The Pursuit of Gender Equality
An Uphill Battle
Gender inequalities persist in all areas of social and economic life and across countries. Young women in OECD countries generally obtain more years of schooling than young men, but women are less likely than men to engage in paid work. Gaps widen with age, as motherhood typically has marked negative effects on gender pay gaps and career advancement. Women are also less likely to be entrepreneurs, and are underrepresented in private and public leadership positions.
The 2013 and 2015 OECD Gender Recommendations provide guidance on how to advance gender equality in education, employment, entrepreneurship and public life; this book discusses recent developments in these areas in one overview chapter and 24 short chapters which each include key findings and policy recommendations. Topics include violence against women, gender budgeting, the unequal sharing of unpaid work, labour market outcomes and migration. The book presents a range of indicators illustrating gender gaps. It also discusses recent policy initiatives, such as pay transparency measures to reduce gender wage gaps and policy reform aimed at fathers taking parental leave. Overall, progress has been slow and there is a strong need for further policy action to close gender gaps in education, employment, entrepreneurship and public life.
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Socio-demographic change and gender roles
With more highly-educated women than men entering the so-called “marriage market”, fewer women are marrying better-educated men. Increasingly, they live with men who are educated to similar levels, and highly-educated women increasingly partner with a less well-educated partner. The least educated men are more likely to left be on the sidelines of the marriage market and remain single. If they do live with a partner, though, they are more likely than other groups to marry rather than to cohabit informally.
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