While the efficiency instrument DPS has been part of the EU public procurement Directives since 2004, its use is still uneven among member states and its uptake has been much slower than originally anticipated. In some countries, there is a relatively widespread use of this instrument, while other countries have little or no experience with it. From a legal standpoint, DPS can also be used by an individual contracting authority for its own common purchases. Nevertheless, the benefits of the instrument accrue when there is substantial recurrence of purchases. As such, DPS is well suited to aggregating the demand of several administrations, typically through the work of a central purchasing body (CPB), or a similar entity that carries these functions.