This chapter sets out the scene for the analysis and assessment conducted in the subsequent sections of the report. Building on an in-depth literature review and interviews with stakeholders at the national and sub-national level, it outlines the conceptual framework underpinning green infrastructure (GI) and nature-based solutions (NbS) in Italy. The chapter brings forth the main definitions and highlights the key features and associated benefits and co-benefits of these two instruments (e.g. climate change mitigation and adaptation, leisure, job opportunities, health and well-being, etc.). It also provides an overview of the most relevant international and European strategies and includes a short analysis of the use of GI and NbS in the transport sector and in urban regeneration.