Transnational criminal networks profit from trafficking and illegal trade in narcotics, arms, persons, tobacco, counterfeit consumer goods, and wildlife. Billions of dollars from these activities flow through the global economy each year, distorting local economies, diminishing legitimate business revenues, eroding social conditions and fuelling conflicts. This report on governance frameworks to counter illicit trade was prepared under the OECD Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade (TF-CIT). It promotes tractable policy reforms and fosters international cooperation aimed at the reduction and deterrence of the risk of illicit trade. It draws on a network of specialists from multiple countries and economies, as part of the OECD High Level Risk Forum (HLRF), which works with governments to better understand the full range of complex risks and threats.