This chapter presents reforms in the area of policy execution. The organisation of policy execution is very diverse. There is little similarity across countries. Within countries the organisational pattern tends to be rather unsystematic. The analysis in this chapter is based on two distinctions between organisations inside central government: 1) between the State and other organisations with legal personality (private and public non-profit organisations), and 2) between core ministries, arm’s length agencies and independent agencies. These distinctions are recognisable in all countries participating in the study, but strict criteria for the use of the various organisational forms are often lacking or are not systematically applied.