigrants. Particular measures sought to improve the conditions of humanitarian migrants who arrive as unaccompanied minors, and to improve intercultural skills of public officials. Regional centres for integration, established in 2011, were developed further and a system of indicators was set up to monitor the process of integration.

For further information

www.mvcr.cz

www.czso.cz

www.imigracniportal.cz

http://portal.mpsv.cz/sz/zahr_zam

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Czech Republic

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260401

Denmark

The migration inflow to Denmark increased by 11% from 2013 to 2014, from 78 300 persons to 86 700, according to Statistics Denmark. The number of Danish citizens in the migration inflow remained essentially constant around 19 000. Among the foreigners immigrating in 2014, the largest groups were nationals of Syria (5 900), Romania (5 300), Poland (5 000), the United States (3 400) and Germany (3 100). While the migration outflow increased slightly from 48 400 in 2013 to 49 200 in 2014, emigration of Danish citizens remained stable around 18 000 persons. There was thus a net migration inflow of 37 500 persons in 2014.

Just over half a million immigrants resided in Denmark in January 2015 (defined as persons born abroad whose parents are both foreign citizens or born abroad). This number was 5% higher than one year earlier. Poland has become the immigrants’ main country of origin, accounting for 7%, followed by -Turkey (6%), Germany (6%), Iraq and Romania (4% each). The share of immigrants in the entire population in Denmark grew from 8.5% in January 2014 to 8.9% in January 2015.

A total of 72 300 residence permits were issued in 2014, 11% more than in 2013 (64 600). EU/EEA nationals accounted for almost half of all permits in both 2013 and 2014. In 2014, 41% of all permits were issued for the purpose of work, and 15% for family reasons. Close to 17 000 work permits were issued in 2014 to EU/EEA nationals, mainly nationals of Poland (4 100), Romania (3 900) and Lithuania (1 800). 12 400 residence permits for work purposes were issued to non-EEA nationals, mainly nationals of India, China and Iran. An 8% increase in the number of new work permits from 2013 to 2014 is due to more self-employed and accompanying family members.

The total number of asylum applications roughly doubled between 2013 and 2014, rising from 7 600 to 14 800. Syrian nationals alone accounted for 48% of all applicants in 2014, followed by Eritrean nationals (15%) and Somali nationals (5%).

In May 2014, the government revoked the integration potential criterion applied in the selection of quota refugees. Education level and skills are thus no longer considered in the evaluation of refugees for resettlement. The selection instead focuses on the capacity of the receiving communities together with the needs and expectations of the refugee.

An amendment to the Aliens Act was presented in November 2014 that would introduce a new temporary subsidiary protection status for refugees, based on the general situation in the home country.

A change in the rules governing naturalisation came into force in July 2014, facilitating the naturalisation of young foreigners who were born and raised in Denmark, provided they meet certain criteria. In December 2014, the Danish Parliament amended the Nationality Act, which will come into force in September 2015. The new rules will allow foreign citizens acquiring Danish nationality to retain their previous nationality. The number of naturalisations reached a five-year peak (4 500) in 2014, up from 1 500 in 2013 and 3 300 in 2012. Most of the increase was due to nationals of Asian countries, who accounted for 3 000 naturalisations in 2014.

Parliament passed two amendments to the Danish Repatriation Act in March 2014, to increase opportunities for voluntary repatriation. Repatriation is proposed as an attractive alternative for elderly immigrants and for those whose integration in the labour market or in Danish society has proven difficult.

In September 2014, an action plan on preventing radicalisation and extremism was launched by the Minister of Integration and the Minister of Justice. This plan seeks to strengthen the ability of local authorities to react to signs of radicalisation, to prevent online radicalisation, to improve international co-operation and to mobilise civic society.

A reform passed by Parliament in December 2014 makes it easier for companies and universities in Denmark to attract highly qualified workers from non-EU/EEA countries. A new fast-track scheme for certified companies (from April 2015) accelerates and simplifies recruitment of highly qualified employees from abroad, and improves conditions for researchers. International graduates who complete a Danish Master’s or PhD degree may apply for a residence permit to establish themselves in Denmark. In the Greencard scheme, the educational level will be given more weight and the point system will be adapted to match the demands of the Danish labour market. The reform also seeks to strengthen compliance and enforcement measures regarding salary and working conditions.

For further information

www.ast.dk

www.sm.dk

www.justitsministeriet.dk

www.newtodenmark.dk

www.workindenmark.dk

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Denmark

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260417

Estonia

The Estonian population was estimated at 1.35 million on 1st January 2015, a 0.3% decline on the year before. Registered foreign nationals accounted for 16% (212 500 persons) of the total population. Around 89% were non-EU/EFTA nationals, of whom Russians comprised 43% (92 300 persons). Persons with undetermined citizenship (mostly long-standing migrants who came from different parts of the Soviet Union prior to 1991, and their descendants) accounted for another 40% (85 300) followed by Ukrainian nationals (6 300 persons). The majority of EU/EFTA migrants residing in Estonia were nationals of the neighbouring EU countries Finland (27%) and Latvia (16%), followed by German nationals (10%).

During 2013, total emigration from Estonia (6 700 persons) continued to exceed total immigration (4 100 persons), resulting in a net outflow of -2 600, down from -3 700 a year before. Most emigrants (95%) were Estonian nationals and the main destination country of emigrants was Finland. At the same time, Estonian nationals returning from Finland comprised 60% of all immigrants.

In 2014, 4 100 temporary residence permits were issued to non-EU/EFTA nationals (including status changes), 16% more than in 2013. 28% were granted to Russian nationals and 27% to Ukrainians.

Family reunification comprised 34% of all temporary residence permits issued to non-EU/EFTA nationals in 2014. Temporary residence permits for employment accounted for a further 30% (1 200 permits), representing an increase of 43% from 2013 (860 permits). Overall, 2 700 persons held valid residence permits for employment at end of 2014 (excluding entrepreneurs and short-term employment), 45% from Ukraine, 24% from the Russian Federation and 7% from the United States. Between 2013 and 2014, the number of temporary residence permits granted for study rose from 680 to 890, an increase of 32% (mirroring growth in 2012 and 2013).

EU/EFTA nationals do not require a residence permit but receive a temporary right of residence, renewable after five years. On 1 January 2015, 23 000 EU/EFTA nationals lived in Estonia, of which 3 000 had registered in 2014.

Despite a steady rise in recent years, the number of asylum seekers remains low in Estonia. A total of 160 applications were lodged in 2014, compared with 100 applications in 2013. Nationals of Ukraine submitted most applications (55 applications) followed by Sudan (22), the Russian Federation (19), Egypt (12), Syria (7) and Algeria (6).

In 2014, 790 irregular migrants were identified, 19% fewer than in 2013. 33% were Russian nationals, 28% had undetermined citizenship and 8% were Ukrainians.

In 2014, 1 600 persons were naturalised, compared with 1 300 in 2013. 85% had previously held undetermined citizenship.

Amendments to the Aliens Act were made to encourage entrepreneurship and creation of start-up companies. The requirement to invest EUR 65 000 in business activity was lifted for companies that were registered in Estonia for less than 12 months. Further amendments with regards to residence permits for employment, entrepreneurs, and permanent settlement will be implemented in 2015-16.

From 1 December 2014, people living anywhere in the world may apply for Estonian “e-residence”, granting them similar rights to Estonian citizens and residents to use Estonian public and private e-services from anywhere in the world. Entrepreneurs, investors and specialists may identify themselves in the -Estonian e-environment and manage operations in Estonia even if abroad. The idea is to make the country more attractive for e-business investment without requiring physical presence.

A June 2014 amendment of the Citizenship Act facilitates naturalisation for persons over age 15 who stayed in Estonia for a period of at least eight years prior to age 15, regardless of whether their stay had a legal basis. Further amendments to the Citizenship Act were adopted in January 2015 with the aim to halt the perpetuation of statelessness and to guarantee a right to naturalisation to all native-born children of stateless parents, unless the parents do not want to use this opportunity. Also, Estonian language requirements were simplified for applicants over 65 years of age.

In August 2014, a welcoming program regulation was established to facilitate integration of newly-arrived immigrants. It is aimed for migrants residing in Estonia for less than five years and consists of integration courses and basic language tuition. The regulation came into force in August 2015.

For further information

www.politsei.ee/en/

www.stat.ee/en

www.siseministeerium.ee

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Estonia

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260421

Finland

At the end of August 2014 a total of 214 100 foreigners lived in Finland, constituting 4% of the population, a 4% increase on the year before. The largest groups were again Estonians (46 700), Russians (30 900) and Swedes (8 400).

The number of people migrating to Finland in 2013 (31 900) was 2% higher than in the previous year and the highest since Finland gained independence. Foreign nationals accounted for 23 900 (75% of the total), slightly more than in 2012 (23 300). Estonia (5 900), the Russian Federation (2 900), Iraq (910), China (810), Somalia (720) and India (680) were the main origin countries. Preliminary statistics show that 13 000 people moved to Finland during January-June 2014, about 10% fewer than in the same period the previous year (14 400).

Permanent migration from within the EU totalled at 10 200 in 2013, similar to the previous year. Net migration from EU countries to Finland remained constant at around 8 000 in 2013.

A total of 21 300 individuals from countries outside EU/EEA applied for a residence permit in Finland in 2013, a similar number to the year before. This compares with a 10% fall in the year to 2012. In 2014, the number of applications for residence permits remained stable. Of 18 000 decisions on first residence permits, 37% were for family reasons, 31% for study and 28% for employment.

In 2013, 4 900 residence permits were granted for employment purposes. The biggest group (3 500) was under the category of ‘residence permit for an employed person’ which includes a labour market test: Ukraine (680), Russia (610) and Philippines (200) were the leading sources. The most common sectors for these low or semi-skilled labour migrants were construction, service, transport and agriculture. Among the highly skilled labour force (under the category of ‘residence permits for specialists’), India (750), the United States (60) and China (50) were the top three sources. In 2014, the total number issuances for employment related residence permits rose to 5 100.

Finnish citizenship was granted in 2013 to 8 900 foreign citizens permanently resident in Finland. The number is the second highest since Finland’s independence and only slightly lower than in 2012. 95% of those granted Finnish citizenship retained their former citizenship. As in the previous year, in 2013 Russian citizens (2 100) were the largest naturalised group. In 2014, Finnish citizenship was granted to 8 500 foreign citizens permanently resident in Finland.

A total of 3 200 individuals sought asylum in Finland in 2013, slightly more than in 2012. Applicants were mainly from the same countries as in previous years: Iraq (820), the Russian Federation (250) and Somalia (220). The number of applications submitted by citizens of Iran and Nigeria increased from the previous year by 29% and 108% respectively. In 2014, 3 700 individuals sought asylum in Finland. The largest groups were Irak (830), Somalia (410), Ukraine (300), Afghanistan (210) and Russia (200). 37% of asylum decisions were positive in 2014.

In 2013, the number of applications of foreign students from outside the EU/EEA was 5 800, a 5% decrease on the previous year. The Russian Federation (1 200), China (880) and Vietnam (370) were the three largest source countries.

New legislation following EU Directives on the Single Permit, Schengen Borders Code and EU Qualifications Directive came into force in early 2014.

Legislation concerning the registration of foreign nationals has been amended to simplify the process of receiving a personal identity number. From the end of 2014, foreign nationals may apply for a Finnish personal identity number in connection with their resident permit application, and will receive it when they are issued with their first residence permit. Previously, foreign nationals had to apply for a personal identity number at the local register office after receiving their first residence permit.

Parliament has passed a reform of the Finnish anti-discrimination framework in December 2014. The reform extends the scope of application of the anti-discrimination legislation to all areas of life and provides protection against discrimination to an open ended list of protected grounds.

A new Centre of Expertise on Immigrant Integration began operations in March 2014 as part of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy. The purpose of the centre is to support and promote expertise in immigrant integration work at the national, regional and local level.

For further information

www.migri.fi

www.intermin.fi

www.stat.fi

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Finland

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260430

France

Family migration remains the main reason for migration to France from outside the European Economic Area. It accounted for 93 000 newly issued residence permits in 2013, an increase by 7% over 2012. Another 63 000 residence permits were issued to international students, 6% more than in 2012. While only 18 000 residence permits were issued to labour migrants in 2013 – about as many as to humanitarian migrants – this represented an increase in labour migration by 11%. In total, 204 000 new residence permits were issued in France in 2013, compared with 193 000 in 2012. According to first estimates for 2014, labour migration increased by nearly 10%, while family migration remained roughly stable.

However, estimates from the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) for 2011/2012 suggest that the observed flows from outside the European Economic Area account for only a minority of the overall migration inflow, while migration flows from within the EU are larger. The total migration inflow was estimated to be 327 000 in 2012. Returning French citizens are estimated to make up about one-quarter of this inflow, while the remaining three quarters appear to be split more or less evenly between other EU citizens and non-EU citizens.

The number of applications for asylum filed in France continues to grow. Nearly 66 000 applications were received in 2013 (including 6 000 resubmissions), 7% more than in 2012. Applications were approved in 11 000 cases in 2013, granting asylum or subsidiary protection. This constituted an increase of 14% over 2012.

Migrants in France increasingly sign integration agreements: after 101 000 such agreements were signed in 2012, 109 000 were signed in 2013, the largest increase since 2009. These agreements almost always involved civic integration courses, and they prescribed language training in one-fifth of all cases. In both 2012 and 2013, Algerian, Moroccan and Tunisian citizens were the largest groups participating in the integration agreements.

The level of naturalisations stood at 97 000 in 2013. Naturalisations by decree increased sharply (by 14%), while naturalisations through marriage fell (by 22%). 62% of the naturalised originated from Africa, above all from the Maghreb. 14% each originated from Europe and Asia.

The immigrant population residing in France numbered 5.6 million in January 2011, or close to 9% of the entire population, according to census data. The largest groups originated from Algeria (740 000), Morocco (680 000), Portugal (590 000), Italy (300 000), Turkey, Tunisia and Spain (about 250 000 each). African countries of origin together accounted for 2.4 million migrants residing in France, European countries for another 2.1 million and Asian countries for 670 000. Two-fifths of the foreign-born population held French citizenship. In addition to the foreign-born population, the census identified 600 000 persons who were born in France but who do not hold French citizenship.

Irregular migration has been in the focus of migration policy in France. After conditions for the regularisation of irregular migrants were reviewed in November 2012, about 35 000 migrants were regularised in 2013, compared with 23 000 in 2012. The increase was particularly pronounced among migrants regularised as employees (plus 95%) and among those regularised as family migrants (plus 45%).

The Ministry of the Interior reinforced efforts to break up the networks facilitating entry of irregular migrants. Further measures were aimed at improved implementation and monitoring of expulsions and voluntary returns. 21 000 persons were expelled in 2013, slightly fewer than in 2012 (22 000).

The requirement to undergo a medical exam was dropped in August 2014 for certain categories of labour migrants – notably for highly-skilled workers, researchers, intra-company transfers, and for their dependents.

For further explanation

www.immigration.interieur.gouv.fr

www.ofii.fr/

www.ofpra.gouv.fr

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

France

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260448

Germany

At 1.2 million and 800 000 persons, respectively, Germany’s migration inflows and outflows in 2013 have both reached the highest levels since 1994, according to the Federal Statistical Office. German citizens accounted for 10% of the inflow and 18% of the outflow. A small net outflow of 22 000 German citizens thus compared to a net migration inflow of 450 000 foreigners, again the highest level since the early 1990s. The highest net migration inflows came from other EU countries, notably Poland (72 000), Romania (50 000), Italy (33 000), Hungary and Spain (24 000 each). The largest net migration inflows from non-EU countries were recorded with the Russian Federation (18 000), Syria (17 000), Afghanistan, Serbia and China (7 000 each).

From new entries in the Central Foreigners Registry, figures on migration flows in 2014 can be derived. The registry recorded 1.15 million foreigners migrating to Germany in 2014, while 540 000 left the country. As a result, a net migration inflow of 608 000 was observed.

Based on the same registry, the foreign population in Germany numbered close to 8.2 million at the end of 2014, the highest level ever recorded. Compared to the level at the end of 2013, the foreign population has grown by 520 000 persons, or 7%. The largest groups are citizens of Turkey (1.5 million), Poland (670 000), Italy (570 000), Romania (360 000) and Greece (330 000). Based on census data, the share of the foreign population in the entire population has grown from 8.5% in June 2013 to almost 9% in June 2014.

The number of foreigners in standard employment (subject to full social security contributions) continued to rise. By June 2014, it had climbed to 2.6 million, according to the Federal Employment Agency (BA), and exceeded the level in June 2013 by 223 000, or 10%. Foreigners thus represented 8.5% of total standard employment in 2014. The largest groups of foreign employees came from Turkey (503 000), Poland (259 000) and Italy (218 000). Strongly rising employment was observed for citizens of Central and Eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004. With the end of restrictions on their labour market access in May 2011, their employment nearly doubled from 227 000 persons in April 2011 to 440 000 in August 2013. An EU Blue Card was held by 21 000 foreigners in Germany at the end of December 2014; 10 000 of them worked in shortage occupations.

Almost 220 000 international students were enrolled at German universities in the academic year 2013/2014, according to the Federal Statistical Office. This represents an increase of 7% over the level in 2012/2013 (205 000). In both academic years, the international students originated mainly from China (13%), the Russian Federation (5%), India and Austria (4% each). Residence permits for the purpose of job search were issued to 4 500 foreign graduates of German universities in 2013, after 3 200 in 2012.

First applications for international protection reached 173 000 in 2014, according to the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF). This was the highest level since 1994 and represented an increase of 58% over the level in 2013 (110 000). The main groups of applicants in 2014 came from Syria (39 000), Serbia (17 000), Eritrea (13 000), Afghanistan (9 000) and Albania (8 000).

Since July 2013, those who received international protection have had unrestricted access to the labour market. Employment of applicants and persons whose stay is tolerated is subject to the approval of the Federal Employment Agency (with exceptions for highly-skilled persons), but the waiting period before employment can be permitted was reduced to three months. A law change in March 2015 aligned financial support for applicants with basic income support in Germany and abolished the principle that support be preferably provided in kind. Following a report on access of EU citizens to social security in Germany, local administrations received additional funds to assist EU citizens in need.

German citizenship was in 2013 mainly acquired by citizens of Turkey (28 000), Poland and Ukraine (around 5 000 each). In total, 113 000 persons naturalised in 2013 and 109 000 in 2014. Following a change of citizenship law in November 2014, children born to foreigners in Germany can keep their parents’ citizenship and German citizenship, rather than choosing one as young adults. Only those who did not grow up or attend school in Germany are still required to choose.

For further information

www.bmas.bund.de

www.bmi.bund.de

www.bamf.de

www.destatis.de

www.anerkennung-in-deutschland.de

www.make-it-in-germany.com

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Germany

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260455

Greece

For the first time since December 2009, a year-on-year increase in the stock of valid residence permits for non-EU citizens was reported in Greece: the stock reached 507 000 in December 2013, compared to 440 000 in December 2012. However, 450 000 valid permits were counted in June 2014. The largest groups in June 2014 were the nationals of Albania (300 000 persons), Ukraine (17 000), Georgia (16 000), Pakistan (15 000), the Russian Federation and India (about 12 000 each). According to labour force survey data for 2011, which also includes EU citizens, Albanians remain the largest group of foreigners in Greece, followed by citizens of Bulgaria and Romania. Around 15 000 citizens of the United Kingdom were recorded, and about as many from Poland.

Among the non-EU citizens with a residence permit in June 2014, close to one-quarter (23%) of the men held a permit for employment purposes and 31% held permits for family reunification. Among women, two-thirds of permits were for family reunification, while 11% were for employment purposes. Ten-year or indefinite duration permits were held by 45% of men and 23% of women. The remainder includes a small number of permits for study (5 300).

Labour force survey data suggests a significantly improved labour market situation of migrants in Greece between 2013 and 2014, although it remains very dire and reflects the generally poor labour market conditions in Greece. After a dramatic rise of migrants’ unemployment rates over the period 2008 to 2013, the unemployment rate of EU citizens stood close to 35% in 2013, and that of non-EU citizens even reached 40%. The unemployment rate of EU citizens has since fallen to 28% in 2014, and that of non-EU citizens to 34% – the first year-on-year decrease in these rates since 2008.

Almost 20 500 persons acquired Greek citizenship in 2013, according to the Ministry of the Interior, after 14 600 in 2012. These levels continued a series of quickly rising numbers after naturalisation of ethnic Greek Albanians was facilitated in 2006. In February 2013, the Council of State declared the naturalisation law unconstitutional and imposed a revision.

Inflows of irregular migrants and asylum seekers increased significantly in 2014, originating mainly from Syria. In 2013, 34 000 irregular migrants were apprehended at the border, less than half the number in 2012; however, 42 000 persons were apprehended during the first eight months of 2014. Nationals of Albania, Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Somalia were the most frequent among irregular migrants in 2014. The main routes of irregular migrants and asylum seekers have apparently changed in the course of 2013 and 2014 to routes via the Aegean islands, where arrivals increased ten-fold during the first six months of 2014 compared to 2013. Important flows of irregular migrants were also observed at the Greek-Turkish border, where 23 000 people were apprehended during the first six months of 2014, compared with only 3 000 during the whole of 2013.

According to data from police sources, close to 4 600 Albanians were returned in the first seven months of 2014, representing the largest group in this context. Returns of Pakistani nationals, often voluntary and supported by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), have increased particularly rapidly in recent years, from less than 300 in 2009 to 1 300 in 2011 and 5 100 in 2012.

The “Immigration and Social Integration Code” entered into force in June 2014. It regulates entry, stay and social integration of non-EU citizens in Greece (except refugees and asylum seekers). The Code classifies residence permits into seven main groups according to the purpose of stay, consolidates in a single act all legislative texts that transposed EU directives into national law, and secures the legal status of second-generation migrants.

Against the background of increasing racist violence, a law aimed at tackling racist behaviour and discourse entered into force in September 2014. It raised the sanctions on incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence. Higher sanctions are foreseen for public officials who commit such offences.

By the end of 2014, all 57 one-stop shops for migrants established throughout the country had become operational. They are expected to improve information and other services provided to immigrants, to limit delays in the issuance or renewal of residence permits and to reduce related administrative costs.

For further information

www.statistics.gr

www.ypes.gr

www.ypakp.gr

www.yptp.gr

www.astynomia.gr

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Greece

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260463

Hungary

Immigration to Hungary from EU Member States decreased in 2013, according to official statistics, while immigration from non-EU countries increased, especially from China. According to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 6 200 persons migrated to Hungary from Romania, Serbia, the Slovak Republic and Ukraine. This was about half the level observed in 2009 (but movements of Hungarian citizens living in neighbouring countries are not included). By contrast, the inflow of migrants from China almost doubled to 2 200 in 2013, after remaining largely stable in recent years.

The total migration inflow stood at 21 300 in 2013, exceeding the level in 2012 by 1 000 persons. Apart from China, the main countries of origin in 2013 were Romania (4 000 persons), Germany (2 000), the Slovak Republic and the United States (1 000 each). The migration outflow grew to 13 000 persons in 2013, the highest level since 2004 and almost one-third more than in 2012.

The foreign population in Hungary reached 141 000 persons in 2013, representing 1.5% of the total population. The main countries of origin were Romania (22% of the total foreign population), Germany (13%), China (9%), Ukraine and the Slovak Republic (6% each). Work continued to be the main purpose of entry and stay in 2013. The stock of foreign workers reached the highest level in ten years: 72 000 foreign workers were counted at the end of 2013. More than one-quarter of them were hired on the basis of work permits, while the remainder worked on the basis of registration. Foreign workers were primarily Romanians (36%), followed by Slovaks (13%), Chinese (10%) and Ukrainians (4%). The number of Ukrainian workers fell dramatically (by 36%) in 2013, which likely reflects that many ethnic Hungarians from Ukraine were naturalised. Labour immigration from Asia increased significantly, mainly from China, Vietnam, Japan, and Thailand.

In October 2014, the Central Statistical Office presented estimates that put the number of Hungarians living abroad at 350 000. Germany, Austria, and the United Kingdom were identified as main destination countries. It was reported that the emigrants have higher educational attainment than the average of the Hungarian population and that close to two-thirds are younger than 40 years. Almost 85% appear to have emigrated for employment purposes, and only 10% of the emigrants reported an intention to return to Hungary in the next few years.

The inflow of asylum seekers to Hungary has grown rapidly. After 2 200 persons applied for asylum in 2012 and 18 900 in 2013, their number grew to an unprecedented level of 42 800 in 2014. The main countries of origin in 2014 were Kosovo (50%), Afghanistan (21%), and Syria (16%). Refugee status was granted to 5% of the applicants and a further 5% received subsidiary protection.

Irregular migration across the Schengen border between Hungary and Serbia continues to be a serious concern for the authorities. According to Frontex, the Hungarian-Serbian border was the third most affected external border of the Schengen area in 2013. The Hungarian Police apprehended 23 000 irregular migrants at the border, which represented an increase of 240% compared to 2012.

The number of international students in Hungary has risen by 13% to 23 000 in the academic year 2013/2014, according to the Ministry of Human Capacities. Around one-third were enrolled in medical studies. International students originated most frequently from Germany (2 900), the Slovak Republic and Romania (2 300 each), followed by Serbia (1 500). The Hungarian Government has prepared the “Government strategy on the participation of foreign students in the Hungarian higher education” aimed at increasing the number of foreign students. A new scholarship programme called ‘Stipendium Hungaricum’ was established, as part of bilateral agreements on international students. Almost 500 international students were awarded the scholarship for the academic year 2014/15.

From March 2013, simplified naturalisation procedures are available also to foreigners who have been married to a Hungarian citizen for ten years (five years suffice if there are common children). Since the introduction of simplified naturalisation for ethnic Hungarians from January 2011 to September 2014, 630 000 persons have been naturalised in this way, mostly citizens of Romania, Serbia or Ukraine.

From January 2014, applicants for asylum can access the labour market nine months after their application, subject to general rules applicable to non-EU citizens. In the reception centres, applicants may work without a waiting period.

For further information

www.bmbah.hu

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Hungary

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260471

Ireland

New immigration registration permissions fell by 11% to 107 400 certificate issuances in 2013, with the main origin countries being Brazil, India, China, the United States, and Nigeria. A Certificate of Registration is an immigration permission issued by the Garda National Immigration Bureau (GNIB) to lawfully resident non-EEA nationals who expect to stay in the country for more than three months. The total number of foreign residents was 564 300 in 2014, 12% of the total population.

As a consequence of the deterioration in the labour market, immigration declined after 2007 to 41 800 in the year to April 2010 before increasing to 60 600 in 2013-14. Emigration increased with the onset of the recession to reach 89 000 in 2012-13, but fell again in 2013-14 to just under 82 000. As a result, the net inward flow of almost 105 000 in 2006-7 turned negative in 2009-10 and having bottomed out at -34 400 in 2011-12, was -21 400 in 2013-14.

In the early years of the recession, returning Irish nationals represented the single largest group of migrants. However, their numbers have been falling for the last two years – to 11 600 in 2013-14, at which point they accounted for less than one in five migrants. Preliminary figures for 2014 indicate that 17% of migrants were nationals of the new EU member countries, 8% were British, 14% nationals of the rest of the old EU countries and 42% (up from 31% in 2013) were from the rest of the world.

In 2013, 283 600 foreign nationals were employed in Ireland, an increase of 5% on 2012. The largest group (46%) was from the new EU members states. Personal Public Service Numbers (national insurance) issued to non-Irish nationals, which had fallen to 67 800 in 2011, increased to 85 600 in 2013. During the first five months of 2014, 37 300 numbers were issued to foreign nationals. The number of employment permits to non-EEA workers peaked at 48 000 in 2003. Following EU enlargement in 2004, and the implementation of the new policy of meeting most Irish labour market demand from within the EU, the number of permits dropped steadily. The decline was particularly dramatic from 2007 (23 604) to 2009 (7 900) when the most dramatic fall occurred in respect of renewals of work permits. In 2013, 3 900 employment permits were issued (including renewals) with India as the largest source comprising 37% of the total. In 2014, the total number of employment permits issued increased by 42% to 5 500 issuances.

During 2013, 95 000 entry visa applications were received, an increase of 8% on 2012. Some 91% of all applications were approved. The main origin countries in 2013 were India (16%), the Russian Federation (15%), and China (11%).

At the end of 2013 there were approximately 39 600 non-EEA students registered in Ireland, 33% of the total number of non-EEA nationals with permission to remain in the State. The majority were pursuing degree level higher education study (39%), with 21% engaged in non-degree further education and 27% taking language courses.

The number of persons entering Ireland as asylum seekers or persons seeking refugee status has declined in recent years following legislative and administrative changes. There were 900 applications for asylum in Ireland in 2013, the lowest level since 1995 and a decrease of 92% from the peak number of applications in 2002. Nigeria continues to be the largest source country (14%). The refugee recognition rate in Ireland almost doubled during 2013 to 12%.

Some 24 300 certificates of naturalisation were issued during 2013, mainly to nationals of Nigeria (5 800), India (3 000), Philippines (2 500), Pakistan (1 800) and Ukraine (700).

Two major pieces of legislation were enacted during 2013. The Criminal Law (Human Trafficking) (Amendment) Act 2013 introduces a number of changes in substantive criminal law and criminal procedure in relation to trafficking offences and now covers trafficking for the purposes of forced begging. The European Union (Subsidiary Protection) Regulations came into force in November 2013. Subsidiary protection applications are now dealt with in a similar manner to the determination of refugee applications.

An Atypical Working Scheme came into effect in September 2013. It applies in cases where a skill shortage has been identified; to provide a specialised or high skill to an industry, business or academic institution; or to facilitate trial employment in respect of an occupation on the Highly Skilled Occupations List.

For further information

www.inis.gov.ie

www.entemp.ie/labour/workpermits

www.ria.gov.ie

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Ireland

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260480

Israel

Israel distinguishes two major categories of foreigners who may legally reside in Israel: immigrants with Jewish origin or ties, who may immigrate permanently to Israel under the Law of Return, as well as family members of nationals who receive legal status under the Entry into Israel Law, and foreign nationals who may enter Israel temporarily as tourists, students, foreign workers etc. At the end of 2014, the total population of foreign nationals in Israel was 226 300, down from 232 700 the year before. This group of foreign nationals is made up mostly of temporary workers, asylum seekers or overstaying tourists, as permanent migrants entering under the Law of Return are usually granted immediate citizenship upon arrival.

According to the Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Aliya and Immigrant Absorption, the number of immigrants who entered Israel under the Law of Return (excluding returning nationals and residents), was about 19 000 in both 2011 and 2012 but rose above 20 000 in 2013 and exceeded 27 000 in 2014. Inflows from France doubled from 2013 to 2014, to 6 800, and those from Ukraine tripled to reach 6 000. The other main origins in 2014 were the Russian Federation (4 700) and the United States (3 300).

At the end of 2014, the stock of foreign nationals who had entered Israel under a work permit stood at 89 900, up 5% on 2013, although 15 300 had expired permits. 58% of all valid permits in 2014 were for care workers, followed by workers in agriculture (30%) and construction (8%). After a sharp decline in 2012, the number of Thai workers entering in 2013 more than doubled, reaching 8 200. Other major origin countries of foreign workers entering in 2013 were the former USSR (6 300), the Philippines (4 900) and India (4 300).

In December 2014, 44 750 Palestinians held permits as day labourers and 42 900 were employed (compared with 36 200 in September 2013). Of these, 37 100 were in construction, 5 000 in agriculture and 2 250 in industry. A further 7 950 Palestinians held permits for seasonal work in agriculture (compared with 5 700 in September 2013).

The stock of former tourists illegally overstaying their visa was estimated at 90 000 at the end of 2013, down from 93 000 a year earlier. Of these, 61% were from the former Soviet Union, followed by Romania (6%) and Mexico (4%).

Illegal border crossings, which peaked in 2011 at 1 500 monthly, have largely ceased since mid-2012, due to enforcement measures including long-term detention, and the building of a fence along the Israeli-Egyptian border. 43 illegal border crossers were detected in 2013 and 21 in 2014. At the end of 2014, a total of 46 400 illegal border crossers and asylum seekers resided in Israel, most of whom were from Eritrea and Sudan and entitled to group protection. The number has been declining due to repatriation, which involved about 6 400 individuals in 2014, more than double the 2013 number.

A decade-long government policy to reduce the number of foreign workers was reversed in late 2013, and quotas for foreign workers in construction and agriculture have been increased. At the same time, measures were introduced to regulate employment of foreign workers in the field of nursing care including stricter limitations and regulation of the status of workers who overstay their permit.

An agreement with Romania was signed in 2014 regulating the recruitment of construction workers. Similar bilateral agreements are already in place with four other countries, and are being negotiated in the field of nursing care with the Philippines, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

The government approved in February 2015 a USD 42 million plan to increase language courses, information and services for potential immigrants to increase immigration by Jews and Israelis living abroad. This was in response to a perceived increase of anti-Semitism in Europe and to the crisis in Ukraine.

Rules regarding illegal border crossers have changed a number of times to respond to High Court rulings. Rules in December 2013 imposed a maximum of one year detention in closed facilities for new illegal arrivals, and indefinite detention in open facilities for those eligible for group protection. This was ruled illegal in September 2014. From December 2014, asylum seekers may reside in an open facility for 20 months. Israel has sought agreement with safe third countries for repatriation of asylum seekers who cannot be sent to their home country.

For further information

www.cbs.gov.il

www.economy.gov.il

www.piba.gov.il

www.moia.gov.il

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Israel

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260496

Italy

Migration inflows to Italy continued to fall in 2013 while outflows continued to grow, especially outflows of Italian citizens. According to the Italian National Institute of Statistics, the migration inflow stood at 307 000 in 2013, composed of 279 000 foreigners and 28 000 Italian citizens. This represented a fall of 13% from 2012, when the inflow was 351 000 (321 000 foreigners and 29 000 Italians). Among the foreigners immigrating to Italy in 2013, nationals of Romania (58 000), Morocco (20 000), China (17 000) and Ukraine (14 000) were the largest groups. The migration outflow grew from 106 000 persons (including 68 000 Italians) in 2012 to 126 000 (including 82 000 Italians) in 2013. Emigration of Italian citizens thus doubled between 2010 and 2013. Their main destination countries were the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and France.

The number of foreigners residing in Italy exceeded 4.9 million in January 2014, after 4.4 million in 2013. The foreign population thus represented 8.3% of the entire population in Italy in January 2014, continuing the rising tendency from recent years. Regions with shares above the national average were Emilia Romagna (12%), Lombardy and Umbria (11%) as well as Latium, Veneto and Tuscany (10%). Almost 30% of the foreign residents were EU citizens. The largest groups were made up by nationals of Romania (1.1 million), Albania (496 000), Morocco (456 000), China (257 000) and Ukraine (219 000). The number of foreigners who acquired Italian citizenship exceeded 100 000 for the first time in 2013.

There were 3.9 million valid residence permits in January 2014, the majority of which were EU long-term residence permits (Directive 2003/109/EC). Another 20% of the permits had been issued for work, and 18% for family reasons. A total of 244 000 new residence permits were issued in 2013, less than half the annual number between 2008 and 2010. Permits for family reasons accounted for 108 000 permits issued in 2013 (44%) and were most frequently issued to nationals of Morocco (15 000), Albania (10 000) and China (9 000). Permits for work reasons were most frequently issued to nationals of Morocco, Ukraine and Bangladesh (about 9 000 each). Such permits accounted for 81 000 permits issued in 2013 (33%), including 1 900 permits for highly qualified workers.

The unemployment rate of foreign-born workers rose to 16.7% in 2013, after 13.8% in 2012. Quotas for new immigrant workers were accordingly set at low levels, compared with previous years. Admissions for seasonal work in 2014 were set at 15 000 (half the 2013 allotment, which went largely unused). The quota for non-seasonal paid employment and self-employment was set at 17 850, similar to 2013, but far below the levels of the late 2000s. This quota was restricted to specific categories, mostly changes of status.

In the academic year 2013/2014, 70 000 foreign students were enrolled at Italian universities, mainly originating from Albania (11%), China and Romania (7% each). Foreign students were primarily studying social sciences (37%) and science subjects (31%), followed by humanities (16%) and medical studies (15%).

In 2014, 170 000 irregular migrants reached Italian shores. At least 70 000 of them came from Syria and Eritrea. Irregular migrants in 2013/2014 arrived in Italy primarily via Libya and Egypt, according to the Ministry of the Interior. Applications for asylum more than doubled between 2013 and 2014, from 27 000 to 65 000. Applicants’ main countries of origin in 2014 were Nigeria (10 000), Mali (10 000), Gambia (9 000), Pakistan (7 000), Senegal and Bangladesh (close to 5 000 each). Syrian and Eritrean nationals together accounted for 1 000 applications.

The most significant law changes include new entry conditions for highly skilled workers (with special initiatives aimed at entrepreneurs wishing to create innovative start-ups), for researchers and students, and for those working at the 2015 Universal Exposition. The EU Directive on single permits for non-EU citizens was implemented in Italian legislation. A National Operative Plan was adopted in co-operation with regional and local authorities to deal with the inflow of asylum seekers. Financing integration policies was reformed through redistribution of competences and the creation of a unified fund for asylum, migration and integration.

In October 2014, the Italian operation “Mare Nostrum” in the Mediterranean was concluded after about one year. As part of this operation, 560 interventions were carried out, 730 human traffickers were arrested, and the lives of many irregular migrants were saved. Since November 2014, the EU-financed Frontex mission ‘Triton’ has been in operation.

For further information

www.interno.it

www.istat.it

www.lavoro.gov.it/lavoro

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Italy

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260506

Japan

The number of resident foreign nationals reached 2 066 400 at the end of 2013, a 1.6 % increase on the year before and 1.6% of the total population. Chinese nationals were again the largest group, comprising 649 100 or 31% of the total. Second were those from the Korean Peninsula with 519 700; their proportion has been decreasing year by year, falling to a record low of 25% at the end of 2013. The Philippines (209 200), Brazil (181 300) and Vietnam (72 300) followed.

According to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, by the end of October 2013, the stock of foreign workers was about 718 000, an increase of 5% over the previous year. One year later, the number had further increased to about 788 000. Of these, 147 000 worked in professional or technical fields (11% more than in 2013), 339 000 were registered as permanent residents, of Japanese descent, etc. (6% more than in 2013) and 145 000 were technical interns (6% more than in 2013). A further 125 000 were foreign students engaged in part-time jobs, a 22% increase on 2013.

Overall, 306 700 foreign nationals entered Japan in 2013 (excluding temporary visitors and foreign nationals with re-entry permits), a 1% increase on 2012. After a 23% increase in the year to 2012 the number of new entrants for the purpose of work remained relatively stable, reaching 63 900 in 2013 (up 0.6% on 2012). Among these, 58% were admitted as entertainers, 10% were Intra-Company-Transfers and a further 8% worked as engineers or specialists in humanities/international services, respectively. Not counting entertainers and Intra-Company-Transfers, the number of new labour migrants fell by 8% from 22 400 in 2012 to 20 500 in 2013. The number of dependents accompanying foreign workers fell by 8% to 19 000. 67 400 entered for training as technical interns.

According to JASSO (Japan Student Services Organization), in May 2014, 139 200 foreign students were in higher education institutions in Japan, a 3% increase on the year before. This increase was driven by a larger number of foreign students in professional training colleges, while the number enrolled at the university level continued to decline. In addition, 45 000 foreign students were enrolled in Japanese language courses, a 38% increase over the previous year. Chinese nationals comprised 51% of the total, down from 58% one year earlier, while Vietnamese nationals comprised 14% of the total, up from 8%. Overall, about 93% were from the Asian region.

3 300 applications for asylum were filed in 2013, an increase of 720 from the previous year. Six applicants were recognized as refugees and 150 were allowed to stay on humanitarian grounds. In addition, 18 refugees were admitted for resettlement. Asylum seekers from Turkey, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Pakistan accounted together for 67% of all applicants, with Turkey, Nepal and Myanmar comprising 49% of the total.

During 2013, 8 600 foreign nationals were naturalised, 19% less than the year before. Half came from the Korean peninsula and one third were Chinese nationals.

For the first time in more than two decades the number of people who overstayed their permits in Japan rose in 2014, albeit by only 1.6%, to 60 000 in January 2015. It is associated with a spike in the number of illegal overstayers from Thailand (+20%, to reach 5 300) following a visa waiver program for short-term visitors introduced in July 2013. The main nationalities of overstayers were Korea (13 600) and China (8 600). The number of Vietnamese violators jumped by 67%.

In April 2014, measures were introduced to provide a “special curriculum” for students who require Japanese-language instruction in compulsory schools.

In June 2014, an amendment of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act established a new residence status for highly skilled professionals of indefinite duration, which entered into force in April 2015. In addition, the residence status for investors and business managers, formerly restricted to investment and management activities in foreign-affiliated companies, was extended to Japanese affiliated companies. A further bill to revise the act was proposed establishing a resident status for certified foreign nursing care workers under the designated conditions.

In March 2015 a new law was drafted to revise the system of technical intern training. The law foresees to strengthen management and supervisory schemes to ensure an appropriate implementation of the technical internship and the protection of technical interns. The proposal would also expand the training period from three to five years.

For further information

www.immi-moj.go.jp

www.mhlw.go.jp

www8.cao.go.jp/teiju-portal/eng/index.html

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Japan

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260512

Korea

The stock of foreign residents in Korea has been steadily increasing. The number of long-term foreign migrants (residing more than 90 days) increased from 1.2 million at the end of 2013, 2.4% of the total population, to 1.4 million at the end of 2014. Among these, the number of registered foreigners increased from 985 900 to 1 092 000, while the number of registered overseas Koreans increased from 233 300 to 286 400. In addition, the number of short-term stayers residing in Korea for less than 90 days increased from 356 800 to 419 700.

Inflows of non-Koreans have meant that Korea has experienced positive net migration since the mid-2000s. In 2013, net migration was again positive, reaching 93 600. In 2012, the departure of a large cohort of temporary workers yielded net migration of 6 600, a sharp fall from 91 000 in 2011. Net migration of foreign nationals reached 100 700 in 2013, ten times the level of the year before. Labour migrants accounted for 61% of all incoming foreign nationals, up from 59% in 2012, while family migrants and students comprised 13% of entries each. The number of returning Korean nationals fell during 2013, augmenting their net emigration to 7 200.

The stock of employment-based migration increased by 3.7% to 549 200 in 2013, below the 2011 level (595 100). The number of low skilled workers entering with an Employment Permit (E-9) increased by 5 000 over the year to 61 600. Overall, 241 100 E-9 visa holders were registered in 2013; 78% worked in manufacture and 4.4% in construction. Vietnam was the leading nationality, accounting for 21% of the stock, followed by Indonesia (12%) and Cambodia (10%). The H-2 visa allows working visits by ethnic Koreans; no more than 303 000 are allowed at any time. In 2014, there were about 283 000; 95% were Chinese nationals. The number of H-2 visa holders entering Korea rose by 66% to 68 700 in 2013, as 19 000 workers whose working visas had previously expired re-entered. Among skilled employment, foreign language instructors (E-2) and special activity (E-7) visas remain the most common entry channels, with 8 700 and 3 800 new entrants, respectively.

The Overseas Korean Resident (F-4) visa category was once largely reserved for high-educated ethnic Koreans. Following recent facilitation of status change for H-2 visa holders, the number of F-4 holders rose from 189 500 in 2012 to 236 000 in 2013.

Foreign students in Korea are mainly either enrolled in a degree program or language course students. Since 2010, the number of foreign students in degree programs has decreased steadily to 60 500 in 2013, while that of language course students slightly increased to 21 400 over the same period. Chinese students accounted for 88%of all foreign students, followed by Mongolians (7%) and Vietnamese (6%). Preliminary figures for 2014 suggest that the number of students enrolled in degree programs has increased slightly (1.3% on 2013) while the number of general trainees (mostly language students) increased by 11% to 25 000.

The number of marriage migrants who had not yet naturalised reached 150 900 in 2013. Most marriage migrants were female. Of foreign spouses, China was the main origin (41%), followed by Vietnam (26%), Japan (8%) and the Philippines (7%). In addition, the number of former marriage migrants who had naturalised reached 94 000.

The number of asylum seekers has been growing over recent years. In 2013, 1 600 persons applied for asylum in Korea, 38% more than in 2012. Among the 900 applications processed in 2013, 57 were granted asylum and six the right to stay on humanitarian grounds.

The total number of unauthorized migrants who overstayed their visas rose slightly to 183 100 during 2013. Unauthorized status was more likely for low skilled labour migrants, particularly employment permit (E-9) visa holders (30.1% of all unauthorized) and vessel crew (E-10) visa holders (2.4%)

In order to reduce the number of low skilled workers overstaying their permits, the employment permit system was revised in 2014 to ensure that the departure guarantee insurance benefit, a type of severance pay, could only be collected after departure. At the same time, the duration of claim for the benefit was extended from two to three years.

Following revisions to make status change simpler, the H-2 working visit program was further revised to offer a broader range of possibilities to renew expired visas.

For further information

www.eps.go.kr

www.immigration.go.kr

www.kostat.go.kr

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Korea

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260525

Latvia

Between 2012 and 2013 the population of Latvia fell by 22 400 to 2 001 500, mainly because of emigration. Official statistics from Statistics Latvia indicated that outflows (22 600 in 2013) exceeded inflows (8 300), resulting in a net outflow of 14 300 in 2013. Ethnic Latvians accounted for 37% of total inflows and almost half of total outflows. The non-Latvian population numbered 304 800 at the beginning of 2014, equivalent to 15% of the total population. Non-citizens of Latvia, mainly longstanding residents from other parts of the Soviet Union, comprised 83% of the non-Latvian and 13% of the total population (253 600 in 2013). Their numbers have decreased from 730 000 in 1995 due to both emigration and increased naturalisation. Russian nationals were the second largest group of non-Latvian residents (38 800 in 2013).

The stock of persons holding valid residence permits has gradually increased over the last decade, reaching 84 300 in 2014. Of these, 51 000 held permanent permits (compared with 48 100 in 2013) and 33 200 held temporary permits, a 39% increase on the previous year (23 900). Over 80% of permanent permit holders were Russian nationals. Among temporary permit holders the proportion of Russian nationals was 40%. EU/EFTA nationals accounted for 29% of temporary permit holders and 8% of permanent permit holders.

In 2014, 3 100 people received permanent residence permits, a similar level than in the year before. 10 500 received temporary residence permits, an increase of 43% on 2013, explained in part by changes in the investor visa law. In 2014, investors and their families accounted for more than half of all temporary residence permit issues (5 600 permits, including 2 400 principal applicants and 3 200 dependants). Labour migrants and their families comprised 17% (1 800 permits in 2014, including 1 400 principal applicants and 400 dependants).18% were highly skilled workers and families.

In the academic year 2013/14, 4 500 international students were registered in higher education establishments in Latvia, 28% more than in the year before. Germany (17% of the total) was the principal source, followed by the Russian Federation (11%). In 2014, 1 500 temporary permits were issued to students, 7% more than in 2013.

In 2013, 1 700 persons were naturalised, over 90% of whom from Latvian non-citizenship. The citizenship law was amended in October 2013 to allow dual citizenship for certain nationalities. By May 2014, 4 100 applications under these new provisions were submitted, of which 3 300 were approved. An additional 2 400 applications were made to register children for Latvian citizenship who had been born abroad and granted another citizenship. These applications came mostly from the United States, Canada, Australia, Israel and the Russian Federation. While children may gain dual citizenship with countries not generally permitted – including Israel and the Russian Federation – by age 25 they must renounce one of the nationalities; ethnic Latvians are however allowed to retain both.

Asylum claims have been falling, from a peak of 340 in 2011 to 185 in 2013. Georgia was the main country of origin (146 applications). Refugee or temporary protection status was given in 36% of decisions.

Allowances for publicly-funded Latvian language training were extended to persons with an alternative protection status. Since April 2013, are entitled to Payments are directly transferred to the language institutions and conditional on regular attendance. Prior to this decision, only those with refugee status were able to benefit.

In December 2013 the National Integration Centre, established by the Ministry of Culture, launched a new series of Latvian language courses. It also produced guidebooks about Latvian culture, everyday life and practical issues in the early stages of integration.

The Return Migration Support Plan, adopted in July 2013 with a view to facilitate the return and reintegration of Latvians living abroad, was put on hold in 2014 due to budget constraints, but revived in early 2015. Among the projects initiated by the State Chancellery was the recruitment of ten paid interns with foreign degrees to promote their return to Latvia. Also, language training has been provided for family members of return migrants as well as special support for children who return to the Latvian education system.

Changes to the investor permit for non-EU/EFTA nationals were made in 2014. Limits have been placed on the total number to be issued, the visa fee has increased to EUR 25 000, and minimum investment amounts have been raised. Minimum real estate purchase has been set at EUR 250 000, substantially higher than the 2013 minimum of EUR 71 100.

For further information

www.pmlp.gov.lv

www.csb.gov.lv

www.emn.lv

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Latvia

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260532

Lithuania

The Lithuanian population has continued to fall, from 3 million at the 2011 census to an estimated 2.9 million at the beginning of 2015. The number of foreign nationals residing in Lithuania increased by 13% over the past year to 40 000 at the beginning of 2015, equivalent to 1.4% of the total population. Almost half of all foreign residents (18 300) were from non-EEA countries and held long-term residence permits.

Emigration has been falling steadily from its peak at 83 500 in 2010 to 36 600 in 2014. This figure includes only documented/declared emigration, while pre-2011 figures include non-declared emigration, suggesting that the real post-2010 number might be higher. More than 90% of all emigrants in 2014 were Lithuanians. Among Lithuanians, the United Kingdom remains the major destination (54%) in 2014, followed by Ireland (10%), Germany (9%) and Norway (8%). Half of all emigrants in 2014 were between 20 and 34 years of age.

Immigration rose to 24 300 in 2014, from 22 000 in 2013 and 5 200 in 2010. 80% (19 500 people) were returning Lithuanian nationals. Most of the 4 800 foreign nationals were citizens of the Russian Federation (31%), followed by Ukrainians (23%) – whose share nearly doubled compared with 2013 – and Belarussians (11%). EEA-nationals accounted for 14% of the flow in 2014. Most people immigrating in 2014 had previously resided in the United Kingdom (38%), Ireland (9%) and Norway (8%). Immigration from CIS countries picked up again as the proportion of immigrants from the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Belarus increased from 11% in 2013 to 15% in 2014. The majority of foreign immigrants in 2014 came for economic reasons (65%), followed by family reunification (20%) and study (11%). With immigration growing and emigration falling, net emigration fell from 21 300 in 2012 to 16 800 in 2013 to 12 300 in 2014.

The number of work permits issued to non-EU/EFTA nationals rose from 5 000 in 2013 to 5 400 in 2014, but their share in total employment remains marginal. Non-EU/EFTA nationals are mainly employed in transport and storage (80% of all work permits in 2014), manufacturing, and accommodation and catering. Most permits were issued to nationals of the neighbouring countries Ukraine (59%) and Belarus (29%), followed by China (3%). In addition, 94 EU Blue Cards were issued (including status changes) to highly-qualified non-EU/EFTA nationals.

After a sharp drop in 2013, the number of asylum applications increased again by 24% to 500 in 2014. Georgians were again the largest group (24%), followed by Afghans (20%) and Russians (15%). The number of applications from Ukrainian nationals increased from 5 in 2013 to 70 in 2014. Of 500 decisions taken in 2014, 35% were granted refugee status or subsidiary protection.

1 900 foreigners were found to be illegally present in Lithuania in 2014.

The number of people naturalised has been falling in recent years. In 2014, 180 persons acquired citizenship, slightly more than in 2013. As in previous years, the majority were stateless prior to receiving Lithuanian citizenship.

A June 2013 amendment to the Law on the Status of Aliens transposing an EU Directive on beneficiaries of international protection eased the rules determining the period of residence required to obtain permanent residence for beneficiaries of subsidiary protection. Since October 2013, asylum seekers who have illegally entered or illegally reside in Lithuania may be detained.

Several migration policy changes were introduced following January 2014 guidelines which seek to encourage economic development and innovation through return of Lithuanian citizens and attraction of needed foreign workers. The timeframe for issuing temporary residence permits was shortened from six to four months, and a fast-track procedure was introduced for individuals paying higher fees. Mandatory vacancy listings were shortened from 21 to 14 days. More favourable conditions were established for issuing a temporary residence permit to foreign nationals admitted for the purposes of highly-qualified employment. Foreign students who have completed training or studies in Lithuania are now granted six months to seek employment.

In December 2014 the EU “Single Permit Directive” was transposed and entered into force in March 2015. It introduces a single procedure for the issuance of residence and work permits to non-EU/EFTA nationals and allows employers to file this application on behalf of potential labour migrants.

The Law on the Status of Aliens was amended in 2014 to reduce the risk of irregular migration via fictitious enterprises, including higher entry requirements for entrepreneurs. Facilitated entry conditions for entrepreneurs who invest more than EUR 260 000 were introduced.

For further information

www.migracija.lt

www.stat.gov.lt/en

www.123.emn.lt/en/home

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Lithuania

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260548

Luxembourg

The migration inflow to Luxembourg has continued to increase, reaching 22 300 in 2014 after 21 100 in 2013. The largest inflows originated from France (3 900), Portugal (3 800), Italy and Belgium (1 600 each). The migration outflow has grown moderately to 11 300, after 10 800 in 2013. The largest outflows were directed to Portugal (2 000), France (1 700) and -Germany (700). Similarly to the three previous years, Luxembourg thus saw a net migration inflow of 11 000 persons in 2014.

As of January 2014, 250 000 foreigners were residing in Luxembourg, representing 45% of the total population. EU citizens accounted for 39% of the total population and thus for the vast majority of the resident foreign population. Among the EU citizens, nationals of Portugal (91 000), France (37 000), Italy and Belgium (about 18 000 each) were the most frequent. Non-EU citizens mainly came from Montenegro (3 900), Cabo Verde (2 700), Serbia (2 400), Bosnia-Herzegovina (2 300), China (2 200) and the United States (1 900).

The Immigration Department registered inflows of about 16 000 EU citizens in 2013, mainly from Portugal, France and Belgium; this figure was only slightly lower than in 2012. Another 1 100 non-EU citizens received residence permits as family members of EU citizens or Luxembourg citizens. The main countries of origin in this group were Brazil, Cabo Verde, and the United States. 4 800 first residence permits were issued to other non-EU citizens in 2013, including 1 600 long-term residence permits (led by nationals of Montenegro), 800 permits for employees (most frequently to Chinese nationals) and 300 EU Blue Cards (most frequently to nationals of the United States).

More than half of the students who were enrolled at the University of Luxembourg for the academic year 2013/2014 were foreigners, 3 300 in total. Most of the international students (2 700) were citizens of other EU countries, notably France (900), Germany (500), Belgium (400) and Portugal (300).

After 4 400 adults acquired the Luxembourg nationality in 2013, this number rose to 5 000 in 2014. The vast majority were other EU citizens, above all citizens of Belgium, Portugal or France. The share of non-EU citizens has fallen from one-third in 2009 to 12% in 2013.

Cross-border workers are an important part of the labour force in Luxembourg. According to STATEC (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques du Grand-Duché du Luxembourg), 44% of those employed in Luxembourg in the first trimester of 2014 were not residents of Luxembourg, but of France (81 000 employees), Belgium and Germany (about 40 000 each). Among employees residing in Luxembourg, 48% were foreigners. EU citizens accounted for 89 000 of them, non-EU citizens for 11 000. EU citizens also made up 86% of the 19 300 persons who were registered as unemployed in December 2013. Portuguese nationals represented 36% of all job seekers, and citizens of Luxembourg represented 28%.

After 1 100 persons applied for international protection in 2013, applications remained at this level in 2014. They mainly originated from Bosnia and Herzegovina (160 applicants), Kosovo and Montenegro (140 each). The number of returns approached 700 in 2013; 600 of them were voluntary.

A new law in December 2013 removed the 2-year residence requirement for European citizens as a condition for participation in elections.

A law adopted in April 2014 transposed Directive No. 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims. A law in June 2014 made amendments in accordance with Directive 2008/115/EC on common standards and procedures for returning non-EU citizens.

New activities have been implemented at the local level in collaboration with municipalities and associations working in the field of integration of foreigners. Events were organized and tools were developed with several partners in the field of fighting against discrimination and promoting diversity (including the Diversity Charter Lëtzebuerg).

In February 2015, a bill was introduced to the Chamber of Deputies that implements EU Directive 2013/33. It regulates access of applicants for international protection to services such as accommodation and healthcare while their applications are being considered. The bill further specifies the modalities of social assistance provided to applicants. Particular attention is to be given to unaccompanied minors and to victims of torture.

For further information

www.mae.lu

www.statistiques.public.lu

www.olai.public.lu

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Luxembourg

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260554

Mexico

According to census data 961 000 foreign-born people resided in Mexico in 2010, equivalent to less than 1% of the total population. Preliminary estimates for 2013 suggest an increase to 991 200, almost double the number registered in 2000. However, estimations based on administrative data from the immigration authorities suggest that the number of foreigners with valid migration documents was only 296 500 in 2012.

Mexico has long been a country of emigration, transit and return. In 2014, an estimated 12 million Mexicans resided abroad, mostly in the US, equivalent to 10% of the Mexican population. The Mexican labour force survey (ENOE) suggests a steady decrease in the number of Mexicans returning from the United States in recent years. It stood at 1.85 per 1 000 inhabitants in 2013, and 1.32 for the first three quarters of 2014. Total outflows were estimated at 3.35 per 1 000 inhabitants in 2013, comparable to the 2012 level, and 3.5 in the first three quarters of 2014. Net migration to the United States stood at 1.5 per 1 000 inhabitants in 2013, up from 1.26 in 2012 but less than the 2.19 registered in the first three quarters of 2014.

Preliminary data from migration statistics show that permanent inflows of foreign nationals increased significantly to reach a historic peak of 60 700 in 2013, up from 18 200 the year before. This increase is primarily due to legislative changes in 2012 that facilitated status changes for temporary residents and made it easier for entering foreigners to obtain permanent residence. US citizens (24%) were the largest group in 2013, followed by Chinese (9%) and Canadians (6%). Cuban nationals comprised 5%, compared with 10% the previous year. Family (36%) and work (30%) remain the principal motives reported by those with permanent status for their decision to migrate to Mexico in 2013, with the share of labour migrants going down (4 percentage points) and that of family migrants going down (1 percentage points) compared with 2012.

While permanent inflows more than doubled, temporary migration flows dropped to 33 900 in 2013, down from 39 400 in 2012. 39% came to work, 22% to study and 23% for family reasons. Relative to 2012, there was a higher share of study-related migration (up from 9%) and family migration (up from 8%). US nationals were the largest group of temporary migrants (18%, compared with 25% in 2010). Spain (8%), Cuba and Colombia (both 7%) were other important sources.

In 2012 and 2013, the number of naturalisations remained at around 3 600. Colombians, Cubans, Argentines and Venezuelans were the predominant groups.

Guatemalan and Belize nationals are allowed to enter Mexico as Trans-Border Workers and Regional Visitors for limited periods of time. The number of authorized border workers fell from its 2000 peak of almost 70 000, to 23 000 in 2012 and less than 15 800 in 2013, due to economic problems in the primary sector and natural disasters in the border region. Survey data from the southern border suggest that 59% of foreign border workers held no work authorisation and more than half of all regional visitors had overstayed their permit in 2013.

According to estimates based on the northern border survey of Mexico (“EMIF Norte”), the flow of Mexican migrants that arrive at the Northern border of Mexico reached 615 100 in 2013 (compared with 435 600 in 2012 and 523 300 in 2011). 322 200 of all migrants in 2013 reported intention to cross the border to the United States.

In 2013, 270 asylum seekers were recognised as refugees, most of them from Central America and Africa.

The main policy development in the field of migration was the publication of the Special Programme on Migration in 2014, designed to co-ordinate the government’s various programmes on migration, protect and assist foreign nationals in Mexico and address the needs of the Mexican diaspora abroad and repatriated Mexicans, as well as strengthen commitment to the promotion and respect for human rights of all migrants and promote a new culture of respect and appreciation of migration.

A Migration Professionalization Service was created in June 2014 to train and professionalise officials regarding immigration regulations and human rights related issues.

In December 2014, the Mexican Congress passed the Children and Adolescent Rights General Act, which establishes special actions to protect and assist underage migrants during all administrative, family reunification and deportation proceedings. The act establishes an inter-institutional information and tracking system and special reception facilities for unaccompanied minors.

For further information:

www.politicamigratoria.gob.mx

www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/temas/default.aspx?s=est&c=17484

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Mexico

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260561

Netherlands

On January 1, 2014 around 3.6 million residents were registered in the Netherlands who were of “non-native” background – either themselves born abroad (1.8 million) or born in the Netherlands with at least one foreign-born parent (1.8 million). Together they comprised 21% of the total population. The largest group had a Turkish background (396 400), followed by persons with Moroccan (375 000), Indonesian (372 200), German (368 500) and Surinamese (348 300) background. 77% of the non-native population had Dutch citizenship.

According to provisional data from Statistics Netherlands, in 2014, immigration reached a new record high of 181 400, up from 164 800 the year before. Most immigrants were again returning Dutch-born (27 800), followed by persons born in Poland (23 800, up 16% on 2013), Syria (8 600, more than four times the 2013 level) and Germany (8 200). Inflows from Romania increased since its nationals received full labour market access on 1 January 2014. Of 143 900 departures, 45 300 were Dutch-born, followed by those born in Poland (11 600), and Germany (8 000). Net external migration exceeded 37 000, almost twice the 2013 level.

Based on data provided by the Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) 9 900 persons were granted residence permits for highly skilled employment (knowledge and talent category) in 2014, a slight increase from the previous year (9 600). Most highly-skilled workers were Indian, US or Chinese nationals. Work permits for other labour migrant categories dropped from 1 800 in 2013 to 1 200 in 2014. US, Chinese and Indian nationals were again the leading nationalities.

According to IND 13 100 asylum applications were filed in 2013 (both new applications and repeated ones, excluding family members). In 2014, this number rose to 24 500, with Syrians, Eritreans and stateless as the main groups. The recognition rate increased from 47% to 65% over the same period.

The number of international students enrolled in Dutch higher education has increased from 42 100 in 2008 to 58 400 in 2012 to 60 800 in 2013, 9% of all students in higher education. The majority (62%) originated from EU-15 countries, with Germans as the largest group (40%), although their proportion has been falling (from 45% in 2008). Second were Chinese students (7%), whose proportion has also somewhat decreased. In contrast, the proportion of Greek, Italian and UK students rose since 2008, reaching 9% in 2013. Overall, 12 700 international students applied for a residence permit for study in 2014, an 8% increase on 2013, with China, the United States and Indonesia as main origins.

In 2014, 24 900 persons applied for Dutch citizenship, slightly more than in 2013 (24 200). Of the 27 600 decisions made in 2014, approximately 96% were positive.

A new policy regarding unaccompanied minors, in force since June 2013, aims to provide unaccompanied minors at an early stage with clarity about their options of staying in the Netherlands. The special residence permit for unaccompanied minors, which might have created the false impression that they could stay in the Netherlands, was abolished.

Legislative changes in June 2013 gave educational institutions more responsibility for recruiting and retaining international students. A long-term action plan called “Make it in the Netherlands” was introduced to attract and retain international students.

Revision to the Aliens Employment Act, coming into force in January 2014, introduced more stringent checks on the availability of local (and EU) labour supply and the possibility of introducing quotas for specific sectors of the economy. In addition, the period that non-EU/EFTA workers must have had a work permit before they can work without a permit was increased from three to five years. Since April 2014 most foreign workers entering for more than three months receive a single permit combining both residence and work permit. Highly skilled migrants are admitted based on wage criteria. In 2014, several measures were introduced to monitor salaries in order to prevent misuse of the scheme.

Further policy initiatives proposed in 2014 include: amendments to the law on Dutch citizenship extending the required legal residence period from five to seven years, an introduction of a requirement of three years legal residency for spouses of Dutch nationals and a test for minors aged between 12 and 16 about a threat to public order; stricter conditions for family migration; and actions against marriages of convenience and forced marriages.

For further information

www.ind.nl

www.cbs.nl

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Netherlands

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260574

New Zealand

In 2013, 24% (1 001 800) of New Zealand’s population had been born overseas compared with 22% in 2006 and 19% in 2001. Among these, the share born in the United Kingdom and Ireland (historically the main origin countries) decreased from 32% in 2001 to 26% in 2013, while Asia-born increased from a 24% share in 2001 to 32% in 2013.

In 2013/14, there were 100 800 permanent and long-term arrivals and 62 400 permanent and long-term departures, resulting in a net annual migration gain of 38 300 people, the highest since 2002/03 and much higher than the 7 900 the year before. The net gain was mainly due to fewer New Zealand nationals leaving for Australia and more of them returning from Australia. Net migration was positive from India (7 000), China (6 300) and the United Kingdom (5 500).

In 2013/14, 44 000 people were approved for a permanent residence visa, up 13% from 39 000 in 2012/13. The Skilled/Business Stream had the largest absolute increase (up 2 900 people or 15%), followed by the Capped Family Stream (up 2 000 people or 45%). China was the largest origin country of residence approvals in 2013/14 (17%) with most (43%) entering through the Capped Family Stream. Other top origin countries in 2013/14 were India (14%) and the United Kingdom (12%).

20 300 people (or 46% of all residence approvals) were admitted through the Skilled Migrants Category (SMC) in 2013/14, a 12% increase on 2012/13. This is the first increase since 2009/10 and illustrates a downstream effect of the increase in Essential Skills (temporary) workers. Most principal applicants had a job in New Zealand (in 2013/14, 92% were awarded points for a job or job offer). India was the largest origin country of SMC approvals (20%), followed by the United Kingdom (13%). Reflecting a long-term trend, the increase from India (17%) is mainly due to the transition of former Indian international students to temporary work and then to permanent residence.

In 2013/14, 400 applications were approved through the main business categories (Entrepreneur and Investor Category), a 38% increase on 2012/13 with applications from China driving the increase (180 applications, nearly triple the 2012/13 level).

The Essential Skills Policy (ESP) facilitates the entry of people on a temporary basis to fill shortages where suitable New Zealand nationals or residents are not available. In 2013/14, 26 500 people were approved to work in New Zealand under the ESP, an increase of 18% on 2012/13 and the second year-on-year increase since the start of the global economic slowdown.

Admissions for seasonal work increased over the year by 13% to 10 800 in 2013/14. The number of temporary workers approved under Working Holiday schemes increased by 12% to 54 600 admissions. However, the number of people admitted under the Study to Work Policy decreased 20% to 11 800 people in 2013/14, likely due to changes in qualification requirements.

In 2013/14, 39 200 new international students were approved to study in New Zealand, an increase of 25% from 2012/13 and the first expansion since 2010/11. New international students made up 53% of all international students (73 500) residing in New Zealand, an increase of 15% from 2012/13. The overall rise owed mainly to increases from India (63%) and China (14%). China and India were also the largest source countries of international students (27% and 19%, respectively).

The number of asylum applications has been decreasing. In 2013/14, 300 people sought asylum in New Zealand, compared with 700 in 2003/04. Sri Lanka remains the largest source country (14%), followed by China and Fiji (9% each). Refugee status was granted in 24% of cases.

Business visa categories were restructured with a view to attract higher quality applications from business people willing to invest, settle and create jobs, particularly outside the Auckland region. The Long Term Business Visa (a temporary work visa) was closed in December 2013 and replaced with a points-based Entrepreneur Work Visa (EWV) in March 2014. The Entrepreneur Plus Category (for residence) was closed in March 2014 and the Entrepreneur Category was renamed the Entrepreneur Residence Category and includes a fast-track option for residence.

From March 2014 venture capital investments are deemed to be acceptable investments for Migrant Investor applicants.

As of April 2014, all Working Holiday scheme applications must use the online system provided on the Immigration New Zealand website. A new scheme was established with the Philippines, with 100 places available annually.

For further information

www.immigration.govt.nz

www.dol.govt.nz/research

www.investmentnow.govt.nz/index.html

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

New Zealand

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260585

Norway

In January 2015, 669 400 immigrants and 135 600 native-born of immigrant parents resided in Norway. Together, they represented 15.6% of the population, a 0.7 percentage points increase from 2014 – the lowest growth since 2006. The largest country of origin for resident immigrants was Poland (91 000). Among Norwegian-born with immigrant parents, most had parents from Pakistan (16 000). In 2013, around 40% of all resident immigrants had lived in Norway for less than five years.

From 2012 to 2013, total immigration to Norway decreased by 2 800 to 75 800. Of these, 88% were foreigners – the majority from EU countries, whose share increased slightly to 59%. Poland remained the largest country of origin (10 500 new immigrants), followed by Lithuania (5 600) and Sweden (5 300). Immigration from the Philippines (2 800), Eritrea (2 700) and Romania (2 500) increased. In 2013, emigration of foreigners from Norway was 25 000, an increase of 3 700 compared to 2012. The largest registered emigration flows in 2013 were citizens of Sweden (4 200), Poland (3 100) and Germany (1 500). Net immigration of foreigners fell to 41 900, 6 800 fewer than the previous year.

While labour migration has declined slightly from its peak in 2011, it remains high in historical comparison. More than 23 000 non-Nordic labour migrants settled in Norway in 2013, 43% of new non-Nordic immigrants to the country that year. Close to 90% of the labour migrants came from Europe. Citizens of EU-countries in Central and Eastern Europe continued to be the largest group of labour immigrants: those from Poland, Lithuania and Romania made up 30, 16 and 7% of all labour immigrants in 2013.

Family related immigration represented 32% of the non-Nordic immigration to Norway in 2013, the same as 2012. The total number of new family related permits given to non-EU/EFTA nationals decreased slightly from 12 500 in 2012 to 11 900 in 2013. In addition, 12 200 non-Nordic citizens of EU-countries declared that family ties were the basis for immigration when they registered their move to Norway. In 2013, the major non-EU/EFTA countries of origin for family related permits were Somalia, Thailand and the Philippines. Major non-Nordic EU-origin countries were Poland, Lithuania and Romania.

In 2013, 6 700 first time permits were granted for education and training purposes (including Au-pairs), compared to 7 300 in 2012. In addition, there were 4 400 new EU/EFTA registrations for education purposes. The number of new non-Nordic students thus fell by 410 from 2012. The major origins were -Germany, France, China and Spain. Of the more than 800 non-EU/EFTA students who changed status in 2013, 58% switched to a work status, 23% remained for family reasons and 19% were granted a job-search permit.

13% of non-Nordic immigrants were granted residence permits based on a need for protection or on humanitarian grounds in 2013, the same share as in 2012. In 2014, 11 500 persons applied for asylum, slightly less than the previous year but 17% more than in 2012. Eritrea was again the leading source of applications, followed by Syria and Somalia. In the first instance decision, residence permits were given to 67%, an increase from 62% the year before.

13 200 persons were naturalised in 2013, 800 more than in 2012. Former Somali and Iraqi citizens were again the two largest groups, with 1 670 and 1 660, respectively.

In 2014, the penalty limit for violating a re-entry ban for expelled foreigners was increased from six to twelve months. The one-year permit to learn Norwegian for foreign skilled workers has been eliminated due to limited uptake and evidence of misuse.

A temporary change in the Immigration Regulation gives children and their families who previously have applied for asylum and who have stayed in the country without a resident permit for at least three years as of September 30th 2013 the chance to gain residency if they fulfil certain requirements.

Measures to improve integration include a new Ethnicity Anti-discrimination Act prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity, religion and belief, a new Action Plan to combat radicalisation and violent extremism, and amendments to the Introductory Act to improve the quality of Norwegian language training and the Introduction Programme.

Further policy initiatives proposed in 2013-14 include a change in the Immigration Act requiring reference persons and their spouses to be at least 24 years of age for family establishment/formation and a stronger focus on returning persons without legal residence.

For further information

www.udi.no

www.ssb.no

www.regjeringen.no

www.imdi.no

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Norway

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260599

Poland

Permanent migration inflows to Poland continued the falling trend of recent years, according to data from the Central Population Register: 12 200 persons (including Polish citizens) arrived in 2013 for permanent stays. This constituted a fall of 16% compared to the inflow of 14 600 in 2012. The downward trend appeared to continue in the first half of 2014, when the inflow stood at 5 400, 5% below the corresponding level in 2013. The recorded outflow amounted to 32 100 persons in 2013, after 21 200 in 2012. These figures suggest a net emigration of about 20 000 persons.

In contrast to inflows for permanent stays, those for temporary stays (longer than three months) continue to grow: 81 000 persons (again including Polish citizens) arrived in 2013, 11% more than in 2012 and 22% more than in 2011. Close to four-fifths of the temporary migrants registered their residence in urban areas. The most frequent countries in which the temporary migrants had previously resided were Ukraine (31%), Germany (7%), Vietnam and Belarus (6% each).

After 48 000 residence permits were issued in 2012, this number fell to 44 000 in 2013. Two-thirds of them (30 000) were issued for a fixed term, 3 500 for permanent settlement, and 1 700 for long-term residence in the EU. Close to 9 000 residence permits were issued to EU citizens staying in Poland. At 39 000, the number of work permits issued in 2013 remained roughly stable compared to 2012 and 2011. Most holders of work permits originated from Ukraine (20 000) followed by China (3 000), Vietnam and Belarus (about 2 000 each) and India, Turkey and Uzbekistan (about 1 000 each). Employers’ applications for the recruitment of a seasonal worker numbered 236 000 in 2013, suggesting that seasonal labour migration has remained high. Demand for seasonal workers mainly arises in agriculture and construction.

The conflict in Ukraine contributed to an increase in applications for asylum in Poland: while fewer than 50 Ukrainians had sought asylum in Poland in 2013, 1 700 filed asylum applications by the end of September 2014. More asylum applications were only received from Russian citizens. In total, 4 900 individuals applied for asylum in 2012, rising to 7 300 in 2013.

The stock of residence permits provides an indication of the foreign population residing in Poland. At the end of 2013, there were 121 000 valid residence permits and another 60 000 permits registered the stay of an EU citizen. Among the former, the largest groups came from Ukraine (31%), Vietnam (11%), the Russian Federation (10%), Belarus (9%) and China (4%). Among the EU citizens, citizens of Germany, Italy, France and the United Kingdom were most frequent.

Since 2007, Poland has seen a steadily increasing number of international students. Their number climbed from 23 000 in 2011 to 26 000 in 2012. However, the share of international students in Polish tertiary education remains low, at 1.3% in 2012.

The stock of Polish citizens residing abroad at the end of 2013 was estimated at 2.2 million by Poland’s Central Statistical Office. Three-quarters of them appeared to have stayed in their destination country for more than one year, and more than 80% resided in other EU countries, especially in the United Kingdom (640 000) and Germany (560 000).

In April 2014, a law on employment and labour market institutions was amended with regards to irregular immigration. Voluntary returns of irregular migrants were given priority over expulsions. Under the new regulations, the responsibility for illegal employment of foreigners lies solely with the employers.

A new “Human Capital Development Strategy 2020” was adopted in June 2014, representing one of the nine main development strategies of the Polish government. The document sets a target of raising the share of foreign students spending at least one year at Polish universities to 5% by 2020. The law on foreigners enables migrants preparing for studies in Polish language to obtain a temporary residence permit under the same conditions as foreign students. It also prolongs the maximum duration of the first temporary residence permit from 12 to 15 months, and that of the subsequent permit from one to three years. Graduates of Polish universities can obtain a residence permit for one year in order to search for a job in Poland.

For further information

www.udsc.gov.pl

www.stat.gov.pl

www.mpips.gov.pl

http://cudzoziemcy.gov.pl/

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Poland

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260602

Portugal

The total stock of foreigners in Portugal fell from 454 000 in 2009 to 401 320 in 2013, a decline of almost 4% from the previous year. The fall reflects the economic recession and increased naturalisation. With the exception of nationals of Asian countries and, more recently from North America, the stock of foreigners from all continents declined.

According to the Ministry of Solidarity, Employment and Social Security’s “Lists of Personnel”, the number of foreign workers (excluding domestic workers) was estimated at 114 000 in 2013, 4.5% of the workers covered by this source, which excludes the self-employed and most public employees. “Administrative and support service activities” and “Accommodation and food service activities”, each accounted for 19% of total foreign employment, followed by “Wholesale and retail trade, vehicle repair” (14%) and “Manufacturing” (10%).

According to the Public Employment Services, 27 800 foreign nationals were registered as unemployed in 2014, 20% less than in the previous year, and the lowest number since 2008.

Overall net migration was negative by 36 200 in 2013. The emigration of Portuguese people increased with the recession, particularly after 2010. The outflow of long term migrants was estimated at 52 000 in 2012 and 53 800 in 2013, compared with 23 700 in 2010. The overall number of short-term and long-term emigrants in 2013 was 128 100: 96% were Portuguese and only 4% foreigners, the same as in the previous year. Western Europe was the major destination, receiving more than 60% of the outflow in 2013. However, non-European destinations, such as Brazil and particularly Angola, have recently attracted significant numbers of Portuguese. Although their share is increasing, women account for only a third of the total emigrant flow. An increasing proportion of the emigrant flow is skilled, especially those going to the United Kingdom and Norway.

After a small increase in 2012, the decline in long-term visa resumed in 2013 with a fall to 14 400, mainly fewer study visas, which fell from 8 700 in 2012 to 3 300 (23% of total issues) in 2013. In contrast, the growth trend in work visas accelerated, reaching 5 800 (42% of total issues) in 2013, 3 200 more than in 2012. Over a quarter of work visas issued in 2013 were for highly skilled employment. 2 700 (19% of total) long-term visas were issued for family reasons. Brazil was again the main source of long-term visas with 28% of the total, although its importance has been declining. Portuguese speaking African countries (PALOP) accounted for 4 400 long-term visa issues in 2013 and Europe for 1 200, including 480 from Eastern Europe.

The fall in the number of new residence permits which began in 2008 continued in 2013, falling to 33 200 issues, a 54% decline over the period. The composition of those granted residence status in 2013 changed from the preceding year: the number of Brazilians almost halved to 6 700, approximately one-fifth of the total, while EU citizens remained relatively stable at 12 900 in 2013. The number of permits issued to nationals of the pre-2004 EU members slightly increased. Nationals of Asian countries and Oceania received 5 400 residence permits (16% of the total) in 2013, 1 000 more than the previous year.

The number of asylum seekers has increased since 2008, peaking at 510 claims in 2013. In 2014, the number dropped to 440, still higher than the annual average in the previous decade. While asylum claims from Syria, Guinea, Nigeria and Senegal declined, the number of Ukrainian asylum seekers rose significantly from 2 in 2013 to 160 (36% of claims) in 2014. The recognition rate fell slightly to 24% in 2014.

Naturalisations have increased, reaching 24 500 in 2013, 12% up on 2012. PALOP countries accounted for 38% of the total and Brazil for 21%, similar to previous years.

A new regime for Immigrant Investors enacted in the Immigration Law of August 2012, and implemented in September 2012, is aimed at attracting talented and investor migrants. It entitles non-EU investors to a “Golden Residence Permit” without the previous requirement of a Residence Visa. Investors must investment a minimum of EUR 500 000 in real estateto, EUR 1 million in business, or create a business generating at least ten new jobs. The visas started slowly, with 150 issued by August 2013, but by the end of 2014, more than 2 000 visas had been issued. While the overwhelming majority were issued to Chinese nationals, the next nationalities were the Russian Federation and Angola.

For further information

www.imigrante.pt

www.sef.pt

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Portugal

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260610

Romania

After high net emigration from Romania in recent years following the accession to the EU, official statistics on migration inflow (165 000 persons) approached those of outflow (172 000) in 2013, leaving a net emigration of only 7 000 persons. In 2007, by contrast, the official outflow had been more than six times higher than the inflow. An increase by 4.7% in the number of non-EU citizens moving to Romania (58 500 in 2013) contributed to closing the gap between the outflow and the inflow. Returning emigrants made up small proportions of the inflow, and even in counties with the highest emigration rates, return migration did not exceed 7% of the total immigration.

Among the incoming migrants, 2 100 received work authorisations, mainly for permanent workers (1 600), athletes (200), posted workers (160) and highly skilled workers (140). Most incoming migrants, however, entered on the basis of family reunification or as family members of Romanian citizens, or for study.

In total, immigrants residing in Romania in 2013 represented about 0.5% of the population, and their number fell from 102 800 in 2012 to 97 400 in 2013. 60% were non-EU citizens, with the largest groups coming from Moldova (11 700 persons), Turkey (9 400), China (7 900), Syria (3 100) and the United States (2 000). By far the largest group of EU citizens in Romania came from Italy (10 400 persons). Just over 21 000 migrants were employed in 2013, including 3 400 from Turkey, 2 300 from China, 1 900 from Italy, 1 300 from Hungary, and 1 100 from Moldova. The number of residence permits for students stood at close to 8 000 in March 2013. Almost half of all migrants resided in or around Bucharest.

Emigration of highly skilled professionals – especially health care personnel, but also teachers and IT specialists – continued to be a concern for the Romanian authorities. According to the National Institute of Statistics, a total of 2.3 million Romanians had been living abroad for at least one year on January 1, 2013. Women accounted for 49% of them, and 56% were between 25 and 44 years old. National statistics in the main destination countries, Italy and Spain, respectively showed 1.1 million and 796 000 Romanians resident at the end of 2013. Any remaining restrictions on the employment of Romanian nationals in other EU Member States were lifted in January 2014. It is unclear whether this was associated with an increase in emigration from Romania, as reliable data on previous years are unavailable.

The number of migrants transiting through Romanian territory as a gateway to the Schengen area increased, reflecting the situation in Northern Africa, Ukraine and the Middle East. At the borders with Moldova, Ukraine and Serbia, more irregular migration was observed in 2013 than in 2012. Asylum applications reached the level of 1 500, exceeding the average of previous years. Two-thirds of the asylum seekers came from Syria (1 000 persons), while asylum seekers from Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan together accounted for 130 applications.

Romania sets annual quotas for work authorisations to be issued, although historically demand has been lower than the quotas. For both 2014 and 2015, the quotas were set at 5 500, including 900 intra-corporate transfers and 900 highly skilled migrants.

New legislation in 2014 has in many cases implemented EU regulations, as Romania assumes its role in the EU’s Dublin system and prepares for joining the Schengen area. Standards have been set for asylum procedures, co-operation with other EU Member States, and return of asylum seekers whose application is rejected. Further, the rights of non-EU citizens in employment have been defined, and a single application procedure has been established through which non-EU citizens obtain residence and work authorisations at the same time. Since September 2014, applications to the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI) can be submitted via an online portal prior to an appointment. In November 2014, the so-called “Approval scheme” introduced stricter requirements for labour market tests and for the employers who seek to recruit non-EU citizens. Approval of such recruitment has to be obtained before a non-EU citizen applies for a work visa to take up the job.

To maintain links with Romanians abroad and to support their cultural activities, a national strategy has been adopted for the period 2013-16. In 2014, a privileged access to Romanian citizenship was introduced for members of the Romanian diaspora.

For further information

www.insse.ro

www.mai.gov.ro

www.igi.mai.gov.ro

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Romania

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260628

Russian Federation

The net migration inflow to the Russian Federation stood at 270 000 persons in 2014, according to official Rosstat statistics. While net immigration was lower than in 2013 (when it stood at 296 000), the gross migration inflow and outflow were both higher in 2014 than in 2013. The migration inflow in 2014 reached 578 000, an increase of 20% over the 2013 level. Immigrants in 2014 mainly came from other CIS countries: Uzbekistan (131 000 persons), followed by Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Among non-CIS countries, People’s Republic of China was the main origin of immigrants (11 000 persons). As in 2013, immigrants from Uzbekistan accounted for one-quarter of the entire inflow. At 308 000 persons, the migration outflow was particularly high in 2014, likely because foreign workers whose registration expires are counted as emigrants. The outflow was mainly directed to the CIS countries of Uzbekistan (94 000), Tajikistan (35 000) and Ukraine (30 000), and to China (9 000). The highest net inflow from any country came from Ukraine (80 000).

According to the Federal Migration Service, 322 000 temporary residence permits were issued in 2014 and 140 000 permanent ones. Almost 80% of residence permits went to nationals of the following five countries: Ukraine (147 000), Uzbekistan (61 000), Kazakhstan (56 000), Armenia (46 000) and Tajikistan (37 000). At the end of 2014, the Russian Federation counted a total of 890 000 residence permit holders, 20% more than in 2013. The same CIS countries that dominated the inflow also accounted for around 70% of the stock.

Temporary labour migration continued to grow in 2014. After 2.9 million in 2013, more than 3.7 million permissions to work were issued in 2014. About 1.3 million foreigners obtained regular work permits, mostly based on quotas. Work permits issued on a quota-free basis numbered 159 000 in 2014, an increase of 22% since 2013. The number of special permits for highly-skilled workers rose strongly to 34 000. Most highly-skilled workers entered with visas, coming from countries such as China, Viet Nam, Turkey, and the Philippines. Approximately 2.4 million citizens of countries with visa-free entry purchased patents (licenses) to work in private households, a 55% increase over 2013 that might reflect comparatively simple procedures for patents. Among all incoming temporary labour migrants, those from Uzbekistan alone accounted for almost 40%, followed by those from Tajikistan (18 %), Ukraine (12%), Kyrgyzstan and the Republic of Moldova (about 7% each). Sizeable numbers of migrant workers also came from non-CIS countries, such as China (85 000), the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (33 000) and Turkey (32 000).

The stock of foreign students in Russian tertiary education reached 221 000 in the academic year 2014/2015, the highest level since 2009. Nearly four-fifths were students from CIS countries, mainly Kazakhstan (56 000), Ukraine (20 000), Belarus (18 000), and Turkmenistan (18 000).

Close to 160 000 persons were naturalised in 2014. The majority benefited from simplified procedures available in particular to former USSR citizens and the Russian diaspora. While most naturalisations still occurred under a repatriation programme (34% in 2014), naturalisations of spouses of Russian citizens have become the second largest category (17% in 2014). Amendments to citizenship laws in 2014 simplified the naturalisation of native Russian speakers, investors and entrepreneurs. A requirement of three years of work experience in the Russian Federation was introduced for applicants who graduated from Russian educational institutions. Another special law provided Russian citizenship to permanent residents of Crimea, unless they opt out.

The conflict in Ukraine led large numbers of Ukrainian residents to cross into the Russian Federation in 2014. More than 267 000 persons applied for temporary protection in 2014, almost 100 times more than in 2013. Russian migration policy in 2014 was focused mainly on the management of this inflow, classified by the Russian Federation as humanitarian migrants. A decree facilitated support for this group, and asylum applications from Ukrainian nationals were fast-tracked with a three-day processing limit instead of three months. An obligation to undergo medical clearance within ten days of admission was introduced. Changes to the repatriation programme allow for the participation of persons classified as refugees from Ukraine.

Since January 2015, all migrant workers who enjoy visa-free entry have been required to obtain a patent instead of a work permit. This patent can be associated with considerable monthly fees. With the exception of highly-skilled migrants and nationals of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan, foreign workers must provide a health insurance certificate and pass a Russian language test.

For further information

www.fms.gov.ru

www.fms.gov.ru/government_services

www.mid.ru

www.gks.ru

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Russian Federation

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260636

Slovak Republic

Migration flows recorded in the Slovak Republic have remained relatively small. According to the Slovak Statistical Office, the migration inflow decreased from 5 400 persons in 2012 to 5 100 in 2013, while the outflow increased from 2 000 persons in 2012 to 2 800 in 2013. As a result, net immigration contracted to 2 300. Incoming migrants mainly originated from the Czech Republic (1 100 persons), the United Kingdom (600) and Hungary (400); the migration outflow was directed primarily to the Czech Republic (900), Austria (600) and the United Kingdom (300). America and Asia together accounted for 500 incoming and 200 outgoing migrants. However, these figures are based on recorded changes of permanent address and appear to underestimate the true migration flows considerably.

The number of newly issued residence permits fluctuated around 10 000 annually between 2010 and 2012, but reached almost 17 000 in 2013. Most of this increase was due to arrivals of third country nationals. This sudden increase can be partially attributed to a statistical change, as renewals later than three months after the expiration of a previous permit are now counted as first permits. Stocks of residence permit holders increased from 68 000 persons in 2012 to 72 000 in 2013 and 74 000 by mid-2014. About 56 000 of the permits were permanent. While the majority of residence permit holders are citizens of EEA countries, the number of non-EEA citizens has been increasing and exceeded 27 000 persons in mid-2014. At the end of 2013, the largest groups among the non-EEA citizens came from Ukraine (6 900 persons), Serbia (4 000), the Russian Federation (2 600), Vietnam (2 100) and China (1 900). Close to half of all non-EEA citizens resided in the region of the capital Bratislava.

The labour market situation continued to be unfavourable in 2013, as the unemployment rate stood at 14.2%. Inflows of foreign workers dropped by about a third in 2013 to 8 800 persons. Both EEA citizens and non-EEA citizens contributed to this fall. The downward trend appeared to continue in the first half of 2014, when 4 200 incoming foreign workers were registered. The stock of foreign workers nevertheless increased from 14 300 in 2012 to 17 800 in 2013 and reached 18 400 in mid-2014. Among them, only about 4 000 were non-EEA citizens. While the majority of work permits for non-EEA citizens is granted for periods of over 12 months, most of the EEA citizens hold permits for less than three months. In 2013, the most frequent countries of origin among foreign workers were Romania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Bulgaria.

The Slovaks who work abroad numbered 136 000 at the end of 2013, according to labour force survey data. While this exceeds the 2011 figure (116 000), substantially more (180 000) had been working abroad in 2007. The primary destination countries in 2013 for Slovaks working abroad were the Czech Republic, Austria, Germany, the United Kingdom and Hungary.

No rise in irregular migration was observed through mid-2014, despite the conflict in Ukraine: after a total of 1 500 irregular border crossings were detected in 2012, 1 100 were counted in 2013 and 500 in the first half of 2014. Irregular migrants in 2013 came especially from Somalia and Afghanistan. Only 400 persons applied for refugee status in 2013, the lowest number since 2000. Somali and Afghani nationals were again the largest groups. More than half of all application procedures were terminated because the applicants had apparently moved on to other countries. During the first eight months of 2014, another 200 persons applied for refugee status.

Changes to asylum legislation, mainly to implement EU Directives 2011/95 and 2011/98, took effect in January 2014. They allow for asylum applications to be filed in more locations, clarify the asylum procedure in the case when a child is born to a mother who applied for asylum or who was granted supplementary protection, widen the circle of persons to whom asylum or supplementary protection can be granted on the grounds of family reunification, and specify the procedure for readmission in the case of foreigners who reside in the country irregularly.

For further information:

www.minv.sk

www.employment.gov.sk

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Slovak Republic

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260647

Slovenia

After a migration inflow of 15 000 in 2012 and 13 900 in 2013, 10 100 immigrated to Slovenia during the first nine months of 2014, according to Slovenia’s Statistical Office. The main countries of previous residence in 2013 were Bosnia and Herzegovina (4 000), Croatia (1 400), Serbia and Kosovo (1 300 each). Slovene citizens made up one-sixth of the inflow in 2013, but one-fifth during the first nine months of 2014. By contrast, they represented close to 60% of the migration outflow both in 2013 and in the first nine months of 2014. The outflow amounted to 13 400 in 2013 and to 10 400 in the first nine months of 2014. Those emigrating in 2013 mainly went to Germany (1 900), Austria (1 700), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1 700) and Croatia (1 400).

The net migration outflow of 5 500 Slovenian citizens in 2013 was offset by a net migration inflow of 6 000 foreigners, so that overall net migration was small: a net inflow of 500 persons in 2013. Over the first nine months of 2014, however, a net migration outflow of 4 100 Slovenian citizens outweighed the net migration inflow of 3 800 foreigners, leading to a small net outflow overall.

About 9 100 new temporary residence permits were issued in 2013, the lowest number since 2009. Most permits were granted for reasons of work (38%), family (35%) or study (8%). In addition, 8 800 new certificates were issued to EEA or Swiss citizens. In 2014, 36 000 residence permits were issued to non-EEA citizens, including renewals and permanent permits. Nationals of Bosnia and Herzegovina (16 900), Kosovo (6 200) and Serbia (4 900) accounted for the largest numbers of permits. EEA or Swiss citizens received 10 500 registration certificates and 800 permanent permits in 2014, among them 3 500 Croatians, 3 200 Bulgarians and 900 Italians.

The stock of valid residence permits for non-EEA nationals stood at 88 000 at the end of 2013. Nationals of Bosnia and Herzegovina (46 900), Kosovo (12 700), the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (10 500) and Serbia (9 900) were most frequent in this group. The stock of temporary permits and registration certificates for EEA or Swiss citizens stood at 22 400 at the end of 2013 and rose slightly to 22 700 in 2014. The largest groups were the same in both years: Croatians numbered 10 800 at the end of 2013 and 10 300 at the end of 2014; Bulgarians numbered respectively 3 500 and 3 900; Italians numbered respectively 1 700 and 2 100; and Germans numbered respectively 1 000 and 1 100. The largest share (approaching 50%) of the temporary permits and the registration certificates had been granted for reasons of work, followed by family reunification.

More than 900 irregular migrants were identified in 2013, often from Afghanistan (110), Kosovo (90), Albania and Somalia (80 each). In the first ten months of 2014, 700 irregular migrants were counted, most often from Albania and Syria. Close to 1 000 migrants were expelled in 2013, primarily nationals of Afghanistan and Somalia. The number of expulsions approached 650 after the first ten months of 2014, and concerned primarily Albanians and Eritreans.

The numbers of applications for asylum have fallen over recent years: from 500 in 2011 to 300 in 2012, and to 270 in 2013. The main countries of origin among asylum seekers were Syria (23%), Kosovo (13%) and Algeria (8%). About 40 applicants were granted a status of international protection in 2013. At the end of 2013, 300 persons with international protection status were residing in Slovenia.

In July 2013, a scheme ended that allowed citizens of former Yugoslavia to regularise and obtain a permanent residence permit. More than 1 800 applications were received over the duration of the scheme. Permanent residence may still be requested on an individual basis.

Integration programmes for non-EEA citizens consist of language training and of courses in history, culture and constitution. After about 1 500 foreigners participated in language courses in 2012, another 2 000 participated in 2013. The language examination was taken by 600 foreigners in 2013, and 70% of them passed.

One-stop shops were introduced in 2014 to simplify the permit procedures, following implementation of the EU Single Permit Directive. Changes in September 2015 are expected to further simplify the permit procedure.

For further information

www.mddsz.gov.si/en

www.mnz.gov.si/en

www.stat.si/eng

www.infotujci.si

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Slovenia

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260651

Spain

As in previous years, Spain recorded net emigration rather than net immigration in 2013. The outflow of foreigners exceeded the inflow by 211 000 persons in 2013. The (gross) migration inflow of foreigners reached 248 000 persons and the outflow stood at almost 460 000. There was also net emigration of Spanish nationals in 2013: while 73 000 emigrated, 32 000 immigrated. Among the emigrating Spanish nationals, two-thirds were born in Spain and one-third were foreign-born; about three-quarters were of working age (16-64 years).

The stock of foreign population in Spain, as measured by municipal population registers, has fallen considerably. According to the National Statistical Institute, 5 million foreign nationals were registered at the end of 2013, representing 11% of the total registered population. This was 546 000 persons fewer than in 2012. The top five groups of foreigners – comprising half the total – came from Romania (928 000 persons), Morocco (785 000), the United Kingdom (266 000), Ecuador (224 000) and Italy (205 000).

The decline in Spain’s foreign population can in large part be attributed to naturalisations. To reduce delays in processing applications for naturalisation, the Ministry of Justice adopted a plan for processing them based on applicants’ residence. As a result, 440 000 cases were resolved by April 2014.

The stock of Spanish nationals living abroad continued to grow at an annual rate of around 7% and exceeded two million in January 2014, according to the Register of Spaniards Resident Abroad. The main countries of residence were Argentina (about 400 000 Spaniards), France (215 000), Venezuela (190 000), Germany and Brazil (about 120 000 each). Two-thirds of Spaniards living abroad were born abroad as descendants of Spanish emigrants.

Close to 1.6 million foreign nationals were registered as being employed in Spain in 2013. More than 600 000 were EU citizens. Services accounted for almost three-quarters of foreigners’ employment, followed by the agricultural sector (13%) and construction (6%). About 3 200 new work permits were issued to non-EU citizens in 2013, primarily to nationals of the Philippines (340), China (330) and the United States (240). Another 3 100 permits were issued for seasonal work, 76% of which went to Moroccan nationals.

Applications for international protection rose by 75%, from 2 600 applications in 2012 to 4 500 in 2013. Applicants from Mali (1 500 in 2013) and Syria (730) drove this increase and together accounted for half of all applicants. Irregular border crossings observed in Ceuta and Melilla likewise rose strongly in 2013, by almost 50% to 4 200. According to Frontex, inflows intensified during the first half of 2014. At the same time, the levels of irregular migrants arriving by boat, for example on the Canary Islands, remained low in comparison to recent years. Almost 9 000 persons were expelled from Spain in 2013, and another 1 200 were sent back to other EU countries.

The Entrepreneurial Support and Internationalisation Act adopted in 2013 was designed to facilitate the entry and residence of international investors, entrepreneurs, highly qualified professionals, researchers and intra-corporate transfers. By December 2014, 3 100 visas and permits had been issued in this context and almost EUR 700 millions of direct investment had been obtained, which was expected to create about 13 000 jobs, according to government estimates.

The growing link between migration and trade policy was also reflected in a bilateral agreement with Mexico signed in 2014, to facilitate movement of people associated with investment or entrepreneurship. An agreement for working holiday makers was signed with Australia in September 2014.

A law approved in January 2013 extended retraining programmes and entitlement to financial support to unemployed persons who have reached the end of their unemployment benefit. Although the programme does not specifically target immigrants, they are represented among the beneficiaries. In 2013, 250 000 foreigners were placed in jobs by the employment services, representing 11% of all beneficiaries. Self-employment support was provided to 3 800 foreigners, representing 6% of all beneficiaries.

The development in irregular migration prompted new regulation on detention facilities, adopted in March 2014. It reinforces the guarantees for migrants and specifies rules and obligations in areas such as welfare, healthcare, visiting schedules, and interpretation services.

A protocol for unaccompanied minors was signed in July 2014 to co-ordinate the intervention of all institutions and administrative bodies involved in the process, from the location and identification of minors to public child protection services and documentation.

For further information

http://extranjeros.empleo.gob.es/es/index.html

www.empleo.gob.es/es/estadisticas/index.htm

www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_migrac.htm

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Spain

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260666

Sweden

The Swedish population increased by a record of 102 500 persons during 2014, of which two thirds were foreign-born (70 100). Foreign-born residents numbered 1.6 million in December 2014 and comprised 17% of the Swedish population. 739 400 (8%) were foreign nationals. More than half of the foreign-born came from Europe and almost a third from Asia. Finns (158 500) accounted for about 10% of the total foreign-born population followed by Iraqis (130 200) and Poles (81 700). Another 488 700 residents were Swedish-born with two foreign-born parents.

Immigration to Sweden in 2014 was 10% higher than in 2013 and reached a record of 127 000. Syrian nationals were the largest group (17%) followed by returning Swedish nationals (16%). Stateless and Eritrean nationals each accounted for 5%. Emigration also slightly rose, albeit only by 1%, to 51 200, resulting in net migration of 75 700 (compared with 65 100 the year before).

110 600 persons were granted residence permits and rights of residence (excluding renewals) in 2014, 5% fewer than the 2013 peak (116 600). Family migrants (42 400) accounted for 38% of the total, compared with 34% in 2013. The number of permits granted to refugees and persons otherwise in need of protection rose from 29 000 (or a quarter of the total) in 2013 to 35 600 (32% of the total) in 2014. Permits for employment (15%) dropped from 19 300 to 15 900, and those for the purpose of study rose from 7 600 to 9 200 (or 8% of the total). Residence under EU/EEA agreements fell from 20 700 in 2013 to 7 400 (8% of the total) in 2014.

Low qualified work in agriculture and fishery (2 900 permits) remained the leading occupational group among all permits issued in 2014 for the purpose of employment, despite a fall of 51% compared with the previous year. Computing specialists (2 500, down from 3 500 in 2013) and researchers (1 100) followed. India became the main country of origin (3 400) among labour migrants while the number of new workers from Thailand halved from 6 400 in 2013 to 3 000 in 2014. Other important sources were China (1 300), the United States and Syria (both 800).

In 2014, 81 300 persons applied for asylum in Sweden, a 50% increase on the year before and the highest recorded figure since 1992. Overall, 58% of decisions in 2014 were positive, a higher proportion than in 2013 (49%). Applications from Syria reached 30 600 in 2014, almost twice the 2013 level (16 300). Other main origins were Eritrea (11 500), Stateless (8 100), Somalia (4 800) and former Yugoslavia (4 000). Applications from unaccompanied children doubled compared with the previous year, reaching 7 000 in 2014 with most minors originating from Afghanistan, Eritrea, Syria and Somalia.

In 2014, 43 500 individuals were naturalised, down 6 700 on the year before. Iraqi nationals were the largest group (17%), followed by Finns and Somalis (7% each), Poles (6%) and Thais (5%).

Since July 2014, international students who graduated from a Swedish university or college may remain for up to six months to look for work or set up their own business. International doctoral students qualify for permanent residence in Sweden, provided they have held a study permit in Sweden for four out of the prior seven years.

In June 2014, the Swedish parliament discontinued the language proficiency-training (SFI)-bonus after evaluation had shown only a limited effect on the performance of SFI students.

The government intends to implement a cohesive national and permanent system of validation to improve opportunities for complementary training and allow more people with a foreign university degree or completed tertiary education that correspond to programs under the Higher Education Act to complete their education in Sweden.

Amendments to the Citizenship Act to increase the symbolic value of Swedish citizenship and to make it easier for children and young persons to apply for Swedish citizenship entered into force in April 2015.

The Swedish government has prolonged the introduction plan for parents on part-time parental leave in order to make it easier for them to combine parenthood with participation in introduction activities.

In February 2015, the Public Employment Service decided to discontinue the introduction guide mission (Etableringslots) for newly arrived migrants. The programme was cancelled after an increasing number of complaints about inefficiencies, poor quality of assistance and abuse. A review of the introduction guide mission by The National Audit Office pointed to similar problems.

For further information

www.migrationsverket.se

www.scb.se

www.regeringen.se

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Sweden

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260673

Switzerland

In 2014, 152 000 foreigners came to Switzerland for long-term stays, 2% less than in 2013. This was the first decline since 2009. Citizens from EU/EFTA countries represented almost three-quarters of the inflow. The two largest groups, German and Italian citizens, respectively represented 16% (23 800 persons) and 12% (17 800) of the total inflow. Portuguese and French citizens respectively accounted for 10% (14 900 persons) and 9% (13 800). While 64% of the EU/EFTA nationals come for employment purposes, the main reason for immigration of non-EU/EFTA citizens was family reunification (47% of the inflow).

The emigration flow from Switzerland, measured by resident foreigners who de-register with the authorities, reached 69 200 persons in 2014 after 70 300 in 2013. EU/EFTA nationals accounted for 73% in 2014, including 15 900 German, 6 200 French, 5 800 Italian and 5 600 Portuguese citizens. Net immigration to Switzerland stood at 78 900 persons in 2013, 2% below the level in 2013. In 2014, the largest net immigration flows were observed with Italy, Portugal, France and Germany.

At the end of 2014, 1.95 million foreign nationals were residing permanently in Switzerland, 60 400 more than in 2013. The foreign population was equivalent to 24% of the total resident population, slightly more than in the previous year. The most frequent nationalities in 2014 were Italians and Germans (representing respectively 16% and 15% of the foreign population), Portuguese (14%) and French citizens (6%).

Close to 80 500 foreign nationals came to Switzerland permanently in 2014 in order to work, an increase of 3% over the level in 2013. About 90% of the 2014 inflow for work comprised EU/EFTA citizens, principally from Germany (16 800), from Italy (11 500), France (9 000) as well as from Portugal (8 500).

The student population in the academic year 2013/2014 included 45 300 students who had come to Switzerland to study, according to the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics. This figure continued the rising trend in recent years. Close to 35 500 were enrolled in universities, while 9 800 attended other tertiary-level institutions.

The number of new applications for asylum fell by 25% from 2012 to 2013, from 28 600 to 21 500. However, applications rose by 11% from 2013 to 2014, approaching 23 800. The largest group of applicants in 2013 were Eritrean nationals (2 600 applicants), followed by Syrian (3 800) and Nigerian nationals (1 800). In 2014, Eritreans (6 900) were again most frequent, followed by Syrians (3 100) and nationals of Sri Lanka (1 300). Asylum was granted to 6 200 applicants in 2014 (3 200 in 2013), corresponding to a recognition rate of 25%, after 15% in 2013.

The number of naturalisations slightly decreased in 2014 to 33 300. Italians (4 500) represented the largest group among those who acquired the Swiss nationality, followed by Germans (4 100), Kosovars (2 600) and Portuguese (2 500).

In February 2014, Swiss citizens approved the initiative “Against mass immigration” with a slight majority of 50.3%. This initiative aims to introduce annual quantitative limits and quotas for all foreign nationals and to establish a priority for Swiss residents when new staff is recruited. The Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons that regulates admission of EU citizens will have to be amended. Another initiative (called “ECOPOP”) that sought to create further quantitative restrictions for immigration was rejected by three-quarters of the votes in November 2014.

The Swiss Federal Council meanwhile reduced the annual quotas applying to non-EU/EFTA workers in 2015. A ceiling on new permits for stays of more than one year was set at 2 500 annually, and the number of permits for stays from four months up to one year was fixed at 4 000. By this measure, the government aims to make employers draw more on potential sources of labour supply within Switzerland.

For further information

www.sem.admin.ch

www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/07.html

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Switzerland

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260686

Turkey

Turkey continues to attract increasing numbers of foreign nationals due to its geographical position as a bridge between the East and the West and recent shifts in the pattern of humanitarian migration following the political turmoil in the Middle East.

In 2013, a total of 313 700 residence permits (including first issuances and renewals) were issued by the General Directorate of Security, Foreigners, Border and Asylum Bureau, a 2% decrease from the previous year but an increase of 72% on 2010 (182 300 permits). As in preceding years, most residence permits were granted on the grounds of family reunification (24%). The second highest share of permits (23%) was issued for the purpose of short-term residence (maximum duration of one year) while 19% were granted on the grounds of long-term residence (for persons who have continuously resided in Turkey for at least eight years). Residence permits granted for the purpose of education and work accounted for 16% and 14%, respectively, but the number of work-related residence permits has increased significantly over the last years (5% since 2012 and 66% since 2010). In the 2013-14 academic year the total number of international students was 48 000, a 50% increase from two years earlier.

In addition, a total of 52 300 work permits (including extensions) were issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security in 2014. Most work permits were issued to nationals of Georgia (7 600 permits), Ukraine (4 300 permits), Turkmenistan (2 600 permits) and China (2 600 permits), mainly for domestic work and employment in accommodation.

At the same time, the number of contract workers sent abroad by the Turkish Employment Agency fell by 17% to 55 400 in 2013 (after a significant increase to 67 000 in 2012), but was still above the 2011 level. Most contract workers were sent to Iraq (15 300 workers), followed by the Russian Federation (13 500), and Saudi Arabia (5 200).

Apprehensions of irregular migrants have increased from 32 700 cases in 2010 to 47 500 in 2012 and 39 900 in 2013. In 2014, this number reached 58 600.

In addition to this, the conflict in Syria has led to the influx of almost 1.7 million recorded Syrian refugees by early 2015, for which Turkey has implemented a temporary protection regime. In April 2015, 14% of the total number of registered Syrian refugees resided in camps. The Turkish government has made significant efforts to accommodate the rising numbers and provided aid equivalent to USD 5.6 billion since 2011 to Syrian refugees.

With ongoing political turmoil in the region the number of asylum applications in 2013 stood at 30 300, 2% more than in 2012. The number of applications filed by Iraqi nationals increased by 48% on the previous year, reaching 14 100. Afghan nationals field 7 400 applications in 2013, followed by Iranian nationals (4 600 applications in 2013).

Remittances continue to show a downward trend from USD 1.4 billion in 2008 to USD 900 million in 2013, representing 0.1% of GDP (compared with 0.2% in 2008).

With the adoption of the new Law on Foreigners and International Protection in April 2013 and the establishment of a Directorate General for Migration Management under the Ministry of Interior, Turkey has taken steps to modernise its migration management and committed itself to integrate immigrants and treat asylum seekers and irregular migrants according to international norms and standards.

A readmission agreement between Turkey and the European Union, in force since October 2014, enables both parties to return irregular migrants from third countries entering from each other’s territory. In parallel, a dialogue on visa liberalisation for Turkish nationals has been initiated. Official ties between -Turkey and the EU border management agency FRONTEX were institutionalised in 2013, marking a significant shift in border management and control procedures.

Since April 2014, applicants sponsoring residence permits for their dependents (including spouses and children) are required to obtain foreign police clearance for themselves from their country of nationality and country of last legal residence for five years.

A law allowing Turkish nationals residing abroad to cast votes in Turkish elections from their host countries was put into practice during the 2014 presidential elections.

Turkey took over the Chairmanship of the Global Forum on Migration and Development in July 2014 and will host the Eighth Meeting of the Global Forum on Migration and Development in October 2015.

For further information

www.iskur.gov.tr

www.tuik.gov.tr

www.nvi.gov.tr/English,En_Html.html

www.csgb.gov.tr

www.mfa.gov.tr

www.goc.gov.tr

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

Turkey

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260695

United Kingdom

In 2014, the number of foreign nationals living in the United Kingdom rose to 5.2 million, an increase of 4% on the year before. Foreign nationals accounted for 8% of the total UK population. Nationals of the post-2004 EU accession countries rose to 1.5 million and comprised 30% of all foreigners. Poles were the largest foreign group, reaching 826 000 in 2014, 16% of all foreign citizens. Foreign-born residents numbered 8.1 million in 2014, equal to 13% of the total population.

2.9 million foreign nationals worked in the United Kingdom in 2014, comprising around 9% of the total workforce, the highest recorded figure. Just over a third of these were in highly skilled occupations¹ and almost four in ten worked in London. Non-UK nationals have lower employment rates (70%) compared to UK nationals (73%), and 228 000 foreign nationals were unemployed, a rate of 7.3%, compared with 6.1% of the domestic workforce.

Net long-term migration to the United Kingdom was estimated to be 298 000 in the year ending September 2014, a 42% rise on the previous 12 months, but below the peak of 320 000 in the year ending June 2005. The estimated number of people arriving to live in the United Kingdom for at least one year was 624 000 in the year ending September 2014, 94 000 more than the previous 12 months. The outflow of 327 000 in the year ending September 2014 was similar to the year before (320 000). The net outflow of 55 000 British citizens was more than compensated for by a net inflow of 353 000 non-British.

The number of work-related visas (including dependants) increased by 8% from 154 800 in 2013 to 167 200 in 2014. Visas (including dependants) issued to skilled workers with a job offer under Tier 2 increased by 13% from 80 000 in 2013 to 90 700 in 2014. Of these, 62 300 were issued in the intra-company transfer category. Fewer visas were issued for high value migrants in Tier 1 categories (by 15% from 11 600 in 2013 to 9 900 in 2014), due to a fall in the number of visas issued to dependants of migrants in the now-closed Tier 1 (General). However, the number of visas issued to Tier 1 (Investor) migrants (including dependants) increased by 87% (from 1 600 to 3 000) over the period.

The number of work-related extensions of stay, by contrast, fell by 28% from 122 500 in 2013 to 88 600 in 2014, largely due to the previous closure of the Tier 1 (General) and Tier 1 (Post Study Work) routes. Most extensions are by skilled workers in the Tier 2 category. Extensions in the Tier 1 (Entrepreneur) category rose from 5 000 in 2013 to 7 800 in 2014 but a large proportion of this was due to applicants switching from the now closed Tier 1 (Post Study Work) category.

Study-related visas granted rose slightly to 220 100 in 2014 (+0.7%). The number of university sponsored study visa applications (main applicants) was stable (168 600). Government attempts to curb abuse of the student entry route led to a 10% fall for the further education sector, to 19 400.

The number of people granted permission to stay permanently in 2014 decreased by one third from the previous year to 103 100. Work related grants were the main category (38 800 grants), followed by family-related grants (32 600) Family grants were down from 59 600 in 2013 possibly due to a rule introduced in 2013 requiring applicants for settlement to demonstrate knowledge of language and life in the United Kingdom.

There were 125 800 citizenship grants in 2014 (down 40% from the previous year): 50% on the basis of residence; 26% to children related to British nationals and 21% based on marriage.

24 900 asylum applications were made in 2014, a 6% rise compared with 2013. Of 19 900 decisions made in 2014, 41% were granted asylum, humanitarian protection, discretionary leave or other type of grant.

In 2013, a number of minor changes were made to the Points Based System and a Genuineness test for Tier 4 students applying for leave to remain was introduced. The major legislative development in 2014 was a new Immigration Act, designed to make it easier to identify and deport illegal immigrants and make it more difficult for them to live in the United Kingdom.

For further information

www.gov.uk/government/collections/migration-statistics

www.ons.gov.uk

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

United Kingdom

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260701

Note

 1. Usually defined as “Managers, Directors and Senior Officials”, “Professional Occupations” and “Associates Professional and Technical Occupations”.

United States

The number of persons granted Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR) (or immigrant) status in the United States in fiscal year (FY) 2013 decreased by 4% from the previous year to 990 600. (All figures are for US fiscal years, October through September). Of these, 459 800 (46%) were new arrivals.

Family-sponsored immigrants accounted for two-thirds (649 800) of all persons granted LPR status in 2013, a slight decline on the previous year due to delays in processing as the number of petitions requested for immediate relatives of US nationals increased. The number of employment-based grants (including family members) rose to 161 100 (16% of total) due to a temporary increase in the limit on employment migration. The diversity program, which allocates 50 000 immigrant visas annually by lottery to nationals of countries with small shares of immigration to the United States, accounted for 5% of LPR grants.

In 2013, 41.3 million foreign-born resided in the United States, 13% of the total population. Mexico remained the leading country of birth, accounting for 28% of the foreign-born, followed by India (5%), the Philippines (5%) and China (4%).

69 900 refugees were admitted in 2013 (20% up on 2012), while 77 400 refugees admitted in previous years adjusted to LPR status. The leading origins for refugees admitted were Iraq (19 500 in 2013, up from 9 400 in 2011), Burma, and Bhutan. In addition, 25 200 individuals were granted asylum and 42 200 former asylees (including family members) were granted LPR. The leading origins for approved asylum seekers in 2013 were China and Egypt.

2.1 million persons were issued temporary (non-immigrant) visas in 2013 (excluding tourists), 5% up on 2012. Most visas were issued to temporary workers and their families (671 200, 12% up on 2012), students and their families (576 000, 9% up on 2012), and exchange visitors and their families (352 400). The largest category was speciality occupations (H-1B), which accounted for 153 200 issuances in 2013. H-1B visas went mostly to nationals of India (64%) and China (10%). About half (54%) of all approved H-1B visa applications for initial employment were filed abroad. Demand for H-1B visas was strong in both 2013 and 2014, with the annual cap of 85 000 reached in the first week of filing.

There were 10 900 applications for Investor Visas (EB-5) in 2014. These visas, capped at about 10 000 annually (including family members), have seen growing interest: from 1 000 applicants in 2009 to 6 300 in 2013. 5 100 were approved in 2014.

The number of naturalisations, increasing since 2010, reached 779 900 in 2013. Nationals of Mexico were the largest group (13%), followed by India and the Philippines (both 6%).

The number of undocumented migrants apprehended at the United States-Mexico border, which peaked at 1.6 million in 2000 and fell to 327 600 in 2011, rose to 414 400 in 2013. The number of unaccompanied children apprehended – mostly from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador – reached more than 66 000 in the first eight months of 2014 (compared with approximately 35 000 in all of 2013). Following increased deterrence, enhanced enforcement, and strengthened regional cooperation, the number of unaccompanied Central American children apprehended declined during the summer months of 2014.

President Obama announced executive actions in the area of immigration in November 2014. Among the actions are extensions of work authorisation to spouses (H-4) of temporary skilled workers (H-1B) who have applied for permanent residence, and more transparent rules for Intra-Company-Transfers (L-1B). Other proposed actions include changes to the EB-5 programme for investors, and the creation of two working groups to support integration of immigrants and to streamline the legal immigration system.

In addition, the President authorized the creation of a deferred departure status for tax-paying undocumented immigrant parents who have been in the USA for more than five years and have children who are American nationals or legal residents (Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA)). He also expanded eligibility for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program by eliminating the age cut-off and allowing those who arrived as recently as 2010 to benefit. A court issued a temporary injunction in February 2015 on both DAPA and the expansion of DACA and all work on these programs has been suspended pending the outcome of litigation. As of June 2014, 581 000 applications had been approved under the initial DACA programme, which allows certain people who entered the United States illegally as children to request consideration of deferred action for a renewable period of two years, and obtain work authorisation.

For further information

www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics

www.uscis.gov/tools/reports-studies/immigration-forms-data

http://travel.state.gov/visa/statistics/statistics_1476.html

www.foreignlaborcert.doleta.gov/

www.ice.gov/removal-statistics/

www.cbp.gov/newsroom/media-resources/stats

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks

United States

Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260717

Sources and notes of the country tables of Chapter 4

Migration flows of foreigners

OECD countries and the Russian Federation: sources and notes are available in the Statistical Annex (Metadata related to Tables A.1. and B.1.).

Bulgaria: Number of new permanent and long-term residence permits granted (Source: Ministry of the Interior); Lithuania: Arrivals and departures of residents (Source: Department of Statistics of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania); Romania: Source: Permanent residence changes (Source: Romanian Statistical Yearbook).

Long-term migration inflows of foreigners by type (standardised inflows)

The statistics are based largely on residence and work permit data and have been standardised, to the extent possible (cf. www.oecd.org/migration/imo).

Temporary migration

Based on residence or work permit data. Data on temporary workers generally do not cover workers who benefit from a free circulation agreement.

Inflows of asylum seekers

United Nations High Commission for Refugees (www.unhcr.org/statistics).

Components of population growth

Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom: Eurostat. Other OECD countries and the Russian Federation: Population and Vital Statistics, OECD, 2015.

Total population

Foreign-born population

National sources and Secretariat estimates. Sources and notes of national sources are provided in the Statistical Annex (see Metadata for Tables A.4 and B.4).

Foreign population

National sources. Exact sources and notes for the OECD countries are given in the Statistical Annex (Metadata related to Tables A.5 and B.5).

Lithuania: Residents’ Register Service (Ministry of the Interior); Romania: Ministry of the Interior.

Naturalisations

National sources. Exact sources and notes for the OECD countries are given in the Statistical Annex (Metadata related to Tables A.6 and B.6).

Labour market outcomes

European countries and Turkey: Labour Force Surveys (Eurostat); Australia, Canada, Israel, New-Zealand: Labour Force Surveys; Chile: Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN); Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE); United States: Current Population Surveys.

Statistical annexNote on Israel: The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.Note on Cyprus:1. Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the Cyprus issue.2. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

Statistical annex¹

Introduction

Most of the data published in this annex have been provided by national correspondents of the continuous reporting system on migration appointed by the OECD Secretariat with the approval of the authorities of Member countries. Consequently, these data are not necessarily based on common definitions. Countries under review in this annex are OECD countries for which data are available, as well as the Russian Federation. The continuous reporting system on migration has no authority to impose changes in data collection procedures. It is an observatory which, by its very nature, has to use existing statistics. However, it does play an active role in suggesting what it considers to be essential improvements in data collection and makes every effort to present consistent and well-documented statistics.

The purpose of this annex is to describe the “immigrant” population (generally the foreign-born population). The information gathered concerns the flows and stocks of the total immigrant population as well as the acquisition of nationality. These data have not been standardised and are therefore not fully comparable across countries. In particular, the criteria for registering persons in population registers and the conditions for granting residence permits, for example, vary across countries, which means that measurements may differ greatly even if the same type of source is being used.

In addition to the problem of the comparability of statistics, there is the difficulty of the very partial coverage of unauthorised migrants. Part of this population may be counted in censuses. Regularisation programmes, when they exist, make it possible to identify and enumerate a far from negligible fraction of unauthorised immigrants after the fact. In terms of measurement, this makes it possible to better measure the volume of the foreign-born population at a given time, even if it is not always possible to determine the year these immigrants entered the country.

Each series in the annex is preceded by an explanatory note concerning the data presented. A summary table then follows (series A, giving the total for each destination country), and finally the tables by nationality or country of birth, as the case may be (series B). At the end of each series, a table provides the sources and notes for the data presented in the tables for each country.

General comments

The tables provide annual series covering the period 2003-13 (or 2002-13).

The series A tables are presented in alphabetical order by the name of the country. In the other tables, nationalities or countries of birth are ranked by decreasing order of frequency for the last year available.

In the tables by country of origin (series B) only the 15 main countries are shown. “Other countries” is a residual calculated as the difference between the total foreign or foreign-born population and the sum for all countries indicated in the table. For some countries, data are not available for all years and this is reflected in the residual entry of “Other countries”. This must be borne in mind when interpreting changes in this category.

There is no table by nationality for the series on outflows of the foreign population (series A.2). These statistics, as well as data by gender are available online (www.oecd.org/migration/imo).

The rounding of data cells may cause totals to differ slightly from the sum of the component cells.

The symbol “..” used in the tables means that the data are not available.

Inflows and outflows of foreign population

OECD countries seldom have tools specifically designed to measure the inflows and outflows of the foreign population, and national estimates are generally based either on population registers or residence permit data. This note describes more systematically what is measured by each of the sources used.

Flows derived from population registers

Population registers can usually produce inflow and outflow data for both nationals and foreigners. To register, foreigners may have to indicate possession of an appropriate residence and/or work permit valid for at least as long as the minimum registration period. Emigrants are usually identified by a stated intention to leave the country, although the period of (intended) absence is not always specified.

In population registers, departures tend to be less well recorded than arrivals. Indeed, the emigrant who plans to return to the host country in the future may be reluctant to inform about his departure to avoid losing rights related to the presence on the register. Registration criteria vary considerably across countries; in particular the minimum duration of stay for individuals to be registered ranges from three months to one year, which poses major problems of international comparisons. For example, in some countries, register data cover many temporary migrants, in some cases including asylum seekers when they live in private households (as opposed to reception centres or hostels for immigrants) and international students.

Flows derived from residence and/or work permits

Statistics on permits are generally based on the number of permits issued during a given period and depend on the types of permits used. The so-called “settlement countries” (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States) consider as immigrants persons who have been granted the right of permanent residence, and this right is often granted upon arrival. Statistics on temporary immigrants are also published in this annex for these countries. In the case of France, the permits covered are those valid for at least one year (excluding students).

Another characteristic of permit data is that flows of nationals are not recorded. Some flows of foreigners may also not be recorded, either because the type of permit they hold is not included in the statistics or because they are not required to have a permit (freedom of movement agreements). In addition, permit data do not necessarily reflect physical flows or actual lengths of stay since: i) permits may be issued overseas but individuals may decide not to use them, or delay their arrival; ii) permits may be issued to persons who have in fact been resident in the country for some time, the permit indicating a change of status.

Flows estimated from specific surveys

Ireland provides estimates based on the results of Quarterly National Household Surveys and other sources such as permit data and asylum applications. These estimates are revised periodically on the basis of census data. Data for the United Kingdom are based on a survey of passengers entering or exiting the country by plane, train or boat (International Passenger Survey). One of the aims of this survey is to estimate the number and characteristics of migrants. The survey is based on a random sample of approximately one out of every 500 passengers. The figures were revised significantly following the latest census in each of these two countries, which seems to indicate that these estimates do not constitute an “ideal” source either. Australia and New Zealand also conduct passenger surveys which enable them to establish the length of stay on the basis of migrants’ stated intentions when they enter or exit the country.

Table A.1. Inflows of foreign population into OECD countries and the Russian Federation
Thousands
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Australia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Permanent | 123.4 | 146.4 | 161.7 | 176.2 | 189.5 | 203.9 | 222.6 | 206.7 | 210.7 | 242.4 | 251.9
Temporary | 244.7 | 261.6 | 289.4 | 321.6 | 368.5 | 420.0 | 474.8 | 467.0 | 504.7 | .. | ..
Austria | 93.3 | 104.2 | 98.0 | 82.9 | 91.5 | 94.4 | 91.7 | 96.9 | 109.9 | 125.6 | 135.2
Belgium | 68.8 | 72.4 | 77.4 | 83.4 | 93.4 | 106.0 | 102.7 | 113.6 | 117.9 | 110.0 | 105.5
Canada |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Permanent | 221.2 | 235.6 | 262.1 | 251.5 | 236.6 | 247.1 | 251.9 | 280.2 | 248.3 | 257.4 | 258.5
Temporary | 227.2 | 227.1 | 228.5 | 248.6 | 278.0 | 311.5 | 291.5 | 282.0 | 293.2 | 315.9 | ..
Chile | 29.8 | 32.1 | 38.1 | 48.5 | 79.4 | 68.4 | 57.1 | 63.9 | 76.3 | 105.1 | 132.1
Czech Republic | 57.4 | 50.8 | 58.6 | 66.1 | 102.5 | 77.8 | 40.0 | 30.5 | 22.6 | 30.3 | 29.6
Denmark | 18.4 | 18.7 | 20.1 | 24.0 | 31.4 | 37.0 | 32.0 | 33.4 | 34.6 | 35.5 | 41.3
Estonia | .. | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.6
Finland | 9.4 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 17.5 | 19.9 | 18.1 | 18.2 | 20.4 | 23.3 | 23.9
France | 136.4 | 141.6 | 135.9 | 159.4 | 145.9 | 153.3 | 159.6 | 157.8 | 154.8 | 163.4 | 171.9
Germany | 601.8 | 602.2 | 579.3 | 558.5 | 574.8 | 573.8 | 606.3 | 683.5 | 841.7 | 965.9 | 1 108.1
Greece | .. | .. | 65.3 | 63.2 | 46.3 | 42.9 | 46.5 | 33.4 | 23.2 | 17.7 | ..
Hungary | 19.4 | 22.2 | 25.6 | 23.6 | 22.6 | 35.5 | 25.6 | 23.9 | 22.5 | 20.3 | 21.3
Iceland | 1.4 | 2.5 | 4.7 | 7.1 | 9.3 | 7.5 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.9
Ireland | 42.4 | 41.8 | 66.1 | 88.9 | 120.4 | 89.7 | 50.7 | 23.9 | 33.7 | 32.1 | 40.2
Israel | 23.3 | 20.9 | 21.2 | 19.3 | 18.1 | 13.7 | 14.6 | 16.6 | 16.9 | 16.6 | 16.9
Italy | 424.9 | 394.8 | 282.8 | 254.6 | 515.2 | 496.5 | 406.7 | 424.5 | 354.3 | 321.3 | 279.0
Japan | 373.9 | 372.0 | 372.3 | 325.6 | 336.6 | 344.5 | 297.1 | 287.1 | 266.9 | 303.9 | 306.7
Korea | 168.9 | 178.5 | 253.7 | 303.0 | 300.4 | 302.2 | 232.8 | 293.1 | 307.2 | 300.2 | 369.3
Luxembourg | 12.6 | 12.2 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 14.6 | 15.8 | 19.1 | 19.4 | 19.8
Mexico | 6.9 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 15.9 | 23.9 | 26.2 | 22.0 | 18.2 | 60.7
Netherlands | 73.6 | 65.1 | 63.4 | 67.7 | 80.3 | 103.4 | 104.4 | 110.2 | 118.5 | 115.7 | 122.3
New Zealand | 65.0 | 55.4 | 54.8 | 58.7 | 59.6 | 63.9 | 60.3 | 57.6 | 61.0 | 62.0 | 67.5
Norway | 26.8 | 27.9 | 31.4 | 37.4 | 53.5 | 58.8 | 56.7 | 65.1 | 70.8 | 70.0 | 66.9
Poland | 30.3 | 36.9 | 38.5 | 34.2 | 40.6 | 41.8 | 41.3 | 41.1 | 41.3 | 47.1 | 46.6
Portugal | 31.8 | 34.1 | 28.1 | 22.5 | 32.6 | 72.8 | 61.4 | 50.7 | 45.4 | 38.5 | 33.2
Russian Federation | 129.1 | 119.2 | 177.2 | 186.4 | 287.0 | 281.6 | 279.9 | 191.7 | 356.5 | 417.7 | 482.2
Slovak Republic | 4.6 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 11.3 | 14.8 | 16.5 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 8.2 | 2.9 | 2.5
Slovenia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 30.5 | 43.8 | 24.2 | 11.3 | 18.0 | 17.3 | 21.7
Spain | 429.5 | 645.8 | 682.7 | 803.0 | 920.5 | 692.2 | 469.3 | 431.3 | 416.3 | 336.1 | 307.0
Sweden | 48.0 | 47.6 | 51.3 | 80.4 | 83.5 | 83.3 | 83.8 | 79.0 | 75.9 | 82.6 | 95.4
Switzerland | 94.0 | 96.3 | 94.4 | 102.7 | 139.7 | 157.3 | 132.4 | 134.2 | 142.5 | 143.8 | 155.4
Turkey | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29.9 | .. | .. | ..
United Kingdom | 327.4 | 434.3 | 405.1 | 451.7 | 455.0 | 456.0 | 430.0 | 459.0 | 453.0 | 383.0 | 406.0
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Permanent | 703.5 | 957.9 | 1 122.4 | 1 266.3 | 1 052.4 | 1 107.1 | 1 130.8 | 1 042.6 | 1 062.0 | 1 031.6 | 990.6
Temporary | 1 233.4 | 1 299.3 | 1 323.5 | 1 457.9 | 1 606.9 | 1 617.6 | 1 419.2 | 1 517.9 | 1 616.8 | 1 675.9 | 1 787.7
Notes: For details on definitions and sources, refer to the metadata at the end of Table A.2.
Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260238

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Australia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
New Zealand | 16.4 | 18.7 | 22.4 | 23.8 | 28.3 | 34.5 | 33.0 | 24.4 | 34.6 | 44.3 | 41.2 | 50
India | 8.2 | 11.3 | 12.8 | 15.2 | 19.8 | 22.7 | 25.3 | 23.5 | 21.9 | 27.9 | 38.2 | 46
China | 9.4 | 12.5 | 15.2 | 17.3 | 21.1 | 20.7 | 22.9 | 25.0 | 29.0 | 25.6 | 28.1 | 57
United Kingdom | 18.6 | 25.7 | 26.2 | 30.9 | 30.7 | 31.7 | 33.3 | 26.7 | 21.5 | 27.0 | 23.1 | 48
Philippines | 3.6 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 12.8 | 11.0 | 58
South Africa | 5.9 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 5.8 | 50
Viet Nam | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 63
Sri Lanka | 2.3 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 48
Malaysia | 3.9 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 54
Korea | 2.3 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 55
Ireland | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 43
Afghanistan | 1.0 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 27
Pakistan | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 42
Iran | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 44
Nepal | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 47
Other countries | 45.4 | 48.5 | 52.6 | 55.5 | 54.0 | 54.3 | 58.7 | 55.2 | 51.8 | 55.3 | 59.0 |
Total | 123.4 | 146.4 | 161.7 | 176.2 | 189.5 | 203.9 | 222.6 | 206.7 | 210.7 | 242.4 | 251.9 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Austria
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Germany | 10.9 | 13.2 | 14.7 | 15.9 | 18.0 | 19.2 | 17.6 | 18.0 | 17.4 | 17.8 | 17.7 | 47
Hungary | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 13.1 | 14.9 | 47
Romania | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 50
Poland | 3.4 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 41
Serbia | 10.5 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 45
Slovak Republic | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 53
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 42
Turkey | 10.4 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 44
Croatia | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 4.2 | 43
Italy | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 40
Bulgaria | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 49
Russian Federation | 4.0 | 6.8 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 58
Iran | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 48
Slovenia | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 39
Afghanistan | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 2.3 | 29
Other countries | 28.7 | 31.1 | 28.6 | 23.4 | 24.6 | 24.8 | 26.4 | 26.0 | 29.1 | 33.1 | 35.9 |
Total | 93.3 | 104.2 | 98.0 | 82.9 | 91.5 | 94.4 | 91.7 | 96.9 | 109.9 | 125.6 | 135.2 | 46
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Belgium
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
France | 8.2 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 14.1 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 50
Romania | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 5.5 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 10.0 | 41
Netherlands | 8.5 | 8.8 | 10.1 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.7 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 47
Poland | 2.1 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 6.7 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 7.5 | 45
Spain | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 49
Italy | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 46
Morocco | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 55
Portugal | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 45
Bulgaria | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 45
Germany | 2.9 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 53
United States | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 53
India | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 40
United Kingdom | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 48
Turkey | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 52
China | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 55
Other countries | 20.0 | 20.6 | 21.8 | 22.0 | 23.6 | 27.4 | 29.1 | 32.9 | 34.0 | 29.0 | 27.5 |
Total | 68.8 | 72.4 | 77.4 | 83.4 | 93.4 | 106.0 | 102.7 | 113.6 | 117.9 | 110.0 | 105.5 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Canada
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
China | 36.3 | 36.4 | 42.3 | 33.1 | 27.0 | 29.3 | 29.0 | 30.2 | 28.7 | 33.0 | 33.9 | 54
India | 24.6 | 25.6 | 33.1 | 30.8 | 26.1 | 24.5 | 26.1 | 30.3 | 25.0 | 28.9 | 30.6 | 49
Philippines | 12.0 | 13.3 | 17.5 | 17.7 | 19.1 | 23.7 | 27.3 | 36.6 | 35.0 | 32.7 | 27.3 | 56
Pakistan | 12.4 | 12.8 | 13.6 | 12.3 | 9.5 | 8.1 | 6.2 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 9.9 | 11.4 | 50
United States | 6.0 | 7.5 | 9.3 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 51
Iran | 5.7 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 10.0 | 53
France | 4.2 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 44
United Kingdom | 5.2 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 42
Korea | 7.1 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 54
United Arab Emirates | 3.3 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 47
Haiti | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 53
Mexico | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 51
Nigeria | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 49
Algeria | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 52
Bangladesh | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 50
Other countries | 95.3 | 102.3 | 105.8 | 102.4 | 101.9 | 103.4 | 105.5 | 113.2 | 96.9 | 94.4 | 94.1 |
Total | 221.2 | 235.6 | 262.1 | 251.5 | 236.6 | 247.1 | 251.9 | 280.2 | 248.3 | 257.4 | 258.5 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Chile
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Peru | 12.9 | 15.6 | 20.0 | 28.6 | 53.2 | 39.0 | 27.6 | 27.7 | 30.7 | 38.6 | 39.3 | 50
Bolivia | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 13.6 | 26.9 | 53
Colombia | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 7.2 | 12.5 | 17.8 | 26.6 | 54
Argentina | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 37
Spain | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 36
Ecuador | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 49
Dominican Republic | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 68
United States | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 41
Haiti | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 36
China | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 35
Brazil | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 54
Venezuela | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 53
Paraguay | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 53
Mexico | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 47
France | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 44
Other countries | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 7.1 |
Total | 29.8 | 32.1 | 38.1 | 48.5 | 79.4 | 68.4 | 57.1 | 63.9 | 76.3 | 105.1 | 132.1 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Czech Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Slovak Republic | 23.7 | 15.0 | 10.1 | 6.8 | 13.9 | 7.6 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 47
Ukraine | 15.5 | 16.3 | 23.9 | 30.2 | 39.6 | 18.7 | 8.1 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 49
Russian Federation | 1.8 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 59
Germany | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 15
Viet Nam | 3.6 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 6.4 | 12.3 | 13.4 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 49
Bulgaria | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 39
Romania | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 33
United States | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 49
Kazakhstan | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 57
Poland | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 42
Turkey | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ..
Belarus | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 59
China | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 62
Hungary | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 38
Japan | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 44
Other countries | 6.8 | 6.2 | 8.4 | 9.8 | 18.0 | 19.7 | 11.0 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 7.6 |
Total | 57.4 | 50.8 | 58.6 | 66.1 | 102.5 | 77.8 | 40.0 | 30.5 | 22.6 | 30.3 | 29.6 | 44
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Denmark
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 4.3 | 6.5 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 43
Romania | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 39
Germany | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 53
Philippines | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 94
Syria | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 43
Lithuania | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 46
Norway | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 63
Bulgaria | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 38
Sweden | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 54
Ukraine | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 39
China | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 58
United Kingdom | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 37
India | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 41
Italy | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 41
Spain | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 48
Other countries | 10.8 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 10.8 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 14.1 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 16.8 | ..
Total | 18.4 | 18.7 | 20.1 | 24.0 | 31.4 | 37.0 | 32.0 | 33.4 | 34.6 | 35.5 | 41.3 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Estonia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Russian Federation | .. | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 58
Finland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Latvia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Sweden | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Other countries | .. | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
Total | .. | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 44
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Finland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Estonia | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 50
Russian Federation | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 58
Iraq | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 29
China | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 57
Somalia | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 47
India | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 43
Afghanistan | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 47
Sweden | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 39
Thailand | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 82
Poland | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 43
Iran | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 42
Viet Nam | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 61
Spain | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 40
Turkey | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 47
Ukraine | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 51
Other countries | 3.6 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 7.9 | 7.7 |
Total | 9.4 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 17.5 | 19.9 | 18.1 | 18.2 | 20.4 | 23.3 | 23.9 | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
France
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Algeria | 28.5 | 27.9 | 24.8 | 31.1 | 26.8 | 25.7 | 24.5 | 22.8 | 22.6 | 25.1 | 25.2 | 48
Morocco | 22.6 | 22.2 | 20.0 | 23.0 | 22.1 | 22.6 | 21.6 | 20.7 | 19.4 | 20.2 | 20.8 | 54
Tunisia | 9.4 | 8.9 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 10.1 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 38
China | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 56
Turkey | 8.6 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 45
Senegal | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 42
Mali | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 28
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 50
Russian Federation | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 68
Cameroon | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 57
Côte d’Ivoire | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 55
Haiti | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 56
United States | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 53
Comoros | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 53
Serbia | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 50
Other countries | 40.8 | 43.9 | 44.4 | 47.3 | 44.5 | 48.0 | 51.5 | 51.7 | 51.6 | 54.9 | 58.5 |
Total | 136.4 | 141.6 | 135.9 | 159.4 | 145.9 | 153.3 | 159.6 | 157.8 | 154.8 | 163.4 | 171.9 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Germany
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 88.2 | 125.0 | 147.7 | 151.7 | 140.0 | 119.9 | 112.0 | 115.6 | 164.7 | 177.8 | 190.4 | 35
Romania | 23.8 | 23.5 | 23.3 | 23.4 | 42.9 | 48.2 | 57.3 | 75.5 | 97.5 | 120.5 | 139.5 | 37
Bulgaria | 13.4 | 11.6 | 9.1 | 7.5 | 20.5 | 24.1 | 29.2 | 39.8 | 52.4 | 60.2 | 60.9 | 36
Hungary | 14.3 | 17.4 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 22.2 | 25.2 | 25.3 | 29.3 | 41.1 | 54.5 | 60.0 | 31
Italy | 21.6 | 19.6 | 18.3 | 17.7 | 18.2 | 20.1 | 22.2 | 23.9 | 28.1 | 36.9 | 47.5 | 38
Greece | 12.1 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 12.3 | 23.0 | 32.7 | 32.1 | 42
Russian Federation | 31.8 | 28.5 | 23.1 | 16.4 | 15.0 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 16.1 | 17.5 | 18.8 | 31.4 | 57
Spain | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 10.7 | 16.2 | 23.3 | 29.0 | 45
Serbia | 22.8 | 21.7 | 17.5 | 10.9 | 2.2 | 7.0 | 9.1 | 19.1 | 18.4 | 24.1 | 28.7 | 43
Croatia | 11.6 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 10.2 | 11.5 | 12.9 | 25.8 | 28
Turkey | 49.8 | 42.6 | 36.0 | 29.6 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 27.2 | 27.6 | 28.6 | 26.2 | 23.2 | 41
China | 16.1 | 13.1 | 12.0 | 12.9 | 13.6 | 14.3 | 15.4 | 16.2 | 18.3 | 19.7 | 22.4 | 53
United States | 14.7 | 15.3 | 15.2 | 16.3 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.7 | 18.3 | 20.1 | 19.6 | 20.5 | 46
India | 9.2 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 11.4 | 12.0 | 13.2 | 15.4 | 18.1 | 19.5 | 31
Syria | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 4.6 | 8.5 | 19.0 | 37
Other countries | 262.1 | 244.2 | 222.6 | 218.0 | 220.1 | 217.7 | 234.2 | 252.9 | 284.3 | 312.2 | 358.3 |
Total | 601.8 | 602.2 | 579.3 | 558.5 | 574.8 | 573.8 | 606.3 | 683.5 | 841.7 | 965.9 | 1 108.1 | 39
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Greece
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Albania | .. | .. | 39.1 | 40.2 | 34.3 | 32.1 | 34.6 | 23.7 | 14.3 | .. | .. | ..
Russian Federation | .. | .. | 2.7 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | .. | .. | ..
Egypt | .. | .. | 3.1 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9 | .. | .. | ..
Ukraine | .. | .. | 3.1 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | .. | .. | ..
India | .. | .. | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | .. | .. | ..
Georgia | .. | .. | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | .. | .. | ..
Philippines | .. | .. | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | .. | .. | ..
Other countries | .. | .. | 12.3 | 10.6 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 3.9 | .. | .. | ..
Total | .. | .. | 65.3 | 63.2 | 46.3 | 42.9 | 46.5 | 33.4 | 23.2 | 17.7 | .. | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Hungary
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Romania | 9.6 | 12.1 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 10.0 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 33
China | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 51
Germany | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 44
Slovak Republic | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 55
United States | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 49
Russian Federation | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 61
Ukraine | 2.6 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 52
Serbia | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 32
Turkey | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 40
Austria | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 36
Brazil | .. | .. | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 40
Japan | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 41
Italy | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 29
United Kingdom | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 36
Korea | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 50
Other countries | 3.2 | 2.7 | 4.6 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.4 |
Total | 19.4 | 22.2 | 25.6 | 23.6 | 22.6 | 35.5 | 25.6 | 23.9 | 22.5 | 20.3 | 21.3 | 43
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Iceland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 44
Germany | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 72
United States | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 43
Lithuania | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 48
Spain | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 39
United Kingdom | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 34
Denmark | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 47
France | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 47
Latvia | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 51
Portugal | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 41
Sweden | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 48
Philippines | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 65
Czech Republic | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 42
Canada | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 56
Italy | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 42
Other countries | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Total | 1.4 | 2.5 | 4.7 | 7.1 | 9.3 | 7.5 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 47
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Israel
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Former USSR | 12.4 | 10.1 | 9.4 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 54
France | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 52
United States | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 53
Ethiopia | 3.0 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 50
United Kingdom | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 51
Argentina | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 55
Canada | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 53
Belgium | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 46
Brazil | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 50
South Africa | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 51
Hungary | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 57
Australia | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 52
Italy | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 47
Peru | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 52
Iran | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 48
Other countries | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Total | 23.3 | 20.9 | 21.2 | 19.3 | 18.1 | 13.7 | 14.6 | 16.6 | 16.9 | 16.6 | 16.9 | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Italy
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Romania | 78.4 | 66.1 | 45.3 | 39.7 | 271.4 | 174.6 | 105.6 | 92.1 | 90.1 | 81.7 | 59.7 | 61
Morocco | 40.8 | 34.8 | 26.1 | 21.8 | 23.5 | 37.3 | 33.1 | 30.0 | 23.9 | 19.6 | 19.3 | 46
China | 14.2 | 19.3 | 14.7 | 13.6 | 9.7 | 12.8 | 16.8 | 22.9 | 20.1 | 20.5 | 17.6 | 51
Ukraine | 44.2 | 35.0 | 15.7 | 14.8 | 15.5 | 24.0 | 22.6 | 30.4 | 17.9 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 74
Albania | 49.3 | 38.8 | 28.4 | 23.1 | 23.3 | 35.7 | 27.5 | 22.6 | 16.6 | 14.1 | 12.3 | 56
Bangladesh | 6.7 | 8.4 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 22
India | 8.5 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 12.5 | 12.8 | 15.2 | 13.3 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 34
Egypt | 6.4 | 11.6 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 5.3 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 9.9 | 23
Pakistan | 5.3 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 10.8 | 7.5 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 33
Moldova | 16.3 | 11.9 | 9.3 | 7.8 | 13.0 | 22.0 | 16.8 | 26.6 | 15.0 | 8.8 | 7.7 | 63
Philippines | 6.9 | 8.1 | 5.5 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 7.8 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 7.6 | 56
Senegal | 8.5 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 8.9 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 29
Nigeria | 4.2 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 40
Sri Lanka | 4.2 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 44
Brazil | 5.5 | 5.2 | 8.8 | 10.2 | 11.9 | 12.6 | 9.7 | 8.6 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 62
Other countries | 125.5 | 124.7 | 94.5 | 89.6 | 114.8 | 121.8 | 111.9 | 114.8 | 94.8 | 91.5 | 79.8 |
Total | 424.9 | 394.8 | 282.8 | 254.6 | 515.2 | 496.5 | 406.7 | 424.5 | 354.3 | 321.3 | 279.0 | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Japan
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
China | 92.2 | 90.3 | 105.8 | 112.5 | 125.3 | 134.2 | 121.2 | 107.9 | 100.4 | 107.0 | 93.0 | ..
Viet Nam | 6.6 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 9.9 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 11.9 | 13.9 | 19.5 | 31.7 | ..
Korea | 21.9 | 22.8 | 22.7 | 24.7 | 28.1 | 30.0 | 27.0 | 27.9 | 23.4 | 25.7 | 24.2 | ..
United States | 21.5 | 21.3 | 22.1 | 22.2 | 22.8 | 24.0 | 23.5 | 22.7 | 19.3 | 21.0 | 21.1 | ..
Philippines | 93.4 | 96.2 | 63.5 | 28.3 | 25.3 | 21.0 | 15.8 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 15.4 | 16.4 | ..
Thailand | 6.6 | 7.1 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 13.6 | 15.4 | 15.4 | ..
Indonesia | 11.1 | 10.7 | 12.9 | 11.4 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 9.6 | ..
Nepal | .. | .. | .. | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 8.3 | ..
Chinese Taipei | .. | .. | .. | 4.5 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | ..
United Kingdom | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 6.1 | ..
India | .. | .. | .. | 4.9 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | ..
Brazil | 33.4 | 32.2 | 33.9 | 27.0 | 22.9 | 14.4 | 3.0 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 4.8 | ..
France | .. | .. | .. | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 4.5 | ..
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.1 | ..
Australia | .. | .. | .. | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | ..
Other countries | 80.7 | 78.5 | 88.4 | 52.2 | 51.7 | 54.1 | 47.9 | 50.0 | 41.5 | 51.3 | 52.3 |
Total | 373.9 | 372.0 | 372.3 | 325.6 | 336.6 | 344.5 | 297.1 | 287.1 | 266.9 | 303.9 | 306.7 | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Korea
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
China | 52.4 | 67.4 | 115.8 | 161.2 | 177.0 | 161.7 | 117.6 | 155.3 | 149.2 | 127.3 | 184.8 | 48
United States | 17.8 | 18.1 | 18.0 | 17.8 | 18.9 | 23.4 | 27.1 | 28.3 | 28.1 | 28.9 | 27.8 | 52
Viet Nam | 6.7 | 7.8 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 21.2 | 24.0 | 16.4 | 22.9 | 27.9 | 24.7 | 22.2 | 65
Thailand | 7.1 | 9.8 | 13.7 | 15.8 | 10.5 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 6.9 | 10.3 | 13.8 | 18.3 | 38
Uzbekistan | 7.0 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 9.4 | 4.7 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 11.4 | 12.4 | 33
Philippines | 10.0 | 10.1 | 16.5 | 17.9 | 12.2 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 12.0 | 45
Indonesia | 9.3 | 5.2 | 10.2 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 9.7 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 11.8 | 10
Cambodia | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 6.4 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 31
Nepal | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 9
Japan | 7.7 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 65
Canada | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 55
Sri Lanka | 2.4 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 4.8 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 4
Myanmar | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 3
Mongolia | 4.6 | 5.1 | 8.3 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 4.4 | 40
India | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 38
Other countries | 33.4 | 31.6 | 28.5 | 26.6 | 22.6 | 23.8 | 22.4 | 26.6 | 28.5 | 30.7 | 34.4 |
Total | 168.9 | 178.5 | 253.7 | 303.0 | 300.4 | 302.2 | 232.8 | 293.1 | 307.2 | 300.2 | 369.3 | 45
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Luxembourg
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Portugal | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 46
France | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 44
Belgium | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 39
Italy | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 38
Germany | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 49
Spain | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 45
United States | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 49
United Kingdom | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 41
China | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 40
Romania | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 64
Poland | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 46
Brazil | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 68
Greece | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 52
Netherlands | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 37
Hungary | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 52
Other countries | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 4.2 |
Total | 12.6 | 12.2 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 14.6 | 15.8 | 19.1 | 19.4 | 19.8 | 46
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Mexico
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 14.2 | 43
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 5.2 | 46
Canada | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 3.4 | 45
Argentina | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 47
Cuba | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 53
Colombia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 60
Guatemala | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 61
Venezuela | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 56
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 35
Honduras | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 63
El Salvador | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 59
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 30
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 42
Korea | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 42
Peru | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 44
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.2 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 11.6 |
Total | 6.9 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 15.9 | 23.9 | 26.2 | 22.0 | 18.2 | 60.7 | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Netherlands
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 1.5 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 6.8 | 9.2 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 14.5 | 18.6 | 18.3 | 20.4 | 48
Germany | 4.8 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 56
Spain | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 51
United Kingdom | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 42
China | 3.8 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 57
Bulgaria | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 49
India | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 38
Italy | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 41
United States | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 53
France | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 49
Turkey | 6.2 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 47
Greece | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 44
Hungary | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 48
Belgium | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 49
Romania | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 55
Other countries | 41.6 | 33.7 | 30.5 | 30.0 | 31.4 | 41.2 | 44.5 | 44.8 | 44.1 | 40.1 | 44.8 |
Total | 73.6 | 65.1 | 63.4 | 67.7 | 80.3 | 103.4 | 104.4 | 110.2 | 118.5 | 115.7 | 122.3 | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
New Zealand
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
United Kingdom | 11.7 | 12.6 | 14.0 | 14.8 | 12.6 | 11.6 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 45
China | 13.7 | 6.7 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 54
India | 6.0 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 7.8 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 33
Australia | 4.8 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 51
Germany | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 53
Philippines | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 40
United States | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 52
France | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 44
Ireland | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 40
Japan | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 63
Korea | 3.2 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 57
Samoa | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 48
South Africa | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 50
Fiji | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 51
Canada | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 58
Other countries | 10.9 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 13.9 | 14.7 | 15.5 |
Total | 65.0 | 55.4 | 54.8 | 58.7 | 59.6 | 63.9 | 60.3 | 57.6 | 61.0 | 62.0 | 67.5 | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Norway
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 0.6 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 7.4 | 14.2 | 14.4 | 10.5 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 10.5 | 34
Lithuania | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 42
Sweden | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 45
Philippines | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 80
Somalia | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 48
Eritrea | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 36
Romania | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 39
Denmark | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 42
Germany | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 49
Spain | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 42
India | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 40
Latvia | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 38
United Kingdom | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 33
Bulgaria | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 39
Iceland | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 45
Other countries | 16.1 | 16.3 | 16.9 | 16.3 | 19.6 | 21.2 | 21.5 | 20.8 | 22.1 | 23.8 | 23.1 |
Total | 26.8 | 27.9 | 31.4 | 37.4 | 53.5 | 58.8 | 56.7 | 65.1 | 70.8 | 70.0 | 66.9 | 45
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Poland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Ukraine | 8.4 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 59
China | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 44
Viet Nam | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 45
Belarus | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 57
Germany | 1.5 | 2.2 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 18
Russian Federation | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 64
Turkey | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 16
India | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 24
Korea | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 44
United States | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 36
Armenia | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 53
Spain | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 33
Italy | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 17
France | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 36
Bulgaria | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 42
Other countries | 8.6 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.8 | 13.2 | 13.8 |
Total | 30.3 | 36.9 | 38.5 | 34.2 | 40.6 | 41.8 | 41.3 | 41.1 | 41.3 | 47.1 | 46.6 | 42
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Portugal
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Brazil | 6.7 | 14.4 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 32.8 | 23.1 | 16.2 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 6.7 | 61
Cabo Verde | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 51
Romania | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 8.1 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 42
China | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 49
Angola | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 51
Spain | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 50
United Kingdom | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 47
Guinea-Bissau | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 48
Ukraine | 4.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 61
India | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 31
Nepal | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 28
Bulgaria | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 54
Italy | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 51
Sao Tome and Principe | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 54
Germany | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 48
Other countries | 8.3 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 5.7 | 9.0 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 7.6 |
Total | 31.8 | 34.1 | 28.1 | 22.5 | 32.6 | 72.8 | 61.4 | 50.7 | 45.4 | 38.5 | 33.2 | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Russian Federation
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Uzbekistan | 21.5 | 14.9 | 30.4 | 37.1 | 52.8 | 43.5 | 42.5 | 24.1 | 64.5 | 87.9 | 118.1 | 26
Ukraine | 23.4 | 17.7 | 30.8 | 32.7 | 51.5 | 49.1 | 45.9 | 27.5 | 43.6 | 49.4 | 55.0 | 43
Kazakhstan | 29.6 | 40.2 | 51.9 | 38.6 | 40.3 | 40.0 | 38.8 | 27.9 | 36.5 | 45.5 | 52.0 | 52
Tajikistan | 5.3 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 6.5 | 17.3 | 20.7 | 27.0 | 18.2 | 35.1 | 41.7 | 51.0 | 23
Armenia | 5.1 | 3.1 | 7.6 | 12.9 | 30.8 | 35.2 | 35.8 | 19.9 | 32.7 | 37.0 | 42.4 | 44
Kyrgyzstan | 6.9 | 9.5 | 15.6 | 15.7 | 24.7 | 24.0 | 23.3 | 20.9 | 41.6 | 34.6 | 30.4 | 43
Moldova | 6.4 | 4.8 | 6.6 | 8.6 | 14.1 | 15.5 | 16.4 | 11.8 | 19.6 | 23.6 | 28.7 | 45
Azerbaijan | 4.3 | 2.6 | 4.6 | 8.9 | 21.0 | 23.3 | 22.9 | 14.5 | 22.3 | 22.3 | 23.5 | 37
Belarus | 5.3 | 5.7 | 6.8 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 10.2 | 16.6 | 15.7 | 31
China | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 7.1 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 35
Georgia | 5.5 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 6.8 | 10.6 | 8.8 | 7.5 | 5.2 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 47
Turkmenistan | 6.3 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 43
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | .. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 5.0 | ..
Germany | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 48
Viet Nam | .. | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 34
Other countries | 6.4 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 21.8 | 25.4 | 30.6 |
Total | 129.1 | 119.2 | 177.2 | 186.4 | 287.0 | 281.6 | 279.9 | 191.7 | 356.5 | 417.7 | 482.2 | 36
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Slovak Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Czech Republic | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 50
Hungary | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 29
Romania | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 28
Poland | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 41
Italy | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 9
Croatia | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 18
Germany | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 27
Viet Nam | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 38
Ukraine | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 55
Bulgaria | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 12
France | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 18
United Kingdom | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 25
Russian Federation | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 58
Belgium | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7
Spain | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 26
Other countries | 1.7 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Total | 4.6 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 11.3 | 14.8 | 16.5 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 8.2 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 33
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Slovenia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.8 | 17.9 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 40
Bulgaria | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.4 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 15
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.3 | 7.6 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 37
Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 19
Croatia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 28
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.7 | 5.0 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 56
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 32
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 55
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 15
Slovak Republic | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 44
Hungary | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 38
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 48
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 46
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 29
Czech Republic | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 64
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.2 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | 30.5 | 43.8 | 24.2 | 11.3 | 18.0 | 17.3 | 15.7 | 37
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Spain
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Morocco | 41.2 | 73.4 | 82.5 | 78.5 | 85.0 | 93.6 | 61.8 | 47.9 | 43.2 | 35.0 | 33.4 | 40
Romania | 55.0 | 103.6 | 108.3 | 131.5 | 197.6 | 71.5 | 52.4 | 62.6 | 60.9 | 34.6 | 30.0 | 51
United Kingdom | 31.8 | 48.4 | 44.7 | 42.5 | 38.2 | 25.0 | 19.2 | 17.3 | 16.6 | 17.3 | 15.1 | 48
China | 7.5 | 20.3 | 18.4 | 16.9 | 20.4 | 27.2 | 18.6 | 17.4 | 16.7 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 53
Italy | 10.0 | 15.0 | 16.5 | 18.6 | 21.2 | 18.0 | 13.6 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 43
Colombia | 11.1 | 21.5 | 24.9 | 35.6 | 41.7 | 42.2 | 25.6 | 18.1 | 16.1 | 12.4 | 10.8 | 54
Pakistan | 1.7 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 8.2 | 10.6 | 13.4 | 10.6 | 21.7 | 16.9 | 12.0 | 9.9 | 22
Dominican Republic | 6.6 | 10.3 | 12.2 | 14.7 | 18.1 | 17.8 | 10.8 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 9.2 | 55
Russian Federation | 4.6 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 59
Germany | 10.8 | 14.0 | 15.2 | 16.9 | 17.8 | 12.6 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 51
France | 5.9 | 9.9 | 11.1 | 12.7 | 13.0 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 47
Ecuador | 72.8 | 17.2 | 15.2 | 21.4 | 30.2 | 37.8 | 18.2 | 11.0 | 8.8 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 48
Bulgaria | 13.7 | 21.0 | 18.4 | 21.7 | 31.3 | 13.1 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 11.9 | 8.0 | 6.4 | 50
Brazil | 7.4 | 16.5 | 24.6 | 32.6 | 36.1 | 27.3 | 14.4 | 11.9 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 6.2 | 60
United States | 2.1 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 57
Other countries | 147.2 | 254.4 | 266.4 | 338.7 | 347.3 | 270.8 | 183.9 | 161.8 | 159.2 | 132.3 | 121.1 |
Total | 429.5 | 645.8 | 682.7 | 803.0 | 920.5 | 692.2 | 469.3 | 431.3 | 416.3 | 336.1 | 307.0 | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Sweden
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Syria | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 4.7 | 11.7 | 42
Somalia | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 11.0 | 52
Poland | 1.0 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 6.3 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 46
Afghanistan | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 41
Eritrea | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 46
Denmark | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 43
India | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 40
Finland | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 58
Iraq | 5.4 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 10.9 | 15.2 | 12.1 | 8.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 50
Germany | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 51
China | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 53
Norway | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 51
Iran | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 49
Romania | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 46
Thailand | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 79
Other countries | 21.3 | 22.2 | 24.2 | 36.1 | 31.2 | 33.7 | 36.4 | 36.0 | 36.1 | 38.6 | 39.1 |
Total | 48.0 | 47.6 | 51.3 | 80.4 | 83.5 | 83.3 | 83.8 | 79.0 | 75.9 | 82.6 | 95.4 | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Switzerland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Germany | 14.9 | 18.1 | 20.4 | 24.8 | 41.1 | 46.4 | 33.9 | 30.7 | 30.5 | 27.1 | 26.6 | 42
Portugal | 12.3 | 13.6 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 15.5 | 17.8 | 13.7 | 12.8 | 15.4 | 18.6 | 19.9 | 43
Italy | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 8.4 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 13.6 | 17.5 | 36
France | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 11.5 | 13.7 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 13.5 | 44
Spain | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 8.8 | 44
United Kingdom | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 42
United States | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 | .. | .. | .. | 4.0 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 53
Poland | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 47
Austria | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 41
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 63
Romania | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 71
India | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 43
Hungary | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 46
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 64
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 67
Other countries | 43.9 | 41.0 | 38.4 | 39.8 | 49.8 | 54.0 | 51.2 | 40.4 | 41.3 | 38.5 | 40.6 |
Total | 94.0 | 96.3 | 94.4 | 102.7 | 139.7 | 157.3 | 132.4 | 134.2 | 142.5 | 143.8 | 155.4 | 46
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Turkey
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Azerbaijan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.5 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Afghanistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.2 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.8 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.6 | .. | .. | .. | ..
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.5 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Iran | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.5 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Kazakhstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.4 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Turkmenistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.2 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Iraq | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.2 | .. | .. | .. | ..
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.1 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Bulgaria | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.1 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Kyrgyzstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.0 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.9 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Syria | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.9 | .. | .. | .. | ..
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.8 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.1 | .. | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29.9 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
United Kingdom
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
China | 31 | 32 | 22 | 23 | 21 | 18 | 22 | 28 | 45 | 41 | 46 | ..
India | 30 | 51 | 47 | 57 | 55 | 48 | 64 | 68 | 61 | 36 | 30 | ..
Poland | .. | 16 | 49 | 60 | 88 | 55 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 30 | 28 | ..
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 | 5 | 8 | 17 | 21 | ..
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 19 | ..
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 17 | ..
France | 21 | 10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14 | 11 | 17 | 14 | 15 | ..
Portugal | .. | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 5 | 7 | 12 | ..
United States | 16 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 12 | ..
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13 | 17 | 9 | 11 | ..
Australia | 21 | 27 | 20 | 26 | 18 | 14 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 16 | 11 | ..
Pakistan | 10 | 21 | 16 | 31 | 27 | 17 | 17 | 30 | 43 | 19 | 10 | ..
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 13 | 15 | 18 | 11 | 7 | 13 | 8 | 10 | ..
Ireland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 | 14 | 10 | 4 | 10 | ..
Malaysia | 5 | 6 | .. | .. | 8 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 9 | ..
Other countries | 193 | 252 | 236 | 226 | 208 | 244 | 194 | 186 | 150 | 143 | 145 |
Total | 327 | 434 | 405 | 452 | 455 | 456 | 430 | 459 | 453 | 383 | 406 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
United States
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Mexico | 115.6 | 175.4 | 161.4 | 173.8 | 148.6 | 190.0 | 164.9 | 139.1 | 143.4 | 146.4 | 135.0 | 53
China | 40.6 | 55.5 | 70.0 | 87.3 | 76.7 | 80.3 | 64.2 | 70.9 | 87.0 | 81.8 | 71.8 | 55
India | 50.2 | 70.2 | 84.7 | 61.4 | 65.4 | 63.4 | 57.3 | 69.2 | 69.0 | 66.4 | 68.5 | 48
Philippines | 45.3 | 57.8 | 60.7 | 74.6 | 72.6 | 54.0 | 60.0 | 58.2 | 57.0 | 57.3 | 54.4 | 57
Dominican Republic | 26.2 | 30.5 | 27.5 | 38.1 | 28.0 | 31.9 | 49.4 | 53.9 | 46.1 | 41.6 | 41.3 | 50
Cuba | 9.3 | 20.5 | 36.3 | 45.6 | 29.1 | 49.5 | 39.0 | 33.6 | 36.5 | 32.8 | 32.2 | 52
Viet Nam | 22.1 | 31.5 | 32.8 | 30.7 | 28.7 | 31.5 | 29.2 | 30.6 | 34.2 | 28.3 | 27.1 | 59
Korea | 12.4 | 19.8 | 26.6 | 24.4 | 22.4 | 26.7 | 25.9 | 22.2 | 22.8 | 20.8 | 23.2 | 55
Colombia | 14.7 | 18.8 | 25.6 | 43.2 | 33.2 | 30.2 | 27.8 | 22.4 | 22.6 | 20.9 | 21.1 | 58
Haiti | 12.3 | 14.2 | 14.5 | 22.2 | 30.4 | 26.0 | 24.3 | 22.6 | 22.1 | 22.8 | 20.4 | 51
Jamaica | 13.3 | 14.4 | 18.3 | 25.0 | 19.4 | 18.5 | 21.8 | 19.8 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 19.4 | 53
El Salvador | 28.2 | 29.8 | 21.4 | 31.8 | 21.1 | 19.7 | 19.9 | 18.8 | 18.7 | 16.3 | 18.3 | 51
Nigeria | 7.9 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 15.3 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 13.6 | 13.8 | 47
Pakistan | 9.4 | 12.1 | 14.9 | 17.4 | 13.5 | 19.7 | 21.6 | 18.3 | 15.5 | 14.7 | 13.3 | 51
Canada | 11.4 | 15.6 | 21.9 | 18.2 | 15.5 | 15.1 | 16.1 | 13.3 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 13.2 | 52
Other countries | 284.8 | 382.4 | 495.2 | 559.2 | 435.4 | 438.3 | 494.1 | 436.4 | 442.8 | 434.2 | 417.6 |
Total | 703.5 | 957.9 | 1 122.4 | 1 266.3 | 1 052.4 | 1 107.1 | 1 130.8 | 1 042.6 | 1 062.0 | 1 031.6 | 990.6 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260290

Table A.2. Outflows of foreign population from selected OECD countries
Thousands
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Australia | .. | 28.7 | 27.6 | 29.0 | 29.7 | 30.9 | 27.6 | 29.3 | 31.2 | 29.8 | ..
Austria | 48.9 | 50.0 | 49.8 | 55.0 | 56.6 | 60.2 | 67.2 | 68.4 | 72.8 | 74.4 | 74.5
Belgium | 33.9 | 37.7 | 38.5 | 39.4 | 38.5 | 44.9 | 49.1 | 50.8 | 56.6 | 59.9 | 66.8
Czech Republic | 33.2 | 33.8 | 21.8 | 31.4 | 18.4 | 3.8 | 9.4 | 14.9 | 5.7 | 20.0 | 30.9
Denmark | 15.8 | 15.8 | 16.3 | 17.3 | 19.0 | 23.3 | 26.6 | 27.1 | 26.6 | 29.1 | 29.7
Estonia | .. | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3
Finland | 2.3 | 4.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 4.2
Germany | 499.1 | 547.0 | 483.6 | 483.8 | 475.8 | 563.1 | 578.8 | 529.6 | 538.8 | 578.8 | 657.6
Hungary | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 2.7 | 9.9 | 13.1
Iceland | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.3
Ireland | .. | .. | .. | 20.7 | 33.4 | 36.1 | 52.8 | 40.3 | 38.6 | 40.6 | ..
Italy | 12.9 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 20.3 | 27.0 | 32.3 | 32.8 | 32.4 | 38.2 | 43.6
Japan | 259.4 | 278.5 | 292.0 | 218.8 | 214.9 | 234.2 | 262.0 | 242.6 | 230.9 | 219.4 | 213.4
Korea | 152.3 | 148.8 | 266.7 | 183.0 | 163.6 | 215.7 | 236.4 | 196.1 | 217.7 | 290.0 | 423.2
Luxembourg | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 8.9
Netherlands | 43.9 | 46.1 | 47.2 | 52.5 | 47.9 | 49.8 | 57.5 | 64.0 | 70.2 | 80.8 | 83.1
New Zealand | 18.9 | 22.2 | 22.8 | 20.5 | 21.4 | 23.0 | 23.6 | 26.3 | 26.4 | 24.4 | 23.2
Norway | 14.3 | 13.9 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 15.2 | 18.4 | 22.5 | 22.9 | 21.3 | 25.0
Portugal | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Slovak Republic | 3.6 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.8
Slovenia | 4.0 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 11.0 | 11.8 | 7.3 | 15.1 | 12.0 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 0.7
Spain | 10.0 | 41.9 | 48.7 | 120.3 | 199.0 | 232.0 | 288.3 | 336.7 | 317.7 | 320.7 | 381.1
Sweden | 15.1 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 19.2 | 18.4 | 22.1 | 23.7 | 26.6 | 24.6
Switzerland | 46.3 | 47.9 | 49.7 | 53.0 | 56.2 | 54.1 | 55.2 | 65.5 | 64.0 | 65.9 | 70.0
United Kingdom | 144.1 | 126.2 | 154.1 | 173.4 | 158.0 | 243.0 | 211.0 | 185.0 | 190.0 | 165.0 | 170.0
Note: For details on definitions and sources, refer to the metadata at the end of the table.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260246

Metadata related to Tables A.1, A.2. and B.1. Inflows and outflows of foreign population

| Types of migrant recorded in the data | Other comments | Source

Australia

Permanent migrants:

Includes offshore migration (Settler Arrivals) and onshore migration (people granted permanent residence while in Australia on a temporary visa). Permanent migrants include holders of a permanent visa, a temporary (provisional) visa where there is a clear intention to settle, citizens of New-Zealand indicating an intention to settle and persons otherwise eligible to settle.

Outflows:

The net loss of people counted in the population by people leaving Australia for 12 months or more in a

16-month period. Net Overseas Migration (NOM).

Data refer to the fiscal year (July to June of the year indicated).

Table B.1 presents the inflow of permanent migrants.

Department of Immigration and Border Protection.

Austria | Foreigners holding a residence permit and who have actually stayed for at least 3 months. | Until 2001, data are from local population registers. Starting in 2002, they are from the central population register. The data for 2002-07 were revised to match with the results of the register-based census of 2006. | Population Registers, Statistics Austria.
Belgium | Foreigners holding a residence permit and intenting to stay in the country for at least 3 months. Outflows include administrative corrections. | Asylum seekers were formerly grouped under a single category. From 1st January 2008 on, they are classified like other migrants. This may explain some of the increase for certain nationalities between 2007 and 2008. | Population Register, Directorate for Statistics and Economic Information (DGSIE).

Canada

Permanent migrants:

Inflows of persons who have acquired permanent resident status (including onshore).

Temporary migrants:

Inflows (first entries) of people who are lawfully in Canada on a temporary basis under the authority of a temporary resident permit. Temporary residents include foreign workers (including seasonal workers), foreign students, refugee claimants, people allowed to remain temporarily in Canada on humanitarian grounds and other individuals entering Canada on a temporary basis who are not under a work or student permit and who are not seeking protection.

Table B.1 presents the inflow of persons who have acquired permanent resident status only. Country of origin refers to country of last permanent residence. Due to privacy considerations, the figures have been subjected to random rounding. Under this method, all figures in the table are randomly rounded either up or down to multiples of 5. 

Citizenship and Immigration Canada.

Chile | Inflows: Temporary residence permits granted. |  | Register of permits of residence granted, Department of Foreigners and Migration, Ministry of the Interior.
Czech Republic | Foreigners holding a permanent or a long-term residence permit or long term visas and persons who were granted asylum in the given year. | In 2000, data include only holders of a permanent residence permit. From 2001 on, data also include refugees and long-term residence permit holders. | Register of Foreigners, Population Information System of the Ministry of the Interior, Czech Statistical Office.

Denmark

Foreigners who live legally in Denmark, are registred in the Central population register, and have been living in the country for at least one year. From 2006 on, Statistics Denmark started using a new calculation on the underlying demographic data. The data from 2006 on are therefore not comparable with previous years.

Outflows include administrative corrections.

Excludes asylum seekers and all those with temporary residence permits.

Central Population Register, Statistics Denmark.

Estonia | Foreigners expecting to stay in the country for a period of at least 12 months. |  | Population Register and Police and Border Guard Board (PBG), Statistics Estonia.
Finland | Foreign nationals with a valid residence permit for longer than one year. Nordic citizens who are moving for less than 6 months are not included. | Includes foreign persons of Finnish origin. Excludes asylum seekers and persons with temporary residence permits. | Central Population Register, Statistics Finland.
France | Inflows: Based on the first permanent-type permits delivered. Include status changes from a temporary-type permit to a permanent-type permit. | Excludes citizens from the European Economic Area. | Ministry of the Interior
Germany | Foreigners holding a residence permit and intending to stay at least one week in the country. | Includes asylum seekers living in private households. Excludes inflows of ethnic Germans. In 2008, local authorities started to purge registers of inactive records. As a result, higher emigration figures were reported from this year. | Central Population Register, Federal Statistical Office.
Greece | Initial issuance of residence permit. | Does not refer to physical inflows but to flows into legal status. | Ministry of Interior Affairs.

Hungary

Inflows: Foreign citizens who entered Hungary in the given year and obtained a residence document according to legal regulations in effect.

Outflows: Foreign citizens having a residence or a settlement document and who left Hungary in the given year without the intention to return, or whose permission’s validity has expired and did not apply for a new one or whose permission was invalidated by authority due to withdrawal. From 2012, it contains estimations.

Office of Immigration and Nationality, Central Statistical Office.

Iceland | Foreigners expecting to stay in the country for a period of at least 12 months. |  | Register of Migration Data, Statistics Iceland.

Ireland

Figures are derived from the quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS) series. All figures are based on year ending April.

Inflows: The estimates relate to those persons resident in the country at the time of the survey and who were living abroad one year before (Table A.1.)

Outflows: Persons resident in the country at a point in the previous twelve-month period who are now living abroad (Table A.2.).

Data for years 2007-10 have been revised in line with revisions to the Population & Migration estimates published September 2012.

Central Statistics Office.

Israel | Data refer to permanent immigrants by last country of residence. | The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. | Population register, Central Bureau of Statistics.
Italy | Foreigners holding a residence, work or student permit. | Excludes seasonal workers. | Population Register, ISTAT.
Japan | Foreigners who got permission for landing, excluding temporary visitors and re-entries. |  | Ministry of Justice, Immigration Bureau.
Korea | Data refer to long-term inflows/outflows (more than 90 days). |  | Ministry of Justice.
Luxembourg | Foreigners holding a residence permit and intending to stay in the country for at least 3 months. |  | Central Population Register, Central Office of Statistics and Economic Studies (Statec).

Mexico

Until 2010, number of foreigners who are issued an immigrant permit for the first time (“inmigrante” FM2). 2011 and 2012 also includes new and former refugees who obtained immigrated status (“inmigrado”). From 2013 is the number of foreigners with permanent residence card, as the 2011 Migration Act come into effect.

The sharp increase of the numbers in 2013, is explained by administratives changes with the implementation of the 2011 Migration Act. The arrival of new foreigners into the country is similar to or lower than previous years. Most of these "new residents" are foreigners already in the country on a categoty nonimmigrat (temporary status).

Ministry of Interior, National Migration Institute (INM).

Netherlands | Foreigners holding a residence permit and intending to stay in the country for at least four of the next six months. Total outflows (Table A2.) include the “net administrative corrections”, i.e. unreported emigration of foreigners. | Inflows exclude asylum seekers who are staying in reception centres. | Population Register, Central Bureau of Statistics.
New Zealand | Inflows: Permanent and long-term arrivals (people from overseas arriving to live in New Zealand for 12 months or more (including permanently). Outflows: Permanent and long-term departures: Foreign-born returning to live overseas after a stay of 12 months or more in New Zealand. |  | Statistics New Zealand.

Norway

Foreigners holding a residence or work permit and intending to stay in the country for at least 6 months.

Asylum seekers are registered as immigrants only after having settled in a Norwegian municipality following a positive outcome of their application. An asylum seeker whose application has been rejected will not be registered as an ‘immigrant’, even if the application process has taken a long time and the return to the home country is delayed for a significant period.

Central Population Register, Statistics Norway.

Poland

Number of permanent and “fixed-term” residence permits issued. Since 26 August 2006, nationals of European Union Member States and their family members are no longer issued residence permits in Poland. However, they still need to register their stay in Poland, provided that they are planning to stay in Poland for more than three months.

2007 data include registrations of nationals of European Union Member States for the period August 2006 to December 2007.

Office for Foreigners.

Portugal

Data based on residence permits. 2001 to 2004 figures include foreigners that entered the country with Long Term Visas (Temporary Stay, Study and Work) issued in each year and also foreigners with Stay Permits yearly delivered under the 2001 programme of regularisation (126 901 in 2001, 47 657 in 2002, 9 097 in 2003 and 178 in 2004). In 2005, inflows include residence permits and long-term visas issued over the year. Since 2006, figures include long-term visas for non-EU 25 citizens and new residence titles attributed to EU 25 citizens (who do not need a visa). In 2011, inflows exclude foreigners who have regularised their situation under art.88.2 of the foreigner law (continuous regularisation).

Immigration and Border Control Office (SEF), National Statistical Institute (INE) and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Russian Federation

Inflows: By country of previous residence. Number of persons (both nationals and foreigners) registered in a place of residence and (since 2011) place of stay for 9 months and longer;

Outflows: Persons de-registered from a place of residence and persons which were registration in a place of stay for 9 months and longer after registration expiry date.

Official statistics of flows- Federal State statistics service (Rosstat) ; data on issued permits – Federal Migration Service

Slovak Republic | Until 2002, first long-term and permanent residence permits. From 2003 on, data include permanent, temporary, and tolerated residents. Break in series in 2012. |  | Register of Foreigners, Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic.
Slovenia | Inflows: Number of first temporary residence permits. Outflows: Temporary and permanent migrants declaring moving abroad. |  | Central Population Register, Ministry of the Interior, and National Statistical Office.
Spain | Data include information regarding registrations and cancellations due to changes of residence registered in the Municipal Registers for all foreigners, by nationality, independently of their legal status. | From 2004 on, the Residential Variation Statistics (RVS) also include registrations by omission and cancellations for undue registration of foreign nationals. Cancellations by expiration are included from 2006 on. | RVS derived from Municipal Population Registers (Padron municipal de habitantes), National Statistical Institute (INE).
Sweden | Foreigners holding a residence permit and intending to stay in the country for at least one year. | Excludes asylum seekers and temporary workers. | Population Register, Statistics Sweden.
Switzerland | Foreigners holding a permanent or an annual residence permit. Holders of an L-permit (short duration) are also included if their stay in the country is longer than 12 months. |  | Register of Foreigners, Federal Office of Migration.
Turkey | Residence permits issued for the first time to foreigners intending to stay 12 months or more in the country. |  | General Directorate of Security, Ministry of the Interior.

United Kingdom

Inflows: Non-British citizens admitted to the United Kingdom. Data in Table A.1. are adjusted to include short term migrants (including asylum seekers) who actually stayed longer than one year. Data by nationality in Table B.1. on inflows are not adjusted. Statistics whose coefficient of variation exceeds 30% are not shown separately but grouped under “Other countries”.

Outflows: Non-British citizens leaving the territory of the United Kingdom.

International Passenger Survey, Office for National Statistics.

United States

Permanent migrants:

Issues of permanent residence permits.

Temporary migrants:

Data refer to non-immigrant visas issued, excluding visitors and transit passengers (B and C visas) and crewmembers (D visas). Includes family members.

Includes persons already present in the United States who changed status. Data cover the fiscal year (October to September of the year indicated).

US Department of Homeland Security and Bureau of Consular Affairs, United States Department of State.

Data for Serbia include persons from Serbia, Montenegro and Serbia and Montenegro.

Inflows of asylum seekers

The statistics on asylum seekers published in this annex are based on data provided by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Since 1950, the UNHCR, which has a mission of conducting and co-ordinating international initiatives on behalf of refugees, has regularly produced complete statistics on refugees and asylum seekers in OECD countries and other countries of the world (www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c4d6.html).

These statistics are most often derived from administrative sources, but there are differences depending on the nature of the data provided. In some countries, asylum seekers are enumerated when the application is accepted. Consequently, they are shown in the statistics at that time rather than at the date when they arrived in the country. Acceptance of the application means that the administrative authorities will review the applicants’ claims and grant them certain rights during this review procedure. In other countries, the data do not include the applicants’ family members, who are admitted under different provisions (France), while other countries count the entire family (Switzerland).

The figures presented in the summary table (Table A.3) generally concern initial applications (primary processing stage) and sometimes differ significantly from the totals presented in Tables B.3, which give data by country of origin. This is because the data received by the UNHCR by country of origin combine both initial applications and appeals, and it is sometimes difficult to separate these two categories retrospectively. The reference for total asylum applications remains the figures shown in summary Table A.3.

Table A.3. Inflows of asylum seekers into OECD countries and the Russian Federation
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014
Australia | 4 300 | 3 200 | 3 200 | 3 520 | 3 980 | 4 770 | 6 210 | 8 250 | 11 510 | 15 790 | 11 740 | 8 960
Austria | 32 360 | 24 630 | 22 460 | 13 350 | 11 920 | 12 840 | 15 820 | 11 010 | 14 420 | 17 410 | 17 500 | 28 060
Belgium | 16 940 | 15 360 | 15 960 | 11 590 | 11 120 | 12 250 | 17 190 | 21 760 | 26 000 | 18 530 | 12 500 | 13 870
Canada | 31 940 | 25 750 | 20 790 | 22 870 | 28 340 | 34 800 | 33 970 | 22 540 | 24 990 | 20 220 | 10 360 | 13 450
Chile | 90 | 200 | 380 | 570 | 760 | 870 | .. | 260 | 310 | 170 | 250 | ..
Czech Republic | 11 400 | 5 460 | 4 160 | 3 020 | 1 880 | 1 710 | 1 360 | 980 | 760 | 750 | 500 | 920
Denmark | 4 590 | 3 240 | 2 260 | 1 920 | 1 850 | 2 360 | 3 820 | 4 970 | 3 810 | 6 190 | 7 560 | 14 820
Estonia | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 40 | 30 | 70 | 80 | 100 | 150
Finland | 3 220 | 3 860 | 3 570 | 2 330 | 1 430 | 4 020 | 5 910 | 4 020 | 3 090 | 2 920 | 3 020 | 3 520
France | 59 770 | 58 550 | 49 730 | 30 750 | 29 390 | 35 400 | 42 120 | 48 070 | 52 150 | 55 070 | 60 230 | 59 030
Germany | 50 560 | 35 610 | 28 910 | 21 030 | 19 160 | 22 090 | 27 650 | 41 330 | 45 740 | 64 540 | 109 580 | 173 070
Greece | 8 180 | 4 470 | 9 050 | 12 270 | 25 110 | 19 880 | 15 930 | 10 270 | 9 310 | 9 580 | 8 220 | 9 450
Hungary | 2 400 | 1 600 | 1 610 | 2 120 | 3 430 | 3 120 | 4 670 | 2 100 | 1 690 | 2 160 | 18 570 | 41 370
Iceland | 80 | 80 | 90 | 40 | 40 | 80 | 40 | 50 | 80 | 110 | 170 | 160
Ireland | 7 900 | 4 770 | 4 320 | 4 310 | 3 990 | 3 870 | 2 690 | 1 940 | 1 420 | 1 100 | 950 | 1 440
Israel | .. | 920 | 910 | 1 350 | 5 380 | 7 740 | 810 | 1 450 | 5 750 | 2 000 | .. | ..
Italy | 13 460 | 9 720 | 9 550 | 10 350 | 14 050 | 30 320 | 17 600 | 10 050 | 34 120 | 17 350 | 25 720 | 63 660
Japan | 340 | 430 | 380 | 950 | 820 | 1 600 | 1 390 | 1 200 | 1 870 | 2 550 | 3 260 | 5 000
Korea | 90 | 150 | 410 | 280 | 720 | 360 | 320 | 430 | 1 010 | 1 140 | 1 570 | 2 900
Luxembourg | 1 550 | 1 580 | 800 | 520 | 430 | 460 | 480 | 740 | 2 080 | 2 000 | 990 | 970
Mexico | 280 | 400 | 690 | 480 | 370 | 320 | 680 | 1 040 | 750 | 810 | 1 300 | ..
Netherlands | 13 400 | 9 780 | 12 350 | 14 470 | 7 100 | 13 400 | 14 910 | 13 330 | 11 590 | 9 660 | 14 400 | 23 850
New Zealand | 840 | 580 | 350 | 280 | 250 | 250 | 340 | 340 | 310 | 320 | 290 | 290
Norway | 15 960 | 7 950 | 5 400 | 5 320 | 6 530 | 14 430 | 17 230 | 10 060 | 9 050 | 9 790 | 11 470 | 12 640
Poland | 6 910 | 8 080 | 6 860 | 4 430 | 7 210 | 7 200 | 10 590 | 6 530 | 5 090 | 9 170 | 13 760 | 6 810
Portugal | 90 | 110 | 110 | 130 | 220 | 160 | 140 | 160 | 280 | 300 | 510 | 440
Russian Federation | 740 | 910 | 960 | 1 170 | 3 370 | 5 420 | 5 700 | 2 180 | 1 270 | 1 240 | 1 960 | ..
Slovak Republic | 10 360 | 11 400 | 3 550 | 2 870 | 2 640 | 910 | 820 | 540 | 490 | 730 | 280 | 230
Slovenia | 1 100 | 1 170 | 1 600 | 520 | 430 | 240 | 180 | 250 | 370 | 310 | 240 | 360
Spain | 5 920 | 5 540 | 5 250 | 5 300 | 7 660 | 4 520 | 3 010 | 2 740 | 3 410 | 2 580 | 4 510 | 5 900
Sweden | 31 350 | 23 160 | 17 530 | 24 320 | 36 370 | 24 350 | 24 190 | 31 820 | 29 650 | 43 880 | 54 260 | 75 090
Switzerland | 20 810 | 14 250 | 10 060 | 10 540 | 10 390 | 16 610 | 16 010 | 13 520 | 19 440 | 25 950 | 19 440 | 22 110
Turkey | 3 950 | 3 910 | 3 920 | 4 550 | 7 650 | 12 980 | 7 830 | 9 230 | 16 020 | 26 470 | 44 810 | 87 820
United Kingdom | 60 050 | 40 630 | 30 840 | 28 320 | 28 300 | 31 320 | 30 680 | 22 640 | 25 900 | 27 980 | 29 400 | 31 260
United States | 43 340 | 44 970 | 39 240 | 41 100 | 40 450 | 39 360 | 38 080 | 42 970 | 60 590 | 66 100 | 68 240 | 121 160
OECD | 463 540 | 371 520 | 316 300 | 285 780 | 319 380 | 364 600 | 362 710 | 346 620 | 423 120 | 463 710 | 555 700 | 828 760
Notes: For details on definitions and sources, refer to the metadata at the end of the Tables B.3.
Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260250

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Australia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
China | 800 | 822 | 966 | 1 033 | 1 207 | 1 232 | 1 192 | 1 187 | 1 189 | 1 138 | 1 568
India | 604 | 242 | 173 | 316 | 349 | 373 | 213 | 409 | 769 | 943 | 1 163
Pakistan | 63 | 61 | 103 | 90 | 145 | 220 | 260 | 428 | 817 | 1 512 | 1 104
Iran | 75 | 71 | 101 | 77 | 84 | 161 | 312 | 458 | 2 152 | 1 839 | 967
Egypt | 61 | 72 | 65 | 48 | 41 | 96 | 134 | 123 | 415 | 385 | 849
Sri Lanka | 166 | 125 | 317 | 324 | 445 | 422 | 555 | 589 | 370 | 2 345 | 806
Fiji | 165 | 84 | 52 | 34 | 70 | 81 | 262 | 375 | 277 | 236 | 413
Bangladesh | 124 | 130 | 61 | 57 | 66 | 131 | 69 | 97 | 127 | 159 | 382
Afghanistan | 54 | 116 | 32 | 21 | 20 | 52 | 940 | 1 265 | 1 720 | 3 079 | 370
Iraq | 142 | 66 | 80 | 188 | 216 | 199 | 298 | 373 | 490 | 760 | 362
Stateless | 14 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 66 | 263 | 525 | 544 | 361
Lebanon | 90 | 57 | 56 | 65 | 75 | 91 | 115 | 200 | 158 | 327 | 349
Libya | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 12 | 200 | 174 | 318
Nepal | 57 | 40 | 73 | 36 | 48 | 33 | 45 | 161 | 271 | 188 | 298
Malaysia | 184 | 210 | 170 | 109 | 145 | 238 | 231 | 249 | 182 | 171 | 209
Other countries | 1 692 | 1 095 | 941 | 1 107 | 1 056 | 1 430 | 1 507 | 2 057 | 1 843 | 1 986 | 2 222
Total | 4 295 | 3 201 | 3 204 | 3 515 | 3 980 | 4 771 | 6 206 | 8 246 | 11 505 | 15 786 | 11 741
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Austria
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Russian Federation | 6 709 | 6 172 | 4 355 | 2 441 | 2 676 | 3 435 | 3 559 | 2 322 | 2 314 | 3 091 | 2 841
Afghanistan | 2 357 | 757 | 923 | 699 | 761 | 1 382 | 2 237 | 1 582 | 3 609 | 4 005 | 2 589
Syria | 153 | 131 | 77 | 88 | 166 | 140 | 279 | 194 | 422 | 915 | 1 991
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 2 526 | 2 835 | 4 403 | 2 515 | 1 760 | 1 702 | 2 033 | 972 | 541 | 606 | 1 146
Pakistan | 508 | 575 | 498 | 110 | 103 | 106 | 183 | 276 | 949 | 1 823 | 1 037
Algeria | 221 | 234 | 185 | 138 | 109 | 173 | 248 | 304 | 447 | 575 | 949
Nigeria | 1 849 | 1 828 | 880 | 421 | 394 | 535 | 837 | 573 | 414 | 400 | 691
Iran | 979 | 343 | 306 | 274 | 248 | 250 | 340 | 387 | 457 | 761 | 595
Morocco | 32 | 29 | 32 | 77 | 55 | 140 | 90 | 137 | 313 | 354 | 516
Iraq | 1 446 | 232 | 221 | 380 | 472 | 490 | 399 | 336 | 484 | 491 | 468
Somalia | 191 | 45 | 89 | 183 | 467 | 411 | 344 | 190 | 610 | 481 | 433
India | 2 822 | 1 839 | 1 530 | 479 | 385 | 355 | 427 | 433 | 476 | 401 | 339
Turkey | 2 854 | 1 114 | 1 064 | 668 | 659 | 417 | 554 | 369 | 414 | 273 | 302
Armenia | 1 098 | 414 | 516 | 350 | 405 | 360 | 440 | 278 | 224 | 346 | 300
Bangladesh | 887 | 330 | 548 | 140 | 70 | 52 | 95 | 116 | 87 | 212 | 278
Other countries | 7 727 | 7 756 | 6 834 | 4 386 | 3 191 | 2 893 | 3 756 | 2 543 | 2 655 | 2 679 | 3 028
Total | 32 359 | 24 634 | 22 461 | 13 349 | 11 921 | 12 841 | 15 821 | 11 012 | 14 416 | 17 413 | 17 503
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Belgium
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1 778 | 1 471 | 1 272 | 843 | 716 | 579 | 670 | 813 | 1 080 | 1 392 | 1 166
Guinea | 354 | 565 | 643 | 413 | 526 | 661 | 1 052 | 1 455 | 2 046 | 1 370 | 1 023
Syria | 210 | 182 | 228 | 167 | 199 | 281 | 347 | 374 | 494 | 798 | 944
Afghanistan | 329 | 287 | 253 | 365 | 696 | 879 | 1 659 | 1 124 | 2 774 | 2 349 | 892
Russian Federation | 1 680 | 1 361 | 1 438 | 1 582 | 1 436 | 1 620 | 1 605 | 1 886 | 1 747 | 1 191 | 791
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 1 280 | 1 294 | 1 203 | 778 | 1 219 | 1 050 | 2 053 | 4 545 | 3 067 | 995 | 747
Albania | 340 | 255 | 167 | 125 | 193 | 172 | 256 | 208 | 1 152 | 607 | 472
China | 286 | 208 | 304 | 155 | 135 | 189 | 329 | 176 | 292 | 344 | 368
Cameroon | 625 | 506 | 530 | 335 | 279 | 367 | 302 | 289 | 451 | 457 | 360
Iraq | 282 | 388 | 903 | 695 | 825 | 1 070 | 1 386 | 1 637 | 2 005 | 636 | 295
Senegal | 15 | 17 | 15 | 6 | 21 | 50 | 113 | 231 | 314 | 454 | 292
Pakistan | 341 | 308 | 222 | 160 | 150 | 150 | 233 | 325 | 924 | 711 | 256
Armenia | 316 | 477 | 706 | 381 | 339 | 461 | 1 099 | 1 266 | 556 | 304 | 236
Georgia | 302 | 211 | 256 | 232 | 156 | 222 | 327 | 336 | 347 | 387 | 229
Iran | 1 153 | 512 | 497 | 631 | 411 | 614 | 732 | 261 | 366 | 348 | 210
Other countries | 7 649 | 7 315 | 7 320 | 4 719 | 3 814 | 3 887 | 5 023 | 6 829 | 8 388 | 6 182 | 4 219
Total | 16 940 | 15 357 | 15 957 | 11 587 | 11 115 | 12 252 | 17 186 | 21 755 | 26 003 | 18 525 | 12 500
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Canada
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
China | 1 848 | 1 982 | 1 821 | 1 645 | 1 456 | 1 711 | 1 592 | 1 650 | 1 922 | 1 783 | 893
Pakistan | 4 257 | 1 006 | 746 | 652 | 361 | 403 | 437 | 526 | 882 | 853 | 643
Colombia | 2 131 | 3 664 | 1 487 | 1 361 | 2 632 | 3 132 | 2 299 | 1 384 | 904 | 692 | 585
Syria | 139 | 88 | 61 | 40 | 67 | 70 | 84 | 126 | 181 | 350 | 517
Nigeria | 637 | 589 | 591 | 685 | 759 | 766 | 760 | 846 | 696 | 707 | 455
Afghanistan | 151 | 152 | 264 | 268 | 308 | 488 | 445 | 399 | 373 | 348 | 368
Haiti | 195 | 175 | 378 | 759 | 3 741 | 4 936 | 1 597 | 1 062 | 523 | 417 | 334
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 435 | 394 | 330 | 417 | 356 | 425 | 298 | 288 | 347 | 337 | 279
Somalia | 348 | 408 | 285 | 206 | 231 | 505 | 508 | 425 | 416 | 410 | 260
Egypt | 231 | 182 | 82 | 53 | 47 | 47 | 43 | 108 | 155 | 171 | 252
Sri Lanka | 1 270 | 1 141 | 934 | 907 | 808 | 1 008 | 824 | 1 200 | 635 | 428 | 228
India | 1 125 | 1 083 | 844 | 764 | 554 | 561 | 502 | 532 | 632 | 684 | 223
Iran | 329 | 352 | 357 | 246 | 207 | 267 | 310 | 327 | 318 | 277 | 216
Iraq | 118 | 92 | 112 | 179 | 264 | 282 | 198 | 130 | 143 | 142 | 212
Eritrea | 107 | 155 | 148 | 151 | 164 | 212 | 200 | 138 | 171 | 209 | 204
Other countries | 18 616 | 14 287 | 12 346 | 14 535 | 15 910 | 19 987 | 23 873 | 13 402 | 16 687 | 12 415 | 4 687
Total | 31 937 | 25 750 | 20 786 | 22 868 | 27 865 | 34 800 | 33 970 | 22 543 | 24 985 | 20 223 | 10 356
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Chile
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Colombia | 56 | 182 | 347 | 540 | 713 | 816 | .. | 220 | 267 | 138 | 224
Syria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5
Afghanistan | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3
West Bank and Gaza Strip | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3
Russian Federation | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | .. | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3
Cuba | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | .. | 14 | 9 | 5 | 2
Albania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Bolivia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | .. | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1
Brazil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 3 | .. | 2 | 2 | 5 | 1
Mexico | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1
Peru | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 8 | .. | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1
El Salvador | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1
Togo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Ukraine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1
Other countries | 12 | 10 | 17 | 24 | 29 | 43 | .. | 15 | 17 | 8 | 0
Total | 87 | 203 | 380 | 573 | 756 | 872 | .. | 260 | 305 | 168 | 249
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Czech Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Ukraine | 2 044 | 1 600 | 1 020 | 571 | 293 | 323 | 220 | 141 | 152 | 174 | 72
Syria | 6 | 4 | 22 | 20 | 31 | 36 | 54 | 17 | 23 | 68 | 68
Russian Federation | 4 853 | 1 498 | 278 | 171 | 99 | 85 | 66 | 62 | 47 | 40 | 42
Viet nam | 566 | 385 | 217 | 124 | 100 | 109 | 65 | 49 | 46 | 54 | 37
Cuba | 7 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 94 | 19 | 12 | 18 | 20 | 15 | 36
Armenia | 49 | 75 | 56 | 51 | 37 | 33 | 23 | 19 | 11 | 22 | 29
Kazakhstan | 47 | 44 | 34 | 236 | 30 | 80 | 192 | 57 | 18 | 23 | 17
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 20 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 49 | 31 | 32 | 9 | 5 | 13 | 16
Stateless | 57 | 46 | 73 | 100 | 65 | 32 | 67 | 52 | 26 | 24 | 16
Belarus | 281 | 226 | 244 | 174 | 130 | 81 | 60 | 67 | 71 | 54 | 13
Georgia | 319 | 201 | 54 | 43 | 45 | 39 | 33 | 9 | 17 | 9 | 12
Iraq | 102 | 38 | 47 | 80 | 49 | 30 | 12 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 11
Nigeria | 37 | 50 | 83 | 96 | 69 | 39 | 43 | 0 | 18 | 12 | 11
Turkey | 11 | 31 | 33 | 66 | 213 | 253 | 69 | 68 | 32 | 12 | 11
Moldova | 192 | 94 | 69 | 29 | 31 | 17 | 22 | 13 | 8 | 10 | 10
Other countries | 2 805 | 1 164 | 1 926 | 1 235 | 543 | 504 | 385 | 391 | 253 | 218 | 102
Total | 11 396 | 5 459 | 4 160 | 3 016 | 1 878 | 1 711 | 1 355 | 979 | 756 | 753 | 503
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Denmark
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Syria | 56 | 56 | 46 | 55 | 71 | 105 | 380 | 821 | 428 | 907 | 1 710
Russian Federation | 269 | 163 | 119 | 61 | 114 | 183 | 335 | 340 | 304 | 521 | 982
Somalia | 370 | 154 | 80 | 57 | 35 | 58 | 177 | 110 | 107 | 914 | 965
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 750 | 784 | 375 | 267 | 90 | 118 | 271 | 402 | 325 | 689 | 547
Afghanistan | 664 | 285 | 173 | 122 | 138 | 418 | 1 049 | 1 476 | 903 | 576 | 426
Stateless | 35 | 20 | 107 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 91 | 5 | 54 | 57 | 425
Iran | 158 | 140 | 123 | 89 | 106 | 196 | 334 | 597 | 461 | 548 | 375
Morocco | 18 | 17 | 14 | 14 | 7 | 19 | 31 | 29 | 45 | 108 | 167
Nigeria | 61 | 89 | 55 | 52 | 22 | 29 | 53 | 24 | 52 | 115 | 142
Iraq | 442 | 217 | 264 | 507 | 695 | 543 | 305 | 237 | 115 | 133 | 113
Algeria | 62 | 50 | 45 | 15 | 16 | 38 | 46 | 46 | 103 | 134 | 109
Armenia | 23 | 29 | 19 | 17 | 4 | 12 | 17 | 32 | 36 | 60 | 108
Eritrea | 5 | 18 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 15 | 37 | 26 | 20 | 57 | 98
Tunisia | 7 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 56 | 69 | 85
Pakistan | 36 | 81 | 40 | 31 | 17 | 14 | 49 | 26 | 57 | 67 | 75
Other countries | 1 637 | 1 121 | 788 | 617 | 520 | 588 | 635 | 785 | 745 | 1 231 | 1 230
Total | 4 593 | 3 235 | 2 260 | 1 918 | 1 852 | 2 360 | 3 819 | 4 965 | 3 811 | 6 186 | 7 557
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Estonia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Viet nam | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 26
Syria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 17
Russian Federation | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 14
Georgia | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 35 | 9
Pakistan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 8
Albania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3
Belgium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3
Iran | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3
Sudan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3
Cuba | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2
Afghanistan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 1
Australia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Croatia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Nigeria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1
Other countries | 6 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 49 | 19 | 3
Total | 14 | 14 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 14 | 36 | 30 | 67 | 77 | 97
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Finland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Iraq | 150 | 123 | 289 | 225 | 307 | 1 253 | 1 183 | 575 | 588 | 784 | 764
Russian Federation | 292 | 217 | 233 | 176 | 171 | 208 | 599 | 436 | 294 | 199 | 219
Nigeria | 77 | 92 | 73 | 64 | 41 | 76 | 130 | 84 | 105 | 93 | 202
Somalia | 91 | 253 | 321 | 92 | 81 | 1 176 | 1 169 | 571 | 365 | 173 | 196
Afghanistan | 51 | 166 | 237 | 97 | 70 | 249 | 445 | 265 | 292 | 188 | 172
Syria | 39 | 15 | 11 | 17 | 8 | 24 | 36 | 41 | 109 | 180 | 148
Iran | 47 | 99 | 79 | 91 | 78 | 143 | 159 | 142 | 125 | 121 | 147
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 645 | 837 | 457 | 286 | 142 | 170 | 335 | 327 | 160 | 167 | 119
Algeria | 38 | 31 | 33 | 25 | 25 | 27 | 48 | 47 | 55 | 54 | 81
Morocco | 8 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 12 | 29 | 15 | 28 | 37 | 70
Gambia | 3 | 1 | 12 | 17 | 5 | 8 | 45 | 33 | 21 | 29 | 64
Turkey | 185 | 140 | 97 | 41 | 74 | 65 | 140 | 117 | 74 | 56 | 55
Ghana | 15 | 3 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 27 | 52 | 78 | 34 | 34 | 53
Albania | 58 | 61 | 33 | 21 | 13 | 16 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 18 | 51
Belarus | 46 | 58 | 57 | 97 | 47 | 68 | 94 | 66 | 83 | 32 | 39
Other countries | 1 476 | 1 762 | 1 622 | 1 076 | 359 | 494 | 1 437 | 1 209 | 742 | 757 | 643
Total | 3 221 | 3 861 | 3 574 | 2 331 | 1 434 | 4 016 | 5 910 | 4 018 | 3 086 | 2 922 | 3 023
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
France
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 2 704 | 3 812 | 3 997 | 3 047 | 3 068 | 3 140 | 5 245 | 5 771 | 3 470 | 3 957 | 5 867
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 5 093 | 3 848 | 3 022 | 2 283 | 2 154 | 2 543 | 2 800 | 3 426 | 3 845 | 5 321 | 5 263
Albania | 571 | 595 | 471 | 306 | 198 | 334 | 536 | 479 | 477 | 2 647 | 5 016
Russian Federation | 3 347 | 3 331 | 3 080 | 2 313 | 3 265 | 3 595 | 3 392 | 4 334 | 4 062 | 5 369 | 4 676
Bangladesh | 956 | 959 | 860 | 607 | 960 | 1 249 | 1 441 | 3 145 | 3 572 | 1 093 | 3 069
Georgia | 1 726 | 1 563 | 788 | 282 | 176 | 379 | 471 | 1 355 | 1 645 | 2 552 | 2 456
Guinea | 808 | 1 020 | 1 147 | 859 | 981 | 1 270 | 1 671 | 2 034 | 2 033 | 1 884 | 2 445
Sri Lanka | 2 129 | 2 246 | 2 071 | 2 145 | 2 159 | 2 322 | 3 129 | 2 864 | 3 222 | 3 122 | 2 325
China | 5 330 | 4 196 | 2 590 | 1 214 | 1 286 | 821 | 1 602 | 1 937 | 2 187 | 2 228 | 2 293
Pakistan | 756 | 1 046 | 572 | 393 | 343 | 325 | 634 | 893 | 1 433 | 1 941 | 1 735
Armenia | 1 106 | 1 292 | 1 642 | 1 684 | 1 929 | 2 075 | 3 112 | 1 775 | 3 639 | 2 187 | 1 722
Turkey | 7 192 | 4 741 | 3 867 | 2 758 | 2 234 | 2 198 | 2 047 | 1 415 | 1 737 | 2 054 | 1 682
Mali | 1 241 | 859 | 568 | 153 | 607 | 2 670 | 705 | 712 | 739 | 938 | 1 663
Algeria | 2 794 | 4 209 | 2 018 | 1 127 | 967 | 978 | 1 118 | 1 171 | 1 132 | 1 162 | 1 479
Haiti | 1 488 | 3 133 | 5 060 | 1 844 | 677 | 930 | 1 458 | 2 008 | 2 016 | 1 602 | 1 473
Other countries | 22 527 | 21 695 | 17 980 | 9 733 | 8 383 | 10 575 | 12 757 | 14 755 | 16 938 | 17 011 | 17 070
Total | 59 768 | 58 545 | 49 733 | 30 748 | 29 387 | 35 404 | 42 118 | 48 074 | 52 147 | 55 068 | 60 234
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Germany
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Russian Federation | 3 383 | 2 757 | 1 719 | 1 040 | 772 | 792 | 936 | 1 199 | 1 689 | 3 202 | 14 887
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 4 909 | 3 855 | 5 522 | 3 182 | 1 996 | 1 608 | 1 981 | 6 592 | 5 974 | 10 383 | 14 853
Syria | 1 192 | 768 | 933 | 609 | 634 | 775 | 819 | 1 490 | 2 634 | 6 201 | 11 851
Afghanistan | 1 473 | 918 | 711 | 531 | 338 | 657 | 3 375 | 5 905 | 7 767 | 7 498 | 7 735
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | 320 | 198 | 193 | 132 | 89 | 82 | 109 | 2 466 | 1 131 | 4 546 | 6 208
Iran | 2 049 | 1 369 | 929 | 611 | 631 | 815 | 1 170 | 2 475 | 3 352 | 4 348 | 4 424
Pakistan | 1 122 | 1 062 | 551 | 464 | 301 | 320 | 481 | 840 | 2 539 | 3 412 | 4 101
Iraq | 3 850 | 1 293 | 1 983 | 2 117 | 4 327 | 6 836 | 6 538 | 5 555 | 5 831 | 5 352 | 3 958
Somalia | 257 | 240 | 163 | 146 | 121 | 165 | 346 | 2 235 | 984 | 1 243 | 3 786
Eritrea | 556 | 456 | 367 | 281 | 335 | 262 | 346 | 642 | 632 | 650 | 3 616
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 600 | 412 | 325 | 209 | 109 | 131 | 171 | 301 | 305 | 2 025 | 3 323
Georgia | 1 139 | 802 | 493 | 240 | 181 | 232 | 560 | 664 | 471 | 1 298 | 2 336
Egypt | 56 | 56 | 56 | 66 | 48 | 60 | 84 | 118 | 177 | 254 | 2 133
Nigeria | 1 051 | 1 130 | 608 | 481 | 503 | 561 | 791 | 716 | 759 | 892 | 1 923
Turkey | 6 301 | 4 148 | 2 958 | 1 949 | 1 437 | 1 408 | 1 429 | 1 340 | 1 578 | 1 457 | 1 521
Other countries | 22 305 | 16 143 | 11 403 | 8 971 | 7 342 | 7 381 | 8 513 | 8 794 | 9 918 | 11 778 | 22 925
Total | 50 563 | 35 607 | 28 914 | 21 029 | 19 164 | 22 085 | 27 649 | 41 332 | 45 741 | 64 539 | 109 580
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Greece
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Pakistan | 681 | 247 | 1 154 | 2 378 | 9 144 | 6 914 | 3 716 | 2 748 | 2 309 | 2 339 | 1 359
Afghanistan | 561 | 382 | 458 | 1 087 | 1 556 | 2 287 | 1 510 | 524 | 637 | 584 | 1 223
Bangladesh | 233 | 208 | 550 | 3 750 | 2 965 | 1 778 | 1 809 | 987 | 615 | 1 007 | 730
Albania | 12 | 23 | 21 | 20 | 51 | 202 | 517 | 693 | 276 | 384 | 584
Georgia | 48 | 323 | 1 897 | 428 | 1 559 | 2 241 | 2 170 | 1 162 | 1 121 | 893 | 534
Syria | 19 | 44 | 57 | 143 | 1 311 | 808 | 965 | 167 | 352 | 275 | 482
Egypt | 22 | 83 | 104 | 27 | 75 | 95 | 145 | 104 | 306 | 249 | 308
Nigeria | 444 | 325 | 406 | 391 | 390 | 746 | 780 | 393 | 362 | 267 | 257
Iran | 608 | 228 | 203 | 528 | 354 | 312 | 303 | 125 | 247 | 211 | 187
China | 140 | 52 | 251 | 97 | 36 | 55 | 391 | 549 | 406 | 195 | 174
Eritrea | 27 | 10 | 17 | 28 | 26 | 47 | 47 | 59 | 37 | 138 | 158
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 40 | 27 | 13 | 15 | 1 | 12 | 11 | 16 | 12 | 20 | 154
Iraq | 2 831 | 936 | 971 | 1 415 | 5 474 | 1 760 | 886 | 342 | 257 | 315 | 148
Algeria | 5 | 27 | 48 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 44 | 79 | 79 | 105 | 144
Somalia | 389 | 119 | 110 | 150 | 174 | 149 | 140 | 141 | 68 | 60 | 122
Other countries | 2 118 | 1 435 | 2 790 | 1 793 | 1 978 | 2 460 | 2 494 | 2 184 | 2 227 | 2 535 | 1 660
Total | 8 178 | 4 469 | 9 050 | 12 267 | 25 113 | 19 884 | 15 928 | 10 273 | 9 311 | 9 577 | 8 224
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Hungary
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 112 | 180 | 243 | 384 | 723 | 1 593 | 2 320 | 446 | 238 | 246 | 6 181
Pakistan | 53 | 54 | 40 | 18 | 15 | 246 | 41 | 41 | 121 | 327 | 3 052
Afghanistan | 469 | 38 | 22 | 13 | 35 | 116 | 1 194 | 702 | 649 | 880 | 2 279
Algeria | 79 | 57 | 19 | 22 | 48 | 19 | 11 | 35 | 56 | 59 | 1 105
Syria | 11 | 10 | 18 | 32 | 48 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 91 | 145 | 934
Bangladesh | 31 | 29 | 90 | 15 | 10 | 35 | 26 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 678
Morocco | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 14 | 30 | 47 | 494
Nigeria | 74 | 73 | 89 | 109 | 86 | 56 | 66 | 37 | 22 | 27 | 441
Mali | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 304
Ghana | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 264
Côte d’Ivoire | 5 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 21 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 255
Senegal | 22 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 255
Tunisia | 4 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 30 | 21 | 231
Somalia | 113 | 18 | 7 | 42 | 99 | 185 | 75 | 51 | 61 | 69 | 185
Guinea | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 156
Other countries | 1 423 | 1 131 | 1 066 | 1 461 | 2 334 | 836 | 880 | 728 | 381 | 310 | 1 751
Total | 2 401 | 1 600 | 1 609 | 2 117 | 3 425 | 3 118 | 4 672 | 2 104 | 1 693 | 2 157 | 18 565
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Iceland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Croatia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 42
Albania | 11 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 40
Russian Federation | 3 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 9
Syria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7
Algeria | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 6
Iraq | 3 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 6
Nigeria | 1 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 17 | 6
Afghanistan | 3 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 9 | 5
Eritrea | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5
Iran | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 4
Somalia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4
Azerbaijan | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3
West Bank and Gaza Strip | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3
Georgia | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 3
Honduras | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3
Other countries | 53 | 46 | 57 | 23 | 22 | 39 | 11 | 20 | 32 | 31 | 26
Total | 80 | 76 | 88 | 39 | 42 | 77 | 35 | 51 | 76 | 113 | 172
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Ireland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Nigeria | 3 110 | 1 776 | 1 278 | 1 038 | 1 028 | 1 009 | 569 | 387 | 205 | 181 | 129
Pakistan | 62 | 55 | 68 | 167 | 185 | 237 | 257 | 200 | 197 | 123 | 91
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 256 | 140 | 138 | 109 | 149 | 173 | 102 | 71 | 76 | 62 | 72
Zimbabwe | 88 | 69 | 51 | 77 | 87 | 114 | 91 | 48 | 69 | 50 | 70
Malawi | 9 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 22 | 14 | 15 | 26 | 24 | 55
Algeria | 68 | 66 | 32 | 49 | 47 | 65 | 71 | 32 | 53 | 39 | 51
Albania | 142 | 99 | 58 | 35 | 71 | 51 | 47 | 13 | 35 | 46 | 48
Syria | 15 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 9 | 17 | 3 | 2 | 11 | 16 | 38
Afghanistan | 24 | 106 | 142 | 88 | 78 | 79 | 68 | 69 | 74 | 50 | 32
Bangladesh | 6 | 7 | 20 | 5 | 24 | 47 | 30 | 51 | 22 | 32 | 31
South Africa | 114 | 45 | 33 | 38 | 39 | 75 | 54 | 53 | 47 | 35 | 28
Iraq | 129 | 38 | 55 | 215 | 285 | 203 | 76 | 29 | 21 | 12 | 27
China | 168 | 152 | 96 | 139 | 259 | 180 | 194 | 228 | 156 | 36 | 22
Cameroon | 125 | 62 | 57 | 78 | 44 | 67 | 50 | 56 | 24 | 16 | 19
Mauritius | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 19 | 19 | 15 | 19 | 12 | 18 | 16
Other countries | 3 584 | 2 132 | 2 266 | 2 243 | 1 650 | 1 508 | 1 048 | 666 | 391 | 364 | 217
Total | 7 900 | 4 769 | 4 324 | 4 314 | 3 988 | 3 866 | 2 689 | 1 939 | 1 419 | 1 104 | 946
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Israel
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Côte d’Ivoire | .. | 74 | 43 | 91 | 751 | 507 | 20 | 289 | 173 | 438 | ..
South Sudan | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 285 | ..
Eritrea | .. | 31 | 4 | 20 | 1 766 | 3 067 | 0 | 2 | 75 | 261 | ..
Nigeria | .. | 100 | 160 | 448 | 567 | 418 | 198 | 168 | 209 | 194 | ..
Ethiopia | .. | 316 | 56 | 13 | 45 | 495 | 16 | 148 | 94 | 138 | ..
Ghana | .. | 34 | 25 | 74 | 192 | 233 | 113 | 189 | 148 | 108 | ..
Guinea | .. | 7 | 181 | 151 | 23 | 24 | 10 | 35 | 4 | 70 | ..
Sudan | .. | 14 | 102 | 164 | 1 402 | 2 142 | 0 | 4 | 37 | 37 | ..
Colombia | .. | 28 | 23 | 31 | 67 | 92 | 40 | 75 | 36 | 23 | ..
Nepal | .. | 6 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 14 | ..
Togo | .. | 21 | 10 | 8 | 22 | 13 | 0 | 15 | 2 | 7 | ..
China | .. | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | ..
Chad | .. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 1 | 17 | 7 | 4 | ..
Myanmar | .. | 25 | 12 | 14 | 20 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 3 | ..
Guinea-Bissau | .. | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ..
Other countries | .. | 265 | 292 | 316 | 501 | 706 | 402 | 506 | 4 945 | 409 | ..
Total | .. | 922 | 909 | 1 348 | 5 382 | 7 738 | 809 | 1 448 | 5 745 | 1 999 | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Italy
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Pakistan | 787 | 267 | 411 | 203 | 176 | 1 143 | 1 362 | 929 | 2 058 | 2 601 | 3 175
Nigeria | 722 | 930 | 536 | 830 | 1 336 | 5 673 | 3 991 | 1 385 | 6 208 | 1 613 | 3 170
Somalia | 1 743 | 186 | 117 | 99 | 757 | 4 864 | 1 604 | 84 | 1 205 | 807 | 2 761
Eritrea | 1 230 | 831 | 1 313 | 2 151 | 2 260 | 2 934 | 890 | 181 | 498 | 734 | 2 088
Afghanistan | 70 | 84 | 76 | 177 | 663 | 1 732 | 711 | 873 | 1 289 | 1 495 | 2 049
Mali | 0 | 1 | 0 | 97 | 268 | 419 | 215 | 67 | 2 582 | 785 | 1 714
Gambia | 0 | 37 | 25 | 49 | 142 | 413 | 307 | 80 | 282 | 321 | 1 701
Senegal | 0 | 26 | 13 | 16 | 67 | 131 | 156 | 162 | 775 | 939 | 988
Egypt | 0 | 6 | 7 | 21 | 53 | 76 | 42 | 41 | 249 | 445 | 905
Syria | 0 | 7 | 3 | 15 | 27 | 55 | 120 | 48 | 288 | 354 | 634
Iraq | 493 | 166 | 118 | 87 | 189 | 758 | 417 | 380 | 309 | 403 | 552
Tunisia | 0 | 7 | 53 | 48 | 14 | 278 | 222 | 139 | 4 558 | 893 | 502
Turkey | 466 | 323 | 168 | 175 | 394 | 501 | 541 | 854 | 612 | 478 | 487
Ghana | 505 | 62 | 407 | 530 | 673 | 1 815 | 991 | 278 | 3 128 | 846 | 478
Bangladesh | 297 | 342 | 407 | 283 | 315 | 1 684 | 1 338 | 222 | 1 595 | 566 | 460
Other countries | 7 142 | 6 447 | 5 894 | 5 567 | 6 719 | 7 848 | 4 696 | 4 329 | 8 481 | 4 072 | 4 056
Total | 13 455 | 9 722 | 9 548 | 10 348 | 14 053 | 30 324 | 17 603 | 10 052 | 34 117 | 17 352 | 25 720
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Japan
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Turkey | 77 | 131 | 40 | 149 | 76 | 156 | 94 | 126 | 234 | 422 | 658
Nepal | 1 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 20 | 29 | 109 | 251 | 320 | 544
Myanmar | 111 | 138 | 212 | 626 | 500 | 979 | 568 | 342 | 491 | 368 | 380
Sri Lanka | 4 | 9 | 7 | 27 | 43 | 90 | 234 | 171 | 224 | 255 | 345
Pakistan | 12 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 27 | 37 | 92 | 83 | 169 | 298 | 241
Bangladesh | 6 | 33 | 29 | 15 | 14 | 33 | 51 | 33 | 98 | 169 | 190
India | 12 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 17 | 59 | 91 | 51 | 125 | 165
Ghana | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 15 | 104 | 114
Cameroon | 8 | 11 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 29 | 11 | 20 | 48 | 58 | 99
Nigeria | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 10 | 17 | 33 | 51 | 112 | 68
Afghanistan | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0
Algeria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
Angola | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 0
Egypt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 0
Armenia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0
Other countries | 99 | 79 | 76 | 94 | 119 | 220 | 225 | 172 | 227 | 301 | 456
Total | 336 | 426 | 384 | 954 | 816 | 1 599 | 1 388 | 1 203 | 1 867 | 2 545 | 3 260
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Korea
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Syria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 146 | 295
Pakistan | 9 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 47 | 95 | 129 | 434 | 244 | 275
Nigeria | 0 | 0 | 26 | 16 | 100 | 27 | 16 | 19 | 39 | 102 | 206
Egypt | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 97
Nepal | 1 | 2 | 8 | 78 | 275 | 12 | 2 | 5 | 14 | 43 | 90
Cameroon | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 30 | 77
South Africa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 17 | 74
Ethiopia | 13 | 1 | 7 | 21 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 15 | 68
China | 10 | 64 | 145 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 19 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 46
Bangladesh | 6 | 1 | 9 | 8 | 23 | 30 | 41 | 41 | 38 | 32 | 45
Liberia | 4 | 8 | 11 | 6 | 15 | 15 | 1 | 4 | 20 | 28 | 42
Yemen | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 34
Uganda | 1 | 9 | 46 | 20 | 50 | 21 | 15 | 12 | 78 | 56 | 28
Afghanistan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 15 | 60 | 4 | 27
Sri Lanka | 0 | 0 | 8 | 27 | 67 | 71 | 26 | 4 | 100 | 308 | 26
Other countries | 41 | 57 | 143 | 63 | 135 | 96 | 83 | 171 | 196 | 108 | 144
Total | 86 | 145 | 412 | 278 | 717 | 364 | 324 | 425 | 1 011 | 1 143 | 1 574
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Luxembourg
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 541 | 361 | 219 | 193 | 225 | 219 | 149 | 302 | 1 064 | 575 | 189
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 59 | 35 | 36 | 17 | 24 | 31 | 35 | 11 | 38 | 278 | 140
Montenegro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 6 | 0 | 100 | 288 | 89
Albania | 66 | 48 | 33 | 20 | 16 | 14 | 26 | 18 | 24 | 300 | 70
Nigeria | 1 | 3 | 45 | 14 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 24 | 53
Tunisia | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 42 | 46 | 52
Algeria | 81 | 69 | 39 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 11 | 43 | 30 | 32 | 37
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | 23 | 13 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 452 | 158 | 33
Iraq | 14 | 9 | 8 | 16 | 14 | 29 | 37 | 95 | 41 | 31 | 27
Morocco | 4 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 25
Belarus | 55 | 40 | 16 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 15 | 15 | 9 | 18 | 24
Syria | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 10 | 14 | 24
Iran | 31 | 59 | 41 | 31 | 16 | 18 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 28 | 22
Afghanistan | 2 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 17
Georgia | 44 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 16 | 7 | 16
Other countries | 626 | 923 | 354 | 186 | 79 | 110 | 141 | 171 | 193 | 185 | 171
Total | 1 550 | 1 577 | 802 | 523 | 426 | 463 | 477 | 744 | 2 076 | 2 003 | 989
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Mexico
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Honduras | 37 | 67 | 51 | 39 | 31 | 55 | 184 | 135 | 168 | 272 | 529
El Salvador | 5 | 46 | 31 | 31 | 45 | 51 | 119 | 159 | 181 | 200 | 308
Cuba | 14 | 26 | 80 | 65 | 27 | 7 | 42 | 42 | 48 | 77 | 101
India | 1 | 10 | 27 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 37 | 271 | 36 | 8 | 87
Guatemala | 62 | 23 | 29 | 20 | 15 | 18 | 39 | 59 | 69 | 54 | 46
Colombia | 38 | 40 | 40 | 52 | 57 | 41 | 62 | 82 | 43 | 41 | 40
Nigeria | 6 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 8 | 23 | 27 | 21 | 39
Nicaragua | 3 | 11 | 14 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 29 | 15 | 6 | 11 | 20
Haiti | 8 | 11 | 20 | 17 | 41 | 61 | 65 | 39 | 38 | 25 | 14
Ghana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 14 | 7 | 13
Syria | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11
Bangladesh | 5 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 29 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 9
United States | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 7
Cameroon | 0 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6
Dominican Republic | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 4 | 5 | 5
Other countries | 89 | 157 | 383 | 230 | 100 | 64 | 84 | 172 | 104 | 80 | 61
Total | 275 | 404 | 687 | 480 | 374 | 317 | 680 | 1 039 | 753 | 811 | 1 296
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Netherlands
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Somalia | 451 | 792 | 1 315 | 1 462 | 1 874 | 3 842 | 5 889 | 3 372 | 1 415 | 877 | 3 078
Syria | 234 | 180 | 278 | 293 | 36 | 48 | 101 | 125 | 168 | 454 | 2 673
Iraq | 3 473 | 1 043 | 1 620 | 2 766 | 2 004 | 5 027 | 1 991 | 1 383 | 1 435 | 1 391 | 1 094
Eritrea | 123 | 148 | 204 | 175 | 153 | 236 | 475 | 392 | 458 | 424 | 978
Iran | 555 | 450 | 557 | 921 | 187 | 322 | 502 | 785 | 929 | 834 | 728
Afghanistan | 492 | 688 | 902 | 932 | 143 | 395 | 1 281 | 1 364 | 1 885 | 1 022 | 673
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 393 | 395 | 336 | 607 | 24 | 32 | 76 | 106 | 120 | 170 | 316
Russian Federation | 245 | 206 | 285 | 254 | 81 | 95 | 151 | 207 | 451 | 743 | 263
Stateless | 235 | 183 | 147 | 232 | 70 | 77 | 115 | 83 | 65 | 40 | 216
Georgia | 116 | 73 | 213 | 156 | 66 | 64 | 412 | 587 | 189 | 226 | 209
Armenia | 203 | 247 | 197 | 280 | 97 | 208 | 349 | 611 | 471 | 200 | 185
Egypt | 23 | 24 | 30 | 14 | 11 | 28 | 49 | 40 | 64 | 176 | 177
Uganda | 22 | 33 | 19 | 40 | 29 | 28 | 60 | 80 | 91 | 111 | 164
Guinea | 199 | 116 | 105 | 116 | 102 | 154 | 235 | 230 | 209 | 186 | 158
Pakistan | 84 | 66 | 82 | 117 | 22 | 46 | 42 | 60 | 94 | 150 | 150
Other countries | 6 554 | 5 138 | 6 057 | 6 100 | 2 203 | 2 797 | 3 177 | 3 908 | 3 546 | 2 660 | 3 337
Total | 13 402 | 9 782 | 12 347 | 14 465 | 7 102 | 13 399 | 14 905 | 13 333 | 11 590 | 9 664 | 14 399
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
New Zealand
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Sri Lanka | 23 | 29 | 6 | 30 | 25 | 26 | 30 | 28 | 19 | 25 | 41
Fiji | 19 | 2 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 45 | 66 | 29 | 21 | 37
Iran | 135 | 88 | 47 | 29 | 27 | 28 | 24 | 43 | 29 | 38 | 22
China | 56 | 49 | 19 | 30 | 26 | 24 | 20 | 22 | 20 | 33 | 21
Pakistan | 7 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 18 | 8 | 22 | 24 | 18
Iraq | 39 | 12 | 22 | 35 | 30 | 33 | 25 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 15
Turkey | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 12
Syria | 7 | 16 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 13 | 10
South Africa | 10 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 20 | 14 | 0 | 9
Indonesia | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 8
Afghanistan | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 7
Egypt | 2 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 22 | 4 | 7
Bahrain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 0 | 6
Bangladesh | 29 | 22 | 23 | 16 | 18 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 6
Czech Republic | 10 | 29 | 28 | 12 | 4 | 10 | 23 | 14 | 5 | 12 | 6
Other countries | 493 | 313 | 159 | 95 | 86 | 101 | 117 | 100 | 86 | 119 | 66
Total | 841 | 580 | 348 | 276 | 245 | 254 | 336 | 340 | 305 | 324 | 291
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Norway
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Eritrea | 201 | 110 | 177 | 316 | 789 | 1 799 | 2 667 | 1 711 | 1 256 | 1 183 | 3 215
Somalia | 1 623 | 958 | 667 | 632 | 187 | 1 293 | 1 901 | 1 397 | 2 216 | 2 181 | 1 617
Syria | 97 | 71 | 79 | 49 | 49 | 115 | 278 | 119 | 198 | 327 | 841
Afghanistan | 2 050 | 1 059 | 466 | 224 | 234 | 1 363 | 3 871 | 979 | 979 | 986 | 684
Sudan | 67 | 33 | 45 | 36 | 37 | 118 | 251 | 181 | 209 | 472 | 586
Stateless | 379 | 298 | 209 | 237 | 515 | 940 | 1 280 | 448 | 262 | 263 | 532
Nigeria | 241 | 205 | 94 | 54 | 108 | 436 | 582 | 354 | 240 | 355 | 481
Russian Federation | 1 923 | 937 | 545 | 548 | 863 | 1 078 | 867 | 628 | 365 | 371 | 324
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 2 216 | 859 | 468 | 369 | 585 | 675 | 406 | 444 | 240 | 246 | 303
Ethiopia | 293 | 148 | 100 | 143 | 241 | 354 | 706 | 505 | 293 | 185 | 282
Iran | 621 | 394 | 279 | 218 | 222 | 720 | 574 | 429 | 355 | 441 | 250
Albania | 247 | 112 | 79 | 43 | 31 | 53 | 29 | 24 | 43 | 169 | 179
Iraq | 971 | 412 | 671 | 1 002 | 1 227 | 3 137 | 1 214 | 460 | 357 | 221 | 166
Pakistan | 95 | 48 | 33 | 26 | 43 | 38 | 139 | 99 | 92 | 147 | 141
Bangladesh | 30 | 30 | 24 | 20 | 12 | 8 | 20 | 17 | 75 | 225 | 124
Other countries | 4 905 | 2 271 | 1 466 | 1 403 | 1 385 | 2 304 | 2 441 | 2 269 | 1 873 | 2 013 | 1 742
Total | 15 959 | 7 945 | 5 402 | 5 320 | 6 528 | 14 431 | 17 226 | 10 064 | 9 053 | 9 785 | 11 467
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Poland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Russian Federation | 5 581 | 7 182 | 6 244 | 4 018 | 6 668 | 6 647 | 5 726 | 4 795 | 3 034 | 4 929 | 11 786
Georgia | 30 | 47 | 47 | 31 | 12 | 54 | 4 213 | 1 082 | 1 427 | 2 956 | 1 024
Syria | 4 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 107 | 248
Armenia | 104 | 18 | 27 | 15 | 22 | 33 | 147 | 107 | 168 | 380 | 150
Kazakhstan | 6 | 30 | 24 | 18 | 5 | 17 | 5 | 11 | 17 | 120 | 76
Kyrgyzstan | 10 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 13 | 37 | 41 | 30 | 59
Afghanistan | 251 | 57 | 6 | 11 | 9 | 4 | 14 | 25 | 35 | 88 | 43
Egypt | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 102 | 33
Viet nam | 25 | 16 | 23 | 27 | 40 | 57 | 67 | 47 | 26 | 50 | 33
Ukraine | 85 | 72 | 84 | 43 | 26 | 25 | 36 | 45 | 43 | 58 | 32
Iraq | 75 | 6 | 15 | 16 | 22 | 66 | 21 | 27 | 25 | 25 | 28
Somalia | 15 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 25
Stateless | 12 | 11 | 15 | 6 | 12 | 11 | 19 | 21 | 14 | 35 | 25
Belarus | 58 | 53 | 82 | 55 | 62 | 33 | 37 | 46 | 64 | 61 | 24
Pakistan | 151 | 211 | 69 | 46 | 25 | 15 | 19 | 27 | 8 | 34 | 24
Other countries | 510 | 329 | 196 | 128 | 280 | 221 | 257 | 240 | 159 | 185 | 148
Total | 6 921 | 8 079 | 6 860 | 4 430 | 7 205 | 7 203 | 10 587 | 6 534 | 5 086 | 9 167 | 13 758
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Portugal
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Syria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 146
Guinea | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 14 | 8 | 18 | 43 | 46 | 65 | 83
Nigeria | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 22 | 27 | 37
Senegal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 36
Mali | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 26
Pakistan | 1 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 8 | 26
Guinea-Bissau | 1 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 17 | 15
Côte d’Ivoire | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 11 | 15
Morocco | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 15
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 3 | 2 | 7 | 16 | 11 | 20 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 14
Gambia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 7
Russian Federation | 3 | 13 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 7
Somalia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 16 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 26 | 9 | 7
Bangladesh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5
Colombia | 5 | 8 | 27 | 6 | 86 | 26 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 10 | 5
Other countries | 69 | 77 | 60 | 73 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 59 | 92 | 91 | 63
Total | 88 | 113 | 114 | 128 | 224 | 161 | 139 | 160 | 275 | 299 | 507
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Russian Federation
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Syria | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 6 | 3 | 31 | 197 | 1 073
Afghanistan | 500 | 638 | 674 | 827 | 2 211 | 2 047 | 1 577 | 884 | 540 | 493 | 382
Georgia | 46 | 24 | 27 | 138 | 586 | 2 684 | 3 580 | 641 | 314 | 238 | 137
Egypt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 3 | 13 | 73
Uzbekistan | 38 | 72 | 102 | 37 | 63 | 90 | 136 | 96 | 70 | 69 | 54
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 26 | 59 | 21 | 67 | 32 | 27
Sudan | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 18 | 10 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 20
Kyrgyzstan | 3 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 246 | 39 | 29 | 16
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 4 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 34 | 23 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14
Tajikistan | 12 | 23 | 3 | 7 | 43 | 48 | 29 | 20 | 19 | 17 | 14
Ukraine | 4 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 20 | 19 | 10 | 17 | 11 | 11 | 13
Lebanon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 12
Pakistan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10
Iraq | 13 | 18 | 20 | 13 | 36 | 61 | 37 | 6 | 12 | 11 | 8
Azerbaijan | 21 | 9 | 5 | 21 | 31 | 48 | 4 | 16 | 8 | 2 | 6
Other countries | 96 | 110 | 100 | 104 | 298 | 326 | 217 | 178 | 123 | 104 | 103
Total | 737 | 910 | 960 | 1 170 | 3 369 | 5 418 | 5 701 | 2 181 | 1 265 | 1 243 | 1 962
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Slovak Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Afghanistan | 627 | 393 | 109 | 41 | 67 | 72 | 51 | 76 | 75 | 90 | 84
Somalia | 114 | 12 | 16 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 13 | 23 | 78 | 223 | 42
Eritrea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 25
Armenia | 758 | 144 | 17 | 14 | 28 | 22 | 21 | 12 | 10 | 26 | 21
Georgia | 582 | 989 | 258 | 209 | 134 | 119 | 98 | 63 | 62 | 61 | 16
Syria | 72 | 47 | 24 | 6 | 38 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 13
Pakistan | 307 | 799 | 196 | 182 | 648 | 109 | 168 | 34 | 15 | 16 | 8
Sudan | 12 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8
Iraq | 475 | 116 | 35 | 206 | 131 | 42 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 6
Russian Federation | 2 653 | 2 413 | 1 037 | 463 | 307 | 100 | 72 | 66 | 38 | 14 | 6
China | 1 080 | 1 271 | 280 | 164 | 96 | 44 | 39 | 31 | 13 | 17 | 5
Mongolia | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5
Ukraine | 73 | 64 | 45 | 32 | 36 | 32 | 13 | 20 | 8 | 7 | 5
Iran | 182 | 53 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 3 | 3
Libya | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3
Other countries | 3 418 | 5 080 | 1 521 | 1 542 | 1 143 | 358 | 312 | 191 | 159 | 235 | 31
Total | 10 358 | 11 391 | 3 549 | 2 871 | 2 643 | 910 | 822 | 541 | 491 | 732 | 281
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Slovenia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Syria | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 33 | 56
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 181 | 413 | 640 | 243 | 234 | 69 | 39 | 33 | 42 | 31 | 37
Pakistan | 28 | 16 | 28 | 6 | 11 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 29 | 8 | 19
Afghanistan | 2 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 31 | 69 | 64 | 14
Algeria | 65 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 26 | 14
Russian Federation | 15 | 15 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 13
Turkey | 192 | 188 | 231 | 62 | 38 | 72 | 12 | 32 | 51 | 26 | 11
Morocco | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 9
Cuba | 16 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 7
Iran | 88 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 6
Somalia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 20 | 20 | 6
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 48 | 123 | 303 | 44 | 22 | 13 | 41 | 27 | 9 | 7 | 5
Nigeria | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 5
Albania | 15 | 199 | 146 | 32 | 21 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4
West Bank and Gaza Strip | 17 | 7 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 4
Other countries | 429 | 279 | 452 | 106 | 68 | 36 | 41 | 60 | 92 | 51 | 33
Total | 1 100 | 1 278 | 1 834 | 518 | 425 | 238 | 183 | 246 | 373 | 305 | 243
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Spain
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Mali | 63 | 253 | 273 | 25 | 7 | 11 | 29 | 14 | 41 | 101 | 1 482
Syria | 7 | 39 | 35 | 15 | 31 | 97 | 30 | 19 | 97 | 255 | 725
Algeria | 682 | 991 | 406 | 230 | 247 | 152 | 181 | 176 | 122 | 202 | 351
Nigeria | 1 688 | 1 029 | 726 | 632 | 680 | 808 | 458 | 238 | 259 | 204 | 182
Somalia | 128 | 13 | 24 | 10 | 154 | 195 | 104 | 39 | 59 | 98 | 136
West Bank and Gaza Strip | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 56 | 59 | 106 | 131 | 78 | 130
Pakistan | 20 | 25 | 7 | 23 | 23 | 52 | 57 | 63 | 78 | 88 | 102
Guinea | 171 | 228 | 173 | 23 | 91 | 98 | 130 | 166 | 150 | 73 | 90
Cameroon | 178 | 72 | 99 | 83 | 57 | 71 | 111 | 156 | 129 | 121 | 88
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 274 | 203 | 170 | 102 | 141 | 105 | 114 | 87 | 70 | 78 | 77
Côte d’Ivoire | 241 | 110 | 162 | 236 | 335 | 500 | 304 | 119 | 550 | 106 | 72
Afghanistan | 12 | 14 | 10 | 7 | 15 | 50 | 42 | 41 | 30 | 46 | 66
Colombia | 577 | 760 | 1 655 | 2 239 | 2 497 | 752 | 255 | 123 | 104 | 60 | 62
Iran | 21 | 34 | 23 | 20 | 27 | 64 | 45 | 63 | 62 | 59 | 61
Cuba | 125 | 79 | 78 | 59 | 83 | 119 | 84 | 406 | 440 | 64 | 58
Other countries | 1 731 | 1 685 | 1 413 | 1 593 | 3 204 | 1 387 | 1 004 | 928 | 1 092 | 946 | 831
Total | 5 918 | 5 535 | 5 254 | 5 297 | 7 662 | 4 517 | 3 007 | 2 744 | 3 414 | 2 579 | 4 513
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Sweden
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Syria | 666 | 411 | 392 | 433 | 440 | 551 | 587 | 421 | 640 | 7 814 | 16 317
Stateless | 1 787 | 1 578 | 806 | 815 | 1 312 | 1 051 | 912 | 1 033 | 1 109 | 2 289 | 6 921
Eritrea | 641 | 395 | 425 | 608 | 878 | 857 | 1 000 | 1 443 | 1 647 | 2 356 | 4 844
Somalia | 3 069 | 905 | 422 | 1 066 | 3 349 | 3 361 | 5 874 | 5 553 | 3 981 | 5 644 | 3 901
Afghanistan | 811 | 903 | 435 | 594 | 609 | 784 | 1 694 | 2 393 | 4 122 | 4 755 | 3 011
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 5 305 | 4 022 | 2 944 | 1 976 | 2 500 | 1 989 | 1 806 | 7 910 | 3 915 | 3 639 | 2 878
Iraq | 2 700 | 1 456 | 2 330 | 8 951 | 18 559 | 6 083 | 2 297 | 1 977 | 1 633 | 1 322 | 1 476
Iran | 787 | 660 | 582 | 494 | 485 | 799 | 1 144 | 1 182 | 1 120 | 1 529 | 1 172
Albania | 297 | 221 | 169 | 95 | 118 | 118 | 114 | 61 | 263 | 1 490 | 1 156
Russian Federation | 1 361 | 1 288 | 1 057 | 755 | 788 | 933 | 1 058 | 988 | 933 | 941 | 1 036
Morocco | 52 | 44 | 38 | 52 | 75 | 62 | 78 | 100 | 154 | 381 | 648
Georgia | 537 | 403 | 183 | 134 | 143 | 211 | 359 | 291 | 280 | 748 | 625
Nigeria | 452 | 429 | 154 | 104 | 136 | 176 | 321 | 321 | 340 | 501 | 601
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 397 | 785 | 387 | 234 | 217 | 150 | 129 | 123 | 981 | 1 549 | 517
Mongolia | 342 | 346 | 326 | 461 | 519 | 791 | 753 | 727 | 773 | 463 | 487
Other countries | 11 144 | 9 315 | 6 880 | 7 545 | 6 242 | 6 437 | 6 068 | 7 300 | 7 757 | 8 455 | 8 669
Total | 31 348 | 23 161 | 17 530 | 24 317 | 36 370 | 24 353 | 24 194 | 31 823 | 29 648 | 43 876 | 54 259
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Switzerland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Eritrea | 235 | 180 | 159 | 1 201 | 1 662 | 2 849 | 1 724 | 1 708 | 3 225 | 4 295 | 2 490
Syria | 175 | 127 | 116 | 161 | 290 | 388 | 400 | 387 | 688 | 1 146 | 1 852
Nigeria | 480 | 418 | 219 | 209 | 310 | 988 | 1 786 | 1 597 | 1 303 | 2 353 | 1 574
Tunisia | 154 | 121 | 102 | 80 | 90 | 74 | 204 | 291 | 2 324 | 1 993 | 1 565
Morocco | 32 | 33 | 30 | 39 | 30 | 37 | 36 | 113 | 429 | 860 | 974
Afghanistan | 218 | 207 | 238 | 233 | 307 | 405 | 751 | 632 | 1 006 | 1 349 | 863
Serbia (and Kosovo) | 2 921 | 1 777 | 1 506 | 1 225 | 953 | 1 301 | 1 269 | 1 358 | 1 539 | 2 084 | 826
Algeria | 836 | 480 | 186 | 161 | 132 | 236 | 300 | 313 | 464 | 681 | 714
China | 228 | 70 | 87 | 475 | 251 | 272 | 365 | 333 | 688 | 801 | 671
Georgia | 756 | 731 | 397 | 287 | 199 | 481 | 638 | 531 | 281 | 614 | 565
Somalia | 471 | 592 | 485 | 273 | 395 | 2 014 | 753 | 302 | 558 | 762 | 552
Sri Lanka | 340 | 251 | 233 | 328 | 618 | 1 262 | 1 415 | 892 | 433 | 443 | 455
Gambia | 14 | 15 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 204 | 178 | 192 | 295 | 533 | 441
Turkey | 1 652 | 1 154 | 723 | 693 | 621 | 519 | 559 | 462 | 508 | 515 | 373
Russian Federation | 534 | 505 | 375 | 426 | 195 | 208 | 452 | 315 | 217 | 298 | 370
Other countries | 11 760 | 7 587 | 5 194 | 4 730 | 4 313 | 5 368 | 5 175 | 4 095 | 5 481 | 7 221 | 5 155
Total | 20 806 | 14 248 | 10 061 | 10 537 | 10 387 | 16 606 | 16 005 | 13 521 | 19 439 | 25 948 | 19 440
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
Turkey
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Iraq | 342 | 964 | 1 047 | 722 | 3 470 | 6 904 | 3 763 | 3 656 | 7 912 | 6 942 | 25 280
Afghanistan | 77 | 341 | 364 | 261 | 705 | 2 642 | 1 009 | 1 248 | 2 486 | 14 146 | 8 726
Iran | 3 092 | 2 029 | 1 716 | 2 297 | 1 685 | 2 116 | 1 981 | 2 881 | 3 411 | 3 589 | 5 897
Somalia | 183 | 308 | 473 | 680 | 1 125 | 647 | 295 | 448 | 744 | 776 | 1 276
West Bank and Gaza Strip | 6 | 23 | 29 | 51 | 157 | 74 | 72 | 64 | 157 | 236 | 686
Pakistan | 0 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 9 | 36 | 42 | 29 | 24 | 528
Uganda | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 48 | 13 | 218
Sudan | 64 | 28 | 76 | 113 | 76 | 156 | 92 | 48 | 43 | 38 | 205
Yemen | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 72 | 58 | 192
Uzbekistan | 24 | 28 | 24 | 24 | 42 | 35 | 38 | 101 | 147 | 76 | 181
Bangladesh | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 21 | 14 | 5 | 16 | 148
Cameroon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 57 | 31 | 141
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 7 | 10 | 12 | 28 | 76 | 71 | 41 | 66 | 76 | 77 | 114
Syria | 7 | 16 | 10 | 7 | 21 | 20 | 46 | 37 | 188 | 24 | 108
Turkmenistan | 0 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 14 | 44 | 103
Other countries | 147 | 148 | 153 | 358 | 268 | 282 | 416 | 592 | 632 | 380 | 1 004
Total | 3 952 | 3 908 | 3 914 | 4 553 | 7 646 | 12 981 | 7 834 | 9 226 | 16 021 | 26 470 | 44 807
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
United Kingdom
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Pakistan | 3 145 | 3 030 | 2 290 | 1 850 | 1 765 | 2 075 | 2 100 | 2 151 | 4 005 | 4 867 | 4 525
Iran | 3 495 | 3 990 | 3 505 | 2 685 | 2 510 | 2 595 | 2 145 | 2 224 | 3 051 | 3 162 | 2 956
Sri Lanka | 810 | 400 | 480 | 620 | 1 250 | 1 865 | 1 445 | 1 635 | 2 142 | 2 143 | 2 259
Syria | 155 | 410 | 390 | 185 | 190 | 180 | 185 | 160 | 508 | 1 289 | 2 036
Albania | 685 | 345 | 200 | 185 | 190 | 175 | 235 | 219 | 439 | 1 017 | 1 593
Afghanistan | 2 590 | 1 605 | 1 775 | 2 660 | 2 815 | 3 725 | 3 540 | 1 843 | 1 529 | 1 242 | 1 436
Eritrea | 1 070 | 1 265 | 1 900 | 2 735 | 1 905 | 2 335 | 1 410 | 772 | 827 | 768 | 1 409
Nigeria | 1 110 | 1 210 | 1 230 | 990 | 905 | 1 070 | 910 | 1 149 | 1 105 | 1 498 | 1 402
Bangladesh | 820 | 550 | 465 | 495 | 590 | 510 | 495 | 501 | 671 | 1 169 | 1 242
India | 2 410 | 1 485 | 1 000 | 715 | 600 | 775 | 715 | 610 | 615 | 1 195 | 1 096
China | 3 495 | 2 410 | 1 775 | 2 030 | 2 185 | 1 615 | 1 585 | 1 375 | 1 024 | 981 | 992
Sudan | 1 050 | 1 445 | 990 | 750 | 400 | 290 | 255 | 643 | 793 | 740 | 831
Somalia | 7 195 | 3 295 | 2 105 | 2 175 | 1 960 | 1 575 | 1 105 | 679 | 660 | 678 | 519
Libya | 220 | 185 | 185 | 130 | 55 | 75 | 100 | 123 | 1 204 | 412 | 494
Viet nam | 1 175 | 790 | 400 | 95 | 185 | 235 | 470 | 467 | 347 | 416 | 451
Other countries | 30 615 | 18 205 | 12 125 | 10 035 | 10 375 | 12 195 | 13 945 | 8 093 | 6 978 | 6 401 | 6 154
Total | 60 040 | 40 620 | 30 815 | 28 335 | 27 880 | 31 290 | 30 640 | 22 644 | 25 898 | 27 978 | 29 395
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality
United States
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
China | 8 287 | 5 627 | 7 623 | 9 362 | 8 781 | 9 825 | 10 725 | 12 510 | 15 649 | 15 884 | 12 295
Mexico | 4 231 | 1 763 | 1 581 | 1 673 | 2 551 | 2 713 | 2 295 | 3 879 | 8 304 | 11 067 | 10 077
El Salvador | 1 347 | 1 423 | 1 755 | 2 393 | 3 455 | 2 789 | 2 366 | 2 685 | 4 324 | 4 587 | 5 692
Guatemala | 2 882 | 1 569 | 1 411 | 1 515 | 2 388 | 1 853 | 1 740 | 2 171 | 3 671 | 4 152 | 4 865
Honduras | 600 | 603 | 781 | 986 | 1 096 | 893 | 850 | 1 030 | 1 559 | 2 115 | 3 165
Egypt | 575 | 398 | 329 | 406 | 367 | 412 | 399 | 479 | 1 136 | 2 285 | 2 860
Haiti | 5 655 | 5 107 | 5 299 | 5 135 | 3 079 | 2 078 | 1 649 | 1 223 | 1 377 | 1 612 | 1 879
Ecuador | 111 | 80 | 56 | 85 | 89 | 168 | 174 | 404 | 807 | 1 394 | 1 848
India | 1 672 | 866 | 620 | 602 | 576 | 734 | 751 | 755 | 2 477 | 1 998 | 1 633
Syria | 152 | 99 | 59 | 71 | 52 | 75 | 41 | 58 | 263 | 704 | 1 583
Nepal | 330 | 321 | 415 | 494 | 532 | 680 | 1 068 | 1 054 | 1 321 | 1 666 | 1 507
Ethiopia | 1 029 | 1 118 | 807 | 1 168 | 1 124 | 1 168 | 1 249 | 1 193 | 1 066 | 796 | 1 493
Iran | 764 | 443 | 337 | 400 | 290 | 334 | 344 | 504 | 595 | 767 | 1 017
Iraq | 542 | 268 | 360 | 511 | 748 | 809 | 543 | 413 | 486 | 592 | 965
Russian Federation | 904 | 783 | 669 | 638 | 615 | 677 | 806 | 828 | 888 | 872 | 954
Other countries | 33 790 | 24 504 | 17 138 | 15 662 | 14 706 | 14 154 | 13 080 | 13 785 | 16 664 | 15 610 | 16 410
Total | 62 871 | 44 972 | 39 240 | 41 101 | 40 449 | 39 362 | 38 080 | 42 971 | 60 587 | 66 101 | 68 243
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260308

Stocks of foreign and foreign-born populations

Who is an immigrant?

There are major differences in how immigrants are defined across OECD countries. Some countries have traditionally focused on producing data on foreign residents (European countries, Japan and Korea) whilst others refer to the foreign-born (settlement countries, i.e. Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States). This difference in focus relates in part to the nature and history of immigration systems and legislation on citizenship and naturalisation.

The foreign-born population can be viewed as representing first-generation migrants, and may consist of both foreign and national citizens. The size and composition of the foreign-born population is influenced by the history of migration flows and mortality amongst the foreign-born. For example, where inflows have been declining over time, the stock of the foreign-born will tend to age and represent an increasingly established community.

The concept of foreign population may include persons born abroad who retained the nationality of their country of origin but also second and third generations born in the host country. The characteristics of the population of foreign nationals depend on a number of factors: the history of migration flows, natural increase in the foreign population and naturalisations. Both the nature of legislation on citizenship and the incentives to naturalise play a role in determining the extent to which native-born persons may or may not be foreign nationals.

Sources for and problems in measuring the immigrant population

Four types of sources are used: population registers, residence permits, labour force surveys and censuses. In countries which have a population register and in those which use residence permit data, stocks and flows of immigrants are most often calculated using the same source. There are exceptions, however, with some countries using census or labour force survey data to estimate the stock of the immigrant population. In studying stocks and flows, the same problems are encountered whether population register or permit data are used (in particular, the risk of underestimation when minors are registered on the permit of one of the parents or if the migrants are not required to have permits because of a free movement agreement). To this must be added the difficulty of purging the files regularly to remove the records of persons who have left the country.

Census data enable comprehensive, albeit infrequent analysis of the stock of immigrants (censuses are generally conducted every five to ten years). In addition, many labour force surveys now include questions about nationality and place of birth, thus providing a source of annual stock data. The OECD produces estimates of stocks for some countries

Some care has to be taken with detailed breakdowns of the immigrant population from survey data since sample sizes can be small. Both census and survey data may underestimate the number of immigrants, because they can be missed in the census or because they do not live in private households (labour force surveys may not cover those living in collective dwelling such as reception centres and hostels for immigrants). Both these sources may cover a portion of the unauthorised population, which is by definition excluded from population registers and residence permit systems.

Table A.4. Stocks of foreign-born population in OECD countries and the Russian Federation
Thousands and percentages
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Australia | 4 534.5 | 4 639.1 | 4 736.4 | 4 859.8 | 5 014.0 | 5 215.5 | 5 459.4 | 5 710.8 | 5 862.1 | 6 002.4 | 6 190.2 | 6 391.8
% of total population | 23.3 | 23.5 | 23.8 | 24.1 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 25.7 | 26.3 | 26.6 | 26.9 | 27.2 | 27.6
Austria | 1 137.4 | 1 141.2 | 1 154.8 | 1 195.2 | 1 215.7 | 1 246.3 | 1 277.1 | 1 292.9 | 1 315.5 | 1 349.0 | 1 364.8 | 1 414.6
% of total population | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.5 | 14.7 | 15.0 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 15.7 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 16.7
Belgium | 1 151.8 | 1 185.5 | 1 220.1 | 1 268.9 | 1 319.3 | 1 380.3 | 1 443.9 | 1 503.8 | 1 628.8 | 1 643.6 | 1 689.5 | 1 725.4
% of total population | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 13.9 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 15.3 | 15.5
Canada | 5 600.7 | 5 735.9 | 5 872.3 | 6 026.9 | 6 187.0 | 6 331.7 | 6 471.9 | 6 617.6 | 6 777.6 | 6 775.8 | 6 913.6 | 7 029.1
% of total population | 17.9 | 18.1 | 18.4 | 18.7 | 19.0 | 19.2 | 19.4 | 19.6 | 19.9 | 19.6 | 19.8 | 20.0
Chile | 184.5 | 223.0 | 235.5 | 247.4 | 258.8 | 290.9 | 317.1 | 352.3 | 369.4 | 388.2 | 415.5 | ..
% of total population | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | ..
Czech Republic | 471.9 | 482.2 | 499.0 | 523.4 | 566.3 | 636.1 | 679.6 | 672.0 | 661.2 | 745.2 | 744.1 | 744.8
% of total population | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1
Denmark | 331.5 | 337.8 | 343.4 | 350.4 | 360.9 | 378.7 | 401.8 | 414.4 | 428.9 | 441.5 | 456.4 | 476.1
% of total population | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.5
Estonia | 242.5 | 239.3 | 235.5 | 228.6 | 226.5 | 224.3 | 221.9 | 217.9 | 212.7 | 210.8 | 132.0 | 132.6
% of total population | 17.6 | 17.5 | 17.3 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 16.7 | 16.6 | 16.3 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 10.0 | 10.1
Finland | 152.1 | 158.9 | 166.4 | 176.6 | 187.9 | 202.5 | 218.6 | 233.2 | 248.1 | 266.1 | 285.5 | 304.3
% of total population | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.6
France | 6 421.2 | 6 587.6 | 6 748.9 | 6 910.1 | 7 017.2 | 7 129.3 | 7 202.1 | 7 287.8 | 7 372.7 | 7 500.5 | 7 576.6 | ..
% of total population | 10.7 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.9 | 11.9 | ..
Germany | 10 527.7 | 10 620.8 | .. | 10 399.0 | 10 431.0 | 10 529.0 | 10 623.0 | 10 582.0 | 10 591.0 | 9 832.0 | 10 127.0 | 10 490.0
% of total population | 12.8 | 12.9 | .. | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 12.8
Greece | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 828.4 | 750.7 | 729.9 | ..
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.4 | 6.7 | 6.6 | ..
Hungary | 302.8 | 307.8 | 319.0 | 331.5 | 344.6 | 381.8 | 394.2 | 407.3 | 443.3 | 402.7 | 424.2 | 447.7
% of total population | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.5
Iceland | 19.1 | 19.5 | 20.7 | 24.7 | 30.4 | 35.9 | 37.6 | 35.1 | 34.7 | 34.7 | 35.4 | 37.2
% of total population | 6.6 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 10.0 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.5
Ireland | 390.0 | 426.5 | 461.8 | 520.8 | 601.7 | 682.0 | 739.2 | 766.8 | 772.5 | 752.5 | 749.2 | 754.2
% of total population | 10.0 | 10.7 | 11.4 | 12.6 | 14.2 | 15.6 | 16.5 | 16.9 | 17.0 | 16.4 | 16.3 | 16.4
Israel | 1 983.2 | 1 974.8 | 1 960.8 | 1 947.6 | 1 930.0 | 1 916.2 | 1 899.4 | 1 877.7 | 1 869.0 | 1 850.0 | 1 835.0 | 1 821.0
% of total population | 30.2 | 29.5 | 28.8 | 28.1 | 27.4 | 26.7 | 26.0 | 25.1 | 24.5 | 23.8 | 23.2 | 22.6
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 375.2 | 4 798.7 | 5 350.4 | 5 457.8 | 5 695.9 | ..
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.4 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.4 | ..
Japan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Korea | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Luxembourg | 147.8 | 154.9 | 160.4 | 168.3 | 175.4 | 183.7 | 194.5 | 197.2 | 205.2 | 215.3 | 226.1 | 237.7
% of total population | 33.1 | 34.3 | 35.0 | 36.2 | 37.1 | 38.3 | 39.8 | 39.6 | 40.5 | 41.5 | 42.6 | 43.7
Mexico | .. | .. | .. | 611.8 | 631.2 | 722.6 | 772.5 | 885.7 | 961.1 | 966.8 | 973.7 | 991.2
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8
Netherlands | 1 714.2 | 1 731.8 | 1 736.1 | 1 734.7 | 1 732.4 | 1 751.0 | 1 793.7 | 1 832.5 | 1 868.7 | 1 906.3 | 1 927.7 | 1 953.4
% of total population | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.6
New Zealand | 737.1 | 770.5 | 796.7 | 840.6 | 1 067.7 | 1 100.7 | 1 133.4 | 1 162.3 | 1 191.6 | 1 217.0 | 1 240.3 | 1 261.2
% of total population | 18.7 | 19.1 | 19.5 | 20.3 | 25.5 | 26.0 | 26.5 | 26.9 | 27.3 | 27.6 | 28.0 | 28.2
Norway | 333.9 | 347.3 | 361.1 | 380.4 | 405.1 | 445.4 | 488.8 | 526.8 | 569.1 | 616.3 | 663.9 | 704.5
% of total population | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 13.2 | 13.9
Poland | 776.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 674.9 | .. | ..
% of total population | 2.0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.8 | .. | ..
Portugal | 719.4 | 745.6 | 774.8 | 742.1 | 753.0 | 769.6 | 790.3 | 834.8 | 851.5 | 871.8 | .. | ..
% of total population | 6.9 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.3 | .. | ..
Russian Federation | 11 976.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 194.7 | .. | .. | ..
% of total population | 8.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.8 | .. | .. | ..
Slovak Republic | 143.4 | 171.5 | 207.6 | 249.4 | 301.6 | 366.0 | 442.6 | .. | .. | .. | 158.2 | 174.9
% of total population | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 8.2 | .. | .. | .. | 2.9 | 3.2
Slovenia | 170.0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 228.6 | 271.8 | 299.7 | 331.0
% of total population | 8.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.2 | 13.2 | 14.6 | 16.1
Spain | 3 302.4 | 3 693.8 | 4 391.5 | 4 837.6 | 5 250.0 | 6 044.5 | 6 466.3 | 6 604.2 | 6 677.8 | 6 737.9 | 6 618.2 | 6 263.7
% of total population | 8.0 | 8.8 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 14.2 | 13.4
Sweden | 1 053.5 | 1 078.1 | 1 100.3 | 1 125.8 | 1 175.2 | 1 227.8 | 1 281.6 | 1 338.0 | 1 384.9 | 1 427.3 | 1 473.3 | 1 533.5
% of total population | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 13.9 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 15.1 | 15.5 | 16.0
Switzerland | 1 658.7 | 1 697.8 | 1 737.7 | 1 772.8 | 1 811.2 | 1 882.6 | 1 974.2 | 2 037.5 | 2 075.2 | 2 158.4 | 2 218.4 | 2 289.6
% of total population | 22.8 | 23.1 | 23.5 | 23.8 | 24.2 | 24.9 | 25.8 | 26.3 | 26.5 | 27.3 | 27.7 | 28.3
Turkey | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
United Kingdom | 5 000.0 | 5 143.0 | 5 338.0 | 5 557.0 | 5 757.0 | 6 192.0 | 6 633.0 | 6 899.0 | 7 056.0 | 7 430.0 | 7 588.0 | 7 860.0
% of total population | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.7 | 11.9 | 12.3
United States | 33 096.2 | 33 667.7 | 34 257.7 | 35 769.6 | 37 469.4 | 38 048.5 | 38 016.1 | 38 452.8 | 39 916.9 | 40 381.6 | 40 738.2 | 41 347.9
% of total population | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.1
Notes: For details on definitions and sources, refer to the metadata at the end of Tables B.4.
Estimates are in italic.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260267

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Australia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
United Kingdom | 1 114.5 | 1 115.8 | 1 119.6 | 1 133.5 | 1 150.7 | 1 168.7 | 1 182.9 | 1 188.0 | 1 196.1 | 1 211.4 | 1 222.6 | 49
New Zealand | 409.5 | 414.0 | 423.6 | 437.9 | 458.1 | 483.7 | 504.5 | 517.8 | 544.0 | 576.7 | 608.8 | 51
China | 187.5 | 205.2 | 227.6 | 252.0 | 278.3 | 313.0 | 345.0 | 371.6 | 387.5 | 402.3 | 427.6 | 58
India | 119.4 | 132.8 | 149.0 | 169.7 | 204.5 | 251.2 | 307.6 | 329.5 | 337.1 | 354.2 | 369.7 | 47
Viet Nam | 169.7 | 172.0 | 174.4 | 178.0 | 182.7 | 189.5 | 197.9 | 203.8 | 207.6 | 211.2 | 215.5 | 55
Philippines | 123.3 | 128.6 | 134.6 | 141.9 | 151.2 | 163.0 | 175.0 | 183.8 | 193.1 | 204.4 | 210.8 | 63
Italy | 225.4 | 223.0 | 220.6 | 218.0 | 215.0 | 211.3 | 208.1 | 204.7 | 201.7 | 200.0 | 199.1 | 48
South Africa | 101.4 | 108.4 | 114.2 | 119.5 | 127.6 | 138.3 | 150.7 | 155.9 | 161.6 | 168.2 | 173.8 | 52
Malaysia | 93.1 | 97.6 | 101.4 | 105.7 | 111.5 | 118.4 | 124.8 | 129.9 | 134.1 | 140.3 | 148.8 | 57
Germany | 120.7 | 121.8 | 123.0 | 124.7 | 125.8 | 126.5 | 126.4 | 126.3 | 125.7 | 125.8 | 127.7 | 53
Greece | 129.1 | 129.0 | 129.0 | 129.0 | 127.5 | 125.8 | 124.2 | 122.5 | 121.2 | 121.0 | 120.0 | 50
Sri Lanka | 66.1 | 67.8 | 70.6 | 73.8 | 78.9 | 85.6 | 92.1 | 96.5 | 99.8 | 103.6 | 106.3 | 50
United States | 65.4 | 67.5 | 70.6 | 74.7 | 78.9 | 80.7 | 82.2 | 85.3 | 90.1 | 96.3 | 104.9 | 54
Ireland | 54.4 | 55.1 | 55.7 | 56.8 | 58.5 | 62.2 | 68.0 | 71.0 | 78.7 | 90.0 | 95.8 | 48
Korea | 44.4 | 47.2 | 51.2 | 56.0 | 64.7 | 73.8 | 81.4 | 84.2 | 86.0 | 89.6 | 93.3 | 55
Other countries | 1 615.2 | 1 650.5 | 1 694.8 | 1 742.6 | 1 801.6 | 1 867.7 | 1 940.1 | 1 991.3 | 2 038.1 | 2 095.6 | 2 167.4 | ..
Total | 4 639.1 | 4 736.4 | 4 859.8 | 5 014.0 | 5 215.5 | 5 459.4 | 5 710.8 | 5 862.1 | 6 002.4 | 6 190.2 | 6 391.8 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Austria
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Germany | 148.1 | 155.5 | 163.0 | 169.8 | 178.7 | 186.2 | 191.2 | 196.9 | 201.4 | 205.9 | 210.7 | 54
Turkey | 142.7 | 147.9 | 152.5 | 154.1 | 155.1 | 156.6 | 157.8 | 158.5 | 158.7 | 159.2 | 160.0 | 47
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 125.8 | 128.8 | 131.2 | 132.1 | 149.4 | 149.9 | 149.6 | 149.7 | 150.5 | 151.7 | 155.1 | 50
Serbia | 175.2 | 181.5 | 187.7 | 188.5 | 133.7 | 132.8 | 131.9 | 132.4 | 131.7 | 132.4 | 134.2 | 53
Romania | 44.7 | 46.6 | 47.8 | 48.2 | 53.0 | 57.0 | 60.0 | 64.5 | 69.1 | 73.9 | 79.3 | 56
Poland | 43.1 | 47.8 | 51.8 | 54.2 | 56.4 | 57.1 | 57.0 | 57.8 | 60.5 | 63.2 | 66.8 | 53
Hungary | 31.6 | 32.5 | 33.2 | 33.9 | 34.7 | 36.2 | 37.6 | 39.3 | 42.6 | 48.1 | 55.0 | 55
Czech Republic | 54.6 | 54.2 | 52.9 | 51.5 | 47.8 | 46.4 | 45.0 | 43.6 | 42.5 | 41.6 | 40.8 | 62
Croatia | 34.5 | 35.0 | 35.2 | 35.1 | 40.3 | 40.0 | 39.7 | 39.3 | 39.1 | 39.0 | 39.8 | 54
Slovak Republic | 14.9 | 16.8 | 18.3 | 19.3 | 22.5 | 24.5 | 25.3 | 26.0 | 27.7 | 30.0 | 32.6 | 64
Russian Federation | 12.1 | 18.0 | 21.2 | 22.8 | 23.5 | 25.1 | 25.9 | 26.4 | 27.5 | 29.4 | 30.2 | 58
Italy | 25.8 | 25.9 | 25.7 | 25.5 | 25.1 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.2 | 25.3 | 26.2 | 27.7 | 48
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | 15.4 | 16.4 | 17.3 | 17.6 | 20.0 | 20.5 | 20.7 | 21.1 | 21.3 | 21.7 | 22.4 | 47
Slovenia | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.2 | 16.0 | 19.2 | 19.0 | 18.7 | 18.4 | 18.5 | 18.9 | 19.7 | 56
Bulgaria | 9.3 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 15.7 | 17.0 | 18.5 | 57
Other countries | 247.1 | 221.5 | 230.9 | 236.7 | 264.7 | 271.4 | 276.6 | 280.9 | 290.9 | 306.5 | 321.8 |
Total | 1 141.2 | 1 154.8 | 1 195.2 | 1 215.7 | 1 235.7 | 1 260.3 | 1 275.5 | 1 294.7 | 1 323.1 | 1 364.8 | 1 414.6 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Belgium
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Morocco | 134.2 | 141.3 | 147.9 | 155.1 | 162.6 | 170.2 | 178.9 | 189.1 | 197.1 | 201.7 | 204.6 | 48
France | 153.0 | 154.2 | 156.2 | 159.3 | 164.6 | 169.0 | 171.3 | 175.0 | 177.0 | 179.2 | 180.9 | 55
Netherlands | 104.4 | 107.7 | 111.6 | 115.8 | 120.4 | 123.8 | 124.8 | 126.4 | 127.0 | 127.5 | 128.0 | 50
Italy | 128.7 | 126.7 | 125.1 | 123.6 | 122.2 | 121.4 | 120.5 | 120.2 | 119.7 | 119.6 | 119.8 | 49
Turkey | 78.6 | 81.0 | 83.8 | 86.4 | 89.0 | 91.4 | 93.6 | 97.0 | 97.4 | 97.8 | 97.9 | 48
Germany | 83.3 | 83.5 | 83.6 | 83.6 | 83.8 | 84.2 | 84.1 | 84.2 | 83.8 | 83.1 | 82.3 | 55
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 53.8 | 66.8 | 68.5 | 70.5 | 72.4 | 74.2 | 76.2 | 81.3 | 80.0 | 80.8 | 81.5 | 54
Poland | 23.0 | 25.2 | 29.0 | 33.7 | 40.5 | 45.5 | 51.7 | 57.7 | 63.1 | 67.9 | 71.0 | 57
Romania | 9.5 | 10.6 | 12.6 | 15.3 | 20.4 | 26.2 | 30.6 | 37.7 | 45.0 | 52.7 | 57.9 | 48
Russian Federation | 14.6 | 17.6 | 25.1 | 29.8 | 30.8 | 34.5 | 39.0 | 51.1 | 46.7 | 47.7 | 48.3 | 61
Spain | 36.2 | 35.7 | 35.5 | 35.4 | 35.5 | 36.1 | 37.0 | 38.8 | 40.5 | 42.9 | 44.8 | 54
Former Yugoslavia | 25.8 | 27.9 | 30.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 41.0 | 41.1 | 40.9 | 50
Portugal | 22.3 | 22.8 | 23.3 | 24.0 | 25.0 | 26.5 | 27.5 | 28.3 | 29.5 | 31.6 | 33.4 | 49
Bulgaria | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.2 | 11.7 | 14.4 | 18.7 | 21.0 | 23.9 | 26.1 | 50
Algeria | 17.0 | 17.7 | 18.5 | 19.4 | 20.3 | 21.2 | 22.4 | 24.3 | 24.6 | 25.0 | 25.1 | 43
Other countries | 300.9 | 301.2 | 318.0 | 367.3 | 384.8 | 408.0 | 431.9 | 499.0 | 450.2 | 467.1 | 482.8 |
Total | 1 185.5 | 1 220.1 | 1 268.9 | 1 319.3 | 1 380.3 | 1 443.9 | 1 503.8 | 1 628.8 | 1 643.6 | 1 689.5 | 1 725.4 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Canada
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2011 (%)
India | .. | .. | .. | 443.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 547.9 | .. | .. | 50
China | .. | .. | .. | 466.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 545.5 | .. | .. | 55
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | 579.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 537.0 | .. | .. | 52
Philippines | .. | .. | .. | 303.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 454.3 | .. | .. | 58
United States | .. | .. | .. | 250.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 263.5 | .. | .. | 56
Italy | .. | .. | .. | 296.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 256.8 | .. | .. | 49
Hong Kong, China | .. | .. | .. | 215.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 205.4 | .. | .. | 53
Viet Nam | .. | .. | .. | 160.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 165.1 | .. | .. | 53
Pakistan | .. | .. | .. | 133.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 156.9 | .. | .. | 49
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 171.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 152.3 | .. | .. | 53
Poland | .. | .. | .. | 170.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 152.3 | .. | .. | 55
Portugal | .. | .. | .. | 150.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 138.5 | .. | .. | 51
Sri Lanka | .. | .. | .. | 105.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 132.1 | .. | .. | 50
Jamaica | .. | .. | .. | 123.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 126.0 | .. | .. | 58
Iran | .. | .. | .. | 92.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 120.7 | .. | .. | 49
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | 2 523.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 821.2 | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | 6 187.0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 775.8 | .. | .. | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Chile
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Peru | 49.1 | 53.7 | 58.4 | 66.1 | 83.4 | 107.6 | 130.9 | 138.5 | 146.6 | 157.7 | .. | 57
Argentina | 50.0 | 51.9 | 53.8 | 57.7 | 59.7 | 59.2 | 60.6 | 61.9 | 63.2 | 64.9 | .. | 49
Bolivia | 12.4 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 14.7 | 20.2 | 22.2 | 24.1 | 25.1 | 26.7 | 30.5 | .. | 54
Ecuador | 9.9 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 13.3 | 14.7 | 17.5 | 19.1 | 20.0 | 20.9 | 21.9 | .. | 55
Colombia | 4.5 | 5.5 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 10.9 | 12.9 | 14.4 | 16.1 | 19.1 | .. | 59
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.0 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 12.1 | .. | 46
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.6 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 11.2 | .. | 55
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.7 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 10.9 | .. | 46
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.5 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.1 | .. | 50
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.6 | .. | 47
Other countries | 97.1 | 100.5 | 103.3 | 99.3 | 103.8 | 99.8 | 63.2 | 66.2 | 69.4 | 73.5 | .. |
Total | 223.0 | 235.5 | 247.4 | 258.8 | 290.9 | 317.1 | 352.3 | 369.4 | 388.2 | 415.5 | .. | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Czech Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2011 (%)
Slovak Republic | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 289.6 | .. | .. | 53
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 138.0 | .. | .. | 45
Viet Nam | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 52.4 | .. | .. | 40
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 35.7 | .. | .. | 57
Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 26.0 | .. | .. | 62
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.7 | .. | .. | 32
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.8 | .. | .. | 51
Moldova | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.4 | .. | .. | 38
Bulgaria | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.2 | .. | .. | 39
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.0 | .. | .. | 45
Kazakhstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.7 | .. | .. | 51
Mongolia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.6 | .. | .. | 59
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.9 | .. | .. | 45
Hungary | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.8 | .. | .. | 57
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.8 | .. | .. | 24
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 121.7 | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 745.2 | .. | .. | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Denmark
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Turkey | 30.9 | 30.9 | 31.0 | 31.1 | 31.4 | 31.8 | 32.3 | 32.5 | 32.4 | 32.2 | 32.4 | 48
Poland | 10.9 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 14.7 | 18.5 | 24.4 | 25.4 | 26.6 | 28.0 | 29.9 | 32.0 | 51
Germany | 22.5 | 22.6 | 23.0 | 23.9 | 25.8 | 27.8 | 28.2 | 28.5 | 28.6 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 52
Iraq | 20.7 | 20.8 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 21.2 | 21.3 | 21.3 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 21.2 | 21.1 | 45
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 18.2 | 17.9 | 17.7 | 17.6 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 17.9 | 17.8 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 17.3 | 50
Romania | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 10.1 | 12.9 | 15.7 | 45
Norway | 13.9 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 65
Iran | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 13.3 | 14.1 | 42
Sweden | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 12.7 | 12.9 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 62
Pakistan | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 46
United Kingdom | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 12.8 | 35
Lebanon | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 46
Afghanistan | 9.0 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 44
Former Yugoslavia | 12.3 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 50
Somalia | 11.8 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 47
Other countries | 128.2 | 133.7 | 139.6 | 146.6 | 155.9 | 168.4 | 175.6 | 185.4 | 193.3 | 202.5 | 214.7 | ..
Total | 337.8 | 343.4 | 350.4 | 360.9 | 378.7 | 401.8 | 414.4 | 428.9 | 441.5 | 456.4 | 476.1 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Estonia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 83.8 | 81.7 | 79.5 | 58
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.7 | 15.5 | 15.4 | 46
Belarus | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.1 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 57
Finland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.1 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 32
Latvia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 49
Kazakhstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 49
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 41
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 51
Azerbaijan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 37
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 29
Georgia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 41
Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 38
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 37
Sweden | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 18
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 21
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.5 | 7.1 | 8.3 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 132.3 | 132.0 | 132.6 | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Finland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Former USSR | 37.3 | 38.5 | 40.2 | 41.9 | 43.8 | 45.8 | 47.3 | 48.7 | 50.5 | 52.3 | 53.7 | 59
Estonia | 10.3 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 14.5 | 16.7 | 19.2 | 21.8 | 25.0 | 29.5 | 35.0 | 39.5 | 51
Sweden | 28.9 | 29.2 | 29.5 | 29.8 | 30.2 | 30.6 | 31.0 | 31.2 | 31.4 | 31.6 | 31.8 | 48
Russian Federation | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 55
Somalia | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 47
Iraq | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 37
China | 3.1 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 59
Thailand | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 79
Former Yugoslavia | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 44
Germany | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 43
Turkey | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 29
Viet Nam | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 55
Iran | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 43
United Kingdom | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 28
India | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 39
Other countries | 41.7 | 44.0 | 47.4 | 51.1 | 56.4 | 62.2 | 66.9 | 71.8 | 77.8 | 84.5 | 91.5 |
Total | 158.9 | 166.4 | 176.6 | 187.9 | 202.5 | 218.6 | 233.2 | 248.1 | 266.1 | 285.5 | 304.3 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
France
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2010 (%)
Algeria | .. | .. | 1 356.6 | 1 359.3 | 1 366.5 | 1 361.0 | 1 364.5 | 1 357.5 | .. | .. | .. | 50
Morocco | .. | .. | 846.9 | 859.0 | 870.9 | 881.3 | 888.0 | 895.6 | .. | .. | .. | 49
Portugal | .. | .. | 592.0 | 598.0 | 604.7 | 608.6 | 614.2 | 618.3 | .. | .. | .. | 49
Tunisia | .. | .. | 365.8 | 368.5 | 370.6 | 370.7 | 374.7 | 377.3 | .. | .. | .. | 45
Italy | .. | .. | 372.3 | 364.4 | 357.0 | 350.2 | 343.3 | 337.5 | .. | .. | .. | 52
Spain | .. | .. | 307.0 | 300.0 | 295.9 | 290.3 | 286.2 | 282.5 | .. | .. | .. | 56
Turkey | .. | .. | 237.4 | 243.4 | 246.8 | 251.1 | 255.8 | 257.6 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Germany | .. | .. | 225.6 | 224.6 | 223.5 | 221.7 | 219.0 | 217.6 | .. | .. | .. | 57
United Kingdom | .. | .. | 148.8 | 158.0 | 164.0 | 166.8 | 169.1 | 169.9 | .. | .. | .. | 51
Belgium | .. | .. | 139.0 | 140.5 | 143.6 | 145.8 | 146.9 | 148.2 | .. | .. | .. | 55
Viet Nam | .. | .. | 119.6 | 119.8 | 120.1 | 119.7 | 118.9 | 119.4 | .. | .. | .. | 55
Madagascar | .. | .. | 108.5 | 110.7 | 112.5 | 114.5 | 115.8 | 118.1 | .. | .. | .. | 58
Senegal | .. | .. | 103.3 | 106.1 | 108.3 | 112.1 | 114.0 | 116.4 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Poland | .. | .. | 101.6 | 101.7 | 102.6 | 102.9 | 102.4 | 102.8 | .. | .. | .. | 62
China | .. | .. | 75.4 | 80.3 | 85.3 | 90.2 | 95.4 | 98.5 | .. | .. | .. | 57
Other countries | .. | .. | 1 810.3 | 1 882.9 | 1 957.0 | 2 015.2 | 2 079.6 | 2 155.7 | .. | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | 6 910.1 | 7 017.2 | 7 129.3 | 7 202.1 | 7 287.8 | 7 372.7 | 7 500.5 | 7 576.6 | .. | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Germany
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Turkey | .. | .. | 1 472 | 1 477 | 1 511 | 1 508 | 1 489 | 1 497 | 1 318 | 1 314 | 1 338 | 55
Poland | .. | .. | 719 | 723 | 532 | 508 | 1 103 | 1 112 | 1 077 | 1 145 | 1 194 | 57
Russian Federation | .. | .. | 1 005 | 875 | 513 | 445 | 992 | 977 | 958 | 948 | 946 | 57
Kazakhstan | .. | .. | .. | 340 | 206 | 140 | 628 | 696 | 732 | 725 | 719 | 54
Romania | .. | .. | 317 | 318 | 209 | 168 | 386 | 372 | 378 | 422 | 461 | 56
Italy | .. | .. | 437 | 431 | 431 | 433 | 434 | 420 | 377 | 377 | 423 | 41
Greece | .. | .. | 233 | 229 | 240 | 232 | 227 | 231 | 201 | 214 | 223 | 50
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | 202 | 193 | 181 | 228 | 227 | 205 | 205 | 209 | 65
Croatia | .. | .. | 268 | 256 | 251 | 256 | 249 | 226 | 200 | 205 | 208 | 61
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 334 | 321 | 209 | 204 | 177 | 192 | 203 | 54
Austria | .. | .. | 191 | 191 | 194 | 198 | 199 | 197 | 170 | 185 | 194 | 55
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | 237 | 225 | 217 | 207 | 176 | 154 | 134 | 148 | 148 | 57
Netherlands | .. | .. | 107 | 103 | 115 | 123 | 128 | 133 | 125 | 135 | 136 | 53
Hungary | .. | .. | 87 | 80 | 94 | 85 | 104 | 102 | 101 | 111 | 134 | 51
Former USSR | .. | .. | .. | .. | 77 | 56 | 286 | 218 | 139 | 139 | 131 | 52
Other countries | .. | .. | 5 326 | 4 981 | 5 412 | 5 762 | 3 744 | 3 825 | 3 540 | 3 662 | 3 823 |
Total | .. | .. | 10 399 | 10 431 | 10 529 | 10 623 | 10 582 | 10 591 | 9 832 | 10 127 | 10 490 | 55
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Greece
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Albania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 384.6 | 346.2 | 357.1 | .. | 47
Georgia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 62.6 | 53.0 | 54.2 | .. | 59
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 55.7 | 44.4 | 37.8 | .. | 63
Bulgaria | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 45.7 | 43.9 | 35.0 | .. | 58
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.4 | 34.9 | 32.7 | .. | 60
Pakistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20.1 | 22.5 | 24.0 | .. | 9
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29.3 | 25.1 | 21.2 | .. | 66
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.3 | 13.5 | 11.5 | .. | 84
Egypt | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.2 | 13.6 | 11.4 | .. | 40
Cyprus1, 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.2 | 12.8 | 10.3 | .. | 50
Syria | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.5 | 8.2 | 10.0 | .. | 20
Armenia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.1 | 10.6 | 9.6 | .. | 50
Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.8 | 7.3 | 9.4 | .. | 57
Turkey | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.5 | 6.1 | 9.4 | .. | 58
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.2 | 7.0 | 8.8 | .. | 57
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 122.1 | 101.7 | 87.6 | .. | ..
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 828.4 | 750.7 | 729.9 | .. | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Hungary
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Romania | 148.5 | 152.7 | 155.4 | 170.4 | 196.1 | 202.2 | 198.2 | 201.9 | 183.1 | 190.9 | 198.4 | 48
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 13.4 | 25.5 | 28.8 | 33.3 | 57
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 8.6 | 24.4 | 27.4 | 30.3 | 47
Germany | 16.3 | 18.8 | 21.9 | 24.5 | 27.4 | 28.7 | 31.3 | 29.4 | 25.7 | 27.3 | 29.2 | 49
Slovak Republic | .. | .. | .. | 2.1 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 21.1 | 21.3 | 21.3 | 62
Former USSR | 31.4 | 32.2 | 31.9 | 27.4 | 28.5 | 30.1 | 31.2 | 30.7 | 13.1 | 14.1 | 13.5 | 64
China | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 10.9 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 11.1 | 47
Austria | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 44
United States | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 47
Former Yugoslavia | 30.7 | 29.9 | 29.6 | 28.6 | 28.5 | 28.0 | 33.7 | 33.2 | 10.9 | 8.5 | 7.3 | 44
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | 3.2 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 43
Former Czechoslovakia | 33.4 | 31.4 | 32.6 | 30.4 | 29.6 | 28.5 | 28.5 | 24.1 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 66
Italy | .. | .. | .. | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 36
France | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 47
Viet Nam | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 51
Other countries | 33.5 | 38.3 | 42.4 | 30.4 | 35.0 | 37.7 | 41.1 | 55.3 | 55.2 | 58.5 | 62.7 |
Total | 307.8 | 319.0 | 331.5 | 344.6 | 381.8 | 394.2 | 407.3 | 443.3 | 402.7 | 424.2 | 447.7 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Iceland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 2.0 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 10.5 | 11.6 | 10.1 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 43
Denmark | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 51
United States | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 46
Sweden | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 51
Germany | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 62
Philippines | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 66
Lithuania | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 50
United Kingdom | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 39
Thailand | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 74
Norway | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 53
Latvia | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 52
Viet Nam | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 56
China | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 67
Portugal | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 37
France | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 46
Other countries | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 9.1 |
Total | 19.5 | 20.7 | 24.7 | 30.4 | 35.9 | 37.6 | 35.1 | 34.7 | 34.7 | 35.4 | 37.2 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Ireland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2011 (%)
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | 266.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 281.1 | .. | .. | 51
Poland | .. | .. | .. | 62.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 114.3 | .. | .. | 48
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | 24.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 34.6 | .. | .. | 52
United States | .. | .. | .. | 24.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 26.9 | .. | .. | 54
Latvia | .. | .. | .. | 13.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19.8 | .. | .. | 56
Nigeria | .. | .. | .. | 16.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19.4 | .. | .. | 54
Romania | .. | .. | .. | 8.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 17.8 | .. | .. | 49
India | .. | .. | .. | 9.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 17.7 | .. | .. | 46
Philippines | .. | .. | .. | 9.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.6 | .. | .. | 58
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 11.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.7 | .. | .. | 55
China | .. | .. | .. | 11.0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.3 | .. | .. | 52
Slovak Republic | .. | .. | .. | 8.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.6 | .. | .. | 47
France | .. | .. | .. | 9.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.9 | .. | .. | 50
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | 4.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.2 | .. | .. | 50
Pakistan | .. | .. | .. | 5.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.2 | .. | .. | 35
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | 116.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 145.4 | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | 601.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 752.5 | .. | .. | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Israel
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Former USSR | 946.9 | 941.0 | 935.1 | 929.1 | 921.7 | 913.8 | 877.5 | 875.5 | 867.0 | 862.4 | 858.7 | 55
Morocco | 159.7 | 157.5 | 155.4 | 153.2 | 150.7 | 148.5 | 154.7 | 152.0 | 149.6 | 147.2 | 145.4 | 53
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 82.7 | 84.8 | 86.2 | 88.0 | 52
Ethiopia | 65.8 | 69.4 | 72.8 | 76.1 | 79.4 | 80.8 | 77.4 | 78.9 | 81.9 | 84.6 | 85.9 | 50
Romania | 113.8 | 110.4 | 106.9 | 103.7 | 100.2 | 96.9 | 96.4 | 93.1 | 90.0 | 87.0 | 84.0 | 56
Iraq | 71.4 | 69.9 | 68.3 | 66.7 | 65.1 | 63.5 | 63.7 | 61.8 | 60.0 | 58.5 | 56.8 | 53
Iran | 49.9 | 49.4 | 48.8 | 48.2 | 47.6 | 46.8 | 49.8 | 48.9 | 48.1 | 47.4 | 46.7 | 51
France | 31.4 | 33.2 | 35.4 | 37.6 | 39.6 | 40.9 | 41.4 | 42.9 | 43.5 | 44.2 | 46.3 | 55
Poland | 68.3 | 64.4 | 60.6 | 57.0 | 53.4 | 50.1 | 54.0 | 50.7 | 48.0 | 45.0 | 42.2 | 56
Argentina | 39.5 | 38.9 | 38.2 | 37.7 | 37.2 | 36.7 | 37.6 | 37.5 | 37.6 | 36.8 | 36.3 | 53
Tunisia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29.9 | 29.2 | 28.8 | 28.4 | 54
Yemen | 33.7 | 32.7 | 31.8 | 30.8 | 29.9 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 27.9 | 26.9 | 24.1 | 25.4 | 56
Turkey | 28.9 | 28.2 | 27.5 | 26.9 | 26.2 | 25.6 | 26.1 | 25.6 | 24.9 | 24.1 | 23.4 | 53
United Kingdom | 19.4 | 19.8 | 20.3 | 21.1 | 21.7 | 22.2 | 21.8 | 22.5 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.2 | 53
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21.4 | 20.7 | 20.2 | 19.7 | 57
Other countries | 346.3 | 346.2 | 346.8 | 341.9 | 343.3 | 344.3 | 348.8 | 217.7 | 214.8 | 215.4 | 210.9 | ..
Total | 1 975.0 | 1 961.0 | 1 948.0 | 1 930.0 | 1 916.0 | 1 899.0 | 1 878.0 | 1 869.0 | 1 850.0 | 1 835.0 | 1 821.0 | 54
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
Source: Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Italy
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 678.5 | 847.5 | 904.0 | 953.9 | 1 000.1 | .. | 57
Albania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 418.9 | 482.4 | 421.4 | 425.5 | 432.7 | .. | 48
Morocco | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 277.0 | 355.9 | 392.1 | 402.3 | 409.6 | .. | 43
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 209.2 | 225.9 | 218.2 | 220.0 | .. | 57
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 138.8 | 149.9 | 191.9 | 201.8 | 210.0 | .. | 79
Switzerland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 195.9 | 191.5 | .. | 54
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 89.7 | 92.5 | 164.5 | 175.0 | 191.3 | .. | 49
Moldova | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 83.6 | 108.4 | 132.1 | 143.2 | 157.1 | .. | 67
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 140.4 | 138.7 | 136.7 | .. | 60
Philippines | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 121.0 | 120.0 | 118.2 | 122.8 | 135.4 | .. | 61
India | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 107.0 | 115.9 | 110.7 | 113.8 | 126.8 | .. | 39
Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100.3 | 122.5 | 122.5 | 121.3 | 122.7 | .. | 75
Peru | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98.5 | 94.0 | 102.0 | 107.1 | 113.0 | .. | 62
Tunisia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 85.2 | 83.2 | 108.3 | 109.4 | 110.7 | .. | 36
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 72.7 | 107.7 | 107.8 | 108.9 | .. | 63
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 177.0 | 1 944.5 | 2 108.7 | 1 921.2 | 2 029.3 | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 375.2 | 4 798.7 | 5 350.4 | 5 457.8 | 5 695.9 | .. | 54
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Luxembourg
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2010 (%)
Portugal | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 60.9 | .. | .. | .. | 48
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.1 | .. | .. | .. | 49
Belgium | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.8 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14.8 | .. | .. | .. | 55
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.2 | .. | .. | .. | 43
Cabo Verde | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.6 | .. | .. | .. | 53
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.6 | .. | .. | .. | 19
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.2 | .. | .. | .. | 44
Netherlands | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.5 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.9 | .. | .. | .. | 53
Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.9 | .. | .. | .. | 59
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.2 | .. | .. | .. | 50
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | .. | .. | .. | 64
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | .. | .. | .. | 54
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.8 | .. | .. | .. | 63
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 40.8 | .. | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 205.2 | .. | .. | .. | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Mexico
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2010 (%)
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 738.1 | .. | .. | .. | 49
Guatemala | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 35.3 | .. | .. | .. | 53
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.9 | .. | .. | .. | 45
Colombia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.9 | .. | .. | .. | 57
Argentina | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.7 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Cuba | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.1 | .. | .. | .. | 49
Honduras | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.0 | .. | .. | .. | 54
Venezuela | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.1 | .. | .. | .. | 56
El Salvador | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.1 | .. | .. | .. | 52
Canada | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.9 | .. | .. | .. | 49
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.2 | .. | .. | .. | 47
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.7 | .. | .. | .. | 45
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.2 | .. | .. | .. | 43
Peru | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.9 | .. | .. | .. | 48
Chile | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.3 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 60.8 | .. | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | 611.8 | 631.2 | 722.6 | 772.5 | 885.7 | 961.1 | 966.8 | 973.7 | 991.2 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Netherlands
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Turkey | 194.6 | 195.9 | 196.0 | 195.4 | 194.8 | 195.7 | 196.7 | 197.4 | 197.4 | 196.5 | 195.1 | 49
Suriname | 189.7 | 190.1 | 189.2 | 187.8 | 187.0 | 186.7 | 186.8 | 186.2 | 185.5 | 184.1 | 182.6 | 55
Morocco | 166.6 | 168.5 | 168.6 | 168.0 | 167.2 | 166.9 | 167.4 | 167.7 | 168.3 | 168.2 | 168.5 | 48
Indonesia | 158.8 | 156.0 | 152.8 | 149.7 | 146.7 | 143.7 | 140.7 | 137.8 | 135.1 | 132.0 | 129.2 | 56
Germany | 119.0 | 117.7 | 116.9 | 116.4 | 117.0 | 119.2 | 120.5 | 122.3 | 122.8 | 121.8 | 120.5 | 58
Poland | 21.2 | 25.0 | 30.0 | 35.3 | 42.1 | 51.1 | 58.1 | 66.6 | 78.2 | 86.5 | 96.2 | 55
Former USSR | 32.8 | 34.5 | 35.3 | 36.0 | 37.4 | 39.4 | 41.9 | 45.6 | 49.2 | 51.8 | 53.7 | 63
Belgium | 47.1 | 47.1 | 47.1 | 47.4 | 47.9 | 48.6 | 49.2 | 50.0 | 50.9 | 51.9 | 52.8 | 55
Former Yugoslavia | 55.5 | 54.5 | 53.7 | 53.0 | 52.8 | 52.7 | 52.8 | 52.7 | 52.7 | 52.5 | 52.5 | 52
China | 31.5 | 33.5 | 34.8 | 35.5 | 37.1 | 40.0 | 42.5 | 44.7 | 47.5 | 49.7 | 51.3 | 56
United Kingdom | 48.3 | 47.5 | 46.6 | 45.8 | 45.8 | 46.7 | 47.1 | 47.2 | 47.5 | 47.8 | 48.4 | 45
Iraq | 36.0 | 35.9 | 35.3 | 34.8 | 35.7 | 38.7 | 40.9 | 41.0 | 40.8 | 40.6 | 40.5 | 43
Afghanistan | 32.1 | 32.4 | 32.0 | 31.3 | 31.0 | 30.7 | 31.1 | 31.8 | 32.6 | 32.8 | 33.1 | 46
Iran | 24.2 | 24.1 | 23.8 | 23.8 | 24.2 | 24.8 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 27.2 | 28.0 | 28.7 | 46
United States | 22.6 | 22.6 | 22.8 | 23.0 | 23.3 | 24.0 | 24.3 | 24.9 | 25.7 | 26.3 | 26.5 | 52
Other countries | 551.9 | 550.9 | 549.9 | 549.3 | 561.2 | 584.8 | 607.1 | 626.6 | 644.8 | 657.1 | 673.7 |
Total | 1 731.8 | 1 736.1 | 1 734.7 | 1 732.4 | 1 751.0 | 1 793.7 | 1 832.5 | 1 868.7 | 1 906.3 | 1 927.7 | 1 953.4 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
New Zealand
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | 243.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 255.0 | 50
China | .. | .. | .. | 78.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 89.1 | 54
India | .. | .. | .. | 43.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 67.2 | 44
Australia | .. | .. | .. | 62.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 62.7 | 53
South Africa | .. | .. | .. | 41.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 54.3 | 51
Fiji | .. | .. | .. | 37.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 52.8 | 52
Samoa | .. | .. | .. | 50.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 50.7 | 52
Philippines | .. | .. | .. | 15.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 37.3 | 57
Korea | .. | .. | .. | 28.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 26.6 | 53
Tonga | .. | .. | .. | 20.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22.4 | 50
United States | .. | .. | .. | 18.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22.1 | 53
Netherlands | .. | .. | .. | 22.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19.9 | 49
Malaysia | .. | .. | .. | 14.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.4 | 54
Cook Islands | .. | .. | .. | 14.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.0 | 53
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 10.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.9 | 56
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | 364.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 458.9 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | 1 067.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 261.2 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Norway
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 7.0 | 8.3 | 11.2 | 18.0 | 30.8 | 42.7 | 49.5 | 57.1 | 67.6 | 76.9 | 84.2 | 27
Sweden | 33.1 | 33.1 | 33.9 | 35.0 | 36.8 | 39.4 | 41.8 | 44.6 | 47.0 | 47.8 | 48.6 | 49
Lithuania | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 15.6 | 22.7 | 28.6 | 33.0 | 40
Germany | 13.5 | 14.1 | 15.2 | 16.7 | 19.7 | 23.0 | 24.9 | 26.2 | 27.3 | 27.8 | 27.9 | 47
Somalia | 12.1 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 14.5 | 16.0 | 16.9 | 18.0 | 19.4 | 20.7 | 23.7 | 25.9 | 47
Denmark | 22.3 | 22.2 | 22.3 | 22.3 | 22.5 | 22.6 | 22.7 | 22.9 | 23.3 | 23.8 | 24.4 | 48
Iraq | 14.9 | 15.4 | 16.7 | 17.4 | 18.2 | 19.4 | 20.6 | 21.4 | 22.0 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 44
Philippines | 7.5 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 10.9 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 14.7 | 16.3 | 17.8 | 19.5 | 77
Pakistan | 14.9 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 15.9 | 16.2 | 16.7 | 17.2 | 17.6 | 18.0 | 18.6 | 19.0 | 48
United Kingdom | 14.3 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 16.2 | 16.9 | 17.5 | 18.1 | 18.6 | 19.0 | 39
Thailand | 6.3 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 9.3 | 10.5 | 11.8 | 13.1 | 14.1 | 15.2 | 16.4 | 17.3 | 82
United States | 14.6 | 14.5 | 14.6 | 14.8 | 15.2 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 16.3 | 16.6 | 17.0 | 17.3 | 51
Russian Federation | 7.5 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 12.2 | 13.1 | 13.8 | 14.6 | 15.3 | 16.2 | 16.8 | 66
Iran | 11.3 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 12.6 | 13.1 | 13.6 | 14.4 | 15.1 | 15.9 | 46
Viet Nam | 11.9 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 55
Other countries | 155.2 | 161.6 | 169.6 | 178.2 | 190.9 | 206.2 | 223.0 | 240.5 | 258.7 | 279.9 | 299.9 |
Total | 347.3 | 361.1 | 380.4 | 405.1 | 445.4 | 488.8 | 526.8 | 569.1 | 616.3 | 663.9 | 704.5 | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Poland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 227.5 | .. | .. | ..
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 84.0 | .. | .. | ..
Belarus | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 83.6 | .. | .. | ..
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 55.6 | .. | .. | ..
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 38.0 | .. | .. | ..
Ireland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.4 | .. | .. | ..
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 177.8 | .. | .. | ..
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 674.9 | .. | .. | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Portugal
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2011 (%)
Angola | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 162.6 | .. | .. | 54
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 139.7 | .. | .. | 58
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 94.5 | .. | .. | 54
Mozambique | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 73.1 | .. | .. | 54
Cabo Verde | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 62.0 | .. | .. | 53
Guinea-Bissau | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29.6 | .. | .. | 44
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.0 | .. | .. | 52
Venezuela | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 25.2 | .. | .. | 54
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 23.7 | .. | .. | 49
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19.1 | .. | .. | 50
Sao Tome and Principe | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.6 | .. | .. | 56
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.5 | .. | .. | 57
Switzerland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.5 | .. | .. | 49
South Africa | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.5 | .. | .. | 53
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.9 | .. | .. | 48
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 140.5 | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 871.8 | .. | .. | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Russian Federation
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2010 (%)
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 942.0 | .. | .. | .. | 54
Kazakhstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 481.9 | .. | .. | .. | 54
Uzbekistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 111.7 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Azerbaijan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 743.9 | .. | .. | .. | 44
Belarus | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 740.9 | .. | .. | .. | 57
Kyrgyzstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 573.3 | .. | .. | .. | 51
Armenia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 511.2 | .. | .. | .. | 44
Tajikistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 452.2 | .. | .. | .. | 41
Georgia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 436.4 | .. | .. | .. | 46
Moldova | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 285.3 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Turkmenistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 180.0 | .. | .. | .. | 52
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 137.7 | .. | .. | .. | 50
Latvia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 86.7 | .. | .. | .. | 53
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 68.9 | .. | .. | .. | 53
Estonia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 57.0 | .. | .. | .. | 53
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 385.8 | .. | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 194.7 | .. | .. | .. | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Slovak Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Czech Republic | .. | 107.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 86.4 | 88.2 | 55
Hungary | .. | 22.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.6 | 17.3 | 52
Ukraine | .. | 13.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.8 | 9.9 | 61
Romania | .. | 4.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.3 | 8.1 | 38
Poland | .. | 7.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.6 | 6.7 | 54
United Kingdom | .. | 1.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.9 | 4.8 | 43
Germany | .. | 4.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.0 | 4.6 | 33
Austria | .. | 3.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.6 | 3.1 | 40
France | .. | 3.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.3 | 2.9 | 47
Russian Federation | .. | 5.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.3 | 2.7 | 65
Italy | .. | 1.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | 2.7 | 25
Bulgaria | .. | 1.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.3 | 2.2 | 33
United States | .. | 3.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.3 | 2.1 | 48
Viet Nam | .. | 2.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.6 | 2.1 | 40
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.6 | 1.9 | 37
Other countries | .. | 23.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.6 | 15.7 |
Total | .. | 207.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 158.2 | 174.9 | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Slovenia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 96.9 | 106.8 | 112.0 | 115.1 | 36
Croatia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 49.2 | 56.6 | 63.3 | 62.2 | 51
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29.2 | 34.7 | 36.7 | 38.4 | 44
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.4 | 21.5 | 21.7 | 50
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.7 | 16.0 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 39
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.6 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 47
Austria | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.9 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 51
Argentina | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.4 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 50
Switzerland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.0 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 48
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 50
Canada | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 52
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 59
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 68
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 47
Australia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 49
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 39.7 | 22.6 | 9.9 | 34.1 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 228.6 | 271.8 | 299.7 | 331.0 | 45
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Spain
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Morocco | 474.5 | 557.2 | 606.0 | 621.3 | 683.1 | 737.8 | 760.2 | 769.1 | 779.5 | 777.6 | 772.5 | 41
Romania | 206.4 | 312.1 | 397.3 | 511.0 | 706.2 | 762.2 | 784.8 | 810.3 | 833.8 | 801.4 | 725.1 | 50
Ecuador | 470.1 | 487.2 | 456.6 | 434.7 | 458.4 | 479.1 | 484.6 | 480.6 | 471.6 | 456.2 | 438.3 | 53
Colombia | 264.5 | 288.2 | 287.0 | 291.7 | 330.4 | 358.8 | 371.1 | 374.0 | 375.5 | 370.8 | 362.8 | 58
United Kingdom | 187.5 | 238.2 | 283.7 | 322.0 | 358.3 | 379.3 | 390.0 | 392.9 | 398.3 | 385.6 | 300.7 | 50
Argentina | 226.5 | 260.4 | 271.4 | 273.0 | 290.3 | 295.4 | 291.7 | 286.4 | 280.3 | 271.1 | 259.2 | 49
France | 178.1 | 188.7 | 199.4 | 208.8 | 220.2 | 227.1 | 229.7 | 228.1 | 226.1 | 221.9 | 208.3 | 52
Germany | 176.9 | 193.1 | 208.9 | 222.1 | 237.9 | 246.7 | 251.0 | 251.1 | 250.9 | 236.0 | 194.5 | 51
Peru | 88.8 | 108.0 | 123.5 | 137.0 | 162.4 | 188.2 | 197.6 | 198.1 | 198.6 | 195.5 | 191.3 | 55
Bolivia | 54.4 | 99.5 | 140.7 | 200.7 | 240.9 | 229.4 | 213.9 | 202.7 | 193.6 | 185.2 | 176.5 | 60
China | 62.3 | 87.0 | 104.8 | 108.3 | 127.0 | 146.3 | 154.1 | 160.8 | 168.3 | 170.7 | 172.8 | 53
Venezuela | 100.3 | 116.2 | 124.9 | 130.6 | 144.6 | 152.4 | 155.1 | 159.3 | 162.1 | 162.1 | 160.2 | 54
Dominican Republic | 65.8 | 78.0 | 87.1 | 96.7 | 114.7 | 129.7 | 136.8 | 141.2 | 149.4 | 155.4 | 158.2 | 61
Bulgaria | 70.4 | 93.0 | 100.8 | 120.2 | 150.7 | 160.0 | 163.6 | 165.7 | 168.1 | 160.2 | 142.2 | 49
Cuba | 69.0 | 76.5 | 79.2 | 83.1 | 92.6 | 100.5 | 104.5 | 111.2 | 120.3 | 125.2 | 128.4 | 55
Other countries | 998.4 | 1 208.2 | 1 366.4 | 1 489.0 | 1 726.7 | 1 873.4 | 1 915.5 | 1 946.3 | 1 983.5 | 1 965.5 | 1 872.7 |
Total | 3 693.8 | 4 391.5 | 4 837.6 | 5 250.0 | 6 044.5 | 6 466.3 | 6 604.2 | 6 677.8 | 6 759.8 | 6 640.5 | 6 263.7 | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Sweden
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Finland | 189.3 | 186.6 | 183.7 | 180.9 | 178.2 | 175.1 | 172.2 | 169.5 | 166.7 | 163.9 | 161.1 | 62
Iraq | 67.6 | 70.1 | 72.6 | 82.8 | 97.5 | 109.4 | 117.9 | 121.8 | 125.5 | 127.9 | 128.9 | 46
Poland | 41.6 | 43.5 | 46.2 | 51.7 | 58.2 | 63.8 | 67.5 | 70.3 | 72.9 | 75.3 | 78.2 | 56
Former Yugoslavia | 75.1 | 74.6 | 74.0 | 73.7 | 72.9 | 72.3 | 71.6 | 70.8 | 70.1 | 69.3 | 68.6 | 50
Iran | 53.2 | 54.0 | 54.5 | 55.7 | 56.5 | 57.7 | 59.9 | 62.1 | 63.8 | 65.6 | 67.2 | 48
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 53.9 | 54.5 | 54.8 | 55.5 | 55.7 | 56.0 | 56.1 | 56.2 | 56.3 | 56.6 | 56.8 | 51
Somalia | 14.8 | 15.3 | 16.0 | 18.3 | 21.6 | 25.2 | 31.7 | 37.8 | 40.2 | 44.0 | 54.2 | 50
Germany | 40.2 | 40.8 | 41.6 | 43.0 | 45.0 | 46.9 | 47.8 | 48.2 | 48.4 | 48.7 | 49.0 | 53
Turkey | 34.1 | 35.0 | 35.9 | 37.1 | 38.2 | 39.2 | 40.8 | 42.5 | 43.9 | 45.1 | 45.7 | 45
Denmark | 40.9 | 41.7 | 42.6 | 44.4 | 45.9 | 46.2 | 46.0 | 45.5 | 45.0 | 44.2 | 43.2 | 47
Norway | 45.1 | 45.0 | 44.8 | 44.7 | 44.6 | 44.3 | 43.8 | 43.4 | 43.1 | 42.9 | 42.5 | 56
Syria | 15.7 | 16.2 | 16.8 | 17.8 | 18.2 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 20.8 | 22.4 | 27.5 | 41.7 | 45
Thailand | 14.3 | 16.3 | 18.3 | 20.5 | 22.9 | 25.9 | 28.7 | 31.4 | 33.6 | 35.6 | 37.0 | 78
Chile | 27.5 | 27.7 | 27.8 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.1 | 28.3 | 28.4 | 28.4 | 28.4 | 28.3 | 50
China | 10.9 | 11.9 | 13.3 | 14.5 | 16.0 | 18.3 | 21.2 | 24.0 | 25.7 | 26.8 | 27.9 | 60
Other countries | 353.7 | 367.2 | 383.0 | 406.5 | 428.2 | 454.6 | 484.7 | 512.3 | 541.5 | 571.5 | 603.1 |
Total | 1 078.1 | 1 100.3 | 1 125.8 | 1 175.2 | 1 227.8 | 1 281.6 | 1 338.0 | 1 384.9 | 1 427.3 | 1 473.3 | 1 533.5 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
Switzerland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 318.9 | 330.0 | 337.4 | 343.6 | 49
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 233.1 | 241.0 | 244.7 | 251.3 | 44
Portugal | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 172.3 | 187.4 | 199.2 | 211.5 | 45
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 132.3 | 138.4 | 141.4 | 146.8 | 52
Turkey | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 76.0 | 76.9 | 77.4 | 77.9 | 47
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 59.1 | 61.7 | 62.7 | 65.6 | 50
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 53.5 | 57.2 | 59.8 | 64.1 | 49
Australia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 59.9 | 61
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 51.7 | 53.5 | 55.1 | 57.0 | 48
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 51.1 | 52.4 | 53.2 | 54.1 | 52
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 41.1 | 43.7 | 44.2 | 44.8 | 47
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 33.7 | 34.9 | 35.4 | 35.9 | 51
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.3 | 33.4 | 34.4 | 35.5 | 71
Sri Lanka | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.6 | 29.6 | 30.0 | 30.6 | 47
Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21.5 | 24.0 | 26.2 | 28.1 | 57
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 764.6 | 788.6 | 811.8 | 782.9 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 075.2 | 2 158.4 | 2 218.4 | 2 289.6 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
United Kingdom
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
India | .. | .. | .. | 570 | 553 | 601 | 661 | 687 | 686 | 750 | 746 | 44
Poland | .. | .. | .. | 229 | 423 | 495 | 540 | 534 | 617 | 658 | 650 | 52
Pakistan | .. | .. | .. | 274 | 357 | 422 | 427 | 382 | 441 | 432 | 476 | 48
Ireland | .. | .. | .. | 417 | 410 | 420 | 401 | 401 | 429 | 429 | 400 | 60
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 269 | 253 | 273 | 296 | 301 | 292 | 303 | 343 | 56
South Africa | .. | .. | .. | 198 | 194 | 204 | 220 | 227 | 208 | 208 | 224 | 52
United States | .. | .. | .. | 169 | 162 | 173 | 160 | 193 | 159 | 203 | 216 | 53
Nigeria | .. | .. | .. | 117 | 147 | 137 | 166 | 167 | 203 | 162 | 202 | 50
Bangladesh | .. | .. | .. | 221 | 202 | 193 | 199 | 193 | 219 | 191 | 184 | 48
Romania | .. | .. | .. | 16 | 26 | 39 | 55 | 77 | 82 | 118 | 151 | 46
Kenya | .. | .. | .. | 138 | 135 | 140 | 134 | 118 | 129 | 139 | 150 | 47
Sri Lanka | .. | .. | .. | 102 | 114 | 96 | 105 | 118 | 131 | 127 | 148 | 53
Italy | .. | .. | .. | 86 | 102 | 108 | 117 | 130 | 150 | 135 | 142 | 54
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | 47 | 55 | 70 | 62 | 91 | 118 | 117 | 140 | 52
Jamaica | .. | .. | .. | 135 | 173 | 142 | 130 | 134 | 123 | 151 | 140 | 63
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | 2 769 | 2 886 | 3 120 | 3 226 | 3 303 | 3 443 | 3 465 | 3 548 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | 5 757 | 6 192 | 6 633 | 6 899 | 7 056 | 7 430 | 7 588 | 7 860 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth
Thousands
United States
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Mexico | 10 078.7 | 10 256.9 | 10 993.9 | 11 535.0 | 11 739.6 | 11 451.3 | 11 478.2 | 11 746.5 | 11 691.6 | 11 489.4 | 11 585.0 | 47
India | 1 297.9 | 1 372.3 | 1 410.7 | 1 505.4 | 1 514.0 | 1 626.9 | 1 665.1 | 1 796.5 | 1 855.7 | 1 974.3 | 2 034.7 | 46
Philippines | 1 443.3 | 1 509.8 | 1 594.8 | 1 634.1 | 1 708.5 | 1 685.1 | 1 733.9 | 1 766.5 | 1 814.9 | 1 862.0 | 1 844.0 | 61
China | 1 127.7 | 1 218.4 | 1 202.9 | 1 357.5 | 1 367.8 | 1 339.1 | 1 425.8 | 1 604.4 | 1 651.5 | 1 719.8 | 1 805.0 | 53
Viet Nam | 1 066.0 | 1 052.0 | 1 072.9 | 1 116.2 | 1 102.2 | 1 154.7 | 1 149.4 | 1 243.8 | 1 253.9 | 1 264.2 | 1 281.0 | 52
El Salvador | 872.6 | 931.9 | 988.0 | 1 042.2 | 1 108.3 | 1 078.3 | 1 157.2 | 1 207.1 | 1 245.5 | 1 254.5 | 1 252.1 | 49
Cuba | 888.7 | 925.0 | 902.4 | 932.6 | 980.0 | 987.8 | 982.9 | 1 112.1 | 1 090.6 | 1 114.9 | 1 144.0 | 49
Korea | 957.7 | 955.4 | 993.9 | 1 021.2 | 1 050.7 | 1 034.7 | 1 012.9 | 1 086.9 | 1 095.1 | 1 105.7 | 1 070.3 | 60
Dominican Republic | 679.9 | 716.5 | 708.5 | 764.9 | 747.9 | 779.2 | 791.6 | 879.9 | 878.9 | 960.2 | 991.0 | 54
Guatemala | 523.7 | 585.2 | 644.7 | 741.0 | 683.8 | 743.8 | 790.5 | 797.3 | 844.3 | 880.9 | 902.3 | 40
Canada | 849.5 | 808.5 | 830.3 | 847.2 | 816.4 | 824.3 | 814.1 | 785.6 | 787.5 | 799.1 | 840.2 | 52
Jamaica | 600.8 | 590.1 | 579.2 | 643.1 | 587.6 | 631.7 | 645.0 | 650.8 | 694.6 | 668.8 | 714.7 | 54
United Kingdom | 677.8 | 658.0 | 676.6 | 677.1 | 678.1 | 692.4 | 688.3 | 676.6 | 684.6 | 686.7 | 695.5 | 51
Colombia | 529.6 | 499.3 | 554.8 | 589.1 | 603.7 | 603.3 | 617.7 | 648.3 | 655.1 | 705.0 | 677.2 | 60
Haiti | 505.7 | 445.3 | 483.7 | 495.8 | 544.5 | 545.8 | 536.0 | 596.4 | 602.7 | 616.0 | 594.0 | 57
Other countries | 11 568.0 | 11 733.2 | 12 132.2 | 12 567.1 | 12 815.5 | 12 837.6 | 12 964.4 | 13 318.2 | 13 535.1 | 13 636.9 | 13 916.9 |
Total | 33 667.7 | 34 257.7 | 35 769.6 | 37 469.4 | 38 048.5 | 38 016.1 | 38 452.8 | 39 916.9 | 40 381.6 | 40 738.2 | 41 347.9 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260318

Metadata related to Tables A.4. and B.4. Stocks of foreign-born population
| Comments | Source
Australia | ® Estimated resident population (ERP) based on Population Censuses. In between Censuses, the ERP is updated by data on births, deaths and net overseas migration. Reference date: 30 June. | Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
Austria | ® Stock of foreign-born residents recorded in the population register. Break in time series in 2002. Revised data for 2002-07 to be coherent with the results of register-based census of 2006. Reference date: 31 December (since 2002). | Population Register, Statistics Austria. Prior to 2002: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Austria.
Belgium | ® Stock of foreign-born recorded in the population register. Excludes asylum seekers. | Population Register, Directorate for Statistics and Economic Information (DGSIE).

Canada

® 2001 and 2006: Total immigrants (excluding non-permanent residents). Immigrants are persons who are, or have ever been, landed immigrants in Canada. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years and have changed status, while others are recent arrivals.

ε PM for other years.

Statistics Canada.

Chile | ® 2002 Census. ® Register of residence permits granted for other years. | Register of permits of residence granted, Department of Foreigners and Migration, Ministry of the Interior.
Czech Republic | ® 2011 Census. ε CM for other years. | Czech Statistical Office.
Denmark | ® Immigrants according to the national definition, e.g. persons born abroad to parents both foreign citizens or born abroad. When no information is available on the parents’ nationality/country of birth, persons born abroad are classified as immigrants. | Statistics Denmark.
Estonia | ® Population Register. | Ministry of the Interior.
Finland | ® Population register. Includes foreign-born persons of Finnish origin. | Statistics Finland.

France

® 2006-09 annual Censuses.

® 2010 Census.

PM for other years (A.4.).

Including persons who were born French abroad.

National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE).

Germany | ® Microcensus. Estimates in 2002 and 2003. | Federal Statistical Office.
Greece | ® 2001 Census. Usual foreign-born resident population. ® From 2010 on: Labour Force Surveys (4th quarter). | National Statistical Service.
Hungary | ® Includes foreigners and ethnic Hungarians. From 2010 on, it includes refugees. From 2011 on it includes persons under subsidiary protection. From 2010 on, it includes third-country nationals holding a residence permit. Reference date: 31 December. | Office of Immigration and Nationality, Central Office Administrative and Electronic Public Services (Central Population Register), Central Statistical Office.
Iceland | ® National population register. Numbers from the register are likely to be overestimated. Reference date: 31 December. | Statistics Iceland.
Ireland | ® 2002, 2006 and 2011 Censuses. Persons usually resident and present in their usual residence on census night. ε PM for other years. | Central Statistics Office.

Israel

Estimates are based on the results of the Population Censuses. Intercensal changes are estimated based on variations recorded in the Population Register. The data refer to permanent immigrants, that is, to persons who entered the country to take up permanent residence under the Law of Return or the Law of Entrance. Before 2006, the detail by country of origin (Table B.4.) includes Jews and Others and excludes Arabs whereas from 2006 on, it includes Jews only. For the whole period, the total foreign-born population (A.4.) includes Jews and Others and excludes Arabs. Data for Algeria include Tunisia until 2009. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Central Bureau of Statistics.

Italy | Population register. | National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT).
Luxembourg | ® 2001 and 2010: 2001 and 2011 Censuses. ε CM for other years. | Central Office of Statistics and Economic Studies (Statec).
Mexico | ® From 2005 on, estimation of the total number of foreign-born from the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE). | National Migration Institute (INM) and National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI).
Netherlands | ® Reference date: 1 January of the following year. | Population register, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).
New Zealand | ® 2001, 2006 and 2013 Censuses. ε PM for other years. | Statistics New Zealand.
Norway | ® Reference date: 31 December. | Central Population Register, Statistics Norway.
Poland | ® 2002 and 2011 Censuses. Excluding foreign temporary residents who, at the time of the census, had been staying at a given address in Poland for less than 12 months. Country of birth in accordance with political (administrative) boundaries at the time of the census. | Central Statistical Office.
Portugal | ® 2001 and 2011 censuses. ε CM for other years. | National Statistical Institute (INE)
Russian Federation | ® 2002 and 2010 Censuses. | Federal state statistics service (Rosstat).
Slovak Republic | ® 2001 Census. Population who had permanent resident status at the date of the Census. ® 2004 Population Register. | Ministry of the Interior.
Slovenia | ® Central Population Register. | Ministry of the Interior.
Spain | ® Population register. Reference date: 1st January (For a given year, data refer to the 1st January of the following year). | Municipal Registers, National Statistics Institute (INE).
Sweden | ® Reference date: 31 December. | Population Register, Statistics Sweden.
Switzerland | ® 2000 Census. ® 2010 Population Register of the Confederation. ε CM for other years. | Federal Statistical Office.

United Kingdom

® 2001 Census.

® From 2006 on: Labour Force Survey. Foreign-born residents.

ε PM for other years.

Figures are rounded.

Office for National Statistics.

United States | ® American Community Survey. ACS 2011 data from IPUMS-USA (http://usa.ipums.org/usa/). | Census Bureau.

Legend: ® Observed figures.

ε Estimates (in italic) made by means of the component method (CM) or the parametric method (PM). For more details on the method of estimation, please refer to http://www.oecd.org/migration/foreignborn. No estimate is made by country of birth (Tables B.4).

Data for Serbia may include persons born in Montenegro or in Serbia and Montenegro.

Table A.5. Stocks of foreign population by nationality in OECD countries and the Russian Federation
Thousands and percentages
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Austria | 746.8 | 754.2 | 774.4 | 796.7 | 804.8 | 829.7 | 860.0 | 883.6 | 913.2 | 951.4 | 1 004.3 | 1 066.1
% of total population | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.9 | 12.6
Belgium | 850.1 | 860.3 | 870.9 | 900.5 | 932.2 | 971.4 | 1 013.3 | 1 057.7 | 1 119.3 | 1 169.1 | 1 195.1 | 1 214.6
% of total population | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 10.9
Canada | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 758.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 957.0 | .. | ..
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.7 | .. | ..
Czech Republic | 231.6 | 240.4 | 254.3 | 278.3 | 321.5 | 392.3 | 437.6 | 432.5 | 424.3 | 434.2 | 435.9 | 439.2
% of total population | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2
Denmark | 265.4 | 271.2 | 267.6 | 270.1 | 278.1 | 298.5 | 320.2 | 329.9 | 346.0 | 358.9 | 374.7 | 397.3
% of total population | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 7.1
Estonia | 269.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 211.1 | 210.9 | 211.7
% of total population | 19.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.9 | 15.9 | 16.1
Finland | 103.7 | 107.0 | 108.3 | 113.9 | 121.7 | 132.7 | 143.3 | 155.7 | 168.0 | 183.1 | 195.5 | 207.5
% of total population | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.8
France | .. | .. | .. | 3 541.8 | 3 696.9 | 3 731.2 | 3 773.2 | 3 821.5 | 3 824.8 | 3 892.6 | 4 036.0 | ..
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 | ..
Germany | 7 335.6 | 7 334.8 | 6 717.1 | 6 755.8 | 6 751.0 | 6 744.9 | 6 727.6 | 6 694.8 | 6 753.6 | 6 930.9 | 7 213.7 | 7 633.6
% of total population | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.8 | 9.3
Greece | 436.8 | 472.8 | 533.4 | 553.1 | 570.6 | 643.1 | 733.6 | 839.7 | 810.0 | 757.4 | 768.1 | 687.1
% of total population | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.2
Hungary | 115.9 | 130.1 | 142.2 | 154.4 | 166.0 | 174.7 | 184.4 | 197.8 | 209.2 | 143.4 | 141.4 | 140.5
% of total population | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4
Iceland | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 13.8 | 18.6 | 23.4 | 24.4 | 21.7 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 21.4 | 22.7
% of total population | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.0
Ireland | 219.3 | .. | .. | .. | 413.2 | 519.6 | 575.6 | 575.4 | 560.1 | 537.0 | 550.4 | ..
% of total population | 5.6 | .. | .. | .. | 9.8 | 11.9 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 12.0 | ..
Italy | 1 549.4 | 1 990.2 | 2 402.2 | 2 670.5 | 2 938.9 | 3 432.7 | 3 891.3 | 4 235.1 | 4 570.3 | 4 825.6 | 4 387.7 | 4 922.1
% of total population | 2.7 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 8.1
Japan | 1 851.8 | 1 915.0 | 1 973.7 | 2 011.6 | 2 083.2 | 2 151.4 | 2 215.9 | 2 184.7 | 2 132.9 | 2 078.5 | 2 033.7 | 2 066.4
% of total population | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6
Korea | 271.7 | 460.3 | 491.4 | 510.5 | 660.6 | 800.3 | 895.5 | 920.9 | 1 002.7 | 982.5 | 933.0 | 985.9
% of total population | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0
Luxembourg | 170.7 | 177.8 | 183.7 | 191.3 | 198.3 | 205.9 | 215.5 | 216.3 | 220.5 | 229.9 | 238.8 | 248.9
% of total population | 38.3 | 39.4 | 40.1 | 41.1 | 41.9 | 42.9 | 44.1 | 43.5 | 43.5 | 44.3 | 45.0 | 45.8
Mexico | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 262.7 | 281.1 | 303.9 | 296.4 | ..
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | ..
Netherlands | 700.0 | 702.2 | 699.4 | 691.4 | 681.9 | 688.4 | 719.5 | 735.2 | 760.4 | 786.1 | 796.2 | 816.0
% of total population | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9
Norway | 197.7 | 204.7 | 213.3 | 222.3 | 238.3 | 266.3 | 303.0 | 333.9 | 369.2 | 407.3 | 448.8 | 483.2
% of total population | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 9.5
Poland | 49.2 | .. | .. | .. | 54.9 | 57.5 | 60.4 | 49.6 | .. | 55.4 | .. | ..
% of total population | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | .. | 0.1 | .. | ..
Portugal | 413.3 | 434.3 | 449.2 | 415.9 | 420.2 | 435.7 | 440.6 | 454.2 | 445.3 | 436.8 | 417.0 | 401.3
% of total population | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.7
Russian Federation | 1 025.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 687.0 | 490.3 | 621.0 | 715.8
% of total population | 0.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5
Slovak Republic | 29.5 | 29.2 | 22.3 | 25.6 | 32.1 | 40.9 | 52.5 | 62.9 | 68.0 | 70.7 | 72.9 | 59.2
% of total population | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1
Slovenia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 99.8 | 95.7 | 101.9 | 103.3 | 110.9
% of total population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.9 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.4
Spain | 2 664.2 | 3 034.3 | 3 730.6 | 4 144.2 | 4 519.6 | 5 268.8 | 5 648.7 | 5 747.7 | 5 751.5 | 5 736.3 | 5 546.2 | 5 000.3
% of total population | 6.4 | 7.2 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 10.7
Sweden | 469.8 | 475.4 | 480.5 | 479.3 | 491.6 | 524.2 | 561.7 | 602.5 | 633.1 | 655.0 | 667.2 | 694.6
% of total population | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.2
Switzerland | 1 447.3 | 1 471.0 | 1 495.0 | 1 511.9 | 1 523.6 | 1 571.0 | 1 638.9 | 1 680.2 | 1 720.4 | 1 772.3 | 1 825.1 | 1 886.6
% of total population | 19.9 | 20.0 | 20.2 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 20.8 | 21.4 | 21.7 | 22.0 | 22.4 | 22.8 | 23.3
United Kingdom | 2 584.0 | 2 742.0 | 2 857.0 | 3 035.0 | 3 392.0 | 3 824.0 | 4 186.0 | 4 348.0 | 4 524.0 | 4 785.0 | 4 788.0 | 4 941.0
% of total population | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.7
United States | 20 490.6 | 20 634.1 | 21 115.7 | 21 159.7 | 21 696.3 | 21 843.6 | 21 685.7 | 21 641.0 | 22 460.6 | 22 225.5 | 22 115.0 | 22 016.4
% of total population | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.0
Note: For details on definitions and sources, refer to the metadata at the end of Tables B.5.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260278

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Austria
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Germany | 83.6 | 91.2 | 100.4 | 109.2 | 118.9 | 128.7 | 136.0 | 144.1 | 150.9 | 157.8 | 164.8 | 50
Turkey | 123.0 | 116.5 | 113.1 | 108.2 | 108.8 | 110.0 | 111.3 | 112.5 | 112.9 | 113.7 | 114.7 | 48
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 122.7 | 122.2 | 109.4 | 110.5 | 110.4 | 111.3 | 112.5 | 49
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 94.2 | 90.9 | 88.3 | 86.2 | 92.6 | 91.8 | 90.5 | 89.6 | 89.6 | 89.9 | 91.0 | 46
Croatia | 58.5 | 58.6 | 58.1 | 56.8 | 59.2 | 58.9 | 58.5 | 58.3 | 58.3 | 58.6 | 62.0 | 47
Romania | 20.5 | 21.3 | 21.9 | 21.9 | 27.7 | 32.2 | 36.0 | 41.6 | 47.3 | 53.3 | 59.7 | 55
Poland | 22.2 | 26.6 | 30.6 | 33.3 | 35.3 | 36.6 | 37.2 | 38.6 | 42.1 | 46.0 | 50.3 | 48
Hungary | 14.2 | 15.1 | 16.3 | 17.4 | 19.2 | 21.3 | 23.3 | 25.6 | 29.8 | 37.0 | 46.3 | 52
Russian Federation | 8.0 | 14.2 | 17.2 | 18.8 | 21.1 | 22.5 | 23.4 | 24.2 | 25.5 | 27.3 | 28.8 | 56
Slovak Republic | 9.5 | 11.3 | 13.0 | 14.2 | 15.8 | 17.9 | 19.2 | 20.4 | 22.5 | 25.3 | 28.6 | 62
Italy | 11.3 | 11.7 | 12.2 | 12.7 | 13.2 | 13.9 | 14.5 | 15.4 | 16.2 | 17.8 | 20.2 | 42
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | 15.3 | 16.0 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 17.5 | 17.9 | 18.1 | 18.6 | 18.9 | 19.4 | 20.1 | 47
Bulgaria | 5.9 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 9.8 | 11.2 | 12.5 | 14.1 | 15.9 | 55
Afghanistan | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 14.0 | 29
Slovenia | 6.2 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 43
Other countries | 278.8 | 284.9 | 293.2 | 293.6 | 158.5 | 165.0 | 182.7 | 188.0 | 196.6 | 210.8 | 226.0 |
Total | 754.2 | 774.4 | 796.7 | 804.8 | 829.7 | 860.0 | 883.6 | 913.2 | 951.4 | 1 004.3 | 1 066.1 | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Belgium
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Italy | 183.0 | 179.0 | 175.5 | 171.9 | 169.0 | 167.0 | 165.1 | 162.8 | 159.7 | 157.4 | 156.6 | 46
France | 114.9 | 117.3 | 120.6 | 125.1 | 130.6 | 136.6 | 140.2 | 145.3 | 150.0 | 153.4 | 156.0 | 52
Netherlands | 100.7 | 105.0 | 110.5 | 117.0 | 123.5 | 130.2 | 133.5 | 137.8 | 141.2 | 144.0 | 146.2 | 47
Morocco | 81.8 | 81.3 | 80.6 | 80.6 | 79.9 | 79.4 | 81.9 | 84.7 | 86.1 | 83.3 | 80.7 | 50
Poland | 11.6 | 14.0 | 18.0 | 23.2 | 30.4 | 36.3 | 43.1 | 49.7 | 56.1 | 61.5 | 65.1 | 53
Spain | 43.8 | 43.2 | 42.9 | 42.8 | 42.7 | 43.6 | 45.2 | 48.0 | 50.9 | 54.4 | 57.4 | 49
Romania | 4.6 | 5.6 | 7.5 | 10.2 | 15.3 | 21.4 | 26.4 | 33.6 | 42.4 | 50.9 | 56.7 | 46
Portugal | 26.8 | 27.4 | 28.0 | 28.7 | 29.8 | 31.7 | 33.1 | 34.5 | 36.1 | 38.8 | 41.1 | 48
Germany | 35.5 | 36.3 | 37.0 | 37.6 | 38.4 | 39.1 | 39.4 | 39.8 | 40.0 | 39.7 | 39.5 | 51
Turkey | 41.3 | 39.9 | 39.7 | 39.4 | 39.5 | 39.6 | 39.6 | 39.8 | 39.4 | 38.0 | 36.8 | 49
Bulgaria | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 6.7 | 10.4 | 13.2 | 17.3 | 20.4 | 23.4 | 25.6 | 49
United Kingdom | 26.2 | 26.0 | 25.7 | 25.1 | 25.1 | 25.5 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 24.8 | 24.5 | 24.1 | 44
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 13.8 | 13.2 | 13.5 | 14.2 | 15.0 | 16.8 | 18.1 | 19.6 | 20.6 | 20.1 | 20.1 | 52
Greece | 17.1 | 16.6 | 16.3 | 15.7 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 15.0 | 15.5 | 15.9 | 49
Russian Federation | 3.7 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 7.2 | 11.8 | 12.8 | 14.0 | 14.7 | 13.8 | 12.5 | 57
Other countries | 153.2 | 159.5 | 175.9 | 190.3 | 203.3 | 208.9 | 226.3 | 252.6 | 271.7 | 276.3 | 280.2 |
Total | 860.3 | 870.9 | 900.5 | 932.2 | 971.4 | 1 013.3 | 1 057.7 | 1 119.3 | 1 169.1 | 1 195.1 | 1 214.6 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Czech Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Ukraine | 62.3 | 78.3 | 87.8 | 102.6 | 126.7 | 131.9 | 131.9 | 124.3 | 118.9 | 112.5 | 105.1 | 46
Slovak Republic | 64.9 | 47.4 | 49.4 | 58.4 | 67.9 | 76.0 | 73.4 | 71.8 | 81.3 | 85.8 | 90.9 | 46
Viet Nam | 29.0 | 34.2 | 36.8 | 40.8 | 51.1 | 60.3 | 61.1 | 60.3 | 58.2 | 57.3 | 57.3 | 44
Russian Federation | 12.6 | 14.7 | 16.3 | 18.6 | 23.3 | 27.1 | 30.3 | 31.8 | 32.4 | 33.0 | 33.1 | 56
Poland | 15.8 | 16.3 | 17.8 | 18.9 | 20.6 | 21.7 | 19.3 | 18.2 | 19.1 | 19.2 | 19.5 | 50
Germany | 5.2 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 10.1 | 15.7 | 17.5 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 15.8 | 17.1 | 18.5 | 20
Bulgaria | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 34
United States | 3.3 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 41
Romania | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 34
Moldova | 3.3 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 6.2 | 8.0 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 45
China | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 47
United Kingdom | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 22
Mongolia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.0 | 8.6 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 59
Kazakhstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 56
Belarus | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 61
Other countries | 29.4 | 34.7 | 38.3 | 43.3 | 44.9 | 52.1 | 53.1 | 53.9 | 56.8 | 58.6 | 60.7 | ..
Total | 240.4 | 254.3 | 278.3 | 321.5 | 392.3 | 437.6 | 432.5 | 424.3 | 434.2 | 435.9 | 439.2 | 43
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Denmark
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 5.9 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 9.7 | 13.8 | 19.9 | 21.1 | 22.6 | 24.5 | 26.8 | 29.3 | 47
Turkey | 30.3 | 30.0 | 29.5 | 28.8 | 28.8 | 28.9 | 29.0 | 29.2 | 29.0 | 28.8 | 28.9 | 49
Germany | 13.3 | 13.6 | 14.2 | 15.4 | 18.0 | 20.4 | 21.1 | 21.6 | 22.1 | 22.4 | 22.7 | 49
United Kingdom | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 35
Norway | 13.8 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 15.0 | 15.1 | 15.3 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 61
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.4 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 6.9 | 9.5 | 12.4 | 15.4 | 43
Iraq | 19.4 | 19.2 | 18.7 | 18.1 | 18.3 | 17.6 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 15.7 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 48
Sweden | 10.8 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 13.4 | 13.9 | 58
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 17.2 | 14.0 | 12.7 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 48
Afghanistan | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 10.4 | 46
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.5 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 9.7 | 50
Thailand | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 84
Pakistan | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 9.2 | 49
Somalia | 13.1 | 11.3 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 48
China | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 8.4 | 57
Other countries | 108.1 | 108.1 | 111.7 | 117.5 | 123.1 | 132.7 | 138.5 | 147.1 | 154.0 | 162.3 | 174.4 | ..
Total | 271.2 | 267.6 | 270.1 | 278.1 | 298.5 | 320.2 | 329.9 | 346.0 | 358.9 | 374.7 | 397.3 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Estonia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 96.5 | 95.1 | 93.6 | 53
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 46
Finland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 34
Latvia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 48
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 46
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 41
Belarus | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 54
Sweden | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 23
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 29
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 22
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 38
Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 36
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 40
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 34
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 18
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 93.6 | 92.7 | 92.2 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 211.1 | 210.9 | 211.7 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Finland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Estonia | 13.4 | 14.0 | 15.5 | 17.6 | 20.0 | 22.6 | 25.5 | 29.1 | 34.0 | 39.8 | 44.8 | 51
Russian Federation | 25.0 | 24.6 | 24.6 | 25.3 | 26.2 | 26.9 | 28.2 | 28.4 | 29.6 | 30.2 | 30.8 | 57
Sweden | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 42
Somalia | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 48
China | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 54
Thailand | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 87
Iraq | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 34
Turkey | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 33
India | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 39
United Kingdom | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 20
Germany | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 41
Serbia | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 43
Viet Nam | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 54
Poland | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 43
Afghanistan | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 45
Other countries | 32.7 | 32.3 | 34.5 | 37.5 | 41.7 | 45.9 | 49.8 | 53.8 | 58.4 | 61.9 | 65.4 |
Total | 107.0 | 108.3 | 113.9 | 121.7 | 132.7 | 143.3 | 155.7 | 168.0 | 183.1 | 195.5 | 207.5 | 47
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
France
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2009 (%)
Portugal | .. | .. | 490.6 | 491.0 | 492.5 | 493.9 | 497.6 | 501.8 | .. | .. | .. | 46
Algeria | .. | .. | 481.0 | 475.3 | 471.3 | 469.0 | 466.4 | 466.6 | .. | .. | .. | 46
Morocco | .. | .. | 460.4 | 452.0 | 444.8 | 440.7 | 435.2 | 433.4 | .. | .. | .. | 48
Turkey | .. | .. | 223.6 | 223.4 | 220.1 | 220.7 | 221.2 | 219.8 | .. | .. | .. | 47
Italy | .. | .. | 177.4 | 175.2 | 174.3 | 173.5 | 172.7 | 172.6 | .. | .. | .. | 44
United Kingdom | .. | .. | 136.5 | 146.6 | 151.8 | 154.0 | 156.3 | 157.0 | .. | .. | .. | 49
Tunisia | .. | .. | 145.9 | 144.2 | 143.9 | 144.0 | 147.1 | 150.4 | .. | .. | .. | 40
Spain | .. | .. | 133.8 | 131.0 | 130.1 | 128.5 | 128.0 | 129.1 | .. | .. | .. | 51
Belgium | .. | .. | 81.3 | 84.4 | 87.7 | 90.9 | 92.9 | 94.7 | .. | .. | .. | 51
Germany | .. | .. | 92.4 | 93.4 | 93.9 | 95.0 | 93.3 | 93.7 | .. | .. | .. | 54
China | .. | .. | 66.2 | 72.1 | 76.7 | 81.4 | 86.2 | 90.1 | .. | .. | .. | 55
Mali | .. | .. | 56.7 | 59.5 | 59.7 | 62.2 | 63.3 | 64.9 | .. | .. | .. | 40
Haiti | .. | .. | 40.4 | 62.0 | 62.2 | 56.6 | 58.0 | 62.7 | .. | .. | .. | 54
Romania | .. | .. | 25.2 | 28.8 | 32.9 | 41.9 | 49.3 | 57.6 | .. | .. | .. | 51
Senegal | .. | .. | 49.5 | 50.5 | 50.2 | 51.5 | 51.7 | 52.6 | .. | .. | .. | 44
Other countries | .. | .. | 880.9 | 1 007.4 | 1 039.1 | 1 069.2 | 1 102.2 | 1 145.8 | .. | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | 3 541.8 | 3 696.9 | 3 731.2 | 3 773.2 | 3 821.5 | 3 892.6 | 4 036.0 | .. | .. | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Germany
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Turkey | 1 877.7 | 1 764.3 | 1 764.0 | 1 738.8 | 1 713.6 | 1 688.4 | 1 658.1 | 1 629.5 | 1 607.2 | 1 575.7 | 1 549.8 | 48
Poland | 326.9 | 292.1 | 326.6 | 361.7 | 384.8 | 393.8 | 398.5 | 419.4 | 468.5 | 532.4 | 609.9 | 47
Italy | 601.3 | 548.2 | 540.8 | 534.7 | 528.3 | 523.2 | 517.5 | 517.5 | 520.2 | 529.4 | 552.9 | 41
Greece | 354.6 | 316.0 | 309.8 | 303.8 | 294.9 | 287.2 | 278.1 | 276.7 | 283.7 | 298.3 | 316.3 | 45
Romania | 89.1 | 73.4 | 73.0 | 73.4 | 84.6 | 94.3 | 105.0 | 126.5 | 159.2 | 205.0 | 267.4 | 45
Serbia | .. | 125.8 | 297.0 | 316.8 | 330.6 | 319.9 | 298.0 | 285.0 | 267.8 | 258.8 | 258.5 | 49
Croatia | 236.6 | 229.2 | 228.9 | 227.5 | 225.3 | 223.1 | 221.2 | 220.2 | 223.0 | 225.0 | 240.5 | 50
Russian Federation | 173.5 | 178.6 | 185.9 | 187.5 | 187.8 | 188.3 | 189.3 | 191.3 | 195.3 | 202.1 | 216.3 | 62
Austria | 189.5 | 174.0 | 174.8 | 175.7 | 175.9 | 175.4 | 174.5 | 175.2 | 175.9 | 176.3 | 178.8 | 48
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 167.1 | 156.0 | 156.9 | 157.1 | 158.2 | 156.8 | 154.6 | 152.4 | 153.5 | 155.3 | 157.5 | 48
Bulgaria | 44.3 | 39.2 | 39.2 | 39.1 | 46.8 | 54.0 | 61.9 | 74.9 | 93.9 | 118.8 | 146.8 | 46
Netherlands | 118.7 | 114.1 | 118.6 | 123.5 | 128.2 | 133.0 | 134.9 | 136.3 | 137.7 | 139.3 | 142.4 | 44
Hungary | 54.7 | 47.8 | 49.5 | 52.3 | 56.2 | 60.0 | 61.4 | 68.9 | 82.8 | 107.4 | 135.6 | 38
Spain | 126.0 | 108.3 | 107.8 | 106.8 | 106.3 | 105.5 | 104.0 | 105.4 | 110.2 | 120.2 | 135.5 | 49
Portugal | 130.6 | 116.7 | 115.6 | 115.0 | 114.6 | 114.5 | 113.3 | 113.2 | 115.5 | 120.6 | 127.4 | 44
Other countries | 2 844.3 | 2 433.5 | 2 267.4 | 2 237.4 | 2 208.9 | 2 210.3 | 2 224.6 | 2 261.1 | 2 336.7 | 2 449.2 | 2 597.9 |
Total | 7 334.8 | 6 717.1 | 6 755.8 | 6 751.0 | 6 744.9 | 6 727.6 | 6 694.8 | 6 753.6 | 6 930.9 | 7 213.7 | 7 633.6 | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Greece
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Albania | 294.7 | 325.6 | 341.0 | 347.4 | 384.6 | 413.9 | 501.7 | 485.0 | 449.7 | 471.5 | 410.4 | ..
Bulgaria | 17.3 | 25.3 | 27.9 | 29.5 | 30.7 | 40.2 | 54.5 | 48.4 | 47.3 | 38.4 | 46.2 | ..
Romania | 14.6 | 16.2 | 18.9 | 18.9 | 25.7 | 29.5 | 33.8 | 33.3 | 40.6 | 38.5 | 30.9 | ..
Georgia | 9.5 | 14.1 | 16.9 | 15.1 | 23.8 | 33.6 | 33.9 | 32.8 | 28.0 | 23.5 | 19.8 | ..
Pakistan | 6.2 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 6.7 | 13.9 | 18.0 | 23.0 | 21.2 | 24.1 | 24.5 | 17.0 | ..
Poland | 15.9 | 17.0 | 16.1 | 16.6 | 21.4 | 18.9 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 7.5 | 11.3 | 15.0 | ..
Syria | 6.2 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 6.0 | 9.2 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 10.1 | 13.4 | 12.6 | ..
Russian Federation | 17.8 | 16.8 | 17.6 | 18.9 | 21.6 | 16.7 | 19.5 | 14.1 | 12.0 | 15.1 | 12.4 | ..
Cyprus1, 2 | 8.1 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 14.2 | 11.8 | 9.9 | 12.1 | 11.2 | 12.0 | ..
United Kingdom | 6.2 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 9.5 | 8.7 | ..
Ukraine | 10.2 | 13.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 14.1 | 11.9 | 13.7 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 8.3 | ..
Armenia | 4.7 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 5.0 | 9.1 | 12.3 | 6.7 | 9.5 | 7.5 | 6.8 | ..
Germany | 4.3 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 9.6 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 6.8 | ..
Bangladesh | 1.0 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 14.1 | 12.5 | 14.6 | 10.5 | 7.5 | 6.7 | ..
Philippines | 3.2 | 7.2 | 8.9 | 7.5 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 5.1 | 2.1 | 9.9 | 6.5 | ..
Other countries | 53.0 | 57.7 | 50.0 | 60.1 | 63.9 | 83.7 | 81.3 | 93.2 | 79.2 | 70.3 | 67.0 |
Total | 472.8 | 533.4 | 553.1 | 570.6 | 643.1 | 733.6 | 839.7 | 810.0 | 757.4 | 768.1 | 687.1 | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Hungary
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Romania | 55.7 | 67.5 | 66.2 | 67.0 | 65.8 | 66.4 | 72.7 | 76.9 | 41.6 | 34.8 | 30.9 | 38
Germany | 7.4 | 6.9 | 10.5 | 15.0 | 14.4 | 16.7 | 18.7 | 20.2 | 15.8 | 17.4 | 18.7 | 43
China | 6.8 | 6.9 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 10.1 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 47
Ukraine | 13.1 | 13.9 | 15.3 | 15.9 | 17.3 | 17.6 | 17.2 | 16.5 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 8.3 | 57
Slovak Republic | 2.5 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 60
Austria | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 36
Russian Federation | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 63
Viet Nam | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 51
Serbia | 8.3 | 13.6 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 38
United States | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 44
United Kingdom | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 33
Netherlands | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 39
Italy | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 24
France | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 42
Poland | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 60
Other countries | 26.1 | 22.8 | 27.8 | 28.2 | 28.9 | 31.3 | 36.7 | 40.9 | 28.3 | 30.9 | 33.4 |
Total | 130.1 | 142.2 | 154.4 | 166.0 | 174.7 | 184.4 | 197.8 | 209.2 | 143.4 | 141.4 | 140.5 | 44
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Iceland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 1.9 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 6.0 | 9.9 | 11.0 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 46
Lithuania | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 48
Denmark | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 54
Germany | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 67
Latvia | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 51
United Kingdom | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 30
United States | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 41
Philippines | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 56
Thailand | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 69
Portugal | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 37
Spain | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 42
Sweden | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 57
France | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 45
Norway | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 57
Romania | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 46
Other countries | 3.4 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
Total | 10.2 | 10.6 | 13.8 | 18.6 | 23.4 | 24.4 | 21.7 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 21.4 | 22.7 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Ireland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2011 (%)
Poland | .. | .. | .. | 62.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 121.7 | .. | .. | 48
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | 110.6 | 115.5 | 117.9 | 117.1 | 115.9 | 110.0 | 113.0 | .. | 50
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | 24.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 36.4 | .. | .. | 52
Latvia | .. | .. | .. | 13.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20.4 | .. | .. | 56
Nigeria | .. | .. | .. | 16.0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 17.3 | .. | .. | 54
Romania | .. | .. | .. | 7.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 17.1 | .. | .. | 49
India | .. | .. | .. | 8.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.9 | .. | .. | 46
Philippines | .. | .. | .. | 9.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.6 | .. | .. | 56
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 10.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.1 | .. | .. | 56
United States | .. | .. | .. | 12.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.8 | .. | .. | 57
China | .. | .. | .. | 11.0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.7 | .. | .. | 50
Slovak Republic | .. | .. | .. | 8.0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.7 | .. | .. | 48
France | .. | .. | .. | 8.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.6 | .. | .. | 51
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | 4.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.6 | .. | .. | 49
Hungary | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.0 | .. | .. | 48
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | 106.5 | 404.1 | 457.7 | 458.3 | 444.2 | 115.1 | 437.4 | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | 413.2 | 519.6 | 575.6 | 575.4 | 560.1 | 537.0 | 550.4 | .. | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Italy
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Romania | 177.8 | 248.8 | 297.6 | 342.2 | 625.3 | 796.5 | 887.8 | 968.6 | 1 072.3 | 951.1 | 1 081.4 | 57
Morocco | 253.4 | 294.9 | 319.5 | 343.2 | 365.9 | 403.6 | 431.5 | 452.4 | 470.4 | 412.7 | 524.8 | 44
Albania | 270.4 | 316.7 | 348.8 | 375.9 | 401.9 | 441.4 | 466.7 | 482.6 | 495.7 | 437.5 | 502.5 | 48
China | 86.7 | 111.7 | 127.8 | 144.9 | 156.5 | 170.3 | 188.4 | 209.9 | 228.3 | 213.6 | 320.8 | 49
Ukraine | 58.0 | 93.4 | 107.1 | 120.1 | 132.7 | 154.0 | 174.1 | 200.7 | 214.4 | 192.3 | 233.7 | 80
Philippines | 72.4 | 82.6 | 89.7 | 101.3 | 105.7 | 113.7 | 123.6 | 134.2 | 142.9 | 139.8 | 165.8 | 57
India | 44.8 | 54.3 | 61.8 | 69.5 | 77.4 | 91.9 | 105.9 | 121.0 | 133.1 | 123.7 | 160.3 | 38
Moldova | 24.6 | 38.0 | 47.6 | 55.8 | 68.6 | 89.4 | 105.6 | 130.9 | 144.5 | 130.8 | 150.0 | 67
Egypt | 40.6 | 52.9 | 58.9 | 65.7 | 69.6 | 74.6 | 82.1 | 90.4 | 98.1 | 91.9 | 135.3 | 30
Bangladesh | 27.4 | 35.8 | 41.6 | 49.6 | 55.2 | 65.5 | 74.0 | 82.5 | 91.6 | 88.5 | 127.9 | 28
Tunisia | 68.6 | 78.2 | 83.6 | 88.9 | 93.6 | 100.1 | 103.7 | 106.3 | 109.4 | 93.2 | 122.4 | 36
Peru | 43.0 | 53.4 | 59.3 | 66.5 | 70.8 | 77.6 | 87.7 | 98.6 | 105.7 | 97.6 | 110.6 | 60
Serbia | 51.7 | 58.2 | 64.1 | 64.4 | 68.5 | 62.1 | 57.9 | 57.5 | 55.5 | 45.1 | 109.9 | 47
Pakistan | 27.8 | 35.5 | 41.8 | 46.1 | 49.3 | 55.4 | 64.9 | 75.7 | 82.7 | 77.5 | 106.5 | 32
Sri Lanka | 39.2 | 45.6 | 50.5 | 56.7 | 61.1 | 68.7 | 75.3 | 81.1 | 85.8 | 83.7 | 104.4 | 45
Other countries | 703.8 | 802.2 | 870.8 | 948.0 | 1 030.5 | 1 126.6 | 1 206.0 | 1 277.8 | 1 295.1 | 1 208.7 | 965.9 |
Total | 1 990.2 | 2 402.2 | 2 670.5 | 2 938.9 | 3 432.7 | 3 891.3 | 4 235.1 | 4 570.3 | 4 825.6 | 4 387.7 | 4 922.1 | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Japan
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
China | 462.4 | 487.6 | 519.6 | 560.7 | 606.9 | 655.4 | 680.5 | 687.2 | 674.9 | 652.6 | 649.1 | ..
Korea | 613.8 | 607.4 | 598.7 | 598.2 | 593.5 | 589.2 | 578.5 | 566.0 | 545.4 | 530.0 | 519.7 | ..
Philippines | 185.2 | 199.4 | 187.3 | 193.5 | 202.6 | 210.6 | 211.7 | 210.2 | 209.4 | 203.0 | 209.2 | ..
Brazil | 274.7 | 286.6 | 302.1 | 313.0 | 317.0 | 312.6 | 267.5 | 230.6 | 210.0 | 190.6 | 181.3 | ..
Viet Nam | 23.9 | 26.0 | 28.9 | 32.5 | 36.9 | 41.1 | 41.0 | 41.8 | 44.7 | 52.4 | 72.3 | ..
United States | 47.8 | 48.8 | 49.4 | 51.3 | 51.9 | 52.7 | 52.1 | 50.7 | 49.8 | 48.4 | 50.0 | ..
Peru | 53.6 | 55.8 | 57.7 | 58.7 | 59.7 | 59.7 | 57.5 | 54.6 | 52.8 | 49.2 | 48.6 | ..
Thailand | 34.8 | 36.3 | 37.7 | 39.6 | 41.4 | 42.6 | 42.7 | 41.3 | 42.8 | 40.1 | 41.2 | ..
Chinese Taipei | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22.8 | 33.3 | ..
Nepal | .. | .. | .. | 7.8 | 9.4 | 12.3 | 15.3 | 17.5 | 20.4 | 24.1 | 31.5 | ..
Indonesia | 22.9 | 23.9 | 25.1 | 24.9 | 25.6 | 27.3 | 25.5 | 24.9 | 24.7 | 25.5 | 27.2 | ..
India | 14.2 | 15.5 | 17.0 | 18.9 | 20.6 | 22.3 | 22.9 | 22.5 | 21.5 | 21.7 | 22.5 | ..
United Kingdom | 18.2 | 18.1 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 17.3 | 17.0 | 16.6 | 16.0 | 15.5 | 14.7 | 14.9 | ..
Pakistan | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 11.1 | ..
Sri Lanka | 8.0 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 9.2 | ..
Other countries | 147.0 | 151.0 | 152.8 | 148.3 | 150.7 | 154.4 | 153.7 | 150.3 | 146.5 | 139.7 | 145.3 | ..
Total | 1 915.0 | 1 973.7 | 2 011.6 | 2 083.2 | 2 151.4 | 2 215.9 | 2 184.7 | 2 132.9 | 2 078.5 | 2 033.7 | 2 066.4 | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Korea
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
China | 185.5 | 208.8 | 217.0 | 311.8 | 421.5 | 487.1 | 489.1 | 505.4 | 536.7 | 474.8 | 161.1 | 58
Viet Nam | 23.3 | 26.1 | 35.5 | 52.2 | 67.2 | 79.8 | 86.2 | 98.2 | 110.6 | 114.2 | 113.8 | 51
Philippines | 27.6 | 27.9 | 30.7 | 40.3 | 42.9 | 39.4 | 38.4 | 39.5 | 38.4 | 33.2 | 38.7 | 50
Indonesia | 28.3 | 26.1 | 22.6 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 27.4 | 25.9 | 27.4 | 29.6 | 29.8 | 33.2 | 9
Uzbekistan | 10.7 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 15.0 | 15.9 | 20.8 | 24.4 | 28.0 | 30.7 | 26
Cambodia | 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 7.0 | 8.8 | 11.7 | 16.8 | 23.4 | 30.7 | 32
Thailand | 20.0 | 21.9 | 21.4 | 30.2 | 31.7 | 30.1 | 28.7 | 27.6 | 26.0 | 21.4 | 26.2 | 26
United States | 40.0 | 39.0 | 41.8 | 46.0 | 51.1 | 56.2 | 63.1 | 57.6 | 26.5 | 23.4 | 24.0 | 38
Japan | 16.2 | 16.6 | 17.5 | 18.0 | 18.4 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 19.4 | 21.1 | 22.6 | 23.1 | 70
Sri Lanka | 4.9 | 5.5 | 8.5 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 17.4 | 20.5 | 21.0 | 21.9 | 3
Chinese Taipei | 22.6 | 22.3 | 22.2 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 27.0 | 21.7 | 21.5 | 21.4 | 21.2 | 21.2 | 48
Nepal | 4.2 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 7.4 | 9.2 | 12.6 | 17.8 | 20.7 | 11
Mongolia | 9.2 | 11.0 | 13.7 | 19.2 | 20.5 | 21.2 | 21.0 | 21.8 | 21.3 | 19.8 | 18.4 | 44
Myanmar | 1.8 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 11.5 | 3
Bangladesh | 13.6 | 13.1 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 9.3 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 4
Other countries | 51.7 | 51.5 | 50.8 | 54.2 | 57.8 | 56.0 | 70.8 | 112.1 | 60.6 | 63.3 | 399.9 |
Total | 460.3 | 491.4 | 510.5 | 660.6 | 800.3 | 895.5 | 920.9 | 1 002.7 | 982.5 | 933.0 | 985.9 | 43
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Luxembourg
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2010 (%)
Portugal | 64.9 | 67.8 | 70.8 | 73.7 | 76.6 | 80.0 | 79.8 | 82.4 | 85.3 | 88.2 | 90.8 | 48
France | 22.2 | 23.1 | 24.1 | 25.2 | 26.6 | 28.5 | 29.7 | 31.5 | 33.1 | 35.2 | 37.2 | 49
Italy | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.1 | 19.1 | 19.1 | 19.4 | 18.2 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 18.3 | 18.8 | 47
Belgium | 16.2 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 16.8 | 16.9 | 17.2 | 17.6 | 18.2 | 47
Germany | 10.5 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.7 | 51
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.0 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 18
United Kingdom | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 45
Spain | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 51
Netherlands | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 48
Poland | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 58
Cabo Verde | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 52
Romania | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 64
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 49
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 53
Greece | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 49
Other countries | 31.3 | 32.8 | 35.2 | 37.1 | 39.5 | 41.5 | 42.0 | 28.8 | 30.6 | 32.9 | 35.6 |
Total | 177.8 | 183.7 | 191.3 | 198.3 | 205.9 | 215.5 | 216.3 | 220.5 | 229.9 | 238.8 | 248.9 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Mexico
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 60.0 | 64.9 | 68.5 | 63.4 | .. | 42
Spain | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.6 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 20.7 | .. | 43
Colombia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14.6 | 15.5 | 16.9 | 16.7 | .. | 56
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.2 | 12.5 | 15.2 | 15.6 | .. | 39
Argentina | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.2 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 15.3 | .. | 48
Cuba | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.3 | 11.8 | 14.0 | 14.5 | .. | 49
Venezuela | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.1 | 11.8 | 12.8 | 12.9 | .. | 53
Canada | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.9 | 12.7 | 13.6 | 12.9 | .. | 45
Guatemala | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.4 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 9.7 | .. | 55
France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.4 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | .. | 47
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.9 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.8 | .. | 44
Honduras | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.9 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 6.9 | .. | 58
Korea | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.0 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.8 | .. | 46
Peru | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 6.8 | .. | 47
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.6 | .. | 34
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 63.0 | 64.7 | 70.9 | 69.7 | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 262.7 | 281.1 | 303.9 | 296.4 | .. | 46
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Netherlands
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 7.4 | 11.0 | 15.2 | 19.6 | 26.2 | 35.5 | 43.1 | 52.5 | 65.1 | 74.6 | 85.8 | 52
Turkey | 101.8 | 100.6 | 98.9 | 96.8 | 93.7 | 92.7 | 90.8 | 88.0 | 84.8 | 81.9 | 80.1 | 50
Germany | 56.5 | 57.1 | 58.5 | 60.2 | 62.4 | 65.9 | 68.4 | 71.4 | 72.8 | 72.6 | 72.2 | 55
Morocco | 94.4 | 91.6 | 86.2 | 80.5 | 74.9 | 70.8 | 66.6 | 61.9 | 56.6 | 51.0 | 48.1 | 49
United Kingdom | 43.7 | 42.5 | 41.5 | 40.3 | 40.2 | 41.1 | 41.4 | 41.4 | 41.4 | 41.7 | 42.3 | 41
Belgium | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 26.6 | 26.9 | 27.2 | 27.6 | 28.2 | 28.8 | 54
China | 13.3 | 14.7 | 15.0 | 15.3 | 16.2 | 18.1 | 19.8 | 21.4 | 23.9 | 25.9 | 27.2 | 52
Italy | 18.5 | 18.4 | 18.5 | 18.6 | 19.0 | 20.3 | 21.1 | 21.9 | 22.6 | 23.6 | 25.0 | 38
Spain | 17.4 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 17.3 | 18.1 | 19.2 | 20.3 | 21.9 | 23.9 | 51
France | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 16.4 | 17.2 | 17.8 | 18.1 | 18.3 | 18.7 | 52
Portugal | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 14.2 | 15.4 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 17.3 | 18.1 | 46
Bulgaria | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 6.4 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 14.1 | 16.8 | 17.6 | 17.8 | 51
United States | 15.1 | 14.8 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 14.9 | 14.6 | 14.8 | 15.3 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 52
India | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 10.8 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 40
Greece | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 10.1 | 11.8 | 12.7 | 42
Other countries | 296.1 | 293.0 | 286.3 | 278.3 | 277.0 | 260.1 | 263.0 | 275.0 | 283.4 | 282.5 | 286.6 |
Total | 702.2 | 699.4 | 691.4 | 681.9 | 688.4 | 719.5 | 735.2 | 760.4 | 786.1 | 796.2 | 816.0 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Norway
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 2.7 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 13.6 | 26.8 | 39.2 | 46.7 | 55.2 | 66.6 | 77.1 | 85.6 | 33
Sweden | 25.4 | 25.8 | 26.6 | 27.9 | 29.9 | 32.8 | 35.8 | 39.2 | 42.0 | 43.1 | 44.2 | 48
Lithuania | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 16.4 | 24.1 | 30.7 | 35.8 | 41
Germany | 8.8 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 12.2 | 15.3 | 18.9 | 20.8 | 22.4 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 24.6 | 45
Denmark | 20.0 | 20.1 | 20.2 | 20.3 | 20.5 | 20.6 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 21.4 | 21.9 | 22.6 | 45
United Kingdom | 11.0 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 14.0 | 14.7 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 34
Somalia | 9.9 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 13.0 | 14.4 | 47
Eritrea | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 7.6 | 10.0 | 12.7 | 46
Russian Federation | 6.2 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 65
Philippines | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 11.4 | 80
Thailand | 4.2 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 10.0 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 86
Romania | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 10.0 | 43
Latvia | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 41
United States | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 51
Iceland | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 47
Other countries | 99.4 | 102.2 | 103.5 | 105.6 | 108.9 | 117.6 | 125.7 | 132.0 | 137.7 | 147.7 | 155.9 |
Total | 204.7 | 213.3 | 222.3 | 238.3 | 266.3 | 303.0 | 333.9 | 369.2 | 407.3 | 448.8 | 483.2 | 46
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Poland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | 5.2 | 6.1 | 7.2 | 10.2 | .. | 13.4 | .. | .. | ..
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 11.4 | 11.8 | 12.2 | 4.4 | .. | 5.2 | .. | .. | ..
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 4.2 | .. | 4.2 | .. | .. | ..
Belarus | .. | .. | .. | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.2 | .. | 3.8 | .. | .. | ..
Viet Nam | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | .. | 2.6 | .. | .. | ..
Armenia | .. | .. | .. | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.4 | .. | 1.8 | .. | .. | ..
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | 30.8 | 31.4 | 32.2 | 23.2 | .. | 24.4 | .. | .. | ..
Total | .. | .. | .. | 54.9 | 57.5 | 60.4 | 49.6 | .. | 55.4 | .. | .. | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Portugal
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Brazil | 64.3 | 66.7 | 63.7 | 68.0 | 66.4 | 107.0 | 116.2 | 119.4 | 111.4 | 105.6 | 92.1 | 60
Cabo Verde | 62.5 | 64.3 | 67.5 | 65.5 | 63.9 | 51.4 | 48.8 | 44.0 | 43.9 | 42.9 | 42.4 | 53
Ukraine | 64.8 | 65.8 | 43.8 | 41.5 | 39.5 | 52.5 | 52.3 | 49.5 | 48.0 | 44.1 | 41.1 | 50
Romania | 11.6 | 12.0 | 10.6 | 11.4 | 19.2 | 27.4 | 32.5 | 36.8 | 39.3 | 35.2 | 34.2 | 45
Angola | 34.1 | 35.1 | 34.2 | 33.7 | 32.7 | 27.6 | 26.6 | 23.5 | 21.6 | 20.3 | 20.2 | 53
China | 8.7 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 13.3 | 14.4 | 15.7 | 16.8 | 17.4 | 18.6 | 48
Guinea-Bissau | 24.7 | 25.3 | 24.7 | 23.8 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 22.9 | 19.8 | 18.5 | 17.8 | 17.8 | 45
United Kingdom | 16.8 | 18.0 | 19.0 | 19.8 | 23.6 | 15.4 | 16.4 | 17.2 | 17.7 | 16.6 | 16.5 | 48
Sao Tome and Principe | 9.8 | 10.5 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 55
Moldova | 12.8 | 13.7 | 14.0 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 21.1 | 20.8 | 15.6 | 13.6 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 52
Spain | 15.3 | 15.9 | 16.4 | 16.6 | 18.0 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 48
Germany | 12.5 | 13.1 | 13.6 | 13.9 | 15.5 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 49
Bulgaria | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 5.0 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 47
India | 5.1 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 30
France | 8.9 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 50
Other countries | 78.9 | 81.5 | 71.5 | 73.7 | 78.4 | 56.8 | 57.3 | 56.8 | 57.9 | 58.9 | 61.1 |
Total | 434.3 | 449.2 | 415.9 | 420.2 | 435.7 | 440.6 | 454.2 | 445.3 | 436.8 | 417.0 | 401.3 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Russian Federation
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 93.4 | 92.0 | 110.2 | 122.3 | 54
Uzbekistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 131.1 | 86.4 | 103.1 | 115.3 | 41
Armenia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 59.4 | 73.0 | 90.0 | 102.3 | 46
Tajikistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 87.1 | 64.4 | 75.7 | 82.9 | 25
Azerbaijan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 67.9 | 53.0 | 62.8 | 67.2 | 40
Kazakhstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.1 | 16.3 | 42.2 | 65.5 | 55
Moldova | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 33.9 | 28.2 | 36.3 | 41.2 | 45
Kyrgyzstan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 44.6 | 4.4 | 14.0 | 22.4 | 50
Georgia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.1 | 12.1 | 15.6 | 17.1 | 48
Belarus | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 27.7 | 6.1 | 9.8 | 14.0 | 51
Viet Nam | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.1 | 8.8 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 41
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.4 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 8.0 | 36
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.6 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 46
Turkmenistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.6 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 53
Turkey | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.4 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 5
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 48.8 | 26.7 | 30.1 | 33.4 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 687.0 | 490.3 | 621.0 | 715.8 | 44
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Slovak Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Czech Republic | 4.9 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 11.4 | 47
Hungary | .. | .. | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 8.1 | 35
Poland | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 5.1 | 49
Romania | .. | .. | 0.4 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 29
Germany | .. | .. | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 26
Ukraine | 4.9 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 66
Italy | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 18
Austria | .. | .. | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 26
Bulgaria | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 26
United Kingdom | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 29
Viet Nam | .. | .. | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 44
France | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 30
Russian Federation | .. | .. | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 64
China | .. | .. | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 50
United States | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 41
Other countries | 17.0 | 12.1 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 8.3 | 11.1 | 14.1 | 15.7 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 10.6 |
Total | 29.2 | 22.3 | 25.6 | 32.1 | 40.9 | 52.5 | 62.9 | 68.0 | 70.7 | 72.9 | 59.2 | 38
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Slovenia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 42.5 | 41.7 | 42.7 | 45.0 | 46.8 | 26
Croatia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 30
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.0 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 31
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.1 | 9.5 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 42
Bulgaria | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.6 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 24
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 34
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 70
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 58
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 45
China | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 45
Montenegro | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 46
Slovak Republic | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 52
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 36
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 36
Austria | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.4 | 0.5 | .. | 0.5 | 0.5 | 39
Other countries | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.3 | 16.6 | 17.6 | 16.1 | 18.0 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 99.8 | 95.7 | 101.9 | 103.3 | 110.9 | 33
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Spain
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Romania | 208.0 | 317.4 | 407.2 | 527.0 | 731.8 | 798.9 | 831.2 | 865.7 | 897.2 | 870.3 | 795.5 | 50
Morocco | 420.6 | 511.3 | 563.0 | 582.9 | 652.7 | 718.1 | 754.1 | 774.0 | 788.6 | 792.2 | 771.4 | 43
United Kingdom | 174.8 | 227.2 | 274.7 | 315.0 | 353.0 | 375.7 | 387.7 | 391.2 | 397.9 | 385.2 | 297.3 | 50
Ecuador | 475.7 | 497.8 | 461.3 | 427.1 | 427.7 | 421.4 | 399.6 | 360.7 | 308.2 | 263.5 | 218.2 | 48
China | 62.5 | 87.7 | 104.7 | 106.7 | 125.9 | 147.5 | 158.2 | 167.1 | 177.0 | 181.7 | 185.3 | 48
Colombia | 248.9 | 271.2 | 265.1 | 261.5 | 284.6 | 296.7 | 292.6 | 273.2 | 246.3 | 222.5 | 181.1 | 55
Italy | 77.1 | 95.4 | 115.8 | 135.1 | 157.8 | 175.3 | 184.3 | 188.0 | 191.9 | 192.4 | 180.6 | 42
Bulgaria | 69.9 | 93.0 | 101.6 | 122.1 | 154.0 | 164.7 | 169.6 | 172.9 | 176.4 | 169.0 | 151.1 | 49
Bolivia | 52.3 | 97.9 | 139.8 | 200.5 | 242.5 | 230.7 | 213.2 | 199.1 | 186.0 | 173.7 | 149.9 | 59
Germany | 117.3 | 133.6 | 150.5 | 164.4 | 181.2 | 191.0 | 195.8 | 196.0 | 196.9 | 181.9 | 138.9 | 51
Portugal | 55.8 | 66.2 | 80.6 | 100.6 | 127.2 | 140.9 | 142.5 | 140.8 | 138.7 | 129.1 | 109.4 | 40
France | 66.9 | 77.8 | 90.0 | 100.4 | 112.6 | 120.5 | 123.9 | 122.5 | 121.6 | 117.8 | 102.9 | 50
Peru | 68.6 | 85.0 | 95.9 | 103.7 | 121.9 | 139.2 | 140.2 | 132.6 | 122.6 | 110.2 | 89.9 | 53
Ukraine | 52.7 | 65.7 | 69.9 | 70.0 | 79.1 | 82.3 | 83.3 | 86.3 | 89.0 | 89.4 | 88.2 | 57
Argentina | 130.9 | 153.0 | 150.3 | 141.2 | 147.4 | 142.3 | 132.2 | 120.7 | 109.3 | 98.4 | 85.2 | 51
Other countries | 752.5 | 950.3 | 1 073.7 | 1 161.5 | 1 369.4 | 1 503.6 | 1 539.3 | 1 560.7 | 1 588.7 | 1 569.1 | 1 455.2 |
Total | 3 034.3 | 3 730.6 | 4 144.2 | 4 519.6 | 5 268.8 | 5 648.7 | 5 747.7 | 5 751.5 | 5 736.3 | 5 546.2 | 5 000.3 | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Sweden
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Finland | 93.5 | 90.3 | 87.1 | 83.5 | 80.4 | 77.1 | 74.1 | 70.6 | 67.9 | 65.3 | 62.8 | 58
Poland | 13.4 | 14.7 | 17.2 | 22.4 | 28.9 | 34.7 | 38.6 | 40.9 | 42.7 | 44.6 | 46.1 | 49
Somalia | 8.8 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 11.6 | 14.7 | 18.3 | 24.7 | 30.8 | 33.0 | 36.1 | 45.0 | 50
Denmark | 29.7 | 31.2 | 32.9 | 35.8 | 38.4 | 39.7 | 40.3 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.2 | 39.3 | 43
Norway | 35.5 | 35.6 | 35.4 | 35.5 | 35.6 | 35.5 | 35.2 | 34.9 | 34.8 | 34.8 | 34.6 | 51
Iraq | 41.5 | 39.8 | 31.9 | 30.3 | 40.0 | 48.6 | 55.1 | 56.6 | 55.8 | 43.2 | 31.2 | 48
Germany | 19.1 | 19.9 | 21.0 | 22.5 | 24.7 | 26.6 | 27.5 | 27.6 | 27.8 | 28.0 | 28.1 | 49
Syria | 4.8 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 9.1 | 20.5 | 42
Afghanistan | 6.1 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 12.7 | 16.7 | 20.3 | 37
United Kingdom | 14.4 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 17.3 | 17.4 | 18.1 | 18.4 | 18.8 | 30
Thailand | 8.3 | 9.8 | 11.2 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 15.5 | 17.1 | 18.3 | 19.0 | 19.1 | 18.5 | 80
China | 5.7 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 9.4 | 11.8 | 14.1 | 15.5 | 16.3 | 17.1 | 53
Iran | 12.5 | 12.4 | 11.5 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 14.8 | 47
Eritrea | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 10.0 | 12.8 | 51
Turkey | 12.4 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 39
Other countries | 168.7 | 172.5 | 176.2 | 181.7 | 190.1 | 203.8 | 221.0 | 235.7 | 247.1 | 258.3 | 272.4 |
Total | 475.4 | 480.5 | 479.3 | 491.6 | 524.2 | 561.7 | 602.5 | 633.1 | 655.0 | 667.2 | 694.6 | 48
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
Switzerland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Italy | 303.8 | 300.2 | 296.4 | 291.7 | 289.6 | 290.0 | 289.1 | 289.1 | 290.5 | 294.4 | 301.3 | 42
Germany | 133.6 | 144.9 | 157.6 | 172.6 | 201.9 | 233.4 | 250.5 | 264.2 | 276.8 | 285.4 | 293.2 | 44
Portugal | 149.8 | 159.7 | 167.3 | 173.5 | 182.3 | 196.2 | 205.3 | 213.2 | 224.2 | 238.4 | 253.8 | 45
France | 65.0 | 67.0 | 69.0 | 71.5 | 77.4 | 85.6 | 90.6 | 95.1 | 99.5 | 103.9 | 110.2 | 45
Serbia | 199.8 | 199.2 | 196.2 | 190.8 | 187.4 | 180.3 | 149.9 | 115.0 | 104.8 | 96.8 | 81.6 | 49
Spain | 76.8 | 74.3 | 71.4 | 68.2 | 65.1 | 64.4 | 64.1 | 64.2 | 66.0 | 69.8 | 75.4 | 45
Turkey | 77.7 | 76.6 | 75.4 | 73.9 | 72.6 | 71.7 | 71.0 | 70.6 | 70.2 | 69.6 | 69.2 | 47
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | 60.5 | 60.8 | 60.7 | 60.1 | 60.0 | 59.7 | 59.8 | 60.2 | 60.8 | 61.6 | 62.5 | 49
United Kingdom | 23.4 | 24.1 | 24.9 | 26.0 | 28.7 | 31.9 | 34.1 | 36.4 | 38.6 | 39.4 | 40.4 | 43
Austria | 31.6 | 32.5 | 32.8 | 32.9 | 34.0 | 35.5 | 36.5 | 37.2 | 38.2 | 39.0 | 39.6 | 46
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 45.4 | 44.8 | 43.2 | 41.3 | 39.3 | 37.5 | 35.8 | 34.6 | 33.5 | 32.9 | 32.2 | 48
Croatia | 42.7 | 41.8 | 40.6 | 39.1 | 37.8 | 36.1 | 34.9 | 33.8 | 32.8 | 31.8 | 30.7 | 50
Sri Lanka | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24.6 | 23.9 | 23.7 | 49
Netherlands | 15.2 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 16.1 | 17.0 | 18.1 | 18.5 | 19.1 | 19.4 | 19.6 | 20.1 | 45
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.1 | 18.6 | 18.9 | 72
Other countries | 245.7 | 253.8 | 260.7 | 265.9 | 277.9 | 298.7 | 340.1 | 387.9 | 374.4 | 400.0 | 433.9 |
Total | 1 471.0 | 1 495.0 | 1 511.9 | 1 523.6 | 1 571.0 | 1 638.9 | 1 680.2 | 1 720.4 | 1 772.3 | 1 825.1 | 1 886.6 | 47
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality
Thousands
United Kingdom
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Poland | 34 | 48 | 110 | 209 | 406 | 498 | 549 | 550 | 658 | 713 | 679 | 51
Ireland | 367 | 368 | 369 | 335 | 341 | 359 | 344 | 344 | 386 | 356 | 345 | 58
India | 154 | 171 | 190 | 258 | 258 | 294 | 293 | 354 | 332 | 360 | 336 | 50
Pakistan | 83 | 86 | 95 | 78 | 133 | 178 | 177 | 137 | 166 | 163 | 194 | 47
Germany | 70 | 96 | 100 | 91 | 88 | 91 | 121 | 129 | 132 | 137 | 153 | 58
Lithuania | .. | .. | .. | 47 | 54 | 73 | 67 | 99 | 129 | 126 | 153 | 52
United States | 120 | 133 | 106 | 132 | 109 | 117 | 112 | 133 | 109 | 146 | 149 | 51
Romania | .. | .. | .. | 12 | 19 | 32 | 52 | 72 | 79 | 117 | 148 | 44
Portugal | 88 | 83 | 85 | 81 | 87 | 95 | 96 | 104 | 123 | 106 | 138 | 40
Italy | 91 | 121 | 88 | 76 | 95 | 96 | 107 | 117 | 153 | 125 | 138 | 55
France | 102 | 95 | 100 | 110 | 122 | 123 | 148 | 116 | 114 | 132 | 132 | 55
Nigeria | 33 | 43 | 62 | 61 | 89 | 81 | 106 | 106 | 114 | 102 | 114 | 44
China | .. | .. | .. | 73 | 89 | 109 | 76 | 107 | 106 | 87 | 93 | 46
South Africa | 95 | 92 | 100 | 105 | 90 | 94 | 113 | 102 | 81 | 67 | 87 | 51
Netherlands | 54 | 48 | 45 | 56 | 52 | 41 | 35 | 58 | 56 | 59 | 83 | 45
Other countries | 1 451 | 1 473 | 1 585 | 1 668 | 1 792 | 1 905 | 1 952 | 1 996 | 2 047 | 1 993 | 1 999 |
Total | 2 742 | 2 857 | 3 035 | 3 392 | 3 824 | 4 186 | 4 348 | 4 524 | 4 785 | 4 788 | 4 941 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260323

Metadata related to Tables A.5. and B.5. Stocks of foreign population
| Comments | Source
Austria | Stock of foreign citizens recorded in the population register. Reference date: 31 December. Prior to 2002: annual average. | Population Register, Statistics Austria. Prior to 2002: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Austria.
Belgium | Stock of foreign citizens recorded in the population register. From 2008 on, asylum seekers are included. This results in some artificial increase for some nationalities between 2007 and 2008. Reference date: 31 December. | Population Register, Directorate for Statistics and Economic Information.
Canada | 2001, 2006 and 2011 Censuses. | Statistics Canada.
Czech Republic | Holders of a permanent residence permit (mainly for family reasons), a long-term visa (over 90 days), a long-term residence permit (over 6 months, renewable) or a temporary residence permit (EU citizens). Reference date: 31 December. | Foreign Information System, Ministry of the Interior – Alien Police Directorate.
Denmark | Stock of foreign citizens recorded in the population register. Excludes asylum seekers and all persons with temporary residence permits. Reference date: 31 December. | Central Population Register, Statistics Denmark.
Estonia | Population register. Reference date: 31 December. | Police and Border Guard Board.
Finland | Stock of foreign citizens recorded in the population register. Includes foreign persons of Finnish origin. Reference date: 31 December. | Central Population Register, Statistics Finland.
France | Foreigners with permanent residence in France. Including trainees, students and illegal migrants who accept to be interviewed. Excluding seasonal and cross-border workers. | Censuses, National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE).

Germany

Stock of foreign citizens recorded in the population register. Includes asylum seekers living in private households. Excludes foreign-born persons of German origin (Aussiedler). Decrease in 2004 is due to cross checking of residence register and central register of foreigners.

Reference date: 31 December.

Central Population Register, Federal Office of Statistics.

Greece | Includes some undocumented foreigners. Reference date: 4th quarter. | Labour Force Survey, National Statistical Service.
Hungary | Foreigners having a residence or a settlement document. From 2010 on, it includes refugees. From 2011 on, it includes persons under subsidiary protection. Data for 2011 are adjusted to the 1 October 2011 census. Reference date: 31 December. | Office of Immigration and Nationality, Hungarian Central Statistical Office.
Iceland | Data are from the National Register of Persons. It is to be expected that figures are overestimated. Reference date: 31 December. | Statistics Iceland.
Ireland | Census data for 2006 and 2011. | Central Statistics Office (CSO).

Italy

Until 2003, data refer to holders of residence permits.

Children under 18 who are registered on their parents’ permit are not counted. Data include foreigners who were regularised following the 1998, 2002 and 2009 programmes. Since 2004, data refer to resident foreigners (those who are registered with municipal registry offices).

Reference date: 31 December.

Ministry of the Interior and National Statistical Institute (ISTAT).

Japan | Foreigners staying in Japan for the mid-to long-term with a resident status under the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act. Reference date: 31 December. | Ministry of Justice, Immigration Bureau.

Korea

Foreigners staying in Korea more than 90 days and registered in population registers. Data have been revised since 2002 in order to include foreign nationals with Korean ancestors (called overseas Koreans) who enter with F-4 visa and are also registered in population registers. The large increase in 2003 is mainly due to a regularisation programme introduced in that year.

Ministry of Justice.

Luxembourg | Stock of foreign citizens recorded in population register. Does not include visitors (less than three months) and cross-border workers. Reference date: 31 December. 2010 figures are extracted from the February 2011 census. | Population Register, Central Office of Statistics and Economic Studies (Statec).
Mexico | Number of foreigners who hold a valid permit for permanent residence (immigrants, FM2) or temporary residence (non immigrants, FM3). | National Migration Institute (INM).
Netherlands | Stock of foreign citizens recorded in the population register. Figures include administrative corrections and asylum seekers (except those staying in reception centres). Reference date: 31 December. | Population Register, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).
Norway | Stock of foreign citizens recorded in the population register. It excludes visitors (less than six months) and cross-border workers. Reference date: 31 December. | Central Population Register, Statistics Norway.
Poland | 2002 census data cover permanent residents, excluding those who had been staying abroad for more than 12 months. Foreign temporary residents who had been staying in Poland for less than 12 months. From 2006 on, data are from the Central Population Register. | 2002 Census and Central Population Register, Central Statistical Office.

Portugal

Holders of a valid residence permit. Data for 2001-04 include stay permits delivered following the 2001 regularisation programme as well as foreigners who received long-term permits (temporary stay, study and work) issued in each year. Data for 2005-07 include holders of valid residence permits, holders of valid stay permits (foreigners who renewed their stay permits) and holders of long-term visas (both issued and renewed every year). Work visas issued after 2004 include a certain number of foreigners that benefited from the regularisation scheme and also from the specific dispositions applying to Brazilian workers that resulted from a bilateral agreement. Data for women do not include the holders of long-term visas. From 2008 on, after the revision of the law and the suppression of the stay permits, figures include holders of a valid residence permit and holders of a long-term visa renewed in the year.

Ministry of the Interior, National Statistical Institute (INE) and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Russian Federation | 2002 and 2010 Censuses. Since 2011 stocks of temporary and permanent residence permits holders. | Census data – Federal state statistics service (Rosstat); Residence permit holders – Federal Migration Service.
Slovak Republic | Holders of a permanent or long-term residence permit. | Register of Foreigners, Ministry of the Interior.
Slovenia | Number of valid residence permits, regardless of the administrative status of the foreign national. Reference date: 31 December. | Central Population Register, Ministry of the Interior.
Spain | Population register. Data include all registered foreign citizens independently of their administrative status. Reference date: 1st January (For a given year, data refer to the 1st January of the following year). | Municipal Registers, National Statistics Institute (INE)
Sweden | Stock of foreign citizens recorded in the population register. Reference date: 31 December. | Population Register, Statistics Sweden.
Switzerland | Stock of all those with residence or settlement permits (permits B and C, respectively). Holders of an L-permit (short duration) are also included if their stay in the country is longer than 12 months. Does not include seasonal or cross-border workers. Reference date: 31 December. | Register of Foreigners, Federal Office of Migration.
United Kingdom | Foreign residents. Those with unknown nationality from the New Commonwealth are not included (around 10 000 to 15 000 persons). There is a break in the series in 2004 as a result of a new weighting procedure. Reference date: 31 December. | Labour Force Survey, Home Office.
United States | Foreigners born abroad. | Current Population Survey, Census Bureau.
Data for Serbia may include persons from Montenegro or Serbia and Montenegro.

Acquisitions of nationality

Nationality law can have a significant impact on the measurement of the national and foreign populations. In France and Belgium, for example, where foreigners can fairly easily acquire the nationality of the country, increases in the foreign population through immigration and births can eventually contribute to a significant rise in the population of nationals. On the other hand, in countries where naturalisation is more difficult, increases in immigration and births among foreigners manifest themselves almost exclusively as growth in the foreign population. In addition, changes in rules regarding naturalisation can have significant impact. For example, during the 1980s, a number of OECD countries made naturalisation easier and this resulted in noticeable falls in the foreign population (and rises in the population of nationals).

However, host-country legislation is not the only factor affecting naturalisation. For example, where naturalisation involves forfeiting citizenship of the country of origin, there may be incentives to remain a foreign citizen. Where the difference between remaining a foreign citizen and becoming a national is marginal, naturalisation may largely be influenced by the time and effort required to make the application, and the symbolic and political value individuals attach to being citizens of one country or another.

Data on naturalisations are usually readily available from administrative sources. The statistics generally cover all means of acquiring the nationality of a country. These include standard naturalisation procedures subject to criteria such as age or residency, etc. as well as situations where nationality is acquired through a declaration or by option (following marriage, adoption or other situations related to residency or descent), recovery of former nationality and other special means of acquiring the nationality of the country.

Table A.6. Acquisitions of nationality in OECD countries and the Russian Federation
Numbers and percentages
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013
Australia | 86 858 | 81 001 | 88 470 | 94 164 | 104 333 | 137 493 | 119 811 | 86 654 | 119 383 | 95 235 | 83 698 | 123 438
% of foreign population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Austria | 36 011 | 44 694 | 41 645 | 34 876 | 25 746 | 14 010 | 10 258 | 7 978 | 6 135 | 6 690 | 7 043 | 7 354
% of foreign population | 4.9 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7
Belgium | 46 417 | 33 709 | 34 754 | 31 512 | 31 860 | 36 063 | 37 710 | 32 767 | 34 635 | 29 786 | 38 612 | 34 801
% of foreign population | 5.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.9
Canada | 141 591 | 153 483 | 192 447 | 197 954 | 259 909 | 199 216 | 176 069 | 155 886 | 143 227 | 180 865 | 112 806 | 128 394
% of foreign population | 9.0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.8 | ..
Chile | 245 | 329 | 376 | 519 | 498 | 698 | 619 | 812 | 741 | 874 | 1 225 | 677
% of foreign population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Czech Republic | 4 532 | 3 410 | 5 020 | 2 626 | 2 346 | 1 877 | 1 837 | 1 621 | 1 495 | 1 936 | 2 036 | 2 514
% of foreign population | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6
Denmark | 17 300 | 6 583 | 14 976 | 10 197 | 7 961 | 3 648 | 5 772 | 6 537 | 3 006 | 3 911 | 3 489 | ..
% of foreign population | 6.5 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.0 | ..
Estonia | 4 091 | 3 706 | 6 523 | 7 072 | 4 753 | 4 230 | 2 124 | 1 670 | 1 189 | 1 518 | 1 340 | 1 330
% of foreign population | 1.5 | 1.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.6 | 0.6
Finland | 3 049 | 4 526 | 6 880 | 5 683 | 4 433 | 4 824 | 6 682 | 3 413 | 4 334 | 4 558 | 9 087 | 8 930
% of foreign population | 3.1 | 4.4 | 6.4 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 5.0 | 4.6
France | 128 092 | 144 640 | 168 826 | 154 827 | 147 868 | 131 738 | 137 452 | 135 852 | 143 261 | 114 569 | 96 051 | 97 276
% of foreign population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.4
Germany | 154 547 | 140 731 | 127 153 | 117 241 | 124 566 | 113 030 | 94 470 | 96 122 | 101 570 | 106 897 | 112 348 | 112 353
% of foreign population | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6
Greece | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 806 | 16 922 | 17 019 | .. | .. | .. | ..
% of foreign population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.3 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Hungary | 3 369 | 5 261 | 5 432 | 9 870 | 6 172 | 8 442 | 8 104 | 5 802 | 6 086 | 20 554 | 18 379 | 9 178
% of foreign population | 2.9 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 9.8 | 12.8 | 6.5
Iceland | 356 | 463 | 671 | 726 | 844 | 647 | 914 | 728 | 450 | 370 | 413 | 597
% of foreign population | 3.6 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.8
Ireland | 2 817 | 3 993 | 3 784 | 4 079 | 5 763 | 6 656 | 4 350 | 4 594 | 6 387 | 10 749 | 25 039 | ..
% of foreign population | .. | 1.8 | .. | .. | .. | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 4.7 | ..
Italy | 10 682 | 13 406 | 19 140 | 28 659 | 35 266 | 45 485 | 53 696 | 59 369 | 65 938 | 56 153 | 65 383 | 100 712
% of foreign population | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.3
Japan | 14 339 | 17 633 | 16 336 | 15 251 | 14 108 | 14 680 | 13 218 | 14 785 | 13 072 | 10 359 | 10 622 | 8 646
% of foreign population | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4
Korea | 3 883 | 7 734 | 9 262 | 16 974 | 8 125 | 10 319 | 15 258 | 26 756 | 17 323 | 18 355 | 12 528 | ..
% of foreign population | 1.7 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.3 | ..
Luxembourg | 754 | 785 | 841 | 954 | 1 128 | 1 236 | 1 215 | 4 022 | 4 311 | 3 405 | 4 680 | 4 411
% of foreign population | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.8
Mexico | 4 737 | 4 317 | 6 429 | 5 610 | 4 175 | 5 470 | 4 471 | 3 489 | 2 150 | 2 633 | 3 590 | 3 581
% of foreign population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.2
Netherlands | 45 321 | 28 799 | 26 173 | 28 488 | 29 089 | 30 653 | 28 229 | 29 754 | 26 275 | 28 598 | 30 955 | 25 882
% of foreign population | 6.6 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.3
New Zealand | 19 569 | 18 366 | 22 227 | 24 462 | 29 248 | 29 916 | 23 623 | 18 005 | 15 173 | 19 287 | 27 230 | 28 466
% of foreign population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Norway | 9 041 | 7 867 | 8 154 | 12 655 | 11 955 | 14 877 | 10 312 | 11 442 | 11 903 | 14 637 | 12 384 | 13 223
% of foreign population | 4.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 2.9
Poland | 1 186 | 1 634 | 1 937 | 2 866 | 989 | 1 528 | 1 054 | 2 503 | 2 926 | 2 325 | 3 792 | 3 462
% of foreign population | .. | 3.3 | .. | .. | .. | 2.8 | 1.8 | 4.1 | 5.9 | .. | 7.2 | ..
Portugal | 1 369 | 1 747 | 1 346 | 939 | 3 627 | 6 020 | 22 408 | 24 182 | 21 750 | 23 238 | 21 819 | ..
% of foreign population | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.0 | ..
Russian Federation | 272 463 | 31 528 | 330 419 | 504 518 | 366 488 | 367 699 | 361 363 | 394 137 | 111 298 | 134 980 | 95 737 | 117 381
% of foreign population | .. | 3.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19.6 | .. | 18.9
Slovak Republic | .. | 3 492 | 4 016 | 1 393 | 1 125 | 1 478 | 680 | 262 | 239 | 272 | 255 | 282
% of foreign population | .. | 11.8 | 13.8 | 6.3 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4
Slovenia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 841 | 1 468 | 1 706 | 1 829 | 1 812 | 768 | 1 470
% of foreign population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.4
Spain | 21 810 | 26 556 | 38 335 | 42 829 | 62 339 | 71 810 | 84 170 | 79 597 | 123 721 | 114 599 | 115 557 | 261 295
% of foreign population | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 4.7
Sweden | 36 978 | 33 222 | 28 893 | 39 573 | 51 239 | 33 629 | 30 461 | 29 525 | 32 457 | 36 634 | 50 179 | 50 167
% of foreign population | 7.8 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 10.7 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 7.5
Switzerland | 36 515 | 35 424 | 35 685 | 38 437 | 46 711 | 43 889 | 44 365 | 43 440 | 39 314 | 36 757 | 34 121 | 34 332
% of foreign population | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9
Turkey | 23 725 | 21 086 | 8 238 | 6 901 | 5 072 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
% of foreign population | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
United Kingdom | 120 121 | 130 535 | 148 273 | 161 699 | 154 018 | 164 637 | 129 377 | 203 789 | 195 046 | 177 785 | 194 209 | 207 989
% of foreign population | 4.6 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.3
United States | 573 708 | 462 435 | 537 151 | 604 280 | 702 589 | 660 477 | 1046 539 | 743 715 | 619 913 | 694 193 | 757 434 | 779 929
% of foreign population | 3.1 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.5
Note: For details on definitions and sources, refer to the metadata at the end of Tables B.6.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260287

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Australia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
United Kingdom | 15 303 | 17 569 | 20 510 | 22 637 | 26 922 | 27 032 | 18 206 | 22 284 | 19 101 | 16 401 | 20 478 | 48
India | 3 116 | 3 748 | 5 167 | 7 638 | 13 026 | 9 119 | 9 124 | 17 788 | 12 948 | 10 076 | 19 217 | 43
Philippines | 2 994 | 3 163 | 3 738 | 3 825 | 5 187 | 3 841 | 3 453 | 4 505 | 4 051 | 5 592 | 9 090 | 55
China | 5 885 | 5 966 | 6 507 | 7 406 | 11 173 | 8 407 | 6 700 | 11 109 | 8 898 | 6 876 | 8 979 | 57
South Africa | 4 112 | 4 996 | 5 181 | 5 111 | 6 760 | 5 538 | 4 162 | 5 218 | 4 389 | 4 206 | 7 900 | 49
New Zealand | 14 494 | 13 237 | 9 549 | 7 745 | 7 531 | 6 835 | 3 761 | 4 165 | 4 304 | 3 458 | 3 794 | 49
Sri Lanka | 1 354 | 1 651 | 1 741 | 2 002 | 3 613 | 2 937 | 2 203 | 3 412 | 2 520 | 1 671 | 2 746 | 47
Iraq | 1 534 | 1 289 | 2 147 | 2 151 | 1 926 | 4 208 | 2 150 | 1 538 | 875 | 1 103 | 2 739 | 51
Viet Nam | 1 719 | 2 268 | 2 108 | 2 146 | 2 634 | 2 177 | 1 522 | 2 000 | 1 688 | 1 929 | 2 568 | 61
Korea | 656 | 957 | 1 146 | 1 770 | 2 491 | 2 395 | 1 211 | 2 409 | 2 321 | 1 570 | 2 109 | 53
Pakistan | 802 | 885 | 913 | 1 091 | 1 468 | 1 190 | 1 194 | 1 728 | 1 057 | 990 | 2 100 | 46
Bangladesh | 298 | 392 | 586 | 797 | 1 202 | 1 072 | 1 756 | 2 940 | 1 178 | 1 183 | 1 946 | 47
Malaysia | 1 647 | 1 876 | 1 863 | 2 046 | 2 974 | 2 742 | 1 778 | 2 216 | 2 207 | 1 487 | 1 841 | 55
Ireland | 761 | 924 | 1 094 | 1 236 | 1 442 | 1 423 | 881 | 1 280 | 1 302 | 1 145 | 1 796 | 43
Iran | 940 | 650 | 814 | 743 | 1 080 | 737 | 823 | 918 | 779 | 1 024 | 1 657 | 47
Other countries | 25 386 | 28 899 | 31 100 | 35 989 | 48 064 | 40 158 | 27 730 | 35 873 | 27 617 | 24 987 | 34 478 |
Total | 81 001 | 88 470 | 94 164 | 104 333 | 137 493 | 119 811 | 86 654 | 119 383 | 95 235 | 83 698 | 123 438 | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Austria
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Turkey | 13 665 | 13 004 | 9 545 | 7 542 | 2 076 | 1 664 | 1 242 | 937 | 1 178 | 1 198 | 1 108 | 42
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8 268 | 8 657 | 7 026 | 4 596 | 3 329 | 2 207 | 1 457 | 1 278 | 1 174 | 1 131 | 1 039 | 57
Serbia | 9 836 | 7 245 | 6 681 | 4 825 | 4 254 | 2 595 | 2 003 | 1 268 | 1 092 | 723 | 834 | 58
Russian Federation | 83 | 194 | 235 | 228 | 128 | 127 | 135 | 137 | 296 | 316 | 427 | 53
Romania | 2 096 | 1 373 | 1 128 | 981 | 455 | 382 | 246 | 114 | 223 | 275 | 224 | 68
Croatia | 2 588 | 2 212 | 2 276 | 2 494 | 1 349 | 824 | 440 | 456 | 363 | 401 | 224 | 63
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | 786 | 803 | 991 | 716 | 414 | 377 | 281 | 150 | 182 | 163 | 182 | 47
Egypt | 615 | 616 | 506 | 382 | 100 | 121 | 124 | 94 | 97 | 152 | 174 | 47
India | 525 | 562 | 421 | 159 | 137 | 122 | 90 | 84 | 82 | 171 | 165 | 50
Ukraine | 146 | 230 | 182 | 145 | 81 | 70 | 80 | 75 | 106 | 99 | 134 | 85
Germany | 106 | 135 | 135 | 122 | 113 | 67 | 174 | 132 | 117 | 110 | 127 | 54
Slovak Republic | 196 | 174 | 171 | 124 | 56 | 46 | 50 | 66 | 64 | 77 | 97 | 63
China | 591 | 545 | 323 | 182 | 57 | 67 | 76 | 58 | 97 | 110 | 95 | 68
Poland | 768 | 768 | 443 | 236 | 172 | 129 | 138 | 99 | 91 | 60 | 91 | 62
Syria | 56 | 70 | 94 | 31 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 28 | 61 | 53 | 83 | 33
Other countries | 4 369 | 5 057 | 4 719 | 2 983 | 1 282 | 1 451 | 1 429 | 1 159 | 1 467 | 2 004 | 2 350 |
Total | 44 694 | 41 645 | 34 876 | 25 746 | 14 010 | 10 258 | 7 978 | 6 135 | 6 690 | 7 043 | 7 354 | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Belgium
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Morocco | 10 565 | 8 704 | 7 977 | 7 753 | 8 722 | 8 427 | 6 919 | 7 380 | 7 035 | 7 879 | 5 926 | 53
Turkey | 5 186 | 4 467 | 3 602 | 3 204 | 3 039 | 3 182 | 2 763 | 2 760 | 2 359 | 2 517 | 1 857 | 48
Italy | 2 646 | 2 271 | 2 086 | 2 360 | 2 017 | 1 762 | 1 700 | 2 833 | 3 697 | 3 203 | 1 856 | 45
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1 785 | 2 566 | 1 917 | 1 567 | 1 793 | 1 795 | 1 555 | 1 603 | 1 158 | 1 936 | 1 526 | 58
Russian Federation | 153 | 244 | 297 | 487 | 1 533 | 2 599 | 1 647 | 1 641 | 1 032 | 1 439 | 1 525 | 58
Netherlands | 522 | 665 | 672 | 692 | 668 | 683 | 608 | 641 | 495 | 961 | 1 272 | 46
Romania | 277 | 314 | 332 | 429 | 554 | 480 | 362 | 395 | 356 | 777 | 1 155 | 54
France | 698 | 780 | 772 | 820 | 836 | 838 | 792 | 717 | 638 | 903 | 973 | 51
Guinea | 79 | 173 | 162 | 144 | 229 | 278 | 233 | 291 | 228 | 757 | 941 | 51
Cameroon | 214 | 266 | 242 | 250 | 317 | 463 | 401 | 490 | 600 | 924 | 915 | 50
Poland | 460 | 465 | 470 | 550 | 586 | 619 | 640 | 523 | 394 | 729 | 888 | 60
Algeria | 826 | 826 | 739 | 658 | 687 | 744 | 739 | 739 | 584 | 863 | 638 | 45
Iraq | 118 | 164 | 154 | 113 | 236 | 251 | 298 | 322 | 184 | 397 | 612 | 35
Armenia | 176 | 366 | 253 | 206 | 197 | 291 | 274 | 374 | 277 | 360 | 583 | 52
Bulgaria | 95 | 183 | 170 | 193 | 185 | 188 | 213 | 208 | 185 | 338 | 514 | 56
Other countries | 9 909 | 12 300 | 11 667 | 12 434 | 14 464 | 15 110 | 13 623 | 13 718 | 10 564 | 14 629 | 13 620 |
Total | 33 709 | 34 754 | 31 512 | 31 860 | 36 063 | 37 710 | 32 767 | 34 635 | 29 786 | 38 612 | 34 801 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Canada
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
India | 13 934 | 21 826 | 22 066 | 33 973 | 25 793 | 20 834 | 17 400 | 18 969 | 22 226 | 13 470 | 15 417 | 53
Philippines | 8 225 | 9 022 | 11 036 | 15 570 | 12 197 | 11 668 | 11 068 | 11 608 | 16 154 | 10 553 | 14 824 | 59
China | 20 021 | 25 138 | 25 775 | 34 477 | 24 348 | 21 027 | 16 013 | 13 425 | 15 567 | 10 412 | 10 098 | 60
Pakistan | 6 494 | 10 676 | 12 429 | 17 123 | 11 624 | 9 434 | 7 841 | 8 062 | 9 934 | 5 631 | 5 293 | 54
United Kingdom | 4 366 | 7 452 | 6 979 | 6 627 | 5 242 | 4 714 | 4 353 | 4 501 | 6 041 | 4 333 | 4 767 | 49
United States | 3 859 | 5 288 | 5 057 | 5 118 | 4 267 | 4 133 | 3 735 | 3 714 | 5 089 | 3 834 | 4 470 | 56
Iran | 5 135 | 4 616 | 4 984 | 8 087 | 5 335 | 4 988 | 3 829 | 3 585 | 4 941 | 3 528 | 3 383 | 53
Colombia | 953 | 1 510 | 2 085 | 3 136 | 3 784 | 4 671 | 4 289 | 3 812 | 4 077 | 2 540 | 3 371 | 52
Korea | 4 350 | 5 909 | 5 426 | 7 558 | 5 861 | 5 251 | 3 838 | 3 166 | 4 093 | 3 071 | 3 166 | 52
Sri Lanka | 3 261 | 5 151 | 4 579 | 5 650 | 4 703 | 3 691 | 3 187 | 2 918 | 3 347 | 2 008 | 2 454 | 54
Iraq | 1 671 | 1 908 | 2 023 | 2 977 | 1 752 | 1 504 | 1 187 | 1 056 | 1 593 | 1 312 | 2 399 | 54
France | 2 052 | 1 683 | 2 295 | 2 648 | 2 152 | 1 853 | 2 641 | 1 933 | 2 678 | 1 416 | 2 052 | 49
Romania | 3 105 | 3 294 | 4 470 | 5 885 | 4 682 | 4 376 | 4 416 | 3 092 | 3 730 | 1 828 | 1 931 | 55
Morocco | 1 347 | 1 190 | 2 338 | 3 871 | 2 728 | 2 225 | 3 371 | 2 031 | 2 732 | 1 476 | 1 893 | 48
Algeria | 1 687 | 1 500 | 2 146 | 3 331 | 2 552 | 2 150 | 3 160 | 2 453 | 3 322 | 1 586 | 1 850 | 52
Other countries | 73 023 | 86 284 | 84 266 | 103 878 | 82 196 | 73 550 | 65 558 | 58 902 | 75 341 | 45 808 | 51 026 |
Total | 153 483 | 192 447 | 197 954 | 259 909 | 199 216 | 176 069 | 155 886 | 143 227 | 180 865 | 112 806 | 128 394 | 54
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Chile
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Peru | 52 | 84 | 123 | 117 | 196 | 174 | 170 | 156 | 214 | 305 | 153 | 55
Colombia | 14 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 44 | 26 | 61 | 54 | 75 | 149 | 105 | 56
Ecuador | 2 | 12 | 20 | 21 | 43 | 62 | 72 | 89 | 97 | 173 | 95 | 60
Cuba | 25 | 55 | 88 | 92 | 109 | 115 | 107 | 119 | 137 | 159 | 88 | 57
Bolivia | 96 | 59 | 99 | 93 | 95 | 69 | 114 | 93 | 119 | 115 | 55 | 69
Argentina | 11 | 13 | 15 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 20 | 16 | 23 | 33 | 21 | 52
China | 30 | 40 | 18 | 25 | 24 | 16 | 46 | 29 | 24 | 29 | 18 | 44
Pakistan | 2 | 2 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 12 | 17
Uruguay | 4 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 40
Chinese Taipei | 20 | 16 | 45 | 46 | 44 | 35 | 60 | 39 | 15 | 29 | 9 | 78
Spain | 9 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 9 | 5 | 14 | 8 | 38
Venezuela | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 17 | 22 | 21 | 8 | 75
India | 16 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 16 | 11 | 9 | 16 | 15 | 8 | 13
Syria | 3 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 43
Chile | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 60
Other countries | 41 | 59 | 60 | 41 | 76 | 68 | 102 | 90 | 99 | 154 | 75 |
Total | 329 | 376 | 519 | 498 | 698 | 619 | 812 | 741 | 874 | 1 225 | 677 | 56
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Czech Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Ukraine | 419 | 446 | 239 | 425 | 424 | 398 | 520 | 396 | 501 | 518 | 948 | ..
Slovak Republic | 989 | 1 741 | 1 259 | 786 | 625 | 521 | 431 | 377 | 378 | 331 | 270 | ..
Poland | 170 | 298 | 167 | 86 | 50 | 53 | 58 | 63 | 198 | 180 | 176 | ..
Viet Nam | 46 | 47 | 62 | 43 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 52 | 86 | 80 | 166 | ..
Russian Federation | 7 | 86 | 134 | 107 | 102 | 84 | 58 | 50 | 68 | 173 | 162 | ..
Former Czechoslovakia | 1 154 | 1 784 | 190 | 205 | 225 | 229 | 173 | 171 | 144 | 140 | 134 | ..
Kazakhstan | 156 | 89 | 43 | 129 | 18 | 121 | 21 | 17 | 48 | 30 | 65 | ..
Belarus | 14 | 21 | 35 | 27 | 39 | 27 | 20 | 15 | 38 | 49 | 53 | ..
Armenia | 18 | 23 | 32 | 61 | 28 | 19 | 16 | 11 | 47 | 74 | 46 | ..
Moldova | 4 | 1 | 11 | 9 | 33 | 21 | 23 | 15 | 32 | 25 | 41 | ..
Romania | 116 | 101 | 143 | 131 | 36 | 83 | 35 | 36 | 76 | 70 | 30 | ..
Bulgaria | 54 | 62 | 48 | 48 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 21 | 28 | 19 | 27 | ..
Serbia and Montenegro | 14 | 42 | 26 | 31 | 28 | 25 | 17 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 26 | ..
Syria | 11 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 19 | 23 | ..
Algeria | 6 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 4 | .. | 10 | 17 | 22 | 22 | ..
Other countries | 232 | 264 | 223 | 245 | 198 | 187 | 187 | 250 | 256 | 297 | 325 |
Total | 3 410 | 5 020 | 2 626 | 2 346 | 1 877 | 1 837 | 1 621 | 1 495 | 1 936 | 2 036 | 2 514 | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Denmark
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Iraq | 153 | 1 015 | 961 | 1 113 | 515 | 1 166 | 1 201 | 368 | 838 | 730 | .. | 49
Afghanistan | 40 | 367 | 282 | 260 | 178 | 359 | 790 | 354 | 576 | 463 | .. | 49
Turkey | 2 158 | 732 | 878 | 1 125 | 527 | 581 | 511 | 239 | 227 | 300 | .. | 54
Somalia | 324 | 2 022 | 1 709 | 923 | 317 | 527 | 264 | 142 | 233 | 185 | .. | 55
Iran | 120 | 505 | 317 | 203 | 89 | 207 | 155 | 63 | 113 | 127 | .. | 57
China | 203 | 339 | 382 | 281 | 162 | 181 | 199 | 103 | 103 | 97 | .. | 54
Pakistan | 94 | 332 | 305 | 172 | 93 | 191 | 214 | 21 | 73 | 89 | .. | 57
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | 84 | 54 | 63 | 123 | 74 | 55 | 85 | .. | 66
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | .. | 519 | 224 | 270 | 265 | 131 | 110 | 82 | .. | 59
Germany | 82 | 178 | 144 | 99 | 42 | 44 | 84 | 81 | 55 | 80 | .. | 53
Morocco | 69 | 244 | 147 | 114 | 40 | 119 | 104 | 46 | 34 | 66 | .. | 67
Viet Nam | 280 | 318 | 232 | 213 | 129 | 78 | 144 | 86 | 58 | 58 | .. | 60
Former Yugoslavia | 239 | 835 | 324 | 594 | 165 | 196 | 228 | 83 | 62 | 58 | .. | 59
Sweden | .. | .. | .. | 66 | 48 | 39 | 52 | 58 | 64 | 57 | .. | 61
Thailand | 62 | 180 | 114 | 95 | 61 | 79 | 96 | 64 | 57 | 52 | .. | 54
Other countries | 2 759 | 7 909 | 4 402 | 2 100 | 1 004 | 1 672 | 2 107 | 1 093 | 1 253 | 960 | .. |
Total | 6 583 | 14 976 | 10 197 | 7 961 | 3 648 | 5 772 | 6 537 | 3 006 | 3 911 | 3 489 | .. | 55
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Estonia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Russian Federation | 37 | 152 | 412 | 355 | 269 | 138 | 87 | 77 | 156 | 174 | 169 | 63
Ukraine | .. | 11 | 3 | 15 | 19 | 16 | 20 | 18 | 10 | 24 | 18 | 50
Other countries | 3 669 | 6 360 | 6 657 | 4 383 | 3 942 | 1 970 | 1 563 | 1 094 | 1 352 | 1 142 | 1 143 |
Total | 3 706 | 6 523 | 7 072 | 4 753 | 4 230 | 2 124 | 1 670 | 1 189 | 1 518 | 1 340 | 1 330 | 54
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Finland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Russian Federation | 1 682 | 2 313 | 2 094 | 1 399 | 1 665 | 2 211 | 1 026 | 1 925 | 1 652 | 2 477 | 2 103 | 65
Somalia | 209 | 165 | 414 | 445 | 464 | 595 | 290 | 131 | 96 | 609 | 814 | 48
Iraq | 165 | 447 | 346 | 405 | 443 | 379 | 207 | 78 | 106 | 457 | 521 | 44
Afghanistan | 3 | 14 | 48 | 101 | 102 | 279 | 186 | 108 | 100 | 510 | 479 | 46
Estonia | 468 | 690 | 291 | 176 | 182 | 262 | 166 | 243 | 302 | 521 | 436 | 63
Iran | 124 | 225 | 233 | 213 | 218 | 329 | 180 | 137 | 145 | 451 | 341 | 47
Serbia | 32 | 338 | 346 | 248 | 240 | 371 | 173 | 122 | 133 | 374 | 316 | 47
Turkey | 141 | 171 | 128 | 110 | 102 | 195 | 94 | 132 | 166 | 278 | 271 | 30
Sudan | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 49 | 17 | 24 | 229 | 257 | 52
Myanmar | .. | 3 | 10 | .. | 5 | 18 | 7 | 3 | 9 | 56 | 177 | 51
Ukraine | 66 | 130 | 65 | 46 | 45 | 62 | 53 | 92 | 95 | 148 | 157 | 54
China | 126 | 95 | 60 | 57 | 68 | 84 | 53 | 85 | 88 | 124 | 154 | 64
Viet Nam | 133 | 209 | 82 | 64 | 79 | 78 | 42 | 54 | 82 | 150 | 150 | 55
Sweden | 94 | 149 | 198 | 178 | 163 | 274 | 126 | 104 | 196 | 190 | 146 | 51
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 58 | 129 | 129 | 81 | 82 | 84 | 56 | 41 | 67 | 112 | 123 | 48
Other countries | 1 223 | 1 800 | 1 235 | 908 | 962 | 1 450 | 705 | 1 062 | 1 297 | 2 401 | 2 485 |
Total | 4 526 | 6 880 | 5 683 | 4 433 | 4 824 | 6 682 | 3 413 | 4 334 | 4 558 | 9 087 | 8 930 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
France
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Morocco | 36 875 | .. | 37 848 | .. | .. | 28 699 | 26 353 | 28 919 | 22 612 | 18 325 | 16 662 | 48
Algeria | 20 245 | .. | 25 435 | .. | .. | 20 256 | 20 757 | 21 299 | 15 527 | 12 991 | 13 408 | 44
Turkey | 10 492 | .. | 13 618 | .. | .. | 10 202 | 9 259 | 9 667 | 8 277 | 6 920 | 5 873 | 38
Tunisia | 11 412 | .. | 12 012 | .. | .. | 9 471 | 9 476 | 9 008 | 6 828 | 5 546 | 5 569 | 38
Portugal | 9 576 | .. | 8 888 | .. | .. | 7 778 | 6 583 | 5 723 | 4 720 | 4 294 | 3 887 | 41
Senegal | 2 185 | .. | 2 345 | .. | .. | 3 038 | 3 443 | 3 839 | 3 168 | 2 755 | 2 823 | 43
Mali | 947 | .. | 1 365 | .. | .. | 2 237 | 2 786 | 3 214 | 2 616 | 2 201 | 2 645 | 30
Cameroon | 2 196 | .. | 2 081 | .. | .. | 2 014 | 2 425 | 2 890 | 2 425 | 1 926 | 2 579 | 45
Russian Federation | 951 | .. | 1 132 | .. | .. | 3 530 | 4 157 | 4 507 | 3 390 | 2 203 | 2 517 | 63
Côte d’Ivoire | 1 869 | .. | 1 987 | .. | .. | 2 197 | 2 582 | 3 096 | 2 257 | 1 766 | 2 513 | 37
Comoros | 745 | .. | 817 | .. | .. | 1 049 | 1 373 | 1 546 | 1 828 | 1 778 | 2 307 | 25
Haiti | 2 734 | .. | 2 744 | .. | .. | 2 922 | 3 070 | 3 166 | 2 204 | 1 799 | 2 121 | 31
Congo | 1 769 | .. | 2 390 | .. | .. | 2 933 | 3 309 | 3 417 | 2 018 | 1 326 | 1 808 | 35
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2 012 | .. | 2 631 | .. | .. | 2 402 | 2 375 | 2 562 | 1 946 | 1 599 | 1 585 | 43
China | 1 229 | .. | 1 054 | .. | .. | 1 122 | 1 425 | 1 403 | 1 336 | 1 331 | 1 497 | 43
Other countries | 39 403 | 168 826 | 38 480 | 147 868 | 131 738 | 37 602 | 36 479 | 39 005 | 33 417 | 29 291 | 29 482 |
Total | 144 640 | 168 826 | 154 827 | 147 868 | 131 738 | 137 452 | 135 852 | 143 261 | 114 569 | 96 051 | 97 276 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Germany
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Turkey | 56 244 | 44 465 | 32 661 | 33 388 | 28 861 | 24 449 | 24 647 | 26 192 | 28 103 | 33 246 | 27 970 | 41
Poland | 2 990 | 7 499 | 6 896 | 6 907 | 5 479 | 4 245 | 3 841 | 3 789 | 4 281 | 4 496 | 5 462 | 73
Ukraine | 3 889 | 3 844 | 3 363 | 4 536 | 4 454 | 1 953 | 2 345 | 3 118 | 4 264 | 3 691 | 4 539 | 62
Greece | 1 114 | 1 507 | 1 346 | 1 657 | 2 691 | 1 779 | 1 362 | 1 450 | 2 290 | 4 167 | 3 498 | 48
Iraq | 2 999 | 3 564 | 4 136 | 3 693 | 4 102 | 4 229 | 5 136 | 5 228 | 4 790 | 3 510 | 3 150 | 45
Afghanistan | 4 948 | 4 077 | 3 133 | 3 063 | 2 831 | 2 512 | 3 549 | 3 520 | 2 711 | 2 717 | 3 054 | 51
Russian Federation | 2 764 | 4 381 | 5 055 | 4 679 | 4 069 | 2 439 | 2 477 | 2 753 | 2 965 | 3 167 | 2 784 | 59
Italy | 1 180 | 1 656 | 1 629 | 1 558 | 1 265 | 1 392 | 1 273 | 1 305 | 1 707 | 2 202 | 2 754 | 48
Serbia | 400 | 3 539 | 8 824 | 12 601 | 10 458 | 6 484 | 4 309 | 3 405 | 2 978 | 2 746 | 2 714 | 51
Morocco | 4 118 | 3 820 | 3 684 | 3 546 | 3 489 | 3 130 | 3 042 | 2 806 | 3 011 | 2 852 | 2 710 | 48
Iran | 9 440 | 6 362 | 4 482 | 3 662 | 3 121 | 2 734 | 3 184 | 3 046 | 2 728 | 2 463 | 2 560 | 51
Romania | 1 394 | 1 309 | 1 789 | 1 379 | 3 502 | 2 137 | 2 357 | 2 523 | 2 399 | 2 343 | 2 504 | 72
Viet Nam | 1 423 | 1 371 | 1 278 | 1 382 | 1 078 | 1 048 | 1 513 | 1 738 | 2 428 | 3 299 | 2 459 | 52
Kazakhstan | 3 010 | 1 443 | 2 975 | 3 207 | 2 180 | 1 602 | 1 439 | 1 601 | 1 923 | 1 938 | 1 916 | 61
Israel | 2 844 | 3 164 | 2 871 | 4 313 | 2 405 | 1 971 | 1 681 | 1 649 | 1 971 | 1 438 | 1 904 | 47
Other countries | 41 974 | 35 152 | 33 119 | 34 995 | 33 045 | 32 366 | 33 967 | 37 447 | 38 348 | 38 073 | 42 375 |
Total | 140 731 | 127 153 | 117 241 | 124 566 | 113 030 | 94 470 | 96 122 | 101 570 | 106 897 | 112 348 | 112 353 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Greece
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2009 (%)
Albania | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 688 | 9 996 | 14 271 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 49
Georgia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 489 | 1 285 | 550 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 55
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | 475 | 834 | 410 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 45
Turkey | .. | .. | .. | .. | 223 | 212 | 175 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 23
Australia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 105 | 164 | 138 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 53
Armenia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 80 | 165 | 137 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 51
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | 68 | 167 | 129 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 50
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | 105 | 175 | 127 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 54
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | 39 | 85 | 105 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 45
Cyprus1, 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 109 | 68 | 87 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 36
Romania | .. | .. | .. | .. | 83 | 79 | 63 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 41
Bulgaria | .. | .. | .. | .. | 105 | 89 | 62 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 34
Canada | .. | .. | .. | .. | 44 | 49 | 49 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 67
Egypt | .. | .. | .. | .. | 62 | 50 | 45 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18
Israel | .. | .. | .. | .. | 82 | 81 | 40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 38
Other countries |  | .. | .. | .. | 3 049 | 3 423 | 631 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 806 | 16 922 | 17 019 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 49
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Hungary
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Romania | 3 415 | 3 605 | 6 890 | 4 303 | 6 052 | 5 535 | 3 805 | 3 939 | 15 658 | 14 392 | 6 999 | 45
Ukraine | .. | .. | 828 | 541 | 834 | 857 | 558 | 646 | 2 189 | 1 765 | 894 | 64
Serbia | .. | .. | 949 | 357 | 757 | 758 | 672 | 721 | 1 678 | 1 330 | 647 | 47
Slovak Republic | .. | .. | 161 | 206 | 116 | 106 | 97 | 97 | 414 | 307 | 202 | 67
Russian Federation | .. | .. | 162 | 111 | 7 | 156 | 119 | 111 | 168 | 151 | 97 | 69
Germany | .. | .. | 25 | 22 | 28 | 33 | 35 | 25 | 55 | 67 | 35 | 37
Croatia | .. | .. | 50 | 148 | 26 | 34 | 25 | 26 | 61 | 50 | 22 | 41
Turkey | .. | .. | 7 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 20 | 15
Viet Nam | .. | .. | 53 | 40 | 53 | 95 | 39 | 75 | 38 | 29 | 15 | 47
Iran | .. | .. | 10 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 18 | 14 | 7 | 14 | 11 | 27
Poland | .. | .. | 26 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 27 | 18 | 11 | 73
Syria | .. | .. | 13 | 13 | 22 | 17 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 20
Austria | .. | .. | 6 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 20 | 14 | 9 | 44
United States | .. | .. | 3 | 4 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 17 | 13 | 9 | 56
Egypt | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 67
Other countries | 1 846 | 1 827 | 685 | 399 | 501 | 459 | 379 | 395 | 201 | 204 | 188 |
Total | 5 261 | 5 432 | 9 870 | 6 172 | 8 442 | 8 104 | 5 802 | 6 086 | 20 554 | 18 379 | 9 178 | 47
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Iceland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Philippines | 64 | 59 | 45 | 105 | 69 | 126 | 106 | 67 | 35 | 49 | 89 | 62
Poland | 67 | 133 | 184 | 222 | 162 | 164 | 153 | 50 | 35 | 30 | 89 | 61
Viet Nam | 8 | 19 | 23 | 41 | 16 | 52 | 51 | 39 | 14 | 8 | 39 | 49
Thailand | 51 | 48 | 50 | 54 | 45 | 62 | 40 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 81
Colombia | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 24 | 5 | 26 | 73
Serbia | .. | 73 | 70 | 78 | 33 | 109 | 76 | 27 | 34 | 27 | 21 | 57
Ukraine | 4 | 18 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 18 | 18 | 15 | 10 | 21 | 18 | 67
Russian Federation | 11 | 33 | 23 | 24 | 17 | 38 | 17 | 21 | 12 | 21 | 18 | 72
Latvia | 2 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 18 | 56
Former Yugoslavia | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 13 | 46
United States | 34 | 33 | 31 | 34 | 33 | 20 | 15 | 19 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 54
Bulgaria | 8 | 9 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 40
Sri Lanka | 4 | 7 | .. | 4 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 3 | .. | 9 | 67
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | 1 | 17 | 7 | 24 | 14 | 16 | 9 | 6 | 22 | 9 | 44
Nepal | .. | 1 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 67
Other countries | 207 | 223 | 259 | 237 | 212 | 281 | 197 | 153 | 148 | 177 | 190 |
Total | 463 | 671 | 726 | 844 | 647 | 914 | 728 | 450 | 370 | 413 | 597 | 60
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Ireland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Nigeria | .. | .. | 155 | 189 | 142 | 319 | 454 | 1 012 | 1 204 | 5 689 | .. | 58
Philippines | .. | .. | 43 | 70 | 37 | 84 | 410 | 630 | 1 755 | 3 830 | .. | 61
India | .. | .. | 144 | 126 | 119 | 166 | 339 | 443 | 944 | 2 617 | .. | 66
Pakistan | .. | .. | 213 | 239 | 189 | 196 | 201 | 306 | 428 | 1 288 | .. | 45
Ukraine | .. | .. | 31 | 25 | 34 | 97 | 153 | 202 | 432 | 815 | .. | 53
China | .. | .. | 57 | 85 | 45 | 102 | 131 | 258 | 403 | 798 | .. | 57
South Africa | .. | .. | 257 | 363 | 219 | 205 | 318 | 343 | 418 | 708 | .. | 54
Moldova | .. | .. | 21 | 22 | 11 | 67 | 72 | 115 | 278 | 636 | .. | 53
Bangladesh | .. | .. | 8 | 20 | 25 | 41 | 146 | 238 | 700 | 566 | .. | 53
Russian Federation | .. | .. | 81 | 109 | 86 | 160 | 246 | 253 | 288 | 464 | .. | 60
Romania | .. | .. | 92 | 81 | 46 | 74 | 117 | 143 | 135 | 457 | .. | 51
Sudan | .. | .. | 40 | 39 | 40 | 80 | 123 | 170 | 280 | 419 | .. | 43
Poland | .. | .. | 20 | 37 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 29 | 25 | 359 | .. | 50
Ghana | .. | .. | 11 | 12 | 7 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 53 | 296 | .. | 60
United States | .. | .. | 890 | 1 518 | 1 841 | 875 | 156 | 112 | 148 | 263 | .. | 56
Other countries | 3 993 | 3 784 | 2 016 | 2 828 | 3 808 | 1 855 | 1 691 | 2 104 | 3 258 | 5 834 | .. |
Total | 3 993 | 3 784 | 4 079 | 5 763 | 6 656 | 4 350 | 4 594 | 6 387 | 10 749 | 25 039 | .. | 56
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Italy
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Morocco | 1 132 | 1 046 | .. | 3 295 | 3 850 | 9 156 | 9 096 | 11 350 | 10 732 | 14 728 | .. | 46
Albania | 830 | 882 | .. | 2 330 | 2 605 | 4 546 | 9 523 | 9 129 | 8 101 | 9 493 | .. | 50
Romania | 977 | 847 | .. | 2 775 | 3 509 | 2 857 | 2 735 | 4 707 | 3 921 | 3 272 | .. | 72
Tunisia | 271 | 258 | .. | 371 | 920 | 1 666 | 2 066 | 2 003 | 2 067 | 2 555 | .. | 43
India | .. | .. | .. | .. | 188 | 672 | 894 | 1 261 | 1 051 | 2 366 | .. | 31
Peru | 383 | 253 | .. | .. | 883 | 1 064 | 1 947 | 2 235 | 1 726 | 1 589 | .. | 69
Ukraine | 224 | 209 | .. | .. | 1 389 | 1 601 | 1 131 | 1 820 | 1 199 | 1 580 | .. | 87
Pakistan | .. | .. | .. | .. | 91 | 219 | 349 | 535 | 601 | 1 522 | .. | 35
Bangladesh | .. | .. | .. | .. | 68 | 405 | 839 | 822 | 972 | 1 460 | .. | 30
Brazil | 726 | 579 | .. | 1 751 | 1 928 | 1 930 | 1 579 | 2 099 | 1 960 | 1 442 | .. | 75
Russian Federation | 463 | 436 | .. | 1 181 | 1 279 | 1 772 | 1 403 | 1 881 | 888 | 1 351 | .. | 80
Egypt | 264 | 283 | .. | 217 | 704 | 1 228 | 1 394 | 1 431 | 2 352 | 1 342 | .. | 30
Ghana | .. | .. | .. | 213 | 301 | 1 121 | 1 061 | 790 | 801 | 1 288 | .. | 45
Moldova | .. | .. | .. | .. | 754 | 707 | 580 | 1 060 | 846 | 1 222 | .. | 87
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 204 | 697 | 954 | 923 | 1 141 | 1 219 | .. | 40
Other countries | 8 136 | 14 347 | .. | 23 133 | 26 812 | 24 055 | 23 818 | 23 892 | 17 795 | 18 954 | .. |
Total | 13 406 | 19 140 | 28 659 | 35 266 | 45 485 | 53 696 | 59 369 | 65 938 | 56 153 | 65 383 | 100 712 | 54
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Japan
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Korea | 11 778 | 11 031 | 9 689 | 8 531 | 8 546 | 7 412 | 7 637 | 6 668 | 5 656 | 5 581 | 4 331 | ..
China | 4 722 | 4 122 | 4 427 | 4 347 | 4 740 | 4 322 | 5 392 | 4 816 | 3 259 | 3 598 | 2 845 | ..
Other countries | 1 133 | 1 183 | 1 135 | 1 230 | 1 394 | 1 484 | 1 756 | 1 588 | 1 444 | 1 443 | 1 470 |
Total | 17 633 | 16 336 | 15 251 | 14 108 | 14 680 | 13 218 | 14 785 | 13 072 | 10 359 | 10 622 | 8 646 | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Korea
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
China | 6 146 | 7 443 | 14 881 | 7 156 | 8 178 | 12 545 | 20 700 | 12 324 | 11 599 | 6 283 | .. | ..
Viet Nam | 81 | 147 | 362 | 243 | 461 | 1 147 | 3 795 | 3 080 | 3 269 | 3 011 | .. | ..
Philippines | 928 | 1 074 | 786 | 317 | 335 | 579 | 832 | 461 | 517 | 339 | .. | ..
Mongolia | 43 | 36 | 109 | 32 | 82 | 134 | 184 | 197 | 175 | 110 | .. | ..
Uzbekistan | 21 | 34 | 79 | 38 | 60 | 80 | 118 | 89 | 102 | 75 | .. | ..
Thailand | 41 | 53 | 69 | 39 | 57 | 73 | 111 | 69 | 67 | 72 | .. | ..
Pakistan | 63 | 58 | 66 | 18 | 34 | 27 | 44 | 68 | 37 | 17 | .. | ..
Other countries | 411 | 417 | 622 | 282 | 1 112 | 673 | 972 | 1 035 | 2 589 | 2 621 | .. |
Total | 7 734 | 9 262 | 16 974 | 8 125 | 10 319 | 15 258 | 26 756 | 17 323 | 18 355 | 12 528 | .. | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Luxembourg
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Belgium | 73 | 83 | 101 | 87 | 97 | 77 | 224 | 258 | 450 | 1 581 | 1 577 | 49
Portugal | 158 | 188 | 252 | 338 | 352 | 293 | 1 242 | 1 351 | 1 085 | 1 155 | 982 | 51
France | 57 | 44 | 51 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 277 | 342 | 314 | 462 | 639 | 50
Italy | 120 | 111 | 97 | 161 | 138 | 109 | 362 | 665 | 425 | 411 | 314 | 53
Germany | 50 | 62 | 79 | 74 | 95 | 76 | 322 | 333 | 208 | 201 | 195 | 51
Serbia | .. | .. | 2 | 55 | 67 | 115 | 425 | 412 | 229 | 194 | 148 | 53
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8 | 22 | 29 | 46 | 72 | 76 | 270 | 202 | 114 | 74 | 60 | 55
United States | .. | 2 | 2 | .. | 2 | 3 | 47 | 44 | 32 | 42 | 48 | 40
Cabo Verde | 50 | 41 | 33 | 45 | 46 | 49 | 77 | 40 | 60 | 41 | 44 | 52
United Kingdom | 2 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 5 | .. | 62 | 53 | 44 | 56 | 37 | 41
Spain | 11 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 17 | 10 | 48 | 58 | 35 | 38 | 30 | 37
Netherlands | 17 | 6 | 7 | 20 | 10 | 20 | 31 | 50 | 38 | 54 | 27 | 56
Poland | 9 | 10 | 10 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 30 | 27 | 27 | 25 | 23 | 78
Russian Federation | 2 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 40 | 50 | 30 | 17 | 22 | 59
Brazil | 3 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 18 | 50
Other countries | 225 | 253 | 271 | 191 | 244 | 289 | 558 | 423 | 307 | 317 | 247 |
Total | 785 | 841 | 954 | 1 128 | 1 236 | 1 215 | 4 022 | 4 311 | 3 405 | 4 680 | 4 411 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Mexico
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Colombia | .. | 901 | 813 | 689 | 892 | 690 | 390 | 305 | 486 | 634 | 601 | 61
Cuba | .. | 661 | 666 | 429 | 660 | 459 | 307 | 240 | 408 | 579 | 531 | 51
Venezuela | .. | 107 | 197 | 185 | 316 | 309 | 159 | 126 | 162 | 279 | 334 | 55
Argentina | .. | 328 | 372 | 400 | 450 | 400 | 265 | 170 | 178 | 271 | 304 | 43
Spain | .. | 218 | 301 | 239 | 286 | 251 | 227 | 121 | 152 | 180 | 163 | 45
Peru | .. | 320 | 191 | 215 | 292 | 213 | 166 | 107 | 138 | 182 | 159 | 45
Guatemala | .. | 1 624 | 247 | 114 | 185 | 141 | 209 | 95 | 117 | 196 | 141 | 55
Honduras | .. | 118 | 156 | 59 | 123 | 98 | 131 | 55 | 92 | 143 | 129 | 59
United States | .. | 215 | 286 | 334 | 287 | 246 | 266 | 117 | 79 | 108 | 119 | 36
El Salvador | .. | 243 | 235 | 137 | 159 | 118 | 163 | 81 | 82 | 99 | 109 | 54
Italy | .. | 93 | 99 | 89 | 94 | 108 | 76 | 39 | 45 | 53 | 66 | 33
Bolivia | .. | 101 | 116 | 94 | 119 | 97 | 43 | 26 | 41 | 48 | 63 | 46
Ecuador | .. | 64 | 67 | 52 | 83 | 63 | 41 | 41 | 46 | 63 | 59 | 44
Dominican Republic | .. | 38 | 43 | 47 | 69 | 48 | 50 | 29 | 22 | 75 | 59 | 42
Chile | .. | 77 | 86 | 58 | 90 | 69 | 72 | 38 | 40 | 56 | 57 | 60
Other countries | .. | 1 321 | 1 735 | 1 034 | 1 365 | 1 161 | 924 | 560 | 545 | 624 | 687 |
Total | 4 317 | 6 429 | 5 610 | 4 175 | 5 470 | 4 471 | 3 489 | 2 150 | 2 633 | 3 590 | 3 581 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Netherlands
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Morocco | 7 126 | 5 873 | 7 086 | 6 896 | 6 409 | 5 034 | 5 508 | 5 797 | 6 824 | 6 238 | 3 886 | 56
Turkey | 3 726 | 4 026 | 3 493 | 3 407 | 4 073 | 3 147 | 4 167 | 4 984 | 5 029 | 4 292 | 2 872 | 51
Afghanistan | 982 | 801 | 550 | 562 | 662 | 584 | 596 | 402 | 371 | 567 | 1 341 | 48
Iraq | 832 | 489 | 333 | 331 | 501 | 866 | 674 | 288 | 289 | 525 | 929 | 44
Iran | 180 | 122 | 184 | 225 | 221 | 273 | 279 | 217 | 281 | 361 | 848 | 45
Suriname | 1 242 | 1 421 | 2 031 | 1 636 | 1 285 | 1 006 | 1 142 | 967 | 934 | 875 | 659 | 61
China | 722 | 739 | 1 291 | 799 | 638 | 539 | 559 | 490 | .. | 437 | 494 | 63
Ghana | 157 | 74 | 199 | 296 | 314 | 283 | 411 | 367 | 519 | 540 | 435 | 55
India | 138 | 117 | 187 | 214 | 214 | 153 | 263 | 193 | 292 | 406 | 415 | 46
Thailand | 171 | 161 | 160 | 171 | 195 | 220 | 383 | 413 | 571 | 602 | 371 | 85
Nigeria | 96 | 69 | 139 | 189 | 214 | 220 | 300 | 271 | 267 | 336 | 352 | 47
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19 | 70 | 92 | 94 | 4 | 166 | 340 | 55
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 216 | 202 | 183 | 160 | 184 | 146 | 132 | 168 | 170 | 183 | 319 | 54
Sierra Leone | 21 | 19 | 40 | 46 | 69 | 46 | 44 | 43 | 64 | 87 | 302 | 25
Russian Federation | 207 | 242 | 521 | 466 | 413 | 436 | 400 | 275 | .. | 427 | 291 | 79
Other countries | 12 983 | 11 818 | 12 091 | 13 691 | 15 242 | 15 206 | 14 804 | 11 306 | 12 983 | 14 913 | 12 028 |
Total | 28 799 | 26 173 | 28 488 | 29 089 | 30 653 | 28 229 | 29 754 | 26 275 | 28 598 | 30 955 | 25 882 | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
New Zealand
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
United Kingdom | 2 278 | 2 369 | 2 431 | 2 901 | 3 571 | 3 473 | 2 958 | 2 592 | 4 420 | 5 611 | 4 967 | 48
South Africa | 1 996 | 2 411 | 2 433 | 2 805 | 3 119 | 2 413 | 1 808 | 1 339 | 2 105 | 2 784 | 3 387 | 50
Samoa | 1 193 | 1 069 | 1 161 | 1 375 | 1 447 | 1 433 | 1 549 | 1 908 | 2 034 | 2 957 | 2 936 | 48
Philippines | 557 | 704 | 846 | 1 135 | 1 170 | 718 | 696 | 848 | 663 | 2 218 | 2 784 | 53
India | 1 257 | 2 136 | 2 926 | 4 346 | 5 211 | 3 431 | 2 246 | 1 567 | 1 649 | 2 271 | 2 206 | 48
Fiji | 1 053 | 1 456 | 1 551 | 1 693 | 1 729 | 1 938 | 1 536 | 1 307 | 1 212 | 2 081 | 2 094 | 53
China | 2 041 | 2 856 | 3 339 | 3 901 | 3 084 | 1 919 | 1 131 | 676 | 846 | 1 159 | 1 184 | 56
Zimbabwe | 110 | 415 | 585 | 817 | 902 | 653 | 368 | 265 | 632 | 703 | 630 | 53
United States | 357 | 360 | 289 | 372 | 418 | 392 | 331 | 327 | 437 | 573 | 630 | 52
Tonga | 207 | 199 | 169 | 193 | 260 | 279 | 315 | 378 | 337 | 460 | 522 | 48
Malaysia | 290 | 345 | 284 | 334 | 453 | 423 | 449 | 456 | 403 | 485 | 414 | 52
Korea | 645 | 1 098 | 1 528 | 1 644 | 1 454 | 887 | 585 | 457 | 444 | 559 | 405 | 45
Thailand | 233 | 279 | 290 | 253 | 210 | 166 | 165 | 131 | 222 | 255 | 298 | 68
Sri Lanka | 470 | 514 | 441 | 435 | 482 | 393 | 296 | 235 | 158 | 202 | 263 | 51
Iraq | 509 | 522 | 480 | 747 | 503 | 237 | 128 | 83 | 121 | 104 | 261 | 54
Other countries | 5 170 | 5 494 | 5 709 | 6 297 | 5 903 | 4 868 | 3 444 | 2 604 | 3 604 | 4 808 | 5 485 |
Total | 18 366 | 22 227 | 24 462 | 29 248 | 29 916 | 23 623 | 18 005 | 15 173 | 19 287 | 27 230 | 28 466 | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Norway
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Somalia | 392 | 526 | 1 250 | 1 281 | 2 196 | 1 315 | 1 737 | 1 528 | 2 131 | 1 571 | 1 667 | 53
Iraq | 403 | 619 | 2 141 | 2 142 | 2 577 | 1 072 | 1 267 | 1 338 | 947 | 1 642 | 1 663 | 47
Afghanistan | 21 | 23 | 75 | 194 | 674 | 877 | 857 | 1 054 | 1 281 | 1 013 | 1 005 | 44
Myanmar | 5 | .. | 7 | .. | 5 | 4 | 33 | 103 | 260 | 325 | 533 | 49
Philippines | 265 | 249 | 322 | 246 | 421 | 233 | 445 | 322 | 421 | 341 | 479 | 81
Pakistan | 497 | 568 | 694 | 590 | 544 | 773 | 469 | 430 | 526 | 478 | 424 | 51
Russian Federation | 280 | 365 | 548 | 458 | 436 | 515 | 622 | 673 | 644 | 629 | 418 | 54
Thailand | 193 | 234 | 299 | 263 | 427 | 247 | 483 | 267 | 380 | 265 | 346 | 79
Eritrea | 12 | 20 | 50 | 60 | 88 | 67 | 63 | 248 | 254 | 199 | 323 | 54
Iran | 228 | 508 | 832 | 535 | 740 | 495 | 785 | 554 | 539 | 297 | 307 | 52
Turkey | 398 | 393 | 385 | 355 | 445 | 209 | 145 | 214 | 280 | 154 | 297 | 44
Congo | 3 | 5 | 15 | 9 | 38 | 46 | .. | 142 | 189 | 222 | 258 | 47
Viet Nam | 210 | 222 | 216 | 216 | 178 | 248 | 161 | 177 | 243 | 88 | 248 | 71
Sweden | 211 | 221 | 276 | 376 | 241 | 211 | 184 | 248 | 300 | 213 | 229 | 49
Denmark | 129 | 167 | 166 | 152 | 142 | 160 | 155 | 171 | 152 | 126 | 207 | 51
Other countries | 4 620 | 4 034 | 5 379 | 5 078 | 5 725 | 3 840 | 4 036 | 4 434 | 6 090 | 4 821 | 4 819 |
Total | 7 867 | 8 154 | 12 655 | 11 955 | 14 877 | 10 312 | 11 442 | 11 903 | 14 637 | 12 384 | 13 223 | 54
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Poland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Ukraine | 431 | 538 | 759 | 417 | 662 | 369 | 877 | 992 | 800 | 1 196 | 908 | 67
Belarus | 108 | 129 | 316 | 101 | 126 | 152 | 357 | 418 | 320 | 456 | 390 | 63
Germany | 60 | 62 | 156 | 1 | 39 | 37 | 47 | 92 | 106 | 171 | 389 | 47
Sweden | 107 | 81 | 90 | 8 | 26 | 48 | 34 | 61 | 52 | 46 | 202 | 52
Russian Federation | 52 | 145 | 257 | 129 | 114 | 64 | 162 | 215 | 200 | 244 | 171 | 69
Armenia | 8 | 6 | 18 | 27 | 30 | 16 | 79 | 101 | 103 | 163 | 111 | 39
Canada | 46 | 36 | 73 | 7 | 17 | 24 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 65 | 107 | 40
Viet Nam | 11 | 11 | 36 | 29 | 47 | 12 | 64 | 97 | 104 | 150 | 105 | 40
United States | 32 | 41 | 59 | 8 | 23 | 27 | 47 | 50 | 53 | 75 | 86 | 48
Kazakhstan | 68 | 38 | 62 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 41 | 38 | 42 | 44 | 41 | 66
France | 10 | 5 | 14 | 4 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 15 | 38 | 40
Israel | 101 | 162 | 113 | 2 | 8 | 33 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 29 | 14
Former Czechoslovakia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28 | ..
Lithuania | 126 | 85 | 36 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 24 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 28 | 69
Bulgaria | 41 | 32 | 54 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 21 | 21 | 38 | 29 | 25 | 55
Other countries | 433 | 566 | 823 | 227 | 390 | 229 | 693 | 770 | 430 | 1 105 | 804 |
Total | 1 634 | 1 937 | 2 866 | 989 | 1 528 | 1 054 | 2 503 | 2 926 | 2 325 | 3 792 | 3 462 | 50
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Portugal
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2012 (%)
Brazil | 345 | 307 | 162 | 491 | 415 | 4 080 | 3 993 | 4 007 | 5 352 | 4 596 | .. | 59
Ukraine | .. | 2 | 2 | 12 | .. | 484 | 978 | 1 358 | 2 336 | 3 322 | .. | 40
Cabo Verde | 370 | 274 | 132 | 1 047 | 2 189 | 6 013 | 5 368 | 3 982 | 3 502 | 3 230 | .. | 55
Moldova | .. | 2 | 3 | 6 | .. | 2 230 | 2 896 | 2 675 | 2 324 | 2 043 | .. | 50
Angola | 144 | 63 | 38 | 336 | 738 | 2 075 | 2 113 | 1 953 | 1 870 | 1 857 | .. | 54
Guinea-Bissau | 38 | 95 | 36 | 873 | 1 602 | 2 754 | 2 442 | 1 847 | 1 815 | 1 753 | .. | 47
Sao Tome and Principe | 58 | 22 | 7 | 134 | 448 | 1 391 | 1 289 | 1 097 | 1 156 | 869 | .. | 57
India | 11 | 3 | 6 | 25 | 32 | 417 | 1 055 | 919 | 860 | 628 | .. | 48
Russian Federation | .. | 9 | 6 | 21 | 31 | 259 | 535 | 580 | 590 | 506 | .. | 58
Romania | .. | 4 | 5 | 20 | .. | 209 | 258 | 303 | 469 | 492 | .. | 51
Pakistan | .. | 2 | 4 | 21 | 32 | 74 | 200 | 388 | 476 | 443 | .. | 35
Guinea | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 450 | 717 | 475 | 313 | 193 | .. | 39
Mozambique | 56 | 17 | 4 | 57 | 155 | 262 | 253 | 208 | 204 | 193 | .. | 54
China | 5 | 1 | 2 | 15 | 36 | 93 | 84 | 78 | 114 | 154 | .. | 55
Senegal | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 111 | 120 | 193 | 163 | 145 | .. | 41
Other countries | 720 | 545 | 532 | 569 | 342 | 1 506 | 1 881 | 1 687 | 1 694 | 1 395 | .. | ..
Total | 1 747 | 1 346 | 939 | 3 627 | 6 020 | 22 408 | 24 182 | 21 750 | 23 238 | 21 819 | .. | 51
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Russian Federation
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Kazakhstan | 8 678 | 106 613 | 123 286 | 68 087 | 64 831 | 58 736 | 50 628 | 27 130 | 29 986 | 14 585 | 20 582 | ..
Uzbekistan | 2 266 | 29 676 | 73 315 | 67 021 | 53 109 | 43 982 | 49 784 | 4 788 | 7 906 | 13 409 | 17 937 | ..
Armenia | 1 722 | 23 139 | 39 330 | 34 860 | 39 328 | 45 253 | 54 828 | 6 261 | 7 847 | 13 176 | 16 550 | ..
Ukraine | 7 623 | 50 593 | 94 133 | 66 502 | 55 424 | 58 500 | 62 025 | 5 715 | 7 783 | 12 803 | 15 646 | ..
Tajikistan | 869 | 10 749 | 16 148 | 12 198 | 16 444 | 21 891 | 39 214 | 4 393 | 6 152 | 9 773 | 12 476 | ..
Moldova | 366 | 7 283 | 13 727 | 12 809 | 13 876 | 15 782 | 20 429 | 1 992 | 2 802 | 5 252 | 8 878 | ..
Kyrgyzstan | 1 717 | 27 449 | 38 422 | 33 166 | 61 239 | 51 210 | 48 720 | 37 348 | 52 362 | 8 415 | 7 177 | ..
Azerbaijan | 2 010 | 24 555 | 35 720 | 22 045 | 24 885 | 29 643 | 34 627 | 5 265 | 5 635 | 6 440 | 6 856 | ..
Georgia | 1 459 | 20 695 | 25 225 | 14 008 | 12 156 | 11 110 | 9 876 | 2 513 | 2 405 | 3 082 | 2 849 | ..
Belarus | 563 | 10 179 | 12 943 | 7 919 | 6 572 | 7 099 | 6 062 | 3 888 | 3 993 | 1 547 | 2 559 | ..
Turkmenistan | 398 | 5 358 | 7 713 | 5 577 | 4 737 | 4 444 | 4 026 | 482 | 544 | 753 | 825 | ..
Turkey | 27 | 50 | 44 | 51 | 60 | 105 | 129 | 144 | 146 | 201 | 218 | ..
Afghanistan | .. | 53 | 136 | 101 | 109 | 153 | 124 | 188 | 153 | 135 | 204 | ..
Latvia | 196 | 954 | 1 062 | 756 | 516 | 466 | 469 | 135 | 169 | 178 | 178 | ..
Viet Nam | 1 | 7 | 46 | 58 | 77 | 94 | 75 | 90 | 112 | 105 | 170 | ..
Other countries | 3 633 | 13 066 | 23 268 | 21 330 | 14 336 | 12 895 | 13 121 | 10 966 | 6 985 | 5 883 | 4 276 |
Total | 31 528 | 330 419 | 504 518 | 366 488 | 367 699 | 361 363 | 394 137 | 111 298 | 134 980 | 95 737 | 117 381 | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Slovak Republic
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Ukraine | 251 | 549 | 450 | 377 | 704 | 203 | 35 | 44 | 61 | 60 | 70 | 71
Serbia | 443 | 506 | 185 | 42 | 112 | 53 | 46 | 57 | 53 | 56 | 67 | 34
Czech Republic | 597 | 775 | 167 | 121 | 158 | 93 | 39 | 45 | 45 | 36 | 24 | 50
Russian Federation | 65 | 96 | 37 | 35 | 42 | 31 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 22 | 55
Viet Nam | 405 | 619 | 40 | 40 | 62 | 37 | 7 | 15 | 5 | 11 | 15 | 60
Romania | 450 | 442 | 220 | 147 | 100 | 31 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 25 | 9 | 67
Croatia | 35 | 50 | 22 | 16 | 18 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 7 | .. | 7 | 29
United States | 97 | 136 | 64 | 113 | 110 | 93 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 67
Iran | 15 | 20 | 8 | 2 | .. | 1 | 5 | .. | 4 | 1 | 5 | 80
China | 484 | 200 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 60
Hungary | 5 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 3 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 60
Poland | 43 | 26 | 14 | 20 | 18 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 75
Belarus | 5 | 14 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 1 | .. | 4 | 4 | 3 | 100
Other countries | 573 | 564 | 165 | 191 | 136 | 96 | 96 | 30 | 40 | 38 | 36 |
Total | 3 492 | 4 016 | 1 393 | 1 125 | 1 478 | 680 | 262 | 239 | 272 | 255 | 282 | 52
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Slovenia
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | .. | .. | .. | 368 | 445 | 467 | 556 | 622 | 305 | 545 | 38
Serbia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 159 | 452 | 396 | 289 | 211 | 100 | 219 | 55
Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | 72 | 116 | 179 | 206 | 205 | 97 | 186 | 43
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 45 | .. | 140 | 194 | 177 | 59 | 122 | 39
Croatia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 56 | 203 | 181 | 115 | 162 | 52 | 93 | 54
Ukraine | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 13 | 23 | 31 | 14 | 35 | 91
Argentina | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15 | 21 | 59 | 77 | 56 | 24 | 32 | 50
Montenegro | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 11 | 24 | 22 | 12 | 32 | 50
United States | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 14 | 29 | 38
Australia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 24 | 13 | 13 | 23 | 12 | 18 | 39
Brazil | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 4 | 5 | 25 | 36 | 5 | 17 | 41
Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 12 | 3 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 14 | 43
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 7 | 19 | 6 | 17 | 6 | 12 | 67
Venezuela | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 56
Moldova | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 29
Other countries |  | .. | .. | .. | 104 | 163 | 202 | 267 | 202 | 49 | 100 |
Total | .. | .. | .. | .. | 841 | 1 468 | 1 706 | 1 829 | 1 812 | 768 | 1 470 | 45
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Spain
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Morocco | 6 831 | 8 036 | 5 555 | 5 690 | 7 864 | 8 615 | 6 683 | 10 703 | 14 427 | 16 163 | 46 547 | 40
Ecuador | 1 951 | 6 370 | 10 031 | 19 477 | 21 371 | 25 536 | 25 769 | 43 091 | 32 026 | 23 763 | 41 612 | 58
Colombia | 1 801 | 4 194 | 7 334 | 12 720 | 13 852 | 15 409 | 16 527 | 23 995 | 19 803 | 19 396 | 38 215 | 62
Bolivia | 129 | 218 | 289 | 648 | 709 | 1 103 | 1 813 | 4 778 | 5 333 | 7 424 | 23 414 | 67
Peru | 2 933 | 3 958 | 3 645 | 4 713 | 6 490 | 8 206 | 6 368 | 8 291 | 9 255 | 12 008 | 20 788 | 56
Dominican Republic | 2 648 | 2 834 | 2 322 | 2 805 | 2 800 | 3 496 | 2 766 | 3 801 | 4 985 | 6 028 | 13 985 | 64
Argentina | 1 009 | 1 746 | 2 293 | 3 536 | 4 810 | 5 188 | 4 629 | 6 395 | 5 482 | 5 217 | 9 880 | 53
Cuba | 1 602 | 1 889 | 2 506 | 2 703 | 2 466 | 2 870 | 2 696 | 3 546 | 3 088 | 2 921 | 6 843 | 58
Venezuela | 529 | 703 | 752 | 908 | 1 324 | 1 581 | 1 744 | 2 730 | 2 596 | 2 823 | 6 347 | 61
Brazil | 500 | 683 | 695 | 782 | 779 | 1 049 | 943 | 1 738 | 1 854 | 2 540 | 5 572 | 71
Paraguay | 23 | 42 | 60 | 87 | 78 | 179 | 298 | 766 | 864 | 1 297 | 3 799 | 77
Uruguay | 235 | 327 | 408 | 624 | 839 | 1 201 | 1 451 | 2 219 | 1 978 | 1 819 | 3 362 | 52
Chile | 350 | 484 | 620 | 844 | 838 | 1 141 | 1 090 | 1 688 | 1 556 | 1 589 | 3 176 | 52
Pakistan | 114 | 153 | 147 | 147 | 176 | 208 | 262 | 375 | 491 | 596 | 2 751 | 15
Nigeria | 106 | 121 | 144 | 147 | 262 | 234 | 264 | 461 | 670 | 711 | 2 487 | 43
Other countries | 5 795 | 6 577 | 6 028 | 6 508 | 7 152 | 8 154 | 6 294 | 9 144 | 10 191 | 11 262 | 32 517 |
Total | 26 556 | 38 335 | 42 829 | 62 339 | 71 810 | 84 170 | 79 597 | 123 721 | 114 599 | 115 557 | 261 295 | 55
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Sweden
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Iraq | 4 678 | 5 298 | 11 544 | 12 895 | 5 950 | 4 224 | 3 180 | 4 367 | 6 191 | 16 621 | 14 354 | 50
Somalia | 1 121 | 840 | 688 | 931 | 655 | 787 | 885 | 1 076 | 1 091 | 1 552 | 2 489 | 48
Poland | 1 325 | 990 | 793 | 1 000 | 762 | 686 | 824 | 1 487 | 1 791 | 1 649 | 2 482 | 53
Finland | 2 816 | 2 703 | 2 588 | 2 975 | 2 757 | 2 535 | 2 432 | 2 971 | 2 230 | 2 247 | 2 259 | 64
Thailand | 443 | 500 | 585 | 876 | 1 007 | 1 261 | 1 314 | 1 429 | 1 547 | 1 908 | 2 043 | 81
Iran | 1 350 | 1 296 | 1 889 | 2 796 | 1 459 | 1 113 | 1 110 | 967 | 1 028 | 1 418 | 1 319 | 54
Turkey | 1 375 | 1 269 | 1 702 | 2 921 | 1 456 | 1 125 | 1 200 | 1 049 | 1 343 | 1 325 | 1 156 | 44
Serbia | 216 | 2 124 | 3 254 | 3 073 | 27 | 61 | 132 | 367 | 842 | 1 225 | 1 038 | 49
Russian Federation | 642 | 535 | 886 | 1 510 | 919 | 759 | 865 | 769 | 948 | 957 | 940 | 62
Germany | 209 | 244 | 294 | 457 | 386 | 606 | 700 | 923 | 778 | 661 | 852 | 50
Eritrea | 139 | 121 | 199 | 297 | 202 | 253 | 356 | 327 | 398 | 743 | 842 | 54
Afghanistan | 278 | 361 | 623 | 1 062 | 777 | 812 | 1 180 | 848 | 636 | 853 | 778 | 54
Romania | 268 | 282 | 311 | 397 | 279 | 269 | 268 | 245 | 206 | 356 | 749 | 52
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 090 | 1 469 | 1 788 | 2 627 | 2 081 | 1 764 | 1 146 | 919 | 1 123 | 946 | 702 | 55
Denmark | 310 | 335 | 329 | 431 | 388 | 404 | 409 | 485 | 393 | 477 | 565 | 41
Other countries | 14 962 | 10 526 | 12 100 | 16 991 | 14 524 | 13 802 | 13 524 | 14 228 | 16 089 | 17 241 | 17 599 |
Total | 33 222 | 28 893 | 39 573 | 51 239 | 33 629 | 30 461 | 29 525 | 32 457 | 36 634 | 50 179 | 50 167 | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Switzerland
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Italy | 5 085 | 4 196 | 4 032 | 4 502 | 4 629 | 4 921 | 4 804 | 4 111 | 4 109 | 4 045 | 4 401 | 46
Germany | 670 | 639 | 773 | 1 144 | 1 361 | 3 022 | 4 035 | 3 617 | 3 544 | 3 401 | 3 835 | 53
Serbia | 6 332 | 7 854 | 9 503 | 11 721 | 10 441 | 10 252 | 8 453 | 6 859 | 4 359 | 3 463 | 2 611 | 50
Portugal | 1 165 | 1 199 | 1 505 | 2 383 | 2 201 | 1 761 | 2 336 | 2 217 | 2 298 | 2 110 | 2 201 | 55
Turkey | 4 216 | 3 565 | 3 467 | 3 457 | 3 044 | 2 866 | 2 593 | 2 091 | 1 886 | 1 662 | 1 628 | 49
France | 1 215 | 1 181 | 1 021 | 1 260 | 1 218 | 1 110 | 1 314 | 1 084 | 1 325 | 1 229 | 1 580 | 52
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | 1 802 | 1 981 | 2 171 | 2 596 | 2 210 | 2 287 | 1 831 | 1 586 | 1 337 | 1 223 | 1 272 | 51
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2 268 | 2 371 | 2 790 | 3 149 | 3 008 | 2 855 | 2 408 | 1 924 | 1 628 | 1 163 | 1 173 | 54
Croatia | 1 565 | 1 616 | 1 681 | 1 837 | 1 660 | 2 046 | 1 599 | 1 483 | 1 273 | 1 201 | 1 126 | 53
Spain | 800 | 823 | 975 | 1 283 | 1 246 | 1 096 | 1 245 | 1 120 | 1 091 | 1 055 | 1 054 | 51
Russian Federation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 397 | 77
United Kingdom | 306 | 289 | 287 | 323 | 353 | 319 | 365 | 298 | 351 | 396 | 328 | 45
Austria | 194 | 150 | 167 | 174 | 166 | 193 | 205 | 189 | 205 | 267 | 263 | 53
Netherlands | 155 | 254 | 178 | 210 | 234 | 189 | 229 | 227 | 228 | 200 | 225 | 42
Belgium | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 153 | 173 | 209 | 156 | 218 | 222 | 55
Other countries | 9 651 | 9 567 | 9 887 | 12 672 | 12 118 | 11 295 | 11 850 | 12 299 | 12 967 | 12 488 | 12 016 |
Total | 35 424 | 35 685 | 38 437 | 46 711 | 43 889 | 44 365 | 43 440 | 39 314 | 36 757 | 34 121 | 34 332 | 53
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
Turkey
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Bulgaria | 12 423 | 3 528 | 3 299 | 1 769 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Azerbaijan | 1 908 | 1 541 | 780 | 563 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Russian Federation | 1 033 | 700 | 346 | 287 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Afghanistan | 56 | 233 | 312 | 245 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Kazakhstan | 450 | 398 | 272 | 195 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Syria | 201 | 135 | 124 | 175 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Iraq | 103 | 153 | 146 | 143 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Iran | 112 | 178 | 156 | 137 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Greece | 37 | 119 | 104 | 107 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
United Kingdom | 12 | 26 | 61 | 93 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Kyrgyzstan | 146 | 140 | 129 | 88 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Uzbekistan | 150 | 109 | 76 | 87 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Ukraine | 598 | 87 | 58 | 85 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia | 84 | 72 | 82 | 80 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Romania | 455 | 52 | 84 | 76 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Other countries | 3 318 | 767 | 872 | 942 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Total | 21 086 | 8 238 | 6 901 | 5 072 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
United Kingdom
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
India | 10 799 | 13 598 | 14 137 | 15 134 | 14 507 | 11 835 | 26 541 | 29 405 | 26 290 | 28 352 | 36 351 | ..
Pakistan | 12 769 | 14 094 | 12 605 | 10 260 | 8 143 | 9 442 | 20 945 | 22 054 | 17 641 | 18 445 | 21 655 | ..
Philippines | 1 609 | 2 011 | 3 797 | 8 839 | 10 844 | 5 382 | 11 751 | 9 429 | 7 133 | 8 122 | 10 374 | ..
Nigeria | 6 302 | 6 242 | 6 622 | 5 874 | 6 031 | 4 531 | 6 953 | 7 873 | 7 932 | 8 881 | 9 275 | ..
Bangladesh | 6 133 | 5 786 | 3 637 | 3 724 | 2 257 | 3 633 | 12 041 | 7 966 | 5 149 | 5 702 | 8 902 | ..
Nepal | 161 | 190 | 655 | 916 | 1 047 | 929 | 1 551 | 2 118 | 3 468 | 4 282 | 7 447 | ..
China | 1 863 | 1 918 | 2 425 | 2 601 | 3 117 | 2 677 | 6 041 | 7 581 | 6 966 | 7 198 | 7 289 | ..
South Africa | 4 536 | 6 366 | 7 046 | 7 665 | 8 149 | 5 266 | 8 367 | 7 446 | 6 351 | 6 924 | 6 448 | ..
Poland | 752 | 794 | 559 | 580 | 562 | 251 | 458 | 1 419 | 1 863 | 3 043 | 6 066 | ..
Somalia | 8 544 | 11 164 | 8 297 | 9 029 | 7 450 | 7 163 | 8 139 | 5 817 | 4 664 | 5 143 | 5 688 | ..
Ghana | 3 515 | 3 217 | 3 307 | 2 989 | 3 373 | 3 134 | 4 662 | 4 551 | 3 931 | 4 744 | 4 675 | ..
Zimbabwe | 1 428 | 1 814 | 2 128 | 2 556 | 5 592 | 5 707 | 7 703 | 6 301 | 4 877 | 5 647 | 4 412 | ..
Turkey | 4 916 | 4 860 | 6 767 | 5 583 | 4 709 | 4 641 | 7 207 | 4 630 | 3 627 | 4 726 | 4 184 | ..
Sri Lanka | 5 106 | 4 530 | 6 997 | 5 717 | 6 496 | 3 284 | 4 762 | 4 944 | 5 886 | 6 163 | 3 855 | ..
Afghanistan | 1 612 | 4 055 | 4 951 | 3 397 | 10 554 | 5 539 | 5 012 | 5 281 | 3 951 | 4 600 | 3 627 | ..
Other countries | 60 490 | 67 634 | 77 769 | 69 154 | 71 806 | 55 963 | 71 656 | 68 231 | 68 056 | 72 237 | 67 741 |
Total | 130 535 | 148 273 | 161 699 | 154 018 | 164 637 | 129 377 | 203 789 | 195 046 | 177 785 | 194 209 | 207 989 | ..
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality
United States
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Of which: Women 2013 (%)
Mexico | 55 946 | 63 840 | 77 089 | 83 979 | 122 258 | 231 815 | 111 630 | 67 062 | 94 783 | 102 181 | 99 385 | 52
India | 29 761 | 37 975 | 35 962 | 47 542 | 46 871 | 65 971 | 52 889 | 61 142 | 45 985 | 42 928 | 49 897 | 50
Philippines | 29 043 | 31 448 | 36 673 | 40 500 | 38 830 | 58 792 | 38 934 | 35 465 | 42 520 | 44 958 | 43 489 | 64
Dominican Republic | 12 607 | 15 464 | 20 831 | 22 165 | 20 645 | 35 251 | 20 778 | 15 451 | 20 508 | 33 351 | 39 590 | 60
China | 23 991 | 27 309 | 31 708 | 35 387 | 33 134 | 40 017 | 37 130 | 33 969 | 32 864 | 31 868 | 35 387 | 58
Cuba | 7 698 | 11 236 | 11 227 | 21 481 | 15 394 | 39 871 | 24 891 | 14 050 | 21 071 | 31 244 | 30 482 | 54
Viet Nam | 25 933 | 27 480 | 32 926 | 29 917 | 27 921 | 39 584 | 31 168 | 19 313 | 20 922 | 23 490 | 24 277 | 64
Haiti | 7 247 | 8 215 | 9 740 | 15 979 | 11 552 | 21 229 | 13 290 | 12 291 | 14 191 | 19 114 | 23 480 | 57
Colombia | 7 939 | 9 819 | 11 396 | 15 698 | 12 089 | 22 926 | 16 593 | 18 417 | 22 693 | 23 972 | 22 196 | 61
El Salvador | 8 719 | 9 602 | 12 174 | 13 430 | 17 157 | 35 796 | 18 927 | 10 343 | 13 834 | 16 685 | 18 401 | 54
Jamaica | 11 218 | 12 271 | 13 674 | 18 953 | 12 314 | 21 324 | 15 098 | 12 070 | 14 591 | 15 531 | 16 442 | 58
Korea | 15 928 | 17 184 | 19 223 | 17 668 | 17 628 | 22 759 | 17 576 | 11 170 | 12 664 | 13 790 | 15 786 | 56
Pakistan | 7 424 | 8 744 | 9 699 | 10 411 | 9 147 | 11 813 | 12 528 | 11 601 | 10 655 | 11 150 | 12 948 | 50
Peru | 6 130 | 6 980 | 7 904 | 10 063 | 7 965 | 15 016 | 10 349 | 8 551 | 10 266 | 11 814 | 11 782 | 59
Iran | 10 782 | 11 781 | 11 031 | 11 363 | 10 557 | 11 813 | 12 069 | 9 337 | 9 286 | 9 627 | 11 623 | 53
Other countries | 202 069 | 237 803 | 263 023 | 308 053 | 257 015 | 372 562 | 309 865 | 279 681 | 307 360 | 325 731 | 324 764 |
Total | 462 435 | 537 151 | 604 280 | 702 589 | 660 477 | 1 046 539 | 743 715 | 619 913 | 694 193 | 757 434 | 779 929 | 55
Note: For details on definitions and sources, please refer to the metadata at the end of the tables.
StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933260333

Metadata related to Tables A.6. and B.6. Acquisitions of nationality
| Comments | Source
Australia | Conferrals by former country of citizenship | Department of Immigration and Border Protection.
Austria | Data refer to persons living in Austria at the time of acquisition. | Statistics Austria and BMI (Ministry of the Interior).
Belgium | Data refer to all acquisitions of Belgian nationality, irrespective of the type of procedure. Data only take into account those residing in the Kingdom of Belgium at the time of the acquisition. | Directorate for Statistics and Economic Information (DGSEI) and Ministry of Justice.
Canada | Data refer to country of birth, not to country of previous nationality. Persons who acquire Canadian citizenship may also hold other citizenships at the same time if allowed by the country of previous nationality. | Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
Chile | Register of naturalisation. | Department of Foreigners and Migration, Ministry of the Interior.
Czech Republic | Acquisition of nationality by declaration or by naturalisation. | Ministry of the Interior.
Denmark |  | Statistics Denmark.
Estonia |  | Ministry of the Interior.
Finland | Includes naturalisations of persons of Finnish origin. | Statistics Finland.
France | Data by former nationality for naturalisations by “anticipated declaration” is unknown for the years 2004, 2006 and 2007. | Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Justice.
Germany | Figures do not include ethnic Germans. | Federal Office of Statistics.
Greece | Data refer to all possible types of citizenship acquisition: naturalisation, declaration (for Greek descents), adoption by a Greek, etc. | Ministry of the Interior.

Hungary

Person naturalized in Hungary: someone who became a Hungarian citizen by naturalization (he/she was born as a foreign citizen) or by denaturalization (his former Hungarian citizenship was abolished). The rules of naturalization in Hungary were modified by the Act XLIV of 2010. The act introduced the simplified naturalization procedure from 1 January 2011, and made it possible to obtain citizenship without residence in Hungary for the foreign citizens who have Hungarian ancestors. This data refer only to those new Hungarian citizens who have an address in Hungary.

Central Office Administrative and Electronic Public Services (Central Population Register), Hungarian Central Statistical Office, National Emplyoment Office.

Iceland | Includes children who receive Icelandic citizenship with their parents. | Statistics Iceland.
Ireland | From 2005 on, figures include naturalisations and Post nuptial citizenship figures. | Department of Justice and Equality.
Italy |  | Ministry of the Interior.
Japan |  | Ministry of Justice, Civil Affairs Bureau.
Korea |  | Ministry of Justice.
Luxembourg | Excludes children acquiring nationality as a consequence of the naturalisation of their parents. | Ministry of Justice.
Mexico |  | Ministry of Foreign Affairs (SRE).
Netherlands |  | Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).
New Zealand | The country of origin of persons granted New Zealand citizenship is the country of birth if birth documentation is available. If not, the country of origin is the country of citizenship as shown on the person’s passport. | Department of Internal Affairs.
Norway |  | Statistics Norway.
Poland | From 2002 on, data include naturalisations by marriage and acknowledgment of persons of Polish descent, in addition to naturalisation by ordinary procedure. | Office for Repatriation and Aliens.

Portugal

From 2008 on, following the modification of the law on Portuguese citizenship in 2006 and 2007, the data include every foreigner who used to have a foreign citizenship and obtained Portuguese citizenship in the given year.

Until 2007, data exclude acquisitions of nationality due to marriage or adoption.

National Statistical Office (INE) and Ministry of Justice (Central register).

Russian Federation

Excludes citizenship acquired through consulates. From 2009 on, applicants to Russian citizenship must have stayed in the country as temporary residents for at least a year, and as permanent residents for at least five years. Majority of applicants acquire ciitizenship through simplified procedure, waiting period is much shorter.

Federal Migration Service.

Slovak Republic | Data refer to persons living in Slovak Republic at the time of acquisition. | Ministry of the Interior.
Slovenia | Include all grounds on which the citizenship was obtained. | Ministry of the Interior – Internal Administrative Affairs, Migration and Naturalisation Directorate.
Spain | Includes only naturalisations on grounds of residence in Spain. The large increase in the number of naturalizations during 2013 is due to the Intensive File Processing Nationality Plan (Plan Intensivo de tramitación de expedientes de Nacionalidad) carried out by the Ministry of Justice.. | Ministry of Employment and Social Security, based on naturalisations registered by the Ministry of Justice.
Sweden |  | Statistics Sweden.
Switzerland |  | Federal Office of Migration.
Turkey |  | Ministry of Interior, General Directorate of Population and Citizenship Affairs.
United Kingdom | The increase in 2009 is partly due to the processing of a backlog of applications filled prior to 2009. | Home Office.
United States | Data by country of birth refer to fiscal years (October to September of the year indicated). | US Department of Homeland Security.
Data for Serbia may include persons from Montenegro or Serbia and Montenegro.

Note

 1. Note on Israel: The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Note on Cyprus:

1. Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.

2. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

List of the members of the OECD Expert Group on Migration

AUSTRALIA

David SMITH, Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Canberra

AUSTRIA

Gudrun BIFFL, Danube University, Krems

BELGIUM

Frédéric POUPINEL de VALENCÉ, Service public fédéral Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale, Brussels

BULGARIA

Daniela BOBEVA, Academy of Sciences, Sofia

CANADA

Martha JUSTUS, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa

CHILE

Reginaldo FLORES and René CATALAN, Ministry of Interior, Santiago

CZECH REPUBLIC

Jarmila MAREŠOVÁ, Czech Statistical Office, Prague

DENMARK

Natalia KJAER National Social Appeals Board, Copenhagen

ESTONIA

Mall SAUL, Police and Border Guard Board, Tallinn

FINLAND

Arja SAARTO, Ministry of Interior, Helsinki

FRANCE

Gérard BOUVIER, Ministry of the Interior, Paris

GERMANY

Farid EL KHOLY, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Berlin

GREECE

Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Politic, Athens

HUNGARY

Orsolya KISGYÖRGY, Ministry of National Economy, Budapest

IRELAND

Philip O’CONNELL, The Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin

ISRAEL

Gilad NATHAN, Ruppin Academic Center, Jerusalem

ITALY

Carla COLLICELLI and Francesco ESTRAFALLACES, CENSIS, Rome

JAPAN

Tetsuro ISOBE, Ministry of Justice, Tokyo

Natsuko HORII, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo

KOREA

Yongjin NHO, Seoul National University of Technology, Seoul

LATVIA

Aija LULLE, Centre for Diaspora and Migration Research, University of Latvia, Riga

LITHUANIA

Audra SIPAVIČIENE, Vilnius

LUXEMBOURG

Christiane MARTIN, Office luxembourgeois de l’Accueil et de l’Intégration

MEXICO

Rafael FERNÁNDEZ DE CASTRO, Mexico Autonomous Institute of Technology, Mexico

NETHERLANDS

Arend ODÉ and Jeanine KLAVER, Regioplan Policy Research, Amsterdam

NEW ZEALAND

Michael EGLINTON, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Wellington

NORWAY

Espen THORUD, Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion, Oslo

POLAND

Pawel KACZMARCZYK, University of Warsaw

PORTUGAL

Jorge MALHEIROS, University of Lisbon

ROMANIA

Mihaela MATEI, Bucharest

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Olga CHUDINOVSKIKH, Centre for Population Studies, Moscow

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

Martina LUBYOVA, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava

SLOVENIA

Sonja MALEC, Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs, Ljubljana

SPAIN

Diego NUÑO, Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Co-operation, Madrid

SWEDEN

Michael HAGOS, Ministry of Employment, Stockholm

SWITZERLAND

Clovis VOISARD and Kathrin GÄUMANN, Federal Office of Migration, Bern

TURKEY

Ahmet ICDUYGU, Koç University, Istanbul

UNITED KINGDOM

John SALT, University College London, Department of Geography, London

UNITED STATES

Michael HOEFER, Department of Homeland Security, Washington

List of OECD Secretariat members involved in the preparation of this publication

International Migration Division

Jean-Christophe Dumont, Head of Division

Thomas Liebig, Principal Administrator

Theodora Xenogiani, Principal Administrator

Jonathan Chaloff, Administrator

Emily Farchy, Administrator

Ioannis Kaplanis, Administrator

Friedrich Poeschel, Administrator

Sankar Ramasamy, Administrator

Cécile Thoreau, Administrator

Yves Breem, Administrator (secondee)

Véronique Gindrey, Statistician

Philippe Hervé, Statistician

Rachele Poggi, Statistician

Jeffrey Mo, Consultant

Ana Moreno Maldonado, Consultant

Anne-Sophie Schmidt, Consultant

Anne-Mareike Vanselow, Consultant

Sylviane Yvron, Assistant

Ciara Keeshan, Assistant

Natalie Lagorce, Assistant

Marianne Gierow, Trainee

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