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Like many OECD countries, Latvia is taking an innovative, user-centred approach to improving legal and justice services by strengthening the judicial sector and law enforcement authorities This report reviews the commercial, legal and regulatory framework in Latvia, highlighting its impact on businesses and its suitability for different forms of commercial activity. It analyses business’ legal and justice needs, and evaluates the accessibility and responsiveness of public services for business, including dispute resolution mechanisms. Finally, the report provides recommendations to help Latvia better tailor justice services to the needs of business and thus support more inclusive growth.
Panama has achieved socio-economic improvements in recent decades thanks to strong economic growth and consequent poverty reduction. Its growth model is characterised by a dual economy in which a small number of activities, including those related to the Canal and Special Economic Zones, have exhibited high productivity growth but limited job creation.
Panama should now embark on a new reform agenda to become a sustainable and inclusive high-income country. This report urges greater productivity in sectors that contribute to job formalisation to reduce disparities in income and among regions. As developing these policies requires further resources, taxation system and private sector involvement through public-private partnerships should also be reinforced. Focusing on skills and jobs, regional development and development financing, the volume provides analysis and recommendations on three areas which are key for Panama.
Cette publication examine les possibilités et les défis que présentent pour les entreprises et les pouvoirs publics les technologies qui préparent l’avènement de la « prochaine révolution de la production », à savoir diverses technologies numériques (p. ex., l’internet des objets et la robotique avancée), les biotechnologies industrielles, l’impression 3D, les nouveaux matériaux et les nanotechnologies. Certaines de ces technologies sont déjà présentes dans les processus de production, d’autres seront accessibles sous peu. Mais toutes se développent rapidement. À mesure qu’elles transformeront les activités de production et de distribution des biens et services, elles auront une influence considérable sur la productivité, les compétences, la distribution des revenus, le bien-être et l’environnement. Mieux les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises sauront appréhender cette transformation prochaine de la production, mieux ils seront à même d’en maîtriser les risques et d’en concrétiser les avantages.
Le Maroc vis à devenir un important centre industriel au niveau de l’Afrique. Pour ce faire, le pays prend des mesures pour transformer son administration et assurer la croissance durable de son économie et société numériques émergentes. Cette revue analyse les efforts en cours pour intégrer les technologies numériques dans le secteur public, et fournit des conseils politiques pour soutenir le Royaume du Maroc dans la mise en œuvre d'une politique gouvernementale stratégique numérique.
Le Maroc est l'un des premiers pays, et le seul au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord, à bénéficier d'un Programme-pays de l'OCDE. Cet outil stratégique offre un cadre de collaboration privilégié et renforcé entre le Maroc et l’OCDE. Signé le 15 juin 2015, le Programme-pays comprend 16 projets incluant des revues de politiques publiques, des examens par les pairs, des activités de renforcement des capacités et l'inclusion à des outils statistiques de l'OCDE. Il prévoit également une participation renforcée aux activités de 9 comités, et l'adhésion à 9 instruments juridiques de l'OCDE. Le Dialogue Maroc-OCDE sur les politiques de développement régional, projet phare du programme pays Maroc, a accompagné la mise en œuvre de la régionalisation avancée entre 2016-2017. Il a mobilisé plus de 800 parties prenantes marocaines autour de quatre priorités: (i) la métropolisation, à travers la gouvernance de métropolitaine de Casablanca ; (ii) les liens urbain-rural, dans les provinces de Taounate et de Berrechid ; (iii) le renforcement des capacités pour la production, l’usage et la gouvernance des indicateurs territoriaux ; et (iv) la gouvernance de l’investissement public entre niveaux de gouvernement pour accompagner l’adhésion du Maroc à la Recommandation de l’OCDE sur l’Investissement Public Efficace entre Niveaux de Gouvernement.
Morocco aims to become a major industrial hub in Africa. To do so, it is taking steps to transform its administration and ensure the sustainable growth of its emerging digital economy and society. This review analyses the efforts under way to integrate digital technologies in the public sector, and provides policy advice to support the Kingdom of Morocco in implementing a strategic digital government policy.
L'intégrité est cruciale pour renforcer la confiance dans les institutions marocaines. Le gouvernement du Maroc a élaboré une stratégie nationale de lutte contre la corruption à long terme et s'est engagé à promouvoir l'intégrité publique. Ce rapport examine l'état actuel du système d'intégrité du Maroc. En s’appuyant sur les meilleures pratiques des pays de l'OCDE, il formule des recommandations en matière de politiques publiques dans le but de soutenir les efforts du gouvernement. Le rapport se concentre sur l'environnement juridique, réglementaire et politique dans le domaine de la lutte contre la corruption et de l'intégrité.
Intergovernmental fiscal frameworks, as considered by the OECD Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government, are a core driver of inclusive growth. Certain institutions and policies can contribute to a more equitable distribution of economic gains across jurisdictions and income groups, such as equalisation systems. In particular, the quality of public sector outcomes depends on how responsibilities and functions such as education or health care are shared across government levels. This implies that intergovernmental fiscal frameworks, which drive the division of roles of the central and sub-national governments, critically influence growth and the inclusiveness of an economy. This book brings together academics and practitioners to address key aspects of intergovernmental fiscal relations and country experience, as they relate to inclusive growth.
The Czech Republic has made progress in decoupling economic growth from freshwater abstractions, energy consumption, GHG and other air pollutants emissions. However, its strong industrial base and reliance on coal place the country among the most energy- and carbon-intensive in the OECD and air pollution is a serious health concern. Progressing towards sustainable development will require strengthening political commitment to a low-carbon economy and implementing more cost-effective environmental policies.
This is the third Environmental Performance Review of the Czech Republic. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with special features on waste, materials management and circular economy and sustainable urban development.
Three years into the 2030 Agenda it is already apparent that those living in fragile contexts are the furthest behind. Not all forms of fragility make it to the public’s eye: fragility is an intricate beast, sometimes exposed, often lurking underneath, but always holding progress back. Conflict, forced displacement, violent extremism, famine etc. are all causes and consequences of fragility. Hence the need to better understand, anticipate and respond to fragility.
States of Fragility 2018 exposes the critical challenge posed by fragility in achieving the aspirations of the 2030 Agenda, sustainable development and peace. It highlights twelve key aspects of fragility, defying common assumptions and simplistic categorisation. It documents progress made in fragile situations on attaining sustainable development, unveiling exit doors from the fragility trap. It then illustrates the current state of financing to address fragility and suggests more effective approaches, accounting for its multidimensionality.
Above all, the report aims to strike a balance between fragility's inherent complexity and the degree of simplicity that is required for efficient policy and decision making, namely through systems-based thinking; longer-term, consistent aid plans; the financing of peace; and a persistent focus on human beings.
This country review report offers an independent analysis of major issues facing the use of school resources in Colombia from an international perspective. It provides a description of national policies, an analysis of strengths and challenges, and a proposal of possible future approaches. The analysis focuses on the funding of school education, the provision of school education and the development of the teaching profession. Rural education represents a transversal theme of the report within the context of Colombia's peace agreement and objectives to close rural-urban gaps in social and economic development.
Issues covered include the level of spending, sources of funding and funding mechanisms; the organisation of the school network, including the funding of private provision; school governance, leadership and community participation; the organisation of teaching and learning, including learning standards, educational materials, student assessment, and instruction time; teacher learning in pre-service and in-service education; and teacher recruitment and career progression.
The report covers all levels of compulsory education as well as transitions from early childhood education and care to school education and from school education to the labour market and tertiary education.
This report provides a case study for the development of sustainable energy lending in Ukraine. It reviews the macro-economic and political context for green investments in Ukraine, before looking in more detail at the role and capacity of the banking sector. The study is part of a wider OECD project promoting access to private finance for green investments in the EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries, and follows on from a regional assessment undertaken in 2015. This work forms part of the “Greening Economies in the European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood” (EaP GREEN) programme, which aims to support the six Eastern Partnership countries to move towards a green economy by decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation and resource depletion.
In Barcelona, the rate of foreign residents has quintupled since 2000, and in 2017, 23% of the population was foreign-born. From the late 1990s until today, the municipality has followed an intercultural strategy to implement inclusive measures for local migrant integration. These measures have been recently reinforced to welcome asylum seekers who tripled between 2015 and 2017. For this group, the municipality set up targeted housing and reception policies that complement the national reception system. Migrants have access to municipal measures in key sectors such as housing, minimum living allowances and labour market integration - by the employment service Barcelona Activa - on the same basis as the other residents. Further, Barcelona has developed sensitization initiatives to curb discrimination and improve service delivery in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The municipality has developed local coordination mechanisms with migrant associations and non-governmental organisations that aim to share information, avoid duplication and maximise the access to services such as language classes for migrants. Yet, migrants are particularly affected by socio-economic inequalities particularly following the economic crisis. This report sheds light on how the municipality and non-state partners work together with the other levels of government for sustainable migrant and refugee integration.
This review of Corporate Governance in Lithuania was prepared in the context of Lithuania’s accession process to the OECD. It assesses Lithuania’s corporate governance arrangements – the laws, regulations and institutions that shape company oversight – for listed companies and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) against the standards of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises. The report reaches a positive overall assessment of Lithuania’s willingness and ability to implement these corporate governance standards and makes a number of recommendations to address remaining weaknesses. With respect to listed companies, the report notably recommends that Lithuania give priority to monitoring implementation of recent legislative reforms to strengthen corporate boards of directors and, in the medium term, consider further strengthening and clarifying their legal responsibilities. With respect to SOEs, this report recommends that Lithuania give priority to further strengthening the effectiveness of the state’s ownership coordination function, ensuring that the state’s requirements on board composition and disclosure practices are fully implemented by the SOEs for which they are mandatory and moving forward with plans to convert commercially-oriented statutory SOEs to limited liability companies.
G20/OECD Korporatīvās pārvaldības principi palīdz politikas veidotājiem novērtēt un uzlabot korporatīvās pārvaldības tiesisko, regulējošo un institucionālo sistēmu. Tie arī sniedz norādes biržām, investoriem, kapitālsabiedrībām un pārējiem, kam ir loma labas korporatīvās pārvaldības izstrādes procesā. Principi pirmo reizi tika izdoti 1999. gadā, un kopš tā laika tie kļuvuši par starptautisku etalonu korporatīvajai pārvaldībai. Finanšu stabilitātes padome tos pieņēmusi kā vienu no saviem pamatstandartiem drošām finanšu sistēmām, un tos apstiprinājušas G20 valstis.
2015. gada izdevumā ņemtas vērā norises gan finanšu, gan korporatīvajā sektorā, kas var ietekmēt korporatīvās pārvaldības politikas un prakses efektivitāti un piemērotību.
How regulations are implemented and enforced, and how compliance is ensured and promoted, are critical determinants of whether a regulatory system is working as intended. Inspections are one of the most important ways to enforce regulations and to ensure regulatory compliance. Based on the 2014 OECD Best Practice Principles for Regulatory Enforcement and Inspection, this Toolkit offers government officials, regulators, stakeholders and experts a simple tool for assessing the inspection and enforcement system in a given jurisdiction, institution or structure. Its checklist of 12 criteria can be used to identify strengths and weaknesses, gauge actual performance, and pinpoint areas for improvement.
В этом докладе рассматриваются основные результаты проекта, касающегося снижения уровня загрязнения воздуха городским общественным транспортом в Казахстане, путем анализа для разработки программы «зеленых» государственных инвестиций в данном секторе. Этот сектор может дать возможность Казахстану решить вопросы государственной политики, связанные с окружающей средой и изменением климата, являющиеся частью государственных целей по переходу к «зеленому» пути экономического развития. Разработанная инвестиционная программа будет также способствовать модернизации автопарка городского общественного транспорта и стимулировать внутренний рынок к переходу на современные автобусы, работающие на экологически чистом топливе. Предусмотрены два этапа реализации программы: первый будет осуществляться в Костанае и Шымкенте, второй будет распространяться на все крупнейшие города в Казахстане. Как ожидается, эти инвестиции приведут в результате к существенному улучшению состояния воздуха.
Corruption is the antithesis of good governance, and it is a direct threat to the purpose of state ownership. This report brings a comprehensive set of facts and figures to the discussion about the corruption risks facing state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and how they, and state ownership, go about addressing them. The report suggests options to help the state as an enterprise owner fight corruption and promote integrity in the SOE sector, laying the foundation for future OECD guidance on the subject.
Paraguay considera la reforma de la gobernanza pública como una importante herramienta para alcanzar un crecimiento sostenible e inclusivo. Este estudio analiza y ofrece recomendaciones concretas en diversas áreas de la gobernanza pública, como la coordinación desde el centro de gobierno el fortalecimiento de los vínculos entre la planificación y el presupuesto y los avances en el proceso de descentralización para fomentar el desarrollo en todas las regiones del país. El estudio evalúa asimismo la gestión de los recursos humanos en la administración pública y la implementación de estrategias e iniciativas de gobierno abierto para que los ciudadanos y el sector privado participen en el ciclo de políticas públicas.
The SME Policy Index is a benchmarking tool for emerging economies to monitor and evaluate progress in policies that support small and medium-sized enterprises. The ASEAN SME Policy Index 2018 is a joint effort between the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East-Asia (ERIA), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the ASEAN Coordinating Committee on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (ACCMSME). The report is the outcome of work conducted by the ten ASEAN Member States (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam).
Divided into eight policy dimensions, it builds on the previous edition of the ASEAN SME Policy Index 2014. The current edition presents an updated methodology which makes this document a powerful tool to assess the strengths and weaknesses that exist in policy design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation for SMEs, and allows for a benchmarking of the level to which the ASEAN Strategic Action Plan for SME Development (SAP SMED) 2016-2025 has been implemented. Its objective is to enhance the capacity of policy makers to identify policy areas for future reform, as well as implement reforms in accordance with international good practices.
The report provides a regional perspective on recent developments in SME-related policies in Southeast Asia as well as in individual ASEAN Member States. Based on this analysis the report provides a menu of concrete policy options for the region and for the individual countries.