Database contents     [Expand/Collapse]
Main Economic Indicators Publication
  Country
    Country: Australia [AUS]
    Country: Austria [AUT]
    Country: Belgium [BEL]
    Country: Canada [CAN]
    Country: Chile [CHL]
    Country: Czech Republic [CZE]
    Country: Denmark [DNK]
    Country: Estonia [EST]
    Country: Finland [FIN]
    Country: France [FRA]
    Country: Germany [DEU]
    Country: Greece [GRC]
    Country: Hungary [HUN]
    Country: Iceland [ISL]
    Country: Ireland [IRL]
    Country: Israel [ISR]
    Country: Italy [ITA]
    Country: Japan [JPN]
    Country: Korea [KOR]
    Country: Latvia [LVA]
    Country: Luxembourg [LUX]
    Country: Mexico [MEX]
    Country: Netherlands [NLD]
    Country: New Zealand [NZL]
    Country: Norway [NOR]
    Country: Poland [POL]
    Country: Portugal [PRT]
    Country: Slovak Republic [SVK]
    Country: Slovenia [SVN]
    Country: Spain [ESP]
    Country: Sweden [SWE]
    Country: Switzerland [CHE]
    Country: Turkey [TUR]
    Country: United Kingdom [GBR]
    Country: United States [USA]
    Country: Euro area (19 countries) [EA19]
    Country: European Union (28 countries) [EU28]
    Country: Four Big European [G4E]
    Country: G7 [G-7]
    Country: NAFTA [NAFTA]
    Country: OECD - Europe [OECDE]
    Country: G20 [G-20]
    Country: OECD - Total [OECD]
    Country: SDR [SDR]
    Country: OECD + Major Six NME [ONM]
    Country: Major Five Asia [A5M]
    Country: Non-OECD Economies [NMEC]
    Country: Argentina [ARG]
    Country: Brazil [BRA]
    Country: Bulgaria [BGR]
    Country: China (People's Republic of) [CHN]
    Country: Colombia [COL]
    Country: Costa Rica [CRI]
    Country: Cyprus [CYP]
    Country: India [IND]
    Country: Indonesia [IDN]
    Country: Lithuania [LTU]
    Country: Malta [MLT]
    Country: Romania [ROU]
    Country: Russia [RUS]
    Country: Saudi Arabia [SAU]
    Country: South Africa [ZAF]
    Country: BRIICS economies - Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa [BRIICS]
    Country: G7 and BRIICS [G7B]
  Subject
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD [LO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Reference series [LORS]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Reference series > Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [LORSGP]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Reference series > Gross Domestic Product (GDP) > Ratio to trend [LORSGPRT]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Reference series > Gross Domestic Product (GDP) > Normalised [LORSGPNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Reference series > Gross Domestic Product (GDP) > Trend [LORSGPTD]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Reference series > Gross Domestic Product (GDP) > Original series [LORSGPOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Leading indicators [LOLI]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Leading indicators > CLI [LOLITO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Leading indicators > CLI > Amplitude adjusted [LOLITOAA]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Leading indicators > CLI > Normalised [LOLITONO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Leading indicators > CLI > Trend restored [LOLITOTR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series [LOCO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Balance of payments [LOCOPA]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Balance of payments > Normalised [LOCOPANO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Balance of payments > Original series [LOCOPAOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Bank activity [LOCOAB]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Bank activity > Normalised [LOCOABNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Bank activity > Original series [LOCOABOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Business situation [LOCOBS]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Business situation > Normalised [LOCOBSNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Business situation > Original series [LOCOBSOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Capacity utilization [LOCOBU]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Capacity utilization > Normalised [LOCOBUNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Capacity utilization > Original series [LOCOBUOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Demand or orders inflow [LOCOBD]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Demand or orders inflow > Normalised [LOCOBDNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Demand or orders inflow > Original series [LOCOBDOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Employment [LOCOBE]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Employment > Normalised [LOCOBENO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Employment > Original series [LOCOBEOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Export orders [LOCOBX]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Export orders > Normalised [LOCOBXNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Export orders > Original series [LOCOBXOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Finished goods stocks [LOCOBF]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Finished goods stocks > Normalised [LOCOBFNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Finished goods stocks > Original series [LOCOBFOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Order books [LOCOBO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Order books > Normalised [LOCOBONO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Order books > Original series [LOCOBOOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Prices expectations [LOCOBI]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Prices expectations > Normalised [LOCOBINO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Prices expectations > Original series [LOCOBIOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Production [LOCOBP]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Production > Normalised [LOCOBPNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Production > Original series [LOCOBPOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Sales expectations [LOCOBC]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Sales expectations > Normalised [LOCOBCNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Sales expectations > Original series [LOCOBCOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Stocks of orders [LOCOBK]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Stocks of orders > Normalised [LOCOBKNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > BTS - Stocks of orders > Original series [LOCOBKOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Car registration - sales [LOCOVR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Car registration - sales > Normalised [LOCOVRNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Car registration - sales > Original series [LOCOVROR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Construction [LOCODW]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Construction > Normalised [LOCODWNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Construction > Original series [LOCODWOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Consumer prices [LOCOPC]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Consumer prices > Normalised [LOCOPCNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Consumer prices > Original series [LOCOPCOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > CS - Confidence indicator [LOCOCI]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > CS - Confidence indicator > Normalised [LOCOCINO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > CS - Confidence indicator > Original series [LOCOCIOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > CS - Expected economic situation [LOCOCE]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > CS - Expected economic situation > Normalised [LOCOCENO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > CS - Expected economic situation > Original series [LOCOCEOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Currency conversion [LOCOEX]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Currency conversion > Normalised [LOCOEXNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Currency conversion > Original series [LOCOEXOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Employment - Unemployment [LOCOEM]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Employment - Unemployment > Normalised [LOCOEMNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Employment - Unemployment > Original series [LOCOEMOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Exports [LOCOTX]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Exports > Normalised [LOCOTXNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Exports > Original series [LOCOTXOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Exports of goods [LOCOXG]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Exports of goods > Normalised [LOCOXGNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Exports of goods > Original series [LOCOXGOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Hours [LOCOHS]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Hours > Normalised [LOCOHSNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Hours > Original series [LOCOHSOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Imports [LOCOTM]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Imports > Normalised [LOCOTMNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Imports > Original series [LOCOTMOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Imports of goods [LOCOMG]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Imports of goods > Normalised [LOCOMGNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Imports of goods > Original series [LOCOMGOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Inventories to shipments [LOCOIS]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Inventories to shipments > Normalised [LOCOISNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Inventories to shipments > Original series [LOCOISOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Long-term interest rate [LOCOLT]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Long-term interest rate > Normalised [LOCOLTNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Long-term interest rate > Original series [LOCOLTOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Monetary Aggregates [LOCOMA]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Monetary Aggregates > Normalised [LOCOMANO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Monetary Aggregates > Original series [LOCOMAOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Net trade [LOCONT]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Net trade > Normalised [LOCONTNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Net trade > Original series [LOCONTOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Orders [LOCOOD]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Orders > Normalised [LOCOODNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Orders > Original series [LOCOODOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Producer prices [LOCOPP]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Producer prices > Normalised [LOCOPPNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Producer prices > Original series [LOCOPPOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Basic metals [LOCOPB]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Basic metals > Normalised [LOCOPBNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Basic metals > Original series [LOCOPBOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Electricity [LOCOPE]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Electricity > Normalised [LOCOPENO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Electricity > Original series [LOCOPEOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Goods [LOCOPG]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Goods > Normalised [LOCOPGNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Goods > Original series [LOCOPGOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Mining and quarrying [LOCOPQ]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Mining and quarrying > Normalised [LOCOPQNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Mining and quarrying > Original series [LOCOPQOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Non metallic [LOCOPM]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Production - Non metallic > Normalised [LOCOPMNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Sales [LOCOSL]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Sales > Normalised [LOCOSLNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Sales > Original series [LOCOSLOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Share prices [LOCOSP]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Share prices > Normalised [LOCOSPNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Share prices > Original series [LOCOSPOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Short-term interest rate [LOCOST]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Short-term interest rate > Normalised [LOCOSTNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Short-term interest rate > Original series [LOCOSTOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Interest rate spread [LOCOSI]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Interest rate spread > Normalised [LOCOSINO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Interest rate spread > Original series [LOCOSIOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Stocks [LOCOSK]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Stocks > Normalised [LOCOSKNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Stocks > Original series [LOCOSKOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Terms of trade [LOCOTT]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Terms of trade > Normalised [LOCOTTNO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Terms of trade > Original series [LOCOTTOR]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Tourism activity [LOCOTA]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Tourism activity > Normalised [LOCOTANO]
    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series > Tourism activity > Original series [LOCOTAOR]
    Subject: Production [PR]
    Subject: Production > Mining [PRMI]
    Subject: Production > Mining > Total mining [PRMITO]
    Subject: Production > Mining > Total mining > Total [PRMITO01]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing [PRMN]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Total manufacturing [PRMNTO]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Total manufacturing > Total manufacturing [PRMNTO01]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Investment goods [PRMNVG]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Investment goods > Total [PRMNVG01]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Intermediate goods [PRMNIG]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Intermediate goods > Total [PRMNIG01]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Consumer goods [PRMNCG]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Consumer goods > Total [PRMNCG01]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Consumer goods > Durable goods [PRMNCG02]
    Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Consumer goods > Non durable goods [PRMNCG03]
    Subject: Production > Energy [PREN]
    Subject: Production > Energy > Total energy [PRENTO]
    Subject: Production > Energy > Total energy > Total [PRENTO01]
    Subject: Production > Energy > Electricity [PRENEL]
    Subject: Production > Energy > Electricity > Total [PRENEL01]
    Subject: Production > Energy > Production and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning [PREND4]
    Subject: Production > Energy > Production and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning > Total [PREND401]
    Subject: Production > Industry [PRIN]
    Subject: Production > Industry > Total industry [PRINTO]
    Subject: Production > Industry > Total industry > Total industry excluding construction [PRINTO01]
    Subject: Production > Industry > Total industry > Total industry including construction [PRINTO02]
    Subject: Production > Construction [PRCN]
    Subject: Production > Construction > Total construction [PRCNTO]
    Subject: Production > Construction > Total construction > Total [PRCNTO01]
    Subject: Production > Construction > Buildings [PRCNBD]
    Subject: Production > Construction > Buildings > Total [PRCNBD01]
    Subject: Sales [SL]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing [SLMN]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Total manufacturing [SLMNTO]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Total manufacturing > Volume [SLMNTO01]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Total manufacturing > Value [SLMNTO02]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Intermediate goods [SLMNIG]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Intermediate goods > Volume [SLMNIG01]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Intermediate goods > Value [SLMNIG02]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Investment goods [SLMNVG]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Investment goods > Volume [SLMNVG01]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Investment goods > Value [SLMNVG02]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods total [SLMNCT]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods total > Volume [SLMNCT01]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods total > Value [SLMNCT02]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods durable [SLMNCD]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods durable > Volume [SLMNCD01]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods durable > Value [SLMNCD02]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods non durable [SLMNCN]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods non durable > Volume [SLMNCN01]
    Subject: Sales > Manufacturing > Consumer goods non durable > Value [SLMNCN02]
    Subject: Sales > Retail trade [SLRT]
    Subject: Sales > Retail trade > Total retail trade [SLRTTO]
    Subject: Sales > Retail trade > Total retail trade > Volume [SLRTTO01]
    Subject: Sales > Retail trade > Total retail trade > Value [SLRTTO02]
    Subject: Sales > Retail trade > Car registration [SLRTCR]
    Subject: Sales > Retail trade > Car registration > Total [SLRTCR01]
    Subject: Sales > Retail trade > Car registration > Passenger cars [SLRTCR03]
    Subject: Sales > Wholesale trade [SLWH]
    Subject: Sales > Wholesale trade > Total wholesale trade [SLWHTO]
    Subject: Sales > Wholesale trade > Total wholesale trade > Volume [SLWHTO01]
    Subject: Sales > Wholesale trade > Total wholesale trade > Value [SLWHTO02]
    Subject: Orders [OD]
    Subject: Orders > Manufacturing [ODMN]
    Subject: Orders > Manufacturing > Total orders [ODMNTO]
    Subject: Orders > Manufacturing > Total orders > Volume [ODMNTO01]
    Subject: Orders > Manufacturing > Total orders > Value [ODMNTO02]
    Subject: Orders > Construction [ODCN]
    Subject: Orders > Construction > Permits issued [ODCNPI]
    Subject: Orders > Construction > Permits issued > Dwellings / Residential buildings [ODCNPI03]
    Subject: Work Started [WS]
    Subject: Work Started > Construction [WSCN]
    Subject: Work Started > Construction > Dwellings / Residential buildings [WSCNDW]
    Subject: Work Started > Construction > Dwellings / Residential buildings > Total [WSCNDW01]
    Subject: Short term statistics [ST]
    Subject: Short term statistics > Stocks - Manufacturing [STMN]
    Subject: Short term statistics > Stocks - Manufacturing > Total manufacturing [STMNTO]
    Subject: Short term statistics > Stocks - Manufacturing > Total manufacturing > Volume [STMNTO01]
    Subject: Short term statistics > Stocks - Manufacturing > Inventories to shipments [STMNIS]
    Subject: Short term statistics > Stocks - Manufacturing > Inventories to shipments > Total [STMNIS01]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) [BN]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Business situation [BNBU]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Business situation > Current [BNBUCT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Business situation > Current > National indicator [BNBUCT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Business situation > Future tendency [BNBUFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Business situation > Future tendency > National indicator [BNBUFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Raw Material Stocks [BNRM]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Raw Material Stocks > Tendency [BNRMTE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Raw Material Stocks > Tendency > National indicator [BNRMTE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Employment [BNEM]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Employment > Tendency [BNEMTE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Employment > Tendency > National indicator [BNEMTE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Employment > Future Tendency [BNEMFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Employment > Future Tendency > National indicator [BNEMFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Orders intentions or demand [BNOD]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Orders intentions or demand > Tendency [BNODTE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) > Orders intentions or demand > Tendency > National indicator [BNODTE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) [BR]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Business situation - Activity [BRBU]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Business situation - Activity > Future tendency [BRBUFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Business situation - Activity > Future tendency > National indicator [BRBUFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Business situation - Activity > Tendency [BRBUTE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Business situation - Activity > Tendency > National indicator [BRBUTE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Confidence indicators [BRCI]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators [BRCICP]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators > National indicator [BRCICP02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Volume of stocks [BRVS]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Volume of stocks > Level [BRVSLV]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Volume of stocks > Level > National indicator [BRVSLV02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Employment [BREM]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Employment > Future tendency [BREMFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Employment > Future tendency > National indicator [BREMFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Order intentions or Demand [BROD]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Order intentions or Demand > Future tendency [BRODFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) > Order intentions or Demand > Future tendency > National indicator [BRODFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) [BC]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Business situation - Activity [BCBU]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Business situation - Activity > Tendency [BCBUTE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Business situation - Activity > Tendency > National indicator [BCBUTE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Confidence indicators [BCCI]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators [BCCICP]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators > National indicator [BCCICP02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Order books [BCOB]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Order books > Level [BCOBLV]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Order books > Level > National indicator [BCOBLV02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Employment [BCEM]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Employment > Future tendency [BCEMFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Employment > Future tendency > National indicator [BCEMFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Selling prices [BCSP]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Selling prices > Future tendency [BCSPFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) > Selling prices > Future tendency > National indicator [BCSPFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) [BV]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Business situation - Activity [BVBU]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Business situation - Activity > Tendency [BVBUTE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Business situation - Activity > Tendency > National indicator [BVBUTE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Confidence Indicators [BVCI]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Confidence Indicators > Composite Indicators [BVCICP]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Confidence Indicators > Composite Indicators > National indicator [BVCICP02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Demand evolution [BVDE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Demand evolution > Tendency [BVDETE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Demand evolution > Tendency > National indicator [BVDETE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Demand evolution > Future tendency [BVDEFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Demand evolution > Future tendency > National indicator [BVDEFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Employment [BVEM]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Employment > Tendency [BVEMTE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Employment > Tendency > National indicator [BVEMTE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Employment > Future tendency [BVEMFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) > Employment > Future tendency > National indicator [BVEMFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) [BS]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Production [BSPR]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Production > Tendency [BSPRTE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Production > Tendency > National indicator [BSPRTE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Production > Future Tendency [BSPRFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Production > Future Tendency > National indicator [BSPRFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Finished goods stocks [BSFG]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Finished goods stocks > Level [BSFGLV]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Finished goods stocks > Level > National indicator [BSFGLV02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Order books [BSOB]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Order books > Level [BSOBLV]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Order books > Level > National indicator [BSOBLV02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Orders inflow [BSOI]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Orders inflow > Tendency [BSOITE]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Orders inflow > Tendency > National indicator [BSOITE02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Export order books or demand [BSXR]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Export order books or demand > Level [BSXRLV]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Export order books or demand > Level > National indicator [BSXRLV02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Selling prices [BSSP]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Selling prices > Future tendency [BSSPFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Selling prices > Future tendency > National indicator [BSSPFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Employment [BSEM]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Employment > Future Tendency [BSEMFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Employment > Future Tendency > National indicator [BSEMFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Capacity utilisation [BSCU]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Capacity utilisation > Rate of capacity utilisation [BSCURT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Capacity utilisation > Rate of capacity utilisation > National indicator [BSCURT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Business situation [BSBU]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Business situation > Current [BSBUCT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Business situation > Current > National indicator [BSBUCT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Business situation > Future tendency [BSBUFT]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Business situation > Future tendency > National indicator [BSBUFT02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Confidence indicators [BSCI]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators [BSCICP]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators > National indicator [BSCICP02]
    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators > OECD Indicator [BSCICP03]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys [CS]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Economic Situation [CSES]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Economic Situation > Future tendency [CSESFT]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Economic Situation > Future tendency > National indicator [CSESFT02]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Confidence indicators [CSCI]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators [CSCICP]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators > National indicator [CSCICP02]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators > OECD Indicator [CSCICP03]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Consumer prices (inflation) [CSIN]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Consumer prices (inflation) > Future tendency [CSINFT]
    Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Consumer prices (inflation) > Future tendency > National indicator [CSINFT02]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels [LF]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Population (LFS basis) [LFPO]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Population (LFS basis) > All ages [LFPOTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Population (LFS basis) > All ages > All persons [LFPOTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Population (LFS basis) > All ages > Females [LFPOTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Population (LFS basis) > All ages > Males [LFPOTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population [LFWA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15 and over [LFWATT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LFWATTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15 and over > Females [LFWATTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15 and over > Males [LFWATTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-24 [LFWA24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LFWA24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-24 > Females [LFWA24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-24 > Males [LFWA24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 25-54 [LFWA25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 25-54 > All persons [LFWA25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 25-54 > Females [LFWA25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 25-54 > Males [LFWA25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 55-64 [LFWA55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LFWA55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 55-64 > Females [LFWA55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 55-64 > Males [LFWA55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-64 [LFWA64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LFWA64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-64 > Females [LFWA64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-64 > Males [LFWA64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-74 [LFWA74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LFWA74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-74 > Females [LFWA74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population > Aged 15-74 > Males [LFWA74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population [LFAC]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15 and over [LFACTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LFACTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15 and over > Females [LFACTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15 and over > Males [LFACTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-24 [LFAC24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LFAC24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-24 > Females [LFAC24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-24 > Males [LFAC24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 25-54 [LFAC25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 25-54 > All persons [LFAC25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 25-54 > Females [LFAC25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 25-54 > Males [LFAC25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 55-64 [LFAC55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LFAC55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 55-64 > Females [LFAC55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 55-64 > Males [LFAC55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-64 [LFAC64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LFAC64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-64 > Females [LFAC64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-64 > Males [LFAC64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-74 [LFAC74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LFAC74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-74 > Females [LFAC74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population > Aged 15-74 > Males [LFAC74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population [LFEM]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15 and over [LFEMTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LFEMTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15 and over > Females [LFEMTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15 and over > Males [LFEMTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-24 [LFEM24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LFEM24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-24 > Females [LFEM24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-24 > Males [LFEM24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 25-54 [LFEM25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 25-54 > All persons [LFEM25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 25-54 > Females [LFEM25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 25-54 > Males [LFEM25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 55-64 [LFEM55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LFEM55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 55-64 > Females [LFEM55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 55-64 > Males [LFEM55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-64 [LFEM64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LFEM64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-64 > Females [LFEM64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-64 > Males [LFEM64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-74 [LFEM74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LFEM74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-74 > Females [LFEM74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population > Aged 15-74 > Males [LFEM74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity [LFEA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Agriculture [LFEAAG]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Agriculture > All persons [LFEAAGTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Industry including construction [LFEAIC]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Industry including construction > All persons [LFEAICTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Industry excluding construction [LFEAIN]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Industry excluding construction > All persons [LFEAINTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Manufacturing [LFEAMN]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Manufacturing > All persons [LFEAMNTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Construction [LFEACN]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Construction > All persons [LFEACNTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Services [LFEASE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by economic activity > Services > All persons [LFEASETT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by professional status [LFES]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by professional status > Employees [LFESEE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by professional status > Employees > Total [LFESEETT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population [LFUN]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15 and over [LFUNTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LFUNTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15 and over > Females [LFUNTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15 and over > Males [LFUNTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-24 [LFUN24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-24 > Total [LFUN24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-24 > Females [LFUN24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-24 > Males [LFUN24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 25-54 [LFUN25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 25-54 > Total [LFUN25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 25-54 > Females [LFUN25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 25-54 > Males [LFUN25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 55-64 [LFUN55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LFUN55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 55-64 > Females [LFUN55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 55-64 > Males [LFUN55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-64 [LFUN64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LFUN64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-64 > Females [LFUN64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-64 > Males [LFUN64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-74 [LFUN74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LFUN74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-74 > Females [LFUN74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population > Aged 15-74 > Males [LFUN74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployment - by duration [LFUT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployment - by duration > Short term (less than 1 year) [LFUTST]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployment - by duration > Short term (less than 1 year) > All persons [LFUTSTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployment - by duration > Long term (1 year and over) [LFUTLT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployment - by duration > Long term (1 year and over) > All persons [LFUTLTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population [LFIN]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15 and over [LFINTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LFINTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15 and over > Females [LFINTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15 and over > Males [LFINTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-24 [LFIN24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LFIN24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-24 > Females [LFIN24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-24 > Males [LFIN24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 25-54 [LFIN25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 25-54 > All persons [LFIN25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 25-54 > Females [LFIN25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 25-54 > Males [LFIN25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 55-64 [LFIN55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LFIN55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 55-64 > Females [LFIN55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 55-64 > Males [LFIN55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-64 [LFIN64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LFIN64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-64 > Females [LFIN64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-64 > Males [LFIN64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-74 [LFIN74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LFIN74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-74 > Females [LFIN74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Inactive population > Aged 15-74 > Males [LFIN74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels [LFHU]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Total [LFHUTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Total > All persons [LFHUTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Total > Females [LFHUTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Total > Males [LFHUTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Aged 15-24 [LFHU24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LFHU24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Aged 15-24 > Females [LFHU24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Aged 15-24 > Males [LFHU24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Aged 25 and over [LFHUAD]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Aged 25 and over > All persons [LFHUADTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Aged 25 and over > Females [LFHUADFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Harmonised unemployment - monthly levels > Aged 25 and over > Males [LFHUADMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates [LR]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment to population rate [LREP]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment to population rate > All ages [LREPTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment to population rate > All ages > All persons [LREPTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment to population rate > All ages > Females [LREPTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment to population rate > All ages > Males [LREPTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment to population rate [LRUP]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment to population rate > All ages [LRUPTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment to population rate > All ages > All persons [LRUPTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment to population rate > All ages > Females [LRUPTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment to population rate > All ages > Males [LRUPTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate [LRAC]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15 and over [LRACTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LRACTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15 and over > Females [LRACTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15 and over > Males [LRACTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-24 [LRAC24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LRAC24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-24 > Females [LRAC24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-24 > Males [LRAC24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 25-54 [LRAC25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 25-54 > All persons [LRAC25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 25-54 > Females [LRAC25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 25-54 > Males [LRAC25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 55-64 [LRAC55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LRAC55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 55-64 > Females [LRAC55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 55-64 > Males [LRAC55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-64 [LRAC64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LRAC64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-64 > Females [LRAC64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-64 > Males [LRAC64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-74 [LRAC74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LRAC74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-74 > Females [LRAC74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate > Aged 15-74 > Males [LRAC74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate [LREM]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15 and over [LREMTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LREMTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15 and over > Females [LREMTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15 and over > Males [LREMTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-24 [LREM24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LREM24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-24 > Females [LREM24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-24 > Males [LREM24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 25-54 [LREM25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 25-54 > All persons [LREM25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 25-54 > Females [LREM25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 25-54 > Males [LREM25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 55-64 [LREM55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LREM55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 55-64 > Females [LREM55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 55-64 > Males [LREM55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-64 [LREM64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LREM64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-64 > Females [LREM64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-64 > Males [LREM64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-74 [LREM74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LREM74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-74 > Females [LREM74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate > Aged 15-74 > Males [LREM74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate [LRUN]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15 and over [LRUNTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LRUNTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15 and over > Females [LRUNTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15 and over > Males [LRUNTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-24 [LRUN24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LRUN24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-24 > Females [LRUN24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-24 > Males [LRUN24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 25-54 [LRUN25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 25-54 > All persons [LRUN25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 25-54 > Females [LRUN25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 25-54 > Males [LRUN25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 55-64 [LRUN55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LRUN55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 55-64 > Females [LRUN55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 55-64 > Males [LRUN55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-64 [LRUN64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LRUN64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-64 > Females [LRUN64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-64 > Males [LRUN64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-74 [LRUN74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LRUN74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-74 > Females [LRUN74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate > Aged 15-74 > Males [LRUN74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate [LRIN]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15 and over [LRINTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15 and over > All persons [LRINTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15 and over > Females [LRINTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15 and over > Males [LRINTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-24 [LRIN24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LRIN24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-24 > Females [LRIN24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-24 > Males [LRIN24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 25-54 [LRIN25]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 25-54 > All persons [LRIN25TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 25-54 > Females [LRIN25FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 25-54 > Males [LRIN25MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 55-64 [LRIN55]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 55-64 > All persons [LRIN55TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 55-64 > Females [LRIN55FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 55-64 > Males [LRIN55MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-64 [LRIN64]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-64 > All persons [LRIN64TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-64 > Females [LRIN64FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-64 > Males [LRIN64MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-74 [LRIN74]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-74 > All persons [LRIN74TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-74 > Females [LRIN74FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate > Aged 15-74 > Males [LRIN74MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates [LRHU]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Total [LRHUTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Total > All persons [LRHUTTTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Total > Females [LRHUTTFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Total > Males [LRHUTTMA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Aged 15-24 [LRHU24]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Aged 15-24 > All persons [LRHU24TT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Aged 15-24 > Females [LRHU24FE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Aged 15-24 > Males [LRHU24MA]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Aged 25 and over [LRHUAD]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Aged 25 and over > All persons [LRHUADTT]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Aged 25 and over > Females [LRHUADFE]
    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates > Aged 25 and over > Males [LRHUADMA]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures [LM]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Registered unemployment [LMUN]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Registered unemployment > Level [LMUNRL]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Registered unemployment > Level > Total [LMUNRLTT]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Registered unemployment > Rate [LMUNRR]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Registered unemployment > Rate > Total [LMUNRRTT]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Job vacancies [LMJV]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Job vacancies > Total [LMJVTT]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Job vacancies > Total > Unfilled vacancies (stock) [LMJVTTUV]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Job vacancies > Total > New vacancies (flow) [LMJVTTNV]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Job vacancies > Private sector [LMJVPR]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Job vacancies > Private sector > Unfilled vacancies (stock) [LMJVPRUV]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Job vacancies > Public sector [LMJVPB]
    Subject: Labour - other labour market measures > Job vacancies > Public sector > Unfilled vacancies (stock) [LMJVPBUV]
    Subject: Hours [HO]
    Subject: Hours > Hours worked [HOHW]
    Subject: Hours > Hours worked > Industry excluding construction [HOHWIN]
    Subject: Hours > Hours worked > Industry excluding construction > Monthly [HOHWIN03]
    Subject: Hours > Hours worked > Manufacturing [HOHWMN]
    Subject: Hours > Hours worked > Manufacturing > Monthly [HOHWMN03]
    Subject: Hours > Hours worked > Manufacturing > Weekly [HOHWMN02]
    Subject: Hours > Hours worked > Industry and services [HOHWIS]
    Subject: Hours > Hours worked > Industry and services > Monthly [HOHWIS03]
    Subject: Hours > Overtime hours [HOOV]
    Subject: Hours > Overtime hours > Manufacturing [HOOVMN]
    Subject: Hours > Overtime hours > Manufacturing > Monthly [HOOVMN03]
    Subject: Hours > Overtime hours > Manufacturing > Weekly [HOOVMN02]
    Subject: Labour Compensation [LC]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings [LCEA]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > All activities [LCEATT]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > All activities > Hourly [LCEATT01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > All activities > Weekly [LCEATT02]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > All activities > Monthly [LCEATT03]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > All activities > Real monthly earnings [LCEATT04]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Industry [LCEAIN]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Industry > Hourly [LCEAIN01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Industry > Monthly [LCEAIN03]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing and mining [LCEAMM]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing and mining > Hourly [LCEAMM01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing and mining > Monthly [LCEAMM03]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing [LCEAMN]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing > Hourly [LCEAMN01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing > Weekly [LCEAMN02]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing > Monthly [LCEAMN03]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing > Real monthly earnings [LCEAMN04]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing > National accounts: total [LCEAMN06]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Private sector [LCEAPR]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Private sector > Hourly [LCEAPR01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Private sector > Weekly [LCEAPR02]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Private sector > Monthly [LCEAPR03]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate [LCWR]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate > All activities [LCWRTT]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate > All activities > Hourly [LCWRTT01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate > Manufacturing [LCWRMN]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate > Manufacturing > Hourly [LCWRMN01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate > Industry [LCWRIN]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate > Industry > Hourly [LCWRIN01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate > Private sector [LCWRPR]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Wage Rate > Private sector > Hourly [LCWRPR01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Unit Labour Cost [LCUL]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Unit Labour Cost > Manufacturing [LCULMN]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Unit Labour Cost > Manufacturing > Total [LCULMN01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Labour cost [LCLC]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Labour cost > Manufacturing and mining [LCLCMM]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Labour cost > Manufacturing and mining > Total [LCLCMM01]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Labour cost > Private sector [LCLCPR]
    Subject: Labour Compensation > Labour cost > Private sector > Total [LCLCPR01]
    Subject: Unit Labour Costs [UL]
    Subject: Unit Labour Costs > Early Estimate of Quarterly ULC indicators [ULQE]
    Subject: Unit Labour Costs > Early Estimate of Quarterly ULC indicators > Unit Labour Costs [ULQEUL]
    Subject: Unit Labour Costs > Early Estimate of Quarterly ULC indicators > Unit Labour Costs > Total [ULQEUL01]
    Subject: Unit Labour Costs > Early Estimate of Quarterly ULC indicators > Labour Compensation per Unit of Labour Input [ULQECU]
    Subject: Unit Labour Costs > Early Estimate of Quarterly ULC indicators > Labour Compensation per Unit of Labour Input > Total [ULQECU01]
    Subject: Unit Labour Costs > Early Estimate of Quarterly ULC indicators > Labour Productivity [ULQELP]
    Subject: Unit Labour Costs > Early Estimate of Quarterly ULC indicators > Labour Productivity > Total [ULQELP01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index [PI]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities [PIEA]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Industrial activities [PIEATI]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Industrial activities > Total [PIEATI01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Industrial activities > Domestic [PIEATI02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Mining and quarrying activities [PIEAMI]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Mining and quarrying activities > Total [PIEAMI01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Mining and quarrying activities > Domestic [PIEAMI02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Manufacturing [PIEAMP]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Manufacturing > Total [PIEAMP01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Manufacturing > Domestic [PIEAMP02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Manufacture of food products [PIEAFD]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Manufacture of food products > Total [PIEAFD01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Manufacture of food products > Domestic [PIEAFD02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Energy [PIEAEN]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Energy > Total [PIEAEN01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Economic activities > Energy > Domestic [PIEAEN02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods [PITG]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Investments goods [PITGVG]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Investments goods > Total [PITGVG01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Investments goods > Domestic [PITGVG02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Intermediate goods [PITGIG]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Intermediate goods > Total [PITGIG01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Intermediate goods > Domestic [PITGIG02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Consumer goods [PITGCG]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Consumer goods > Total [PITGCG01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Consumer goods > Domestic [PITGCG02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Durable consumer goods [PITGCD]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Durable consumer goods > Total [PITGCD01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Durable consumer goods > Domestic [PITGCD02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Non durable consumer goods [PITGND]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Non durable consumer goods > Total [PITGND01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Type of goods > Non durable consumer goods > Domestic [PITGND02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing [PISP]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Primary products [PISPPR]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Primary products > Total [PISPPR01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Primary products > Domestic [PISPPR02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Intermediate goods [PISPIG]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Intermediate goods > Total [PISPIG01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Intermediate goods > Domestic [PISPIG02]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Finished goods [PISPFG]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Finished goods > Total [PISPFG01]
    Subject: Producer Prices Index > Stage of processing > Finished goods > Domestic [PISPFG02]
    Subject: Wholesale prices [WP]
    Subject: Wholesale prices > Industry aggregates [WPIA]
    Subject: Wholesale prices > Industry aggregates > Total [WPIATT]
    Subject: Wholesale prices > Industry aggregates > Total > Total [WPIATT01]
    Subject: Wholesale prices > Industry aggregates > Manufactured products [WPIAMP]
    Subject: Wholesale prices > Industry aggregates > Manufactured products > Total [WPIAMP01]
    Subject: Wholesale prices > Other wholesale prices [WPOT]
    Subject: Wholesale prices > Other wholesale prices > Food [WPOTFD]
    Subject: Wholesale prices > Other wholesale prices > Food > Total [WPOTFD01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index [CP]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > All items [CPAL]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > All items > Total [CPALTT]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > All items > Total > Total [CPALTT01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > All items > All items: City [CPALCY]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > All items > All items: City > Total [CPALCY01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > All items > All items: wage earners [CPALWE]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > All items > All items: wage earners > Total [CPALWE01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > OECD Groups [CPGR]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > OECD Groups > All items non-food non-energy [CPGRLE]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > OECD Groups > All items non-food non-energy > Total [CPGRLE01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > OECD Groups > Energy (Fuel, electricity & gasoline) [CPGREN]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > OECD Groups > Energy (Fuel, electricity & gasoline) > Total [CPGREN01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods [CPGD]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > All goods [CPGDTT]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > All goods > Total [CPGDTT01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > All goods less food [CPGDLF]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > All goods less food > Total [CPGDLF01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > Imported goods [CPGDIM]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > Imported goods > Total [CPGDIM01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > Non-durable goods [CPGDND]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > Non-durable goods > Total [CPGDND01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > Food [CPGDFD]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > Food > Food (incl. restaurants) [CPGDFD01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Goods > Food > Food (excl restaurants) [CPGDFD02]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services [CPSE]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services > Total services [CPSETT]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services > Total services > Total [CPSETT01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services > Services less housing [CPSELR]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services > Services less housing > Total [CPSELR01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services > Services less housing > National definition [CPSELR02]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services > Rent, imputed rent, repairs & maintenance [CPSEHO]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services > Rent, imputed rent, repairs & maintenance > Total [CPSEHO01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Services > Rent, imputed rent, repairs & maintenance > Rent, repairs & maintenance [CPSEHO05]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices [CPHP]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > All items [CPHPTT]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > All items > Total [CPHPTT01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > Energy [CPHPEN]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > Energy > Total [CPHPEN01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > Services [CPHPSE]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > Services > Total [CPHPSE01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > Actual rentals for housing [CPHPHO]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > Actual rentals for housing > Total [CPHPHO01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > All items less food, energy, tobacco, alcohol [CPHPLA]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > All items less food, energy, tobacco, alcohol > Total [CPHPLA01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > Food and non-Alcoholic beverages (COICOP 01) [CPHP01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices > Food and non-Alcoholic beverages (COICOP 01) > Total [CPHP0100]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Retail price index [CPRP]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Retail price index > RPI All items [CPRPTT]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Retail price index > RPI All items > RPI All items [CPRPTT01]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Retail price index > RPI All items > RPI All items less mortgage interest rate [CPRPTT02]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Health (COICOP 06) [CP06]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Health (COICOP 06) > Total [CP0600]
    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Health (COICOP 06) > Total > Total [CP060000]
    Subject: Other prices [OP]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction [OPCN]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction > Total buildings [OPCNTB]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction > Total buildings > Total [OPCNTB01]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction > Residential [OPCNRE]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction > Residential > Total [OPCNRE01]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction > Total construction [OPCNTT]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction > Total construction > Total [OPCNTT01]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction > Social housing [OPCNSH]
    Subject: Other prices > Cost of Construction > Social housing > Total [OPCNSH01]
    Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components [MA]
    Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components > Narrow money and components [MANM]
    Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components > Narrow money and components > M1 and components [MANMM1]
    Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components > Narrow money and components > M1 and components > M1 [MANMM101]
    Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components > Broad money and components [MABM]
    Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components > Broad money and components > M3 [MABMM3]
    Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components > Broad money and components > M3 > M3 [MABMM301]
    Subject: Interest Rates [IR]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) [IRST]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Central bank rates [IRSTCB]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Central bank rates > Total [IRSTCB01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Liquidity credit rates [IRSTLQ]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Liquidity credit rates > Total [IRSTLQ01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Call money/interbank rate [IRSTCI]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Call money/interbank rate > Total [IRSTCI01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Federal funds rate [IRSTFR]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Federal funds rate > Total [IRSTFR01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Prime rates [IRSTPI]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) > Prime rates > Total [IRSTPI01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields [IR3T]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Interbank rates [IR3TIB]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Interbank rates > Total [IR3TIB01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Treasury securities [IR3TTS]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Treasury securities > Total [IR3TTS01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Commercial/corporate paper [IR3TCP]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Commercial/corporate paper > Total [IR3TCP01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Certificates of deposit [IR3TCD]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Certificates of deposit > Total [IR3TCD01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Bank bills [IR3TBB]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Bank bills > Total [IR3TBB01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Eurodollar deposits [IR3TED]
    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields > Eurodollar deposits > Total [IR3TED01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other 3-month rates [IR3O]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other 3-month rates > Bank deposit rates [IR3OBD]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other 3-month rates > Bank deposit rates > Total [IR3OBD01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields [IRLT]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields > 6-month to 2-year [IRLTST]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields > 6-month to 2-year > Total [IRLTST01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields > 2- to 9-year [IRLTMT]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields > 2- to 9-year > Total [IRLTMT01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields > 10-year [IRLTLT]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields > 10-year > Main (including benchmark) [IRLTLT01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields > Combined terms [IRLTCT]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields > Combined terms > Total [IRLTCT01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other long term rates and yields [IRLO]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other long term rates and yields > Bank loans [IRLOBL]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other long term rates and yields > Bank loans > Bank loans [IRLOBL01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other long term rates and yields > Housing [IRLOHO]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other long term rates and yields > Housing > Housing bonds [IRLOHO01]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Other long term rates and yields > Housing > Mortgage rates [IRLOHO02]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Spread of interest rates [IRSP]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Spread of interest rates > Total [IRSPTT]
    Subject: Interest Rates > Spread of interest rates > Total > Total [IRSPTT01]
    Subject: Share Prices [SP]
    Subject: Share Prices > All shares/broad [SPAS]
    Subject: Share Prices > All shares/broad > Total [SPASTT]
    Subject: Share Prices > All shares/broad > Total > Total [SPASTT01]
    Subject: Share Prices > Industrials [SPIN]
    Subject: Share Prices > Industrials > Total [SPINTT]
    Subject: Share Prices > Industrials > Total > Total [SPINTT01]
    Subject: Currency Conversions [CC]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > US$ exchange rate [CCUS]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > US$ exchange rate > Spot, end of period [CCUSSP]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > US$ exchange rate > Spot, end of period > USD:national currency [CCUSSP01]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > US$ exchange rate > Spot, end of period > National currency:USD [CCUSSP02]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > US$ exchange rate > Average of daily rates [CCUSMA]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > US$ exchange rate > Average of daily rates > National currency:USD [CCUSMA02]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > EURO exchange rate [CCEU]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > EURO exchange rate > Spot, end of period [CCEUSP]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > EURO exchange rate > Spot, end of period > EUR:national currency [CCEUSP01]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > EURO exchange rate > Spot, end of period > National currency:EUR [CCEUSP02]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > Real effective exchange rates [CCRE]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > Real effective exchange rates > Overall Economy [CCRETT]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > Real effective exchange rates > Overall Economy > CPI [CCRETT01]
    Subject: Currency Conversions > Real effective exchange rates > Overall Economy > ULC [CCRETT02]
    Subject: International Trade [XT]
    Subject: International Trade > Exports [XTEX]
    Subject: International Trade > Exports > Value (goods) [XTEXVA]
    Subject: International Trade > Exports > Value (goods) > Total [XTEXVA01]
    Subject: International Trade > Exports > Value (goods) > Excluding ships and oil platforms [XTEXVA03]
    Subject: International Trade > Exports > Value (goods) > To EU15 countries [XTEXVA04]
    Subject: International Trade > Imports [XTIM]
    Subject: International Trade > Imports > Value (goods) [XTIMVA]
    Subject: International Trade > Imports > Value (goods) > Total [XTIMVA01]
    Subject: International Trade > Imports > Value (goods) > Excluding ships and oil platforms [XTIMVA03]
    Subject: International Trade > Imports > Value (goods) > From EU15 countries [XTIMVA04]
    Subject: International Trade > Net trade [XTNT]
    Subject: International Trade > Net trade > Value (goods) [XTNTVA]
    Subject: International Trade > Net trade > Value (goods) > Total [XTNTVA01]
    Subject: International Trade > Net trade > Value (goods) > With EU15 countries [XTNTVA02]
    Subject: International Trade > Ratio: Exports to imports [XTEI]
    Subject: International Trade > Ratio: Exports to imports > Total [XTEITT]
    Subject: International Trade > Ratio: Exports to imports > Total > Total [XTEITT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) [BP]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit [BPCR]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Trade: exports of goods [BPCRTD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Trade: exports of goods > Total [BPCRTD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Trade: exports of goods > % of Current Account [BPCRTD02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Income [BPCRIN]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Income > Total [BPCRIN01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Income > % of Current Account [BPCRIN02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Services [BPCRSE]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Services > Total [BPCRSE01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Services > % of Current Account [BPCRSE02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Services > % of Goods and Services [BPCRSE03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Transfers [BPCRTF]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Credit > Transfers > Total [BPCRTF01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit [BPDB]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Trade: Imports of goods [BPDBTD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Trade: Imports of goods > Total [BPDBTD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Income [BPDBIN]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Income > Total [BPDBIN01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Income > % of Current Account [BPDBIN02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Services [BPDBSE]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Services > Total [BPDBSE01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Services > % of Current Account [BPDBSE02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Services > % of Goods and Services [BPDBSE03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Transfers [BPDBTF]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Debit > Transfers > Total [BPDBTF01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance [BPBL]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Total [BPBLTT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Total > Total [BPBLTT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Trade: goods [BPBLTD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Trade: goods > Total [BPBLTD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Income [BPBLIN]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Income > Total [BPBLIN01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Services [BPBLSE]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Services > Total [BPBLSE01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Transfers [BPBLTF]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Current Account Balance > Transfers > Total [BPBLTF01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital and Financial Accounts [BPCF]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital and Financial Accounts > Total balance [BPCFTT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital and Financial Accounts > Total balance > Including change in reserve assets [BPCFTT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital and Financial Accounts > Total balance > Excl. change in official reserves [BPCFTT02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital Account [BPCA]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital Account > Net Capital Account [BPCATT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital Account > Net Capital Account > Total [BPCATT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital Account > Total Credit [BPCATC]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital Account > Total Credit > Total [BPCATC01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital Account > Total Debit [BPCATD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Capital Account > Total Debit > Total [BPCATD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account [BPFA]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Net Financial account [BPFATT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Net Financial account > Incl. change in official reserves [BPFATT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Net Financial account > Excl. change in official reserves [BPFATT02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Direct investment [BPFADI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Direct investment > Net Direct investment [BPFADI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Direct investment > Direct investment abroad (assets) [BPFADI02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Direct investment > Direct foreign investment in reporting country (liabilities) [BPFADI03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Portfolio investment [BPFAPI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Portfolio investment > Net portfolio investment [BPFAPI10]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Portfolio investment > Portfolio investment assets [BPFAPI02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Portfolio investment > Portfolio investment liabilities [BPFAPI03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Other investment [BPFAOI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Other investment > Net other investment [BPFAOI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Other investment > Other investment assets [BPFAOI02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Other investment > Other investment liabilities [BPFAOI03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Financial derivatives [BPFAFD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Financial derivatives > Net financial derivatives [BPFAFD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Financial derivatives > Financial derivatives assets [BPFAFD02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Financial derivatives > Financial derivatives liabilities [BPFAFD03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Change in reserve assets [BPFARA]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Change in reserve assets > Including valuation assets [BPFARA01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Change in reserve assets > Excluding valuation assets [BPFARA02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Financial Account > Change in reserve assets > Valuation changes [BPFARA03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Net Errors and Omissions [BPEO]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Net Errors and Omissions > Total [BPEOTT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) > Net Errors and Omissions > Total > Total [BPEOTT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 [B6]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit [B6CR]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Total Credits [B6CRTT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Total Credits > Total [B6CRTT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Goods [B6CRTD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Goods > Total Credits [B6CRTD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Goods > Net exports of goods under merchanting, credits [B6CRTD20]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Goods > Goods acquired under merchanting (negative credit), credits [B6CRTD21]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Goods > Goods sold under merchanting, credits [B6CRTD22]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Services [B6CRSE]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Services > Total Credits [B6CRSE01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Services > % of Current Account [B6CRSE02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Services > % of Goods and Services [B6CRSE03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Primary income [B6CRPI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Primary income > Total Credits [B6CRPI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Secondary income [B6CRSI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Credit > Secondary income > Total Credits [B6CRSI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit [B6DB]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Total Debits [B6DBTT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Total Debits > Total [B6DBTT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Goods [B6DBTD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Goods > Total Debits [B6DBTD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Services [B6DBSE]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Services > Total Debits [B6DBSE01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Services > % of Current Account [B6DBSE02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Services > % of Goods and Services [B6DBSE03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Primary income [B6DBPI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Primary income > Total Debits [B6DBPI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Secondary income [B6DBSI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Debit > Secondary income > Total Debits [B6DBSI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance [B6BL]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Current account [B6BLTT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Current account > Balance [B6BLTT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Current account > Current account % of GDP [B6BLTT02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Goods [B6BLTD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Goods > Balance [B6BLTD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Goods > Net exports of goods under merchanting, balance [B6BLTD20]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Goods > Goods acquired under merchanting (negative credit), balance [B6BLTD21]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Goods > Goods sold under merchanting, balance [B6BLTD22]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Services [B6BLSE]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Services > Balance [B6BLSE01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Primary Income [B6BLPI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Primary Income > Balance [B6BLPI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Secondary Income [B6BLSI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Current Account Balance > Secondary Income > Balance [B6BLSI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account [B6CA]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Balance [B6CATT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Balance > Capital sccount, balance [B6CATT00]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Balance > Gross acquisitions/disposals of non-produced non-financial assets, balance [B6CATT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Balance > Capital transfers, balance [B6CATT02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Credits [B6CACR]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Credits > Capital account, credits [B6CACR00]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Credits > Gross acquisitions/disposals of non-produced non-financial assets, credits [B6CACR01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Credits > Capital transfers, credits [B6CACR02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Debits [B6CADB]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Debits > Capital account, debits [B6CADB00]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Debits > Gross acquisitions/disposals of non-produced non-financial assets, debits [B6CADB01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Capital Account > Capital Account, Debits > Capital transfers, debits [B6CADB02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account [B6FA]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Financial Account, Net [B6FATT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Financial Account, Net > Financial account, net [B6FATT01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Financial Account, Net acquisition of financial assets [B6FATC]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Financial Account, Net acquisition of financial assets > Total [B6FATC01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Financial Account, Net incurrence of liabilities [B6FATD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Financial Account, Net incurrence of liabilities > Total [B6FATD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Direct Investment [B6FADI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Direct Investment > Direct investment, net [B6FADI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Direct Investment > Direct investment, net acquisition of financial assets [B6FADI02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Direct Investment > Direct investment, net incurrence of liabilities [B6FADI03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Portfolio Investment [B6FAPI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Portfolio Investment > Portfolio investment, net [B6FAPI10]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Portfolio Investment > Portfolio investment, net acquisition of financial assets [B6FAPI02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Portfolio Investment > Portfolio investment, net incurrence of liabilities [B6FAPI03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Other Investment [B6FAOI]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Other Investment > Other investment, net [B6FAOI01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Other Investment > Other investment, net acquisition of financial assets [B6FAOI02]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Other Investment > Other investment, net incurrence of liabilities [B6FAOI03]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Financial Derivatives [B6FAFD]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Financial Derivatives > Financial derivatives, net [B6FAFD01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Reserve Assets [B6FARA]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account > Reserve Assets > Reserve assets, net [B6FARA01]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Net Errors and Omissions [B6EO]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Net Errors and Omissions > Net errors and omissions [B6EOTT]
    Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Net Errors and Omissions > Net errors and omissions > Net errors and omissions, total [B6EOTT01]
    Subject: National Accounts [NA]
    Subject: National Accounts > National Accounts Deflators [NAGI]
    Subject: National Accounts > National Accounts Deflators > Gross Domestic Product [NAGIGP]
    Subject: National Accounts > National Accounts Deflators > Gross Domestic Product > GDP Deflator [NAGIGP01]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure [NAEX]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Current Prices [NAEXCP]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Current Prices > Gross Domestic Product - Total [NAEXCP01]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Current Prices > Private Final Consumption Expenditure [NAEXCP02]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Current Prices > Government Final Consumption Expenditure [NAEXCP03]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Current Prices > Gross Fixed Capital Formation [NAEXCP04]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Current Prices > Changes in inventories and net acquisition of valuables [NAEXCP05]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Current Prices > Exports of Goods and Services [NAEXCP06]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Current Prices > less: Imports of Goods and Services [NAEXCP07]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Constant Prices [NAEXKP]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Constant Prices > Gross Domestic Product - Total [NAEXKP01]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Constant Prices > Private Final Consumption Expenditure [NAEXKP02]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Constant Prices > Government Final Consumption Expenditure [NAEXKP03]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Constant Prices > Gross Fixed Capital Formation [NAEXKP04]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Constant Prices > Changes in inventories and net acquisition of valuables [NAEXKP05]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Constant Prices > Exports of Goods and Services [NAEXKP06]
    Subject: National Accounts > GDP by Expenditure > Constant Prices > Less: Imports of Goods and Services [NAEXKP07]
  Measure
    Measure: Main Economic Indicators [MEI]
    Measure: Level, rate or national currency [ST]
    Measure: Level, rate or national currency, s.a. [STSA]
    Measure: Index 2010=100 [IXOB]
    Measure: Index 2010=100, s.a. [IXOBSA]
    Measure: Monthly level [ML]
    Measure: Monthly level, s.a. [MLSA]
    Measure: Quarterly level [QL]
    Measure: Quarterly level, s.a. [QLSA]
    Measure: National currency, monthly level [NCML]
    Measure: National currency, monthly level, s.a. [NCMLSA]
    Measure: National currency, sum over component sub-periods [NCCU]
    Measure: National currency, sum over component sub-periods s.a [NCCUSA]
    Measure: US Dollars, monthly level [CXML]
    Measure: US Dollars, monthly level, s.a. [CXMLSA]
    Measure: US Dollars, quarterly Level, s.a. [CXQLSA]
    Measure: US Dollars, sum over component sub-periods [CXCU]
    Measure: US Dollars, sum over component sub-periods, s.a. [CXCUSA]
    Measure: Normalised, seasonally adjusted (normal = 100) [IXNSA]
    Measure: Growth rate previous period [GP]
    Measure: Growth rate previous period, s.a. [GPSA]
    Measure: Growth rate same period previous year [GY]
    Measure: Growth rate same period previous year, s.a. [GYSA]
    Measure: Index same period previous year = 100 [IXPY]
  Frequency
    Frequency: Annual [A]
    Frequency: Quarterly [Q]
    Frequency: Monthly [M]
  Time
    Time: 1955 - 2016
    Time: S1-1955 - S2-2016
    Time: Q1-1955 - Q4-2016
    Time: Jan-1955 - Oct-2016

Dataset metadata     [Expand/Collapse]  [Hide/Show all metadata]
Main Economic Indicators Publication
Source
Contact person/organisation

OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org

    Database Specific
    Abstract

    Main Economic Indicators (MEI) provides a wide range of indicators on recent economic developments in the 35 OECD member countries and 15 non-member countries.The indicators published in MEI have been prepared by national statistical agencies primarily to meet the requirements of users within their own country. In most instances, the indicators are compiled in accordance with international statistical guidelines and recommendations. However, national practices may depart from these guidelines, and these departures may impact on comparability between countries.

      ^

      Dimension metadata     [Expand/Collapse]
      Country: Germany [DEU]     [Expand/Collapse]
      Other Aspects
      Other comments
      Germany (code DEU) was created 3 October 1990 by the accession of the Democratic Republic of Germany (code DDR) to the then Federal Republic of Germany (code DEW).
        ^
        Country: Israel [ISR]     [Expand/Collapse]
        Other Aspects
        Other comments
        The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
          ^
          Country: SDR [SDR]     [Expand/Collapse]
          Database Specific
          NOTE

          Special Drawing Rights (SDR)

            ^
            Country: Cyprus [CYP]     [Expand/Collapse]
            Other Aspects
            Other comments
            1. Footnote by Turkey
            The information in this database with reference to "Cyprus" relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the "Cyprus issue".

            2. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union
            The Republic of Cyprus is recognized by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this database relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
              ^
              Country: Lithuania [LTU]     [Expand/Collapse]
              Database Specific
              NOTE

              Formerly part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (code SUN)

                ^
                Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Reference series [LORS]     [Expand/Collapse]
                Concepts & Classifications
                Key statistical concept
                An OECD Composite Leading Indicator, as the name suggests, is constructed from a small number of economic time series that have similar cyclical fluctuations to those of the business cycle, and moreover have a tendency to turn earlier than the business cycle. The business cycle is typically represented by movements in GDP around its long term trend.
                Up till March 2012, the OECD system of composite leading indicators has used the index of industrial production (IIP) as a reference series, which is available on a monthly basis and has also, historically at least, displayed strong co-movements with GDP.

                In 2011 however the OECD has investigated whether methods could be applied to generate monthly estimates of GDP based on the official quarterly estimates.  This investigation has demonstrated that it is feasible to do so, whilst also continuing to provide high quality results. From April 2012 therefore the OECD has switched to using GDP as the reference, ceasing to rely on the IIP as an intermediate target.  The change means that the timeliness of the reference series decreases by approximately two months but the timeliness of the CLI is not affected and the change brings improved clarity and interpretability of the CLIs; as the CLI-based projections are directly readable as GDP projections. More detailed information explaining the changeover from the IIP to GDP as the reference series is available at: http://www.oecd.org/std/leading-indicators/49985449.pdf

                The GDP index derived from chained volume estimates in US dollars converted using 2005 Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) of GDP and are linearly interpolated and smoothed.
                  ^
                  Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Leading indicators > CLI > Amplitude adjusted [LOLITOAA]     [Expand/Collapse]
                  Concepts & Classifications
                  Key statistical concept
                  The CLI amplitude adjusted is the most straightforward way to present the CLI. The CLI is the average of de-trended and smoothed and normalised component series. The amplitude adjusted CLI rescales this ‘averaged' CLI to match the amplitudes of the de-trended reference series. This form allows for "output-gap" type interpretations.
                  The formula for calculating the amplitude adjusted CLI is:

                  CLIAAt=(CLINormt-100)*StDev(RefSeriesRT) + 100

                  Where CLIAAt is the amplitude adjusted CLI, CLINormt is the normalized CLI and StDev(RefSeriesRT) is the standard deviation of the de-trended reference series.
                    ^
                    Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Leading indicators > CLI > Trend restored [LOLITOTR]     [Expand/Collapse]
                    Concepts & Classifications
                    Key statistical concept
                    The trend restored CLI is the product of the trend of the reference series and the amplitude adjusted CLI. This form of the CLI facilitates analyses of classic business cycles. The trend restoration alters the position of peaks and troughs: in general peaks occur later and troughs occur earlier in the trend restored series than in the amplitude adjusted series.
                    The formula for calculating the trend restored CLI is:

                    CLITRt=(CLIAAt*RefSeriesTDt)/100

                    where CLITRt is the trend restored CLI, CLIAAt the amplitude adjusted CLI and RefSeriesTDt is the trend of the reference series.
                    Besides the levels of the series, we also present/calculate the 12 months rate of change of the trend restored CLI ; fluctuations of these series are comparable with the growth rate of the reference series and turning points of the real GDP.
                      ^
                      Subject: Leading Indicators OECD > Component series [LOCO]     [Expand/Collapse]
                      Concepts & Classifications
                      Key statistical concept

                      The OECD CLIs are composite indicators with components that:

                      measure early stages of production,

                      respond rapidly to changes in economic activity,

                      are sensitive to expectations of future activity or

                      are control variables that measure policy stance.
                      All components are passed through a series of filters before aggregation (seasonal adjustment, outlier detection, trend-removal, smoothing and normalisation). The composite indicator is constructed to preserve the leading properties of the components, but at the same time have more stable lead times, and have fewer missed or extra turning-points with respect to the business cycle than the components alone.
                        ^
                        Subject: Production [PR]     [Expand/Collapse]
                        Source
                        Contact person/organisation
                        OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                          Direct source
                          Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                            Source Periodicity
                            The data are generally available from sources every month. Exceptions (reported on a quarterly basis) are noted in country metadata.
                              Source metadata
                              This information is available at country level. Methodological information by country is also available from the IMF at: http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/sddshome
                                Data Characteristics
                                Variables collected
                                Depending on countries and sectors, production can be measured from deflated turnover or sales, value added, physical output, raw material inputs, hours worked or other employment data.
                                  Sampling
                                  Sample generally includes all units whose employments are above or equal to a certain threshold. Some country applies random sampling under this threshold.
                                    Base period
                                    OECD reference period is 2010.
                                      Population & Scope
                                      Statistical population
                                      OECD countries currently utilise one or a combinations of four statistical units (i.e. enterprise, kind-of-activity unit, local unit and establishment). Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                        Geographic coverage
                                        The whole legal territory of the country is generally covered. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                          Sector coverage
                                          Production indices are available by industrial sectors and by types of goods. The Index for Total industry covers sectors corresponding to B (Mining), C (Manufacturing) and D&E (Electricity, gas and water) of the ISIC Rev. 4 or NACE Rev. 2 classification. For some countries, the Index for Total industry including Construction (Category F) is also presented. Services sector refers to categories G to S.
                                            Item coverage
                                            Information under 'Production' broadly applies to production indices by economic activities and by type of goods. It may not be relevant for indicators relating to commodity output or to the rate of capacity utilisation for which more specific information is available below or in specific country metadata.
                                              Population coverage
                                              Small units in size of employment are generally excluded unless combined output of these units' activities represents a significant portion of the total production.
                                                Concepts & Classifications
                                                Key statistical concept
                                                Industrial production refers to the volume of output generated by production units classified under the industrial sectors, i.e. B, C, D and E of the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). Data are generally presented in indices of industrial production, which measure volume changes of output, as well as in physical volume or in a ratio. Specific information is available in country metadata.
                                                  Classification(s) used
                                                  International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). In the case of European countries, NACE Rev. 2, derived from ISIC Rev.4, is to be used, in general, as reference for statistics referring to economic activities performed as from 1 January 2008 onwards. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                    Aggregation and consolidation
                                                    Several Steps are generally involved in the aggregation process of the Index of Industrial Production. Initially, partial indices for production groups at a low level of the Industrial classification are calculated from the production of each group's representatives using weights determined by the representatives' gross output. These partial indices are then further aggregated.
                                                      Weights
                                                      Weights used to aggregate data at branch and product level are based on variables measuring the relative shares of the products and branches in the value added of industry, in the base year. Specific information on weights used by countries is noted in country metadata.
                                                        Seasonal adjustment
                                                        The main seasonal adjustment methods used across OECD countries are X12-ARIMA and TRAMO-SEATS. Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                          Other manipulations
                                                          Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                            ^
                                                            Subject: Production > Manufacturing > Investment goods > Total [PRMNVG01]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                            Source
                                                            Contact person/organisation
                                                            OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                              Direct source
                                                              Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                Source Periodicity
                                                                The data are generally available from sources every month. Exceptions (reported on a quarterly basis) are noted in country metadata.
                                                                  Source metadata
                                                                  This information is available at country level. Methodological information by country is also available from the IMF at: http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/sddshome
                                                                    Data Characteristics
                                                                    Variables collected
                                                                    Depending on countries and sectors, production can be measured from deflated turnover or sales, value added, physical output, raw material inputs, hours worked or other employment data.
                                                                      Sampling
                                                                      Sample generally includes all units whose employments are above or equal to a certain threshold. Some country applies random sampling under this threshold.
                                                                        Base period
                                                                        OECD reference period is 2010.
                                                                          Population & Scope
                                                                          Statistical population
                                                                          OECD countries currently utilise one or a combinations of four statistical units (i.e. enterprise, kind-of-activity unit, local unit and establishment). Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                            Geographic coverage
                                                                            The whole legal territory of the country is generally covered. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                              Sector coverage
                                                                              Production indices are available by industrial sectors and by types of goods. The Index for Total industry covers sectors corresponding to B (Mining), C (Manufacturing) and D&E (Electricity, gas and water) of the ISIC Rev. 4 or NACE Rev. 2 classification. For some countries, the Index for Total industry including Construction (Category F) is also presented. Services sector refers to categories G to S.
                                                                                Item coverage
                                                                                Information under 'Production' broadly applies to production indices by economic activities and by type of goods. It may not be relevant for indicators relating to commodity output or to the rate of capacity utilisation for which more specific information is available below or in specific country metadata.
                                                                                  Population coverage
                                                                                  Small units in size of employment are generally excluded unless combined output of these units' activities represents a significant portion of the total production.
                                                                                    Item coverage
                                                                                    Capital or investment goods are defined as goods, other than material inputs and fuel, used for the production of other goods and/or services. They include factory buildings, machinery, locomotives, lorries and tractors. Land is not usually regarded as a capital good.
                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                      Industrial production refers to the volume of output generated by production units classified under the industrial sectors, i.e. B, C, D and E of the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). Data are generally presented in indices of industrial production, which measure volume changes of output, as well as in physical volume or in a ratio. Specific information is available in country metadata.
                                                                                        Classification(s) used
                                                                                        International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). In the case of European countries, NACE Rev. 2, derived from ISIC Rev.4, is to be used, in general, as reference for statistics referring to economic activities performed as from 1 January 2008 onwards. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                          Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                          Several Steps are generally involved in the aggregation process of the Index of Industrial Production. Initially, partial indices for production groups at a low level of the Industrial classification are calculated from the production of each group's representatives using weights determined by the representatives' gross output. These partial indices are then further aggregated.
                                                                                            Weights
                                                                                            Weights used to aggregate data at branch and product level are based on variables measuring the relative shares of the products and branches in the value added of industry, in the base year. Specific information on weights used by countries is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                              Seasonal adjustment
                                                                                              The main seasonal adjustment methods used across OECD countries are X12-ARIMA and TRAMO-SEATS. Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                Other manipulations
                                                                                                Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                  ^
                                                                                                  Subject: Sales [SL]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                  Source
                                                                                                  Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                  OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                    Direct source
                                                                                                    Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                      Data Characteristics
                                                                                                      Link to Release calendar
                                                                                                      http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/calmultiarccountry/
                                                                                                        Population & Scope
                                                                                                        Geographic coverage
                                                                                                        The whole legal territory is generally covered. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                          Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                          Other manipulations
                                                                                                          Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                            ^
                                                                                                            Subject: Sales > Manufacturing [SLMN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                            Source
                                                                                                            Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                            OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                              Direct source
                                                                                                              Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                Name of collection/source
                                                                                                                In almost all countries, data are compiled from regular sample surveys. Exceptions (e.g. administrative data), are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                  Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                  Link to Release calendar
                                                                                                                  http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/calmultiarccountry/
                                                                                                                    Unit of measure used
                                                                                                                    Data are expressed as indices with average for a reference year equal to 100. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                      Population & Scope
                                                                                                                      Geographic coverage
                                                                                                                      The whole legal territory is generally covered. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                        Sector coverage
                                                                                                                        Data cover the activities listed in Section C of ISIC Rev. 4 or NACE Rev. 2. Further information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                          Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                          Other manipulations
                                                                                                                          Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                            Data refer to value or volume of manufactured goods sold or delivered in domestic or foreign market. Data generally exclude discounts, returns, allowances and taxes. Manufactured goods can be further disaggregated by types of goods such as intermediate, investment and consumer (durables or non-durables) goods. Specific information is available at country metadata.
                                                                                                                              ^
                                                                                                                              Subject: Sales > Retail trade > Total retail trade [SLRTTO]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                              Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                              OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                Direct source
                                                                                                                                Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                  Name of collection/source
                                                                                                                                  In almost all countries, retail trade data are compiled from regular sample surveys. Exceptions (e.g. data derived from VAT returns), are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                    Direct source
                                                                                                                                    The data are generally collected directly from the National Statistical Offices databases. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                      Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                      Data are generally available from sources every months. Exceptions (reported on a quarterly basis) are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                        Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                        Link to Release calendar
                                                                                                                                        http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/calmultiarccountry/
                                                                                                                                          Variables collected
                                                                                                                                          Most OECD Member countries collect information on turnover or sales of goods. However, as there is no international standard definition for "sales" or "turnover", these terms are often used interchangeably by a number of national and international agencies.
                                                                                                                                          The price of the transactions incorporated in the sales/turnover variable can vary from country to country, owing to the inclusion or exclusion of value added and other taxes, and other aspects of prices such as rebates and discounts.
                                                                                                                                          Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                            Sampling
                                                                                                                                            Sample generally includes all units whose employments are above or equal to a certain threshold. Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                              Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                              Geographic coverage
                                                                                                                                              The whole legal territory is generally covered. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                Statistical population
                                                                                                                                                The statistical population of retail trade is generally defined on the basis of two dimensions: the predominant activity of units operating in the sector and the type of operation. Establishments, enterprises or local units whose main activity is retail trade are generally used as reporting units. The type of operation refers to the technical organisation of units operating in the sector. According to United Nations recommendations, it comprises stores and shops, stalls, mail order houses, itinerant trade and other retail trade such as vending machine sales.
                                                                                                                                                  Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                  The scope of retail trade indicators include the activities listed in Division 47 of ISIC Rev. 4  or NACE Rev. 2. However, there are significant differences between OECD Member countries in activity coverage. Further information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                    Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                    Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                      This index measures changes in the turnover of retail sales units. Turnover is defined as follows: “Turnover comprises the totals invoiced by the observation unit during the reference period, and this corresponds to gross sales of goods or services supplied to third parties. Turnover includes all duties and taxes on the goods or services invoiced by the unit with the exception of VAT invoiced by the unit vis-à-vis its customer and other similar deductible taxes directly linked to turnover. It includes all other charges (shipping and handling, installation, maintenance and repair, alteration, storage, etc.) passed on to the customer, even if these charges are listed separately in the invoice. It also includes receipts from the rental of vehicles, equipment, instruments, tools, and other merchandise; commissions from the arrangement of financing; payments for work in progress; and market value of compensation received in lieu of cash. In addition, it includes gross sales from departments, concessions, and amusement and vending machines operated by others; and amounts received from work subcontracted to others. Reduction in price, rebates and discounts as well as the value of returned packing must be deducted. Income classified as other operating income, financial income and extra-ordinary income in company accounts is excluded from turnover. Operating subsidies received from public authorities or the institutions of the European Union are also excluded [OECD, Eurostat]” Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                        Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                        Most OECD Member countries compile retail trade volume indices by deflating value series with a particular deflator. For those countries that do not compile volume indices, the OECD secretariat provides proxies for the volume indices by deflating the value data with CPI all items. Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                          ^
                                                                                                                                                          Subject: Sales > Retail trade > Car registration [SLRTCR]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                          Source
                                                                                                                                                          Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                          OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                            Direct source
                                                                                                                                                            Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                              Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                              Data are sourced via the European Automobile Manufacturer's Association (ECEA).
                                                                                                                                                                Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                Link to Release calendar
                                                                                                                                                                http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/calmultiarccountry/
                                                                                                                                                                  Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                  Geographic coverage
                                                                                                                                                                  The whole legal territory is generally covered. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                    Geographic coverage

                                                                                                                                                                    Data generally refer to the number of newly registered passenger cars or vehicles. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                      Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                                      Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                        Key statistical concept

                                                                                                                                                                        Data refer to first-time registration of private and commercial cars.
                                                                                                                                                                          ^
                                                                                                                                                                          Subject: Orders [OD]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                          Source
                                                                                                                                                                          Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                          OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                            Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                            Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                              Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                              Data are generally available from sources every month. Exceptions (reported on a quarterly basis) are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                Base period
                                                                                                                                                                                OECD reference period is 2010. Country base period is noted in country metadata where data are presented as indices.
                                                                                                                                                                                  Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                  Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                  Data covers construction or manufacturing industry.
                                                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                    Seasonal adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                    The main seasonal adjustment methods used across OECD countries are X12-ARIMA and TRAMO-SEATS. Where data has been seasonally adjusted by the OECD, the X12-ARIMA method has been used. Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                      Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                                                      Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Orders > Manufacturing [ODMN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                        Source
                                                                                                                                                                                        Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                        OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                          Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                          Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                            Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                            Data are generally available from sources every month. Exceptions (reported on a quarterly basis) are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                              Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                              Base period
                                                                                                                                                                                              OECD reference period is 2010. Country base period is noted in country metadata where data are presented as indices.
                                                                                                                                                                                                Unit of measure used
                                                                                                                                                                                                Data are measured in various ways, e.g. indices (an average for a reference year equal to 100), national currencies, etc. Further information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data covers construction or manufacturing industry.
                                                                                                                                                                                                    Statistical population
                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD countries currently utilise one or a combinations of four statistical units (i.e. enterprise, kind-of-activity unit, local unit and establishment). Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                      Data covers the manufacturing industry. Specific information or exceptions is available at country level.
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Seasonal adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                        The main seasonal adjustment methods used across OECD countries are X12-ARIMA and TRAMO-SEATS. Where data has been seasonally adjusted by the OECD, the X12-ARIMA method has been used. Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                          Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                          Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                            Data refer to those received by manufacturing units from domestic and foreign markets during the reference period for immediate or future delivery. Production-related services as well as consumption taxes, packaging and shipping and transportation costs are included. VAT, rebates, resales without further processing and cancellations are excluded. Specific information is available at country level.
                                                                                                                                                                                                              ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Subject: Orders > Construction [ODCN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Data are generally provided directly from the National Statistical Offices being compiled from sample surveys. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data are generally available from sources every month. Exceptions (reported on a quarterly basis) are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Base period
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD reference period is 2010. Country base period is noted in country metadata where data are presented as indices.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Data covers construction or manufacturing industry.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Data covers construction industry. Data are available for total construction, buildings, dwelling, residential or non-residential buildings.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Seasonal adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The main seasonal adjustment methods used across OECD countries are X12-ARIMA and TRAMO-SEATS. Where data has been seasonally adjusted by the OECD, the X12-ARIMA method has been used. Specific information is noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Recorded building plans passed by municipalities by type of building.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Work Started > Construction [WSCN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Other data characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Data refer to the whole period (i.e. whole month or quarter).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data covers construction work start for dwellings or buildings (residential and non-residential building in construction industry).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Data generally refer to number of dwellings for which construction work commenced in the reference period. In some cases data may refer to gross surface or physical volume of construction work started for dwellings or buildings. Construction is considered as underway once a foundation has been laid or is in preparation, for example digging has begun.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Annual and quarterly data are generally the average of monthly data. Exceptions are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Short term statistics > Stocks - Manufacturing [STMN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Reference period
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Data refer to the end of period.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Data covers stocks held by manufacturing industries. For some countries, data are also available for various types of goods such as intermediate goods, investment goods, consumer goods, finished goods, raw materials. Specific information is available in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Data generally refer to products (i.e. output and input products) which have remained in the reporting unit at the end of the reference period. Output products comprise finished products of own manufacturing (products ready for sale) plus finished products manufactured by others (products for resale without additional manufacturing by the reporting unit). Input products include raw materials, semi-manufacture and materials needed for distribution of the finished products. Thus, stocks generally comprise the sum of raw materials, intermediate and finished goods. Specific information is available in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Subject: Business tendency surveys (non-manufacturing) [BN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Business opinion survey data for non-manufacturing published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) are compiled initially by national statistical institutes, other government agencies, private research institutes, banks, and other research institutes attached to universities or other academic institutions.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Variables collected
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The target variables for non-manufacturing included in MEI are listed below:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Business situation: present
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Business situation: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Orders intentions or demand: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Employment: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Raw materials stocks: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Employment: future tendency

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Geographic coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Data for the non-manufacturing sector are only provided by the United States and Korea.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sector coverage for the business tendency surveys published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) comprises: construction; retail; and services.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Business tendency surveys are carried out to obtain qualitative information for use in monitoring the current business situation and forecasting short-term developments.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The information collected in business tendency surveys is described as qualitative because respondents are asked to assign qualities, rather than quantities, to the variables of interest. For example, in a business tendency survey , respondents might be asked to assign qualities to the value of their order books such as "higher than normal", "normal" or "below normal". In a conventional industry survey on the other hand, respondents may be asked to give quantitative information about their order books, such as the actual value of outstanding orders.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        It is generally much easier for respondents to give qualitative rather than quantitative information because the former does not require respondents to consult their accounting records. As a result, the questionnaires can be completed quickly and the results of the survey can be published much sooner than the results of traditional statistical surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Compared to traditional statistical surveys, which usually cover only variables on one aspect of an enterprise's activity, business tendency surveys collect information about a wide range of variables selected for their ability, when analysed together, to give an overall picture of a sector of the economy. For example, most business surveys collect information on production, order books, new orders, stocks of finished goods, exports, employment and prices.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The range of information covered by business tendency surveys goes beyond variables that can easily be captured in conventional quantitative statistics. Qualitative information may be collected for variables that are difficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods. Examples include:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - capacity utilisation;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - production bottlenecks;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - plans and expectations for the immediate future;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - manager's views on the overall economic situation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Detailed guidelines for the development of questionnaires used for the collection of data from businesses using harmonised questions and recommended survey design practices are outlined in the OECD publication: Business Tendency Surveys: A Handbook, published in 2003
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The basic purpose of business tendency surveys in the past was to collect information on business conditions for the benefit of respondents and as a result many such surveys are carried out by trade associations. Today, business tendency surveys have become a valuable tool for economic analysis for all types of users.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The main users of survey results are still the respondents themselves. Detailed survey results broken down by sectors of activity provide information on business conditions in their  own sector as seen by their competitors and about the current and future business situation in their suppliers' and users' sectors.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Economic and financial analysts have also become major users of series derived from business tendency surveys. This is because the data are available rapidly and because some of the series provide advance warning of changes in aggregate economic activity. In addition, the survey information focuses on assessments and expectations of the economic situation by actors in the market. This is reflected in the extensive use of confidence indicators derived from business survey results. Such composite indicators summarise a selection of key survey variables in a single synthetic indicator.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The results of business tendency surveys are still subject to sampling and non-sampling errors, and users are advised to refer to methodological information (metadata) to ascertain the relevance of the statistics to their need(s). Particular attention should be given to the wording of questionnaires used to collect information from respondents, the sample frame used for the selection of respondent enterprises, the size of the sample and the survey response rate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Subject: Business tendency surveys (retail trade) [BR]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Business opinion survey data published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) are compiled initially by national statistical institutes, other government agencies, private research institutes, banks, and other research institutes attached to universities or other academic institutions. The OECD obtains business opinion survey data for 21 countries from the European Commission in lieu of their direct collection from national agencies. The countries involved are Members of both the European Union and the OECD, and comprise: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom. Data published by the European Commission are based on surveys carried out by public and private institutes in the Member States in the framework of the Joint Harmonised EU Programme.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Variables collected
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The target variables included in MEI are listed below. However, it should be emphasised that country coverage of these indicators varies.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Confidence indicators are compiled according to national definitions are available for the following countries: Switzerland, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa. For information on variables included and calculations of national confidence indicators please refer to country information. For information on confidence indicators please refer to the notes below on the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Retail trade industry target variables

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Retail confidence indicator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Business situation - activity: present
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Business situation - activity: future
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Volume of stocks: level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Employment: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Order intentions or demand

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The specific questions in the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys for retail trade are outlined below. It should be emphasised that not all countries ask all questions. Furthermore, the actual wording of the questions asked in national surveys are modified to meet national circumstances and environment.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Confidence indicator: The retail trade confidence indicator is the arithmetic average of the balances (in percentage points) of the answers to the questions on: present business situation; business situation - future tendency; volume of stocks - present and future.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Business situation: present: The question is "How has (have) your business activity (sales) developed over the past 3 months? It has (They have) + improved (increased) = remained unchanged - deteriorate (decreased)".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Business situation: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your business activity (sales) to change over the next 3 months? It (They) will ... + improve (increase) = remain unchanged - deteriorate (decrease)".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Employment: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your firm's total employment to change over the next 3 months? It will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Order intentions or demand: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your orders placed with suppliers to change over the next 3 months? They will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Volume of stocks: present: The question is "Do you consider the volume of stock currently hold to be...? + too large (above normal) = adequate (normal for the season) - too small (below normal)".





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sector coverage for the business tendency surveys published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) comprises: manufacturing; construction; retail trade; and services. 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  From May 2010, the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business and Consumer Surveys sectors are defined according to the NACE Rev. 2, signalling a break in the series.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Business tendency surveys are carried out to obtain qualitative information for use in monitoring the current business situation and forecasting short-term developments.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The information collected in business tendency surveys is described as qualitative because respondents are asked to assign qualities, rather than quantities, to the variables of interest. For example, in a business tendency survey, respondents might be asked to assign qualities to the value of their order books such as "higher than normal", "normal" or "below normal". In a conventional industry survey on the other hand, respondents may be asked to give quantitative information about their order books, such as the actual value of outstanding orders.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    It is generally much easier for respondents to give qualitative rather than quantitative information because the former does not require respondents to consult their accounting records. As a result, the questionnaires can be completed quickly and the results of the survey can be published much sooner than the results of traditional statistical surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Compared to traditional statistical surveys, which usually cover only variables on one aspect of an enterprise's activity, business tendency surveys collect information about a wide range of variables selected for their ability, when analysed together, to give an overall picture of a sector of the economy. For example, most business surveys collect information on production, order books, new orders, stocks of finished goods, exports, employment and prices.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The range of information covered by business tendency surveys goes beyond variables that can easily be captured in conventional quantitative statistics. Qualitative information may be collected for variables that are difficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods. Examples include:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - capacity utilisation;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - production bottlenecks;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - plans and expectations for the immediate future;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - manager's views on the overall economic situation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Detailed guidelines for the development of questionnaires used for the collection of data from businesses using harmonised questions and recommended survey design practices are outlined in the OECD publication, Business Tendency Surveys: A Handbook, published in 2003

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The presentation and methods of the monthly and quarterly business tendency surveys of EU Member States are harmonised following EU guidelines. However, collaborating institutes in each country may include additional questions in their various national surveys. Analogously, the sectoral breakdown may be more detailed than set up in the Programme, while, logically, the sample size for each survey varies across countries according to their respective statistical populations and their structures.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The basic purpose of business tendency surveys in the past was to collect information on business conditions for the benefit of respondents and as a result many such surveys are carried out by trade associations. Today, business tendency surveys have become a valuable tool for economic analysis for all types of users.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The main users of survey results are still the respondents themselves. Detailed survey results broken down by sectors of activity provide information on business conditions in their  own sector as seen by their competitors and about the current and future business situation in their suppliers' and users' sectors.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Economic and financial analysts have also become major users of series derived from business tendency surveys. This is because the data are available rapidly and because some of the series provide advance warning of changes in aggregate economic activity. In addition, the survey information focuses on assessments and expectations of the economic situation by actors in the market. This is reflected in the extensive use of confidence indicators derived from business survey results. Such composite indicators summarise a selection of key survey variables in a single synthetic indicator.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The results of business tendency surveys are still subject to sampling and non-sampling errors, and users are advised to refer to methodological information (metadata) to ascertain the relevance of the statistics to their need(s). Particular attention should be given to the wording of questionnaires used to collect information from respondents, the sample frame used for the selection of respondent enterprises, the size of the sample and the survey response rate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Business tendency surveys (construction) [BC]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Business opinion survey data published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) are compiled initially by national statistical institutes, other government agencies, private research institutes, banks, and other research institutes attached to universities or other academic institutions. The OECD obtains business opinion survey data for 21 countries from the European Commission in lieu of their direct collection from national agencies. The countries involved are Members of both the European Union and the OECD, and comprise: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom. Data published by the European Commission are based on surveys carried out by public and private institutes in the Member States in the framework of the Joint Harmonised EU Programme.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Variables collected
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The target variables included in the MEI are listed below. However, it should be emphasised that country coverage of these indicators varies. Confidence indicators compiled according to national definitions are available for the following countries: Switzerland, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa. For information on variables included and calculations of national confidence indicators please refer to country information. For information on confidence indicators please refer to the notes below on the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Construction target indicators

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Construction confidence indicator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Business situation: present
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Order books: level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Employment: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Selling prices: future tendency

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The specific questions in the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys for the construction sector is outlined below. It should be emphasised that not all countries ask all questions. Furthermore, the actual wording of the questions asked in national surveys is modified to meet national circumstances and environment.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Confidence indicator: The construction confidence indicator is the arithmetic average of the balances (in percentage points) of the answers to the questions on: order books - level; and employment - future tendency.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Business situation: present: The question is "How has your building activity developed over the past 3 months? It has ... + increased = remain unchanged - decreased".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Employment: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your firm's total employment to change over the next 3 months? It will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Order books: level: The question is "Do you consider your current overall order books to be ...? + more than sufficient (above normal) = sufficient (normal for the season) - not sufficient (below normal)".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Selling prices: The question is "How do you expect the prices you charge to change over the next 3 months? They will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Sector coverage for the business tendency surveys published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) comprises: manufacturing; construction; retail trade; and services. 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              From May 2010, the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business and Consumer Surveys sectors are defined according to the NACE Rev. 2, signalling a break in the series.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Business tendency surveys are carried out to obtain qualitative information for use in monitoring the current business situation and forecasting short-term developments.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The information collected in business tendency surveys is described as qualitative because respondents are asked to assign qualities, rather than quantities, to the variables of interest. For example, in a business tendency survey, respondents might be asked to assign qualities to the value of their order books such as "higher than normal", "normal" or "below normal". In a conventional industry survey on the other hand, respondents may be asked to give quantitative information about their order books, such as the actual value of outstanding orders.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                It is generally much easier for respondents to give qualitative rather than quantitative information because the former does not require respondents to consult their accounting records. As a result, the questionnaires can be completed quickly and the results of the survey can be published much sooner than the results of traditional statistical surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Compared to traditional statistical surveys, which usually cover only variables on one aspect of an enterprise's activity, business tendency surveys collect information about a wide range of variables selected for their ability, when analysed together, to give an overall picture of a sector of the economy. For example, most business surveys collect information on production, order books, new orders, stocks of finished goods, exports, employment and prices.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The range of information covered by business tendency surveys goes beyond variables that can easily be captured in conventional quantitative statistics. Qualitative information may be collected for variables that are difficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods. Examples include:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - capacity utilisation;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - production bottlenecks;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - plans and expectations for the immediate future;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - manager's views on the overall economic situation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Detailed guidelines for the development of questionnaires used for the collection of data from businesses using harmonised questions and recommended survey design practices are outlined in the OECD publication, Business Tendency Surveys: A Handbook, published in 2003

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The presentation and methods of the monthly and quarterly business tendency surveys of EU Member States are harmonised following EU guidelines. However, collaborating institutes in each country may include additional questions in their various national surveys. Analogously, the sectoral breakdown may be more detailed than set up in the Programme, while, logically, the sample size for each survey varies across countries according to their respective statistical populations and their structures.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data from the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys are presented as balances of replies between positive (+) and negative (-) options. Data on the assessment of production, orders and stocks are presented as balances of replies, respectively: "increasing" over "decreasing", "rather large" over "rather small", "too large" over "too small".
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Seasonal adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The harmonised European series are seasonally adjusted using DAINTIES software. The direct method is used (i.e. national unadjusted series are aggregated prior to seasonal adjustment).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The basic purpose of business tendency surveys in the past was to collect information on business conditions for the benefit of respondents and as a result many such surveys are carried out by trade associations. Today, business tendency surveys have become a valuable tool for economic analysis for all types of users.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The main users of survey results are still the respondents themselves. Detailed survey results broken down by sectors of activity provide information on business conditions in their  own sector as seen by their competitors and about the current and future business situation in their suppliers' and users' sectors.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Economic and financial analysts have also become major users of series derived from business tendency surveys. This is because the data are available rapidly and because some of the series provide advance warning of changes in aggregate economic activity. In addition, the survey information focuses on assessments and expectations of the economic situation by actors in the market. This is reflected in the extensive use of confidence indicators derived from business survey results. Such composite indicators summarise a selection of key survey variables in a single synthetic indicator.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The results of business tendency surveys are still subject to sampling and non-sampling errors, and users are advised to refer to methodological information (metadata) to ascertain the relevance of the statistics to their need(s). Particular attention should be given to the wording of questionnaires used to collect information from respondents, the sample frame used for the selection of respondent enterprises, the size of the sample and the survey response rate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Business tendency surveys (services) [BV]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Business opinion survey data published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) are compiled initially by national statistical institutes, other government agencies, private research institutes, banks, and other research institutes attached to universities or other academic institutions. The OECD obtains business opinion survey data for 20 countries from the European Commission in lieu of their direct collection from national agencies. The countries involved are Members of both the European Union and the OECD, and comprise: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom. Data published by the European Commission are based on surveys carried out by public and private institutes in the Member States in the framework of the Joint Harmonised EU Programme.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Variables collected
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The target variables included in MEI are listed below. However, it should be emphasised that no one country provides all of the variables listed and the number of countries providing data for the services sector is still quite small.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Confidence indicators compiled according to national definitions are available for Indonesia. For information on variables included and calculations of national confidence indicators please refer to country information. For information on confidence indicators compiled please refer to the notes below on the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Services industries target indicators

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Service confidence indicator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Business situation - activity: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Business situation - activity: future
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Demand evolution: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Demand evolution: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Employment: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Employment: future tendency

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The specific questions in the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys for services are outlined below. It should be emphasised that not all countries ask all questions. Furthermore, the actual wording of the questions asked in national surveys is modified to meet national circumstances and environment.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Confidence indicator: The services confidence indicator is the arithmetic average of the balances (in percentage points) of the answers to the questions on: business situation: present; demand - tendency; and demand - future tendency.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Business situation: tendency: The question is "How has your business situation developed over the past 3 months? It has + improved = remained unchanged - deteriorated".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Demand: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect the demand (turnover) for your company's services to change over the next 3 months? It will + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Demand: tendency: The question is "How has demand (turnover) for your company's services changed over the past 3 months? It has ... + increased = remained unchanged - decreased".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Employment: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your firm's total employment to change over the next 3 months ? It will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Employment: tendency: The question is "How has your firm's total employment changed over the past 3 months? It has ... + increased = remained unchanged - decreased".



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Sector coverage for the business tendency surveys published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) comprises: manufacturing; construction; retail trade; and services. 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              From May 2010, the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business and Consumer Surveys sectors are defined according to the NACE Rev. 2, signalling a break in the series.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Business tendency surveys are carried out to obtain qualitative information for use in monitoring the current business situation and forecasting short-term developments.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The information collected in business tendency surveys is described as qualitative because respondents are asked to assign qualities, rather than quantities, to the variables of interest. For example, in a business tendency survey, respondents might be asked to assign qualities to the value of their order books such as "higher than normal", "normal" or "below normal". In a conventional industry survey on the other hand, respondents may be asked to give quantitative information about their order books, such as the actual value of outstanding orders.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                It is generally much easier for respondents to give qualitative rather than quantitative information because the former does not require respondents to consult their accounting records. As a result, the questionnaires can be completed quickly and the results of the survey can be published much sooner than the results of traditional statistical surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Compared to traditional statistical surveys, which usually cover only variables on one aspect of an enterprise's activity, business tendency surveys collect information about a wide range of variables selected for their ability, when analysed together, to give an overall picture of a sector of the economy. For example, most business surveys collect information on production, order books, new orders, stocks of finished goods, exports, employment and prices.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The range of information covered by business tendency surveys goes beyond variables that can easily be captured in conventional quantitative statistics. Qualitative information may be collected for variables that are difficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods. Examples include:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - capacity utilisation;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - production bottlenecks;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - plans and expectations for the immediate future;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - manager's views on the overall economic situation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Detailed guidelines for the development of questionnaires used for the collection of data from businesses using harmonised questions and recommended survey design practices are outlined in the OECD publication, Business Tendency Surveys: A Handbook, published in 2003

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The presentation and methods of the monthly and quarterly business tendency surveys of EU Member States are harmonised following EU guidelines. However, collaborating institutes in each country may include additional questions in their various national surveys. Analogously, the sectoral breakdown may be more detailed than set up in the Programme, while, logically, the sample size for each survey varies across countries according to their respective statistical populations and their structures.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The basic purpose of business tendency surveys in the past was to collect information on business conditions for the benefit of respondents and as a result many such surveys are carried out by trade associations. Today, business tendency surveys have become a valuable tool for economic analysis for all types of users.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The main users of survey results are still the respondents themselves. Detailed survey results broken down by sectors of activity provide information on business conditions in their  own sector as seen by their competitors and about the current and future business situation in their suppliers' and users' sectors.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Economic and financial analysts have also become major users of series derived from business tendency surveys. This is because the data are available rapidly and because some of the series provide advance warning of changes in aggregate economic activity. In addition, the survey information focuses on assessments and expectations of the economic situation by actors in the market. This is reflected in the extensive use of confidence indicators derived from business survey results. Such composite indicators summarise a selection of key survey variables in a single synthetic indicator.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The results of business tendency surveys are still subject to sampling and non-sampling errors, and users are advised to refer to methodological information (metadata) to ascertain the relevance of the statistics to their need(s). Particular attention should be given to the wording of questionnaires used to collect information from respondents, the sample frame used for the selection of respondent enterprises, the size of the sample and the survey response rate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) [BS]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Business opinion survey data published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) are compiled initially by national statistical institutes, other government agencies, private research institutes, banks, and other research institutes attached to universities or other academic institutions. The OECD obtains business opinion survey data for 21 countries from the European Commission in lieu of their direct collection from national agencies. The countries involved are Members of both the European Union and the OECD, and comprise: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom. Data published by the European Commission are based on surveys carried out by public and private institutes in the Member States in the framework of the Joint Harmonised EU Programme.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Variables collected
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The target variables included in MEI are listed below. However, it should be emphasised that no one country provides all of the variables listed.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        General Indicators on Business or Economic Situation are not part of the Harmonised EU Programme on Business Surveys for the manufacturing sector (see below), but are included in the EU system for other sectors. Such indicators are, however, available for several non-EU OECD Member countries (Mexico, Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand) and large non-OECD Member countries (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa). For information on details of these indicators please refer to country information.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Confidence indicators compiled according to national definitions are available for the following countries: United States, Australia, Mexico, Norway, Switzerland, India, Indonesia, Russian Federation, and South Africa. For information on variables included and calculations of national confidence indicators please refer to country information. For information on confidence indicators compiled please refer to the notes below on the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Manufacturing industry target indicators

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Manufacturing confidence indicator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Business situation: present
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Business situation: future
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Production: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Production: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Orders inflow or demand: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Order books: level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Export order books: level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Finished goods stocks: level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Raw material stocks: present situation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Rate of capacity utilisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Employment: future tendency

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The specific questions in the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys for manufacturing are outlined below. It should be emphasised that not all countries ask all questions. Furthermore, the actual wording of the questions asked in national surveys is modified to meet national circumstances and environment.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Confidence indicator: The industrial confidence indicator is the arithmetic average of the balances (in percentage points) of the answers to the questions on: production - future tendency; finished goods stocks - level; and order books - level.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Production: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your production to develop over the next 3 months? It will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Production: tendency: The question is "How has your production developed over the past 3 months? It has ... + increased = remained unchanged - decreased".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Rate of capacity utilisation: The question is "At what capacity is your company currently operating (as a percentage of full capacity)? The company is currently operating at ..., ... % of full capacity".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Employment: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your firm’s total employment to change over the next 3 months? It will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Finished goods stocks: level: The question is "Do you consider your current stock of finished products to be ...? + too large (above normal) = adequate (normal for the season) - too small (below normal)".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Order books: level: The question is "Do you consider your current overall order books to be ...? + more than sufficient (above normal) = sufficient (normal for the season) - not sufficient (below normal)".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Order books: tendency: The question is "How have your orders developed over the past 3 months? They have ... + increased = remained unchanged - decreased".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Selling prices: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your selling prices to change over the next 3 months? They will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Export order books: level: The question is "Do you consider your current export order books to be ...? + more than sufficient (above normal) = sufficient (normal for the season) - not sufficient (below normal)".
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Sector coverage for the business tendency surveys published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) comprises: manufacturing; construction; retail trade; and services. 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          From May 2010, the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business and Consumer Surveys sectors are defined according to the NACE Rev. 2, signalling a break in the series.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Business tendency surveys are carried out to obtain qualitative information for use in monitoring the current business situation and forecasting short-term developments.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The information collected in business tendency surveys is described as qualitative because respondents are asked to assign qualities, rather than quantities, to the variables of interest. For example, in a business tendency survey, respondents might be asked to assign qualities to the value of their order books such as "higher than normal", "normal" or "below normal". In a conventional industry survey on the other hand, respondents may be asked to give quantitative information about their order books, such as the actual value of outstanding orders.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            It is generally much easier for respondents to give qualitative rather than quantitative information because the former does not require respondents to consult their accounting records. As a result, the questionnaires can be completed quickly and the results of the survey can be published much sooner than the results of traditional statistical surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Compared to traditional statistical surveys, which usually cover only variables on one aspect of an enterprise's activity, business tendency surveys collect information about a wide range of variables selected for their ability, when analysed together, to give an overall picture of a sector of the economy. For example, most business surveys collect information on production, order books, new orders, stocks of finished goods, exports, employment and prices.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The range of information covered by business tendency surveys goes beyond variables that can easily be captured in conventional quantitative statistics. Qualitative information may be collected for variables that are difficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods. Examples include:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            - capacity utilisation;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            - production bottlenecks;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            - plans and expectations for the immediate future;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            - manager's views on the overall economic situation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Detailed guidelines for the development of questionnaires used for the collection of data from businesses using harmonised questions and recommended survey design practices are outlined in the OECD publication, Business Tendency Surveys: A Handbook, published in 2003

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The presentation and methods of the monthly and quarterly business tendency surveys of EU Member States are harmonised following EU guidelines. However, collaborating institutes in each country may include additional questions in their various national surveys. Analogously, the sectoral breakdown may be more detailed than set up in the Programme, while, logically, the sample size for each survey varies across countries according to their respective statistical populations and their structures.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The basic purpose of business tendency surveys in the past was to collect information on business conditions for the benefit of respondents and as a result many such surveys are carried out by trade associations. Today, business tendency surveys have become a valuable tool for economic analysis for all types of users.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The main users of survey results are still the respondents themselves. Detailed survey results broken down by sectors of activity provide information on business conditions in their  own sector as seen by their competitors and about the current and future business situation in their suppliers' and users' sectors.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Economic and financial analysts have also become major users of series derived from business tendency surveys. This is because the data are available rapidly and because some of the series provide advance warning of changes in aggregate economic activity. In addition, the survey information focuses on assessments and expectations of the economic situation by actors in the market. This is reflected in the extensive use of confidence indicators derived from business survey results. Such composite indicators summarise a selection of key survey variables in a single synthetic indicator.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The results of business tendency surveys are still subject to sampling and non-sampling errors, and users are advised to refer to methodological information (metadata) to ascertain the relevance of the statistics to their need(s). Particular attention should be given to the wording of questionnaires used to collect information from respondents, the sample frame used for the selection of respondent enterprises, the size of the sample and the survey response rate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Business tendency surveys (manufacturing) > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators > OECD Indicator [BSCICP03]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Business opinion survey data published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) are compiled initially by national statistical institutes, other government agencies, private research institutes, banks, and other research institutes attached to universities or other academic institutions. The OECD obtains business opinion survey data for 21 countries from the European Commission in lieu of their direct collection from national agencies. The countries involved are Members of both the European Union and the OECD, and comprise: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom. Data published by the European Commission are based on surveys carried out by public and private institutes in the Member States in the framework of the Joint Harmonised EU Programme.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Variables collected
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The target variables included in MEI are listed below. However, it should be emphasised that no one country provides all of the variables listed.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    General Indicators on Business or Economic Situation are not part of the Harmonised EU Programme on Business Surveys for the manufacturing sector (see below), but are included in the EU system for other sectors. Such indicators are, however, available for several non-EU OECD Member countries (Mexico, Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand) and large non-OECD Member countries (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa). For information on details of these indicators please refer to country information.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Confidence indicators compiled according to national definitions are available for the following countries: United States, Australia, Mexico, Norway, Switzerland, India, Indonesia, Russian Federation, and South Africa. For information on variables included and calculations of national confidence indicators please refer to country information. For information on confidence indicators compiled please refer to the notes below on the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Manufacturing industry target indicators

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Manufacturing confidence indicator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Business situation: present
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Business situation: future
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Production: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Production: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Orders inflow or demand: tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Order books: level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Export order books: level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Finished goods stocks: level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Raw material stocks: present situation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Rate of capacity utilisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Employment: future tendency

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The specific questions in the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys for manufacturing are outlined below. It should be emphasised that not all countries ask all questions. Furthermore, the actual wording of the questions asked in national surveys is modified to meet national circumstances and environment.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Confidence indicator: The industrial confidence indicator is the arithmetic average of the balances (in percentage points) of the answers to the questions on: production - future tendency; finished goods stocks - level; and order books - level.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Production: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your production to develop over the next 3 months? It will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Production: tendency: The question is "How has your production developed over the past 3 months? It has ... + increased = remained unchanged - decreased".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Rate of capacity utilisation: The question is "At what capacity is your company currently operating (as a percentage of full capacity)? The company is currently operating at ..., ... % of full capacity".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Employment: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your firm’s total employment to change over the next 3 months? It will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Finished goods stocks: level: The question is "Do you consider your current stock of finished products to be ...? + too large (above normal) = adequate (normal for the season) - too small (below normal)".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Order books: level: The question is "Do you consider your current overall order books to be ...? + more than sufficient (above normal) = sufficient (normal for the season) - not sufficient (below normal)".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Order books: tendency: The question is "How have your orders developed over the past 3 months? They have ... + increased = remained unchanged - decreased".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Selling prices: future tendency: The question is "How do you expect your selling prices to change over the next 3 months? They will ... + increase = remain unchanged - decrease".

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Export order books: level: The question is "Do you consider your current export order books to be ...? + more than sufficient (above normal) = sufficient (normal for the season) - not sufficient (below normal)".
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sector coverage for the business tendency surveys published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) comprises: manufacturing; construction; retail trade; and services. 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      From May 2010, the Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business and Consumer Surveys sectors are defined according to the NACE Rev. 2, signalling a break in the series.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The standardised BCIs represent only the manufacturing sector. Other sectors (construction, retail trade and other services) were not included since data availability is scarce among Non European Union OECD member countries and in the Big 6 OECD Non-member Economies. In order of preference the following types of business survey data have been used to calculate the standardised indicators by country: the harmonized industrial confidence indicator, business confidence indicators (either using the national definition or by computing it internally) or business situation.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Business tendency surveys are carried out to obtain qualitative information for use in monitoring the current business situation and forecasting short-term developments.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The information collected in business tendency surveys is described as qualitative because respondents are asked to assign qualities, rather than quantities, to the variables of interest. For example, in a business tendency survey, respondents might be asked to assign qualities to the value of their order books such as "higher than normal", "normal" or "below normal". In a conventional industry survey on the other hand, respondents may be asked to give quantitative information about their order books, such as the actual value of outstanding orders.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          It is generally much easier for respondents to give qualitative rather than quantitative information because the former does not require respondents to consult their accounting records. As a result, the questionnaires can be completed quickly and the results of the survey can be published much sooner than the results of traditional statistical surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Compared to traditional statistical surveys, which usually cover only variables on one aspect of an enterprise's activity, business tendency surveys collect information about a wide range of variables selected for their ability, when analysed together, to give an overall picture of a sector of the economy. For example, most business surveys collect information on production, order books, new orders, stocks of finished goods, exports, employment and prices.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The range of information covered by business tendency surveys goes beyond variables that can easily be captured in conventional quantitative statistics. Qualitative information may be collected for variables that are difficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods. Examples include:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - capacity utilisation;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - production bottlenecks;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - plans and expectations for the immediate future;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - manager's views on the overall economic situation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Detailed guidelines for the development of questionnaires used for the collection of data from businesses using harmonised questions and recommended survey design practices are outlined in the OECD publication, Business Tendency Surveys: A Handbook, published in 2003

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Joint Harmonised EU Programme on Business Opinion Surveys

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The presentation and methods of the monthly and quarterly business tendency surveys of EU Member States are harmonised following EU guidelines. However, collaborating institutes in each country may include additional questions in their various national surveys. Analogously, the sectoral breakdown may be more detailed than set up in the Programme, while, logically, the sample size for each survey varies across countries according to their respective statistical populations and their structures.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Starting from June 2010, smoothing, normalisation and zone aggregation methods have changed as follow:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. The series are now smoothed using the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter, where cycles shorter than 6 months are removed (l=1).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. The series are normalised by subtracting their mean and then dividing the difference by their standard deviation. After normalisation, they are amplitude-adjusted to the de-trended indices of GDP, used as proxy measures of the business cycle, and finally centred around 100.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. The BCI are calculated as annually chain-linked Laspeyres indices using as weights annual GDP at current prices adjusted for PPPs. More information on this calculation can be found in the OECD Composite Leading Indicator zone aggregation documentation; for weights, please click here. BCI zones are calculated if the overall weight of the available components is greater than 70%.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The basic purpose of business tendency surveys in the past was to collect information on business conditions for the benefit of respondents and as a result many such surveys are carried out by trade associations. Today, business tendency surveys have become a valuable tool for economic analysis for all types of users.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The main users of survey results are still the respondents themselves. Detailed survey results broken down by sectors of activity provide information on business conditions in their  own sector as seen by their competitors and about the current and future business situation in their suppliers' and users' sectors.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Economic and financial analysts have also become major users of series derived from business tendency surveys. This is because the data are available rapidly and because some of the series provide advance warning of changes in aggregate economic activity. In addition, the survey information focuses on assessments and expectations of the economic situation by actors in the market. This is reflected in the extensive use of confidence indicators derived from business survey results. Such composite indicators summarise a selection of key survey variables in a single synthetic indicator.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The results of business tendency surveys are still subject to sampling and non-sampling errors, and users are advised to refer to methodological information (metadata) to ascertain the relevance of the statistics to their need(s). Particular attention should be given to the wording of questionnaires used to collect information from respondents, the sample frame used for the selection of respondent enterprises, the size of the sample and the survey response rate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Consumer opinion surveys [CS]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Consumer opinion survey data published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) are compiled initially by national statistical institutes, other government agencies, private research institutes, banks, and other research institutes attached to universities or other academic institutions. The OECD obtains consumer opinion survey data for 21 countries from the European Commission in lieu of their direct collection from national agencies. The countries involved are Members of both the European Union and the OECD, and comprise: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Variables collected

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    National consumer confidence indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Confidence indicators compiled according to national definitions are available for all OECD countries apart from Chile, Iceland, and Norway and for all the non-member economies except India. For information on variables included and calculations of national confidence indicators please refer to country information in the metadata.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    EU harmonised consumer confidence indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The EU harmonised consumer confidence indicator is based on answers to the following four questions with five answer alternatives to each question (a lot better, a little better, the same, a little worse, a lot worse).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (1) Expected change in financial situation of household over the next 12 months;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (2) Expected change in general economic situation over next 12 months;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (3) Expected change in unemployment over the next 12 months;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (4) Expected change in savings of household over next 12 months.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The confidence indicator is expressed as the balance of positive over negative results. The confidence indicator published by the EC is constructed with double weights on the extremes. Responses “a lot better” and “a lot worse” get the weight 1 and “ a little better” and “ a little worse” get the weight 1/2, and “the same” has zero weight.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Consumer prices: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The question asked for this indicator is "By comparison with the past 12 months, how do you expect that consumer prices will develop in the next 12 months? They will (++) increase more rapidly (+) increase at the same rate (=) increase at a slower rate (-) stay about the same (--) fall (N) don't know.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    This question refers to expected inflation rate in the United States and South Africa.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Economic situation: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The question asked for the compilation of this indicator is "How do you expect the general economic situation in this country to develop over the next 12 months? It will (++) get a lot better (+) get a little better (=) stay the same (-) get a little worse (--) get a lot worse (N) don't know.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Consumer opinion surveys are carried out to obtain qualitative information for use in monitoring the current economic situation. The information collected in consumer opinion surveys is described as qualitative because respondents are asked to assign qualities (opinions), rather than quantities, to the variables of interest.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Typically, consumer opinion surveys are based on a sample of households and respondents are asked about their intentions regarding major purchases, their economic situation now compared with the recent past and their expectations for the immediate future.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The Main Economic Indicators includes only three of the harmonised European indicators, namely the:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. confidence indicator;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. consumer prices: future tendency; and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. general economic situation: future tendency.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The EU harmonised consumer confidence indicator is based on answers to the following four questions with five answer alternatives to each question (a lot better, a little better, the same, a little worse, a lot worse). (1) Expected change in financial situation of household over the next 12 months; (2) Expected change in general economic situation over next 12 months; (3) Expected change in unemployment over the next 12 months; and (4) Expected change in savings of household over next 12 months. The confidence indicator is expressed as the balance of positive over negative results. The confidence indicator published by the EC is constructed with double weights on the extremes. Responses “a lot better” and “a lot worse” get the weight 1 and “ a little better” and “ a little worse” get the weight 1/2, and “the same” has zero weight.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Seasonal adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The harmonised European series are seasonally adjusted using DAINTIES software. The direct method is used (i.e. national unadjusted series are aggregated prior to seasonal adjustment).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Consumer opinion surveys provide information on consumer sentiment based on both the general economic situation and the financial situation of the individual or family. Data obtained from these surveys are useful in their own right but are also used in the compilation of consumer confidence indicators and in the compilation of other composite and composite leading indicators where they may be combined with data derived from business tendency surveys and / or statistics from conventional quantitative surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The results of consumer opinion surveys are still subject to sampling and non-sampling errors, and users are advised to refer to methodological information (metadata) to ascertain the relevance of the statistics to their need(s). Particular attention should be given to the wording of questionnaires used to collect information from respondents, the sample frame used for the selection of respondent households, the size of the sample and the survey response rate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Subject: Consumer opinion surveys > Confidence indicators > Composite indicators > OECD Indicator [CSCICP03]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Consumer opinion survey data published in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) are compiled initially by national statistical institutes, other government agencies, private research institutes, banks, and other research institutes attached to universities or other academic institutions. The OECD obtains consumer opinion survey data for 21 countries from the European Commission in lieu of their direct collection from national agencies. The countries involved are Members of both the European Union and the OECD, and comprise: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Variables collected

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  National consumer confidence indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Confidence indicators compiled according to national definitions are available for all OECD countries apart from Chile, Iceland, and Norway and for all the non-member economies except India. For information on variables included and calculations of national confidence indicators please refer to country information in the metadata.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  EU harmonised consumer confidence indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The EU harmonised consumer confidence indicator is based on answers to the following four questions with five answer alternatives to each question (a lot better, a little better, the same, a little worse, a lot worse).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (1) Expected change in financial situation of household over the next 12 months;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (2) Expected change in general economic situation over next 12 months;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (3) Expected change in unemployment over the next 12 months;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (4) Expected change in savings of household over next 12 months.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The confidence indicator is expressed as the balance of positive over negative results. The confidence indicator published by the EC is constructed with double weights on the extremes. Responses “a lot better” and “a lot worse” get the weight 1 and “ a little better” and “ a little worse” get the weight 1/2, and “the same” has zero weight.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Consumer prices: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The question asked for this indicator is "By comparison with the past 12 months, how do you expect that consumer prices will develop in the next 12 months? They will (++) increase more rapidly (+) increase at the same rate (=) increase at a slower rate (-) stay about the same (--) fall (N) don't know.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  This question refers to expected inflation rate in the United States and South Africa.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Economic situation: future tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The question asked for the compilation of this indicator is "How do you expect the general economic situation in this country to develop over the next 12 months? It will (++) get a lot better (+) get a little better (=) stay the same (-) get a little worse (--) get a lot worse (N) don't know.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Geographic coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    CCIs are calculated using the national consumer confidence indicator covering all OECD member countries except for Norway and four of the Big 6 OECD Non-member Economies (Brazil, China, Indonesia and South Africa).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Consumer opinion surveys are carried out to obtain qualitative information for use in monitoring the current economic situation. The information collected in consumer opinion surveys is described as qualitative because respondents are asked to assign qualities (opinions), rather than quantities, to the variables of interest.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Typically, consumer opinion surveys are based on a sample of households and respondents are asked about their intentions regarding major purchases, their economic situation now compared with the recent past and their expectations for the immediate future.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The Main Economic Indicators includes only three of the harmonised European indicators, namely the:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. confidence indicator;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. consumer prices: future tendency; and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. general economic situation: future tendency.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The EU harmonised consumer confidence indicator is based on answers to the following four questions with five answer alternatives to each question (a lot better, a little better, the same, a little worse, a lot worse). (1) Expected change in financial situation of household over the next 12 months; (2) Expected change in general economic situation over next 12 months; (3) Expected change in unemployment over the next 12 months; and (4) Expected change in savings of household over next 12 months. The confidence indicator is expressed as the balance of positive over negative results. The confidence indicator published by the EC is constructed with double weights on the extremes. Responses “a lot better” and “a lot worse” get the weight 1 and “ a little better” and “ a little worse” get the weight 1/2, and “the same” has zero weight.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Seasonal adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The harmonised European series are seasonally adjusted using DAINTIES software. The direct method is used (i.e. national unadjusted series are aggregated prior to seasonal adjustment).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Starting from June 2010, smoothing, normalisation and zone aggregation methods have changed as follow:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. The series are now smoothed using the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter, where cycles shorter than 6 months are removed (l=1).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. The series are normalised by subtracting their mean and then dividing the difference by their standard deviation. After normalisation, they are amplitude-adjusted to the de-trended indices of GDP, used as proxy measures of the business cycle, and finally centred around 100.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. The CCI zones are calculated as annually chain-linked Laspeyres indices using as weights annual GDP at current prices adjusted for PPPs. More information on this calculation can be found in the OECD Composite Leading Indicator zone aggregation documentation; for weights, please click here. CCI zones are calculated with a 60% threshold of weight availability.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Consumer opinion surveys provide information on consumer sentiment based on both the general economic situation and the financial situation of the individual or family. Data obtained from these surveys are useful in their own right but are also used in the compilation of consumer confidence indicators and in the compilation of other composite and composite leading indicators where they may be combined with data derived from business tendency surveys and / or statistics from conventional quantitative surveys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The results of consumer opinion surveys are still subject to sampling and non-sampling errors, and users are advised to refer to methodological information (metadata) to ascertain the relevance of the statistics to their need(s). Particular attention should be given to the wording of questionnaires used to collect information from respondents, the sample frame used for the selection of respondent households, the size of the sample and the survey response rate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels [LF]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Working age population [LFWA]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The total labour force, or currently active population, comprises all persons who fulfill the requirements for inclusion among the employed (civilian employment plus the armed forces) or the unemployed.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Active population [LFAC]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The Labour Force, or currently active population, comprises all persons who fulfill the requirements for inclusion among the employed or the unemployed.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employed population [LFEM]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Persons in employment include all those employed above a specified age who during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            - paid employment;

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            - employers and self-employed;

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            - unpaid family workers; unpaid family workers at work should be considered as being self-employed irrespective of the number of hours worked during the reference period.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Students, homemakers and others mainly engaged in non-economic activities during the reference period, who at the same time were in paid employment or self-employment should be considered as employed on the same basis as other categories of employed persons

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            For operational purposes, the notion of some work may be interpreted as work for at least one hour.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Persons temporarily not at work because of illness or injury, holiday or vacation, strike or lock-out, educational or training leave, maternity or parental leave, reduction in economic activity, temporary disorganisation or suspension of work due to reasons such as bad weather, mechanical or electrical breakdown, or shortage of raw materials or fuels, or other temporary absence with or without leave should be considered as being in paid employment provided they have a formal job attachment.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Employment - by professional status [LFES]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Persons in employment can be classified in three main groups according the International Classification by Status in Employment (ICSE): employees, employers and persons working on own account and unpaid family workers. According to the International guidelines, employees are persons who hold a “paid employment job”. Unpaid family workers are usually counted with persons working on own account if they are not presented as a category.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly levels > Unemployed population [LFUN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Key statistical concept

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    6.1 The unemployed comprise all persons above a specified age, who during the reference period were:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - 6.1.1 without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment during the reference period.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - 6.1.2 Currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - 6.1.3 Seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment. The specific steps may include registration at a public or private employment exchange; application to employers; checking at worksites, farms, factory gates, market or other assembly places; placing or answering newspaper advertisements; seeking assistance of friends or relatives; looking for land, building, machinery or equipment to establish own enterprise; arranging for financial resources; applying for permits and licences, etc.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    6.2 In situations where the conventional means of seeking work are of limited relevance, where the labour market is largely unorganised or of limited scope, where labour absorption is, at the time, inadequate, or where the labour force is largely self-employed, the standard definition of unemployment given in subparagraph (6.1) above may be applied by relaxing the criterion of seeking work.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    6.3 In the application of the criterion of current availability for work, especially in situations covered by subparagraph (6.2) above, appropriate tests should be developed to suit national circumstances. Such tests may be based on notions such as present desire for work and previous work experience, willingness to take up work for wage or salary on locally prevailing terms, or readiness to undertake self-employment activity given the necessary resources and facilities.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    6.4 Notwithstanding the criterion of seeking work embodied in the standard definition of unemployment, persons without work and currently available for work who had made arrangements to take up paid employment or undertake self-employment activity at a date subsequent to the reference period should be considered as unemployed.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    6.5 Persons temporarily absent from their jobs with no formal job attachment who were currently available for work and seeking work should be regarded as unemployed in accordance with the standard definition of unemployment. Countries may, however, depending on national circumstances and policies, prefer to relax the seeking work criterion in the case of persons temporarily laid off. In such cases, persons temporarily laid off who were not seeking work but classified as unemployed should be identified as a separate subcategory.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    6.6 Students, homemakers and others mainly engaged in non-economic activities during the reference period who satisfy the criteria laid down in subparagraphs (6.1) and (6.2) above should be regarded as unemployed on the same basis as other categories of unemployed persons and be identified separately, where possible. Note: As an amplification of these definitions, the OECD Working Party on Employment and Unemployment Statistics, at its October 1983 meeting recommended that Member countries retain the criterion of job search in a recent period such as the prior month in their labour force surveys and specifically test for it so that unemployment data embodying this criterion are available for international comparisons.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates [LR]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment to population rate [LREP]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The employment to population ratio is calculated as the employed population (aged 15 and over) divided by the total population (on a LFS basis).
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment to population rate [LRUP]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The unemployment to population ratio is calculated as the unemployed population (aged 15 and over) divided by the total population (on a LFS basis).
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Activity rate [LRAC]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The activity rate (by age group) is calculated as the active population (employed plus unemployed) divided by the working age population.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Employment rate [LREM]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Employment rates are a measure of the extent of utilisation of available labour resources. In the short term, these rates are sensitive to the economic cycle, but in the longer term they are significantly affected by government policies with regard to higher education and income support and by policies that facilitate employment of women. Labour markets differ in how they allocate employment opportunities among people of different ages. Employment rates for people of different ages are significantly affected by government policies with regard to higher education, pensions and retirement age.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The employment rate for a given age group is measured as the number of employed people of a given age as a ratio of the working age population in that same age group.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Unemployment rate [LRUN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The unemployment rate is the ratio of number of persons unemployed and the number of persons in the labour force.  The labour force is the sum of the numbers of persons employed and unemployed.  The criteria for a person to be considered as unemployed or employed are defined by the ILO guidelines. Sample surveys (household or individual) are the best way to capture unemployment and employment according to the ILO guidelines. Unemployment rates presented here are compiled from household or individual surveys. For OECD member countries, harmonised unemployment rates (HURs) are also presented in the same database.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          For Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, and the United States the harmonised rates and the unemployment rates are identical because the OECD does not perform any additional calculation and publishes the rate calculated with the data provided by the countries. For these cases, the methodologies of the survey are assessed as producing ILO employment and unemployment figures. For all European Union countries and Iceland, Norway and Turkey Eurostat estimates a monthly HUR. To produce monthly rates, Eurostat uses the results of the surveys and the monthly number of registered unemployed when the surveys only produce quarterly results. For United Kingdom and Finland, Eurostat does not perform any calculation since the survey produces monthly results.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Inactivity rate [LRIN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The inactivity rate (by age group) is calculated as those considered inactive in the working age population (in other words those people neither in employment or defined as unemployed) divided by the working age population for that age group.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Labour Force Survey - quarterly rates > Harmonised unemployment - monthly rates [LRHU]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Key statistical concept

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Harmonised unemployment rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The harmonised unemployment rates give the numbers of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force. The labour force consists of employees, the self-employed, unpaid family workers and the unemployed. The definitions of employment and unemployment conform with the definitions adopted by the 13th Conference of Labour Statisticians (generally referred to as the ILO guidelines) with the exception that employment and unemployment estimates are based on labour force surveys which cover only private households and exclude all people living in institutions. Under these guidelines the unemployed are persons of working age who, in a specified period, are without work and are both available for and are actively seeking work. The Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) give a more precise definition of unemployment through the Commission Regulation (EC), no.1897/2000 in September 2000. Details about this new definition and its implementation are available on Eurostat Internet site: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Eurostat calculates the harmonised unemployment rates for the European Union (EU) member countries and Iceland, Norway and Turkey. In these countries, the LFS follows the Eurostat recommendations which are a detailed version of the ILO guidelines. In case of Canada, the United States, Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and Switzerland the OECD collects the data directly from the National Statistical Offices. In those countries, the household labour force survey is assessed to follow ILO guidelines and to produce unemployment figures according to the ILO guidelines. The harmonised unemployment rates are seasonally adjusted. The OECD area covers the OECD member countries for which data are available. In order to compile the OECD area, the Secretariat estimates monthly figures for countries which only compile quarterly data. Eurostat calculates the Euro area and the European Union.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Subject: Hours [HO]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Subject: Labour Compensation [LC]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Four different concepts of Labour compensation are included in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) database: Wage rates, Earnings, Labour costs and Unit labour costs.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Following the ICLS (International Conference of Labour Statisticians) terminology, the four concepts above are linked together as follows:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1) Wage rates (basic wages, cost-of-living allowances, and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      i) overtime payments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ii) bonuses and gratuities regularly paid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      iii) remuneration for time not worked
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      iv) bonuses and gratuities irregularly paid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      v) payments in kind

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2) Earnings = 1 + i) + ii) + iii) + iv) + v)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      vi) employer contribution to statutory social security schemes or to private funded social insurance schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      vii) unfunded employee social benefits paid by employers in the form of: (a) children's, spouse's, family, education or other allowances in respect of dependants; (b) payments made to workers because of illness, accidental injury, maternity leave, etc.; (c) severance payments

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3)Compensation of employees = 2 + vi) + vii)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      viii) cost of vocational training
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ix) cost of welfare training (i.e. cost of canteens)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      x) labour cost not elsewhere classified (i.e. costs of transport of workers, cost of work clothes, cost of recruitment)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      xi) taxes regarded as labour costs (i.e. taxes on employment or payrolls)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4) Labour costs = 3 + viii) + ix) + x) + xi)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5) Unit labour costs

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Unit labour costs are defined as total labour costs expended in the production of one unit of output.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Exceptions to this terminology are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings [LCEA]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Four different concepts of Labour compensation are included in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) database: Wage rates, Earnings, Labour costs and Unit labour costs.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Following the ICLS (International Conference of Labour Statisticians) terminology, the four concepts above are linked together as follows:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1) Wage rates (basic wages, cost-of-living allowances, and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        i) overtime payments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ii) bonuses and gratuities regularly paid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        iii) remuneration for time not worked
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        iv) bonuses and gratuities irregularly paid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        v) payments in kind

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2) Earnings = 1 + i) + ii) + iii) + iv) + v)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        vi) employer contribution to statutory social security schemes or to private funded social insurance schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        vii) unfunded employee social benefits paid by employers in the form of: (a) children's, spouse's, family, education or other allowances in respect of dependants; (b) payments made to workers because of illness, accidental injury, maternity leave, etc.; (c) severance payments

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3)Compensation of employees = 2 + vi) + vii)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        viii) cost of vocational training
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ix) cost of welfare training (i.e. cost of canteens)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        x) labour cost not elsewhere classified (i.e. costs of transport of workers, cost of work clothes, cost of recruitment)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        xi) taxes regarded as labour costs (i.e. taxes on employment or payrolls)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4) Labour costs = 3 + viii) + ix) + x) + xi)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5) Unit labour costs

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Unit labour costs are defined as total labour costs expended in the production of one unit of output.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Exceptions to this terminology are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Deviations by earnings series from existing international guidelines are as follows:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - Employers' contribution to social security is included: Poland (from 1999 onwards), Denmark, Luxembourg

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - Severance pay is included: Canada, Austria, Turkey 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - Bonuses regularly paid are excluded: Belgium, France, Germany

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - Bonuses irregularly paid are excluded: Estonia, Greece, Portugal

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - Payments in kind are excluded: US, Japan, Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - Payments for time not worked are excluded: Estonia, Sweden

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          - Exclusions not specifically listed: Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkey, United Kingdom

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          More detailed metadata are available at country level.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Subject: Labour Compensation > Earnings > Manufacturing [LCEAMN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Variables collected

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Differences to the target series are listed below for relevant countries:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Mexico: Monthly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Australia: Weekly earnings - Full-time adult employees
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Japan: Monthly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Korea: Monthly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Austria: Monthly earnings - Mining and manufacturing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Belgium: Male workers in industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Czech Republic: Monthly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            France: Hourly wage rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hungary: Monthly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Italy: Hourly wage rates - Industry, including construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Luxembourg: Monthly earnings - Industry, excluding construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Netherlands: Hourly wage rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Norway: Monthly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Poland: Monthly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Slovak Republic: Monthly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Spain: Industry, excluding construction 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            United Kingdom: Weekly earnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Four different concepts of Labour compensation are included in the OECD's monthly Main Economic Indicators (MEI) database: Wage rates, Earnings, Labour costs and Unit labour costs.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Following the ICLS (International Conference of Labour Statisticians) terminology, the four concepts above are linked together as follows:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1) Wage rates (basic wages, cost-of-living allowances, and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              i) overtime payments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ii) bonuses and gratuities regularly paid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              iii) remuneration for time not worked
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              iv) bonuses and gratuities irregularly paid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              v) payments in kind

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2) Earnings = 1 + i) + ii) + iii) + iv) + v)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              vi) employer contribution to statutory social security schemes or to private funded social insurance schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              vii) unfunded employee social benefits paid by employers in the form of: (a) children's, spouse's, family, education or other allowances in respect of dependants; (b) payments made to workers because of illness, accidental injury, maternity leave, etc.; (c) severance payments

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3)Compensation of employees = 2 + vi) + vii)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              viii) cost of vocational training
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ix) cost of welfare training (i.e. cost of canteens)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              x) labour cost not elsewhere classified (i.e. costs of transport of workers, cost of work clothes, cost of recruitment)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              xi) taxes regarded as labour costs (i.e. taxes on employment or payrolls)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              4) Labour costs = 3 + viii) + ix) + x) + xi)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              5) Unit labour costs

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Unit labour costs are defined as total labour costs expended in the production of one unit of output.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Exceptions to this terminology are noted in country metadata.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Deviations by earnings series from existing international guidelines are as follows:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - Employers' contribution to social security is included: Poland (from 1999 onwards), Denmark, Luxembourg

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - Severance pay is included: Canada, Austria, Turkey 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - Bonuses regularly paid are excluded: Belgium, France, Germany

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - Bonuses irregularly paid are excluded: Estonia, Greece, Portugal

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - Payments in kind are excluded: US, Japan, Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - Payments for time not worked are excluded: Estonia, Sweden

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - Exclusions not specifically listed: Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkey, United Kingdom

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                More detailed metadata are available at country level.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The target series for hourly earnings in Part One of MEI correspond to seasonally adjusted average total earnings in manufacturing paid per employed person per hour, including overtime pay and regularly recurring cash supplements. Where hourly earnings series are not available, a series could refer to weekly or monthly earnings. In this case, a series for full-time or full-time equivalent employees is preferred to an all employees series. However, the definition may vary from country to country, particularly with respect to workers covered, treatment of bonuses and retrospective wage payments, and size of reporting unit.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Area totals for hourly earnings in manufacturing are annually chain-linked Laspeyres indices. The weights for each individual link are based on the previous year’s data for compensation of employees in industry (excluding construction) and private consumption purchasing power parity (PPP). Hence the aggregate indices are subject to revision as a result of revisions to the national accounts and the PPPs. Weights for the latest year are presented in the subject table “Hourly earnings (manufacturing)” in Part One. In general, new weights for the most recent complete year are incorporated in the December MEI edition each year. These weights are obtained from National Accounts data based on the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA 93).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Transformations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Canada, Japan, the United States and the United Kingdom provide seasonally adjusted earnings series. The Secretariat seasonally adjusts the earnings series of Mexico, Australia, Korea, New Zealand, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and Turkey. Earnings series for manufacturing are currently unavailable for Greece, Iceland and Switzerland.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Quality comments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        As the earnings series for most countries show strong seasonality, publishing seasonally adjusted series ensures better international comparability.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Subject: Unit Labour Costs [UL]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sector coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            This system provides annual and quarterly time series of unit labour cost indicators and related series for the following economic activities according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC Rev. 3):


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Total economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Manufacturing (ISIC D)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Industry (ISIC C_E)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Construction (ISIC F)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Trade, transport and communication (ISIC G_I)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Finance and business services (ISIC J_K)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Market services (ISIC activity based proxy G_K)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Business sector excluding agriculture (ISIC activity based proxy C_K)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Unit labour costs (ULCs) measure the average cost of labour per unit of output. They are calculated as the ratio of total labour costs to real output, or equivalently, as the ratio of mean labour costs per hour to labour productivity (output per hour). As such, a ULC represents a link between productivity and the cost of labour in producing output. The OECD System of Unit Labour Cost Indicators calculates annual and quarterly ULC measures and related indicators (e.g. indices of labour productivity) according to a specific methodology to ensure data are comparable across countries.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Producer Prices Index [PI]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Output Producer Price Indices (PPIs) can be described as indices designed to measure the average change in the price of goods and services as they leave the place of production valued at basic prices. The precise way PPIs are defined and constructed depend on by whom and for what they are meant to be used. In this context, national practices may differ and these differences may impact on international comparability between countries especially on aspects such as:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  * the weighting and aggregation systems (source of weights, frequency of revising weights, calculation of higher level indices across industries or products using elementary price indices and the weights provided for elementary aggregates, aggregation by commodity, by stage of processing, by stage of production…);

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  * the sampling and collection of prices (sampling selection, sample size, product classifications…);

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  * the treatment of quality differences (several procedures may be used when an item change occurs, depending mainly on: the available information; the importance of the quality change; the size of the price difference arising from this change; the possibility of splitting the price difference into a pure price component and a quality component; the possibility of simultaneously collecting the prices of the two items at least once);

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  * the treatment of product substitution and new goods (to take account of the price behaviour of new and disappearing products but the old and new items are not likely to have the same price);

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  * the treatment of seasonal items (the supplies and prices of some products are subject to marked seasonal variations).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  For a more comprehensive description of the methodologies for collecting price information and compiling these indices, please refer to the Producer Price indices: Comparative Methodological Analysis and to the IMF’s Producer Price Manual: Theory and Practice.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Estimation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    PPIs are presented as an index where the year 2010 is the base year. It should be noted that this reference base year may be arbitrarily chosen and does not necessarily reflect the year to which underlying weights relate.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The OECD calculates three area totals or ‘zones’ (OECD-Total; OECD-Europe; Major seven) for the PPI for manufacturing for domestic market. Five countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland and United-States) do not produce such PPI and PPI for total market are used as a proxy. These area totals are annually chain-linked Laspeyres indices where the country weights for each individual link are based on the previous year’s Gross Domestic Product expressed in the relevant purchasing power parity (PPP). Hence the aggregate indices are subject to revision as a result of revisions to the national accounts and the PPPs. In general, new weights for the most recent complete year are incorporated in either November or December of each year.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    For currently used weights, please see: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/50/44119636.xls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      PPIs provide an indication of the change in the prices received by domestic producers for their outputs or of the change in prices paid by domestic producers for their intermediate inputs. PPIs can also be used as a deflator of nominal values of output or intermediate consumption for the compilation of production volumes and for the deflation of nominal values of capital expenditures and inventory data for use in the national accounts. However the international comparability of country data is largely affected by how each country addresses the key methodological issues outlined above under key statistical concepts used.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      PPIs are generally closely monitored by central banks in their assessment of inflation pressures within an economy, and may also be used for price escalation in certain types of business contracts.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Consumer Price Index [CP]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Consumer Price Indices (CPIs) measure the average changes in the prices of consumer goods and services purchased by households. In most instances, CPIs are compiled in accordance with international statistical guidelines and recommendations. However, national practices may depart from these guidelines, and these departures may impact on international comparability between countries. Key methodological issues which can have an impact on the international comparability depending on the approach used by individual countries are:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * the weighting and aggregation systems (source of weights, frequency of revising weights, computation of lowest level indices);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * the treatment of quality differences (several procedures may be used when an item change occurs, depending mainly on: the available information; the importance of the quality change; the size of the price difference arising from this change; the possibility of splitting the price difference into a pure price component and a quality component; the possibility of simultaneously collecting the prices of the two items at least once);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * the selection of replacement items (replacement may become necessary when a product becomes permanently or temporary unavailable but the old and new items are not likely to have the same price);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * the treatment of new items (when a new product has gained a sufficient marked share to be introduced within the basket);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * the treatment of seasonal items (the supplies and prices of some products are subject to marked seasonal variations, mainly in the food and clothing groups); 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * the treatment of rents and home ownership (how to deal with controlled rents, with owner-occupied housing, how to design price surveys when the rental market is small and unregulated…).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          For a more comprehensive description of the methodologies for collecting price information and compiling these indices, please refer to the MEI Comparative Methodological Analysis: Consumer and Producer Prices Indices and to the Consumer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Estimation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CPIs are presented as an index where the year 2010 is the base year. It should be noted that this reference base year may be arbitrarily chosen and does not necessarily reflect the year to which underlying weights relate.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The OECD calculates three area totals or ‘zones’ (OECD-Total; OECD-Europe; Major seven) for the following product groups: All items; Food; Energy and; All items less food less energy. These area totals are annually chain-linked Laspeyres indices where the country weights for each individual link are based on the previous year’s household private final consumption expenditure of Households and Non-profit institutions serving households expressed in the relevant purchasing power parity (PPP). Hence the aggregate indices are subject to revision as a result of revisions to the national accounts and the PPPs. In general, new weights for the most recent complete year are incorporated in either November or December of each year.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            For currently used weights, please see: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/50/44119636.xls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              A time series of changes in one month’s CPI over the previous month provides an indication about the acceleration or deceleration of inflation although this measure may also reflect seasonal variations. However it should be noted that the majority of OECD countries do not produce seasonally adjusted CPIs because seasonal effects are not generally significant enough to warrant it. Changes in one month’s CPI over the same month of the previous year are generally regarded as providing an up-to-date annual rate of inflation. This comparison largely controls for seasonal effects, as long as they occur in the same months every year. However the international comparability of country data is largely affected by how each country addresses the key methodological issues outlined above under key statistical concepts used.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The CPI is used in most countries by the central monetary authority (e.g. usually the central bank) as the key measure of current inflation and is also analysed to provide information on likely future inflationary expectations. The CPI is also widely used in wage negotiations and for adjustments to social security payments (e.g. pensions) through its role as an indicator of changes in the cost of living.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Consumer Price Index > All items [CPAL]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Item coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The headline CPI measure is referred to as the "all items" level. That is, it covers all goods and services included for price measurement in the CPI.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Consumer Price Indices (CPIs) measure the average changes in the prices of consumer goods and services purchased by households. In most instances, CPIs are compiled in accordance with international statistical guidelines and recommendations. However, national practices may depart from these guidelines, and these departures may impact on international comparability between countries. Key methodological issues which can have an impact on the international comparability depending on the approach used by individual countries are:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    * the weighting and aggregation systems (source of weights, frequency of revising weights, computation of lowest level indices);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    * the treatment of quality differences (several procedures may be used when an item change occurs, depending mainly on: the available information; the importance of the quality change; the size of the price difference arising from this change; the possibility of splitting the price difference into a pure price component and a quality component; the possibility of simultaneously collecting the prices of the two items at least once);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    * the selection of replacement items (replacement may become necessary when a product becomes permanently or temporary unavailable but the old and new items are not likely to have the same price);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    * the treatment of new items (when a new product has gained a sufficient marked share to be introduced within the basket);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    * the treatment of seasonal items (the supplies and prices of some products are subject to marked seasonal variations, mainly in the food and clothing groups); 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    * the treatment of rents and home ownership (how to deal with controlled rents, with owner-occupied housing, how to design price surveys when the rental market is small and unregulated…).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    For a more comprehensive description of the methodologies for collecting price information and compiling these indices, please refer to the MEI Comparative Methodological Analysis: Consumer and Producer Prices Indices and to the Consumer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Estimation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      CPIs are presented as an index where the year 2010 is the base year. It should be noted that this reference base year may be arbitrarily chosen and does not necessarily reflect the year to which underlying weights relate.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The OECD calculates three area totals or ‘zones’ (OECD-Total; OECD-Europe; Major seven) for the following product groups: All items; Food; Energy and; All items less food less energy. These area totals are annually chain-linked Laspeyres indices where the country weights for each individual link are based on the previous year’s household private final consumption expenditure of Households and Non-profit institutions serving households expressed in the relevant purchasing power parity (PPP). Hence the aggregate indices are subject to revision as a result of revisions to the national accounts and the PPPs. In general, new weights for the most recent complete year are incorporated in either November or December of each year.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      For currently used weights, please see: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/50/44119636.xls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A time series of changes in one month’s CPI over the previous month provides an indication about the acceleration or deceleration of inflation although this measure may also reflect seasonal variations. However it should be noted that the majority of OECD countries do not produce seasonally adjusted CPIs because seasonal effects are not generally significant enough to warrant it. Changes in one month’s CPI over the same month of the previous year are generally regarded as providing an up-to-date annual rate of inflation. This comparison largely controls for seasonal effects, as long as they occur in the same months every year. However the international comparability of country data is largely affected by how each country addresses the key methodological issues outlined above under key statistical concepts used.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The CPI is used in most countries by the central monetary authority (e.g. usually the central bank) as the key measure of current inflation and is also analysed to provide information on likely future inflationary expectations. The CPI is also widely used in wage negotiations and for adjustments to social security payments (e.g. pensions) through its role as an indicator of changes in the cost of living.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Subject: Consumer Price Index > OECD Groups > Energy (Fuel, electricity & gasoline) [CPGREN]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Item coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Energy refers to items "electricity, gas and other fuels" as defined under the Classification of Individual consumption According to Purpose (COICOP 04.5) and "fuel and lubricants for personal transport equipment" (COICOP 07.2.2).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Consumer Price Indices (CPIs) measure the average changes in the prices of consumer goods and services purchased by households. In most instances, CPIs are compiled in accordance with international statistical guidelines and recommendations. However, national practices may depart from these guidelines, and these departures may impact on international comparability between countries. Key methodological issues which can have an impact on the international comparability depending on the approach used by individual countries are:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              * the weighting and aggregation systems (source of weights, frequency of revising weights, computation of lowest level indices);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              * the treatment of quality differences (several procedures may be used when an item change occurs, depending mainly on: the available information; the importance of the quality change; the size of the price difference arising from this change; the possibility of splitting the price difference into a pure price component and a quality component; the possibility of simultaneously collecting the prices of the two items at least once);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              * the selection of replacement items (replacement may become necessary when a product becomes permanently or temporary unavailable but the old and new items are not likely to have the same price);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              * the treatment of new items (when a new product has gained a sufficient marked share to be introduced within the basket);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              * the treatment of seasonal items (the supplies and prices of some products are subject to marked seasonal variations, mainly in the food and clothing groups); 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              * the treatment of rents and home ownership (how to deal with controlled rents, with owner-occupied housing, how to design price surveys when the rental market is small and unregulated…).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              For a more comprehensive description of the methodologies for collecting price information and compiling these indices, please refer to the MEI Comparative Methodological Analysis: Consumer and Producer Prices Indices and to the Consumer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Estimation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                CPIs are presented as an index where the year 2010 is the base year. It should be noted that this reference base year may be arbitrarily chosen and does not necessarily reflect the year to which underlying weights relate.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The OECD calculates three area totals or ‘zones’ (OECD-Total; OECD-Europe; Major seven) for the following product groups: All items; Food; Energy and; All items less food less energy. These area totals are annually chain-linked Laspeyres indices where the country weights for each individual link are based on the previous year’s household private final consumption expenditure of Households and Non-profit institutions serving households expressed in the relevant purchasing power parity (PPP). Hence the aggregate indices are subject to revision as a result of revisions to the national accounts and the PPPs. In general, new weights for the most recent complete year are incorporated in either November or December of each year.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                For currently used weights, please see: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/50/44119636.xls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A time series of changes in one month’s CPI over the previous month provides an indication about the acceleration or deceleration of inflation although this measure may also reflect seasonal variations. However it should be noted that the majority of OECD countries do not produce seasonally adjusted CPIs because seasonal effects are not generally significant enough to warrant it. Changes in one month’s CPI over the same month of the previous year are generally regarded as providing an up-to-date annual rate of inflation. This comparison largely controls for seasonal effects, as long as they occur in the same months every year. However the international comparability of country data is largely affected by how each country addresses the key methodological issues outlined above under key statistical concepts used.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The CPI is used in most countries by the central monetary authority (e.g. usually the central bank) as the key measure of current inflation and is also analysed to provide information on likely future inflationary expectations. The CPI is also widely used in wage negotiations and for adjustments to social security payments (e.g. pensions) through its role as an indicator of changes in the cost of living.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Subject: Consumer Price Index > Harmonised prices [CPHP]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Item coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Within the European Union, Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICP) are consumer price indices compiled on the basis of a harmonised coverage and methodology. HICPs at the "all items" level are presented for 21 European countries, for the Euro area and for the European Union. For further information on HICP, please refer to the definition presented by Eurostat HICP Eurostat methodology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Consumer Price Indices (CPIs) measure the average changes in the prices of consumer goods and services purchased by households. In most instances, CPIs are compiled in accordance with international statistical guidelines and recommendations. However, national practices may depart from these guidelines, and these departures may impact on international comparability between countries. Key methodological issues which can have an impact on the international comparability depending on the approach used by individual countries are:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * the weighting and aggregation systems (source of weights, frequency of revising weights, computation of lowest level indices);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * the treatment of quality differences (several procedures may be used when an item change occurs, depending mainly on: the available information; the importance of the quality change; the size of the price difference arising from this change; the possibility of splitting the price difference into a pure price component and a quality component; the possibility of simultaneously collecting the prices of the two items at least once);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * the selection of replacement items (replacement may become necessary when a product becomes permanently or temporary unavailable but the old and new items are not likely to have the same price);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * the treatment of new items (when a new product has gained a sufficient marked share to be introduced within the basket);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * the treatment of seasonal items (the supplies and prices of some products are subject to marked seasonal variations, mainly in the food and clothing groups); 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * the treatment of rents and home ownership (how to deal with controlled rents, with owner-occupied housing, how to design price surveys when the rental market is small and unregulated…).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        For a more comprehensive description of the methodologies for collecting price information and compiling these indices, please refer to the MEI Comparative Methodological Analysis: Consumer and Producer Prices Indices and to the Consumer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Estimation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          CPIs are presented as an index where the year 2010 is the base year. It should be noted that this reference base year may be arbitrarily chosen and does not necessarily reflect the year to which underlying weights relate.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The OECD calculates three area totals or ‘zones’ (OECD-Total; OECD-Europe; Major seven) for the following product groups: All items; Food; Energy and; All items less food less energy. These area totals are annually chain-linked Laspeyres indices where the country weights for each individual link are based on the previous year’s household private final consumption expenditure of Households and Non-profit institutions serving households expressed in the relevant purchasing power parity (PPP). Hence the aggregate indices are subject to revision as a result of revisions to the national accounts and the PPPs. In general, new weights for the most recent complete year are incorporated in either November or December of each year.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          For currently used weights, please see: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/50/44119636.xls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A time series of changes in one month’s CPI over the previous month provides an indication about the acceleration or deceleration of inflation although this measure may also reflect seasonal variations. However it should be noted that the majority of OECD countries do not produce seasonally adjusted CPIs because seasonal effects are not generally significant enough to warrant it. Changes in one month’s CPI over the same month of the previous year are generally regarded as providing an up-to-date annual rate of inflation. This comparison largely controls for seasonal effects, as long as they occur in the same months every year. However the international comparability of country data is largely affected by how each country addresses the key methodological issues outlined above under key statistical concepts used.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The CPI is used in most countries by the central monetary authority (e.g. usually the central bank) as the key measure of current inflation and is also analysed to provide information on likely future inflationary expectations. The CPI is also widely used in wage negotiations and for adjustments to social security payments (e.g. pensions) through its role as an indicator of changes in the cost of living.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components [MA]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Monetary aggregates are compiled by central banks on the basis of surveys of monetary and financial institutions.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Monetary aggregates are cumulative monthly stock figures.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Geographic coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The OECD does not collect monetary aggregates for European countries that are part of the Euro area; aggregated figures for the Euro area are therefore taken from the European Central Bank.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Monetary aggregates measure the amount of money circulating in an economy. National series are loaded into MEI as national currency stock series. Mostly, these are end-of-month. A few countries compile data more frequently e.g. weekly which enables them to calculate “average for the month” data. Series are also presented in index form, calculated by OECD.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Monetary aggregates are always expressed in current price (“nominal” terms) because the amount of money required by an economy reflects current levels of economic activity and price. In MEI, they are presented both as stock series in national currency and as indices in the OECD standard base year.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      There are many monetary aggregates. Statistically, they are items in the balance sheet of the banking system. They may be taken from either side (since credit series, which are banking assets, are sometimes labeled monetary aggregates) but are normally taken from the liabilities side. In the balance sheet the liabilities items are ordered, starting with very narrow definitions of money (such as notes and coin) and gradually widening through various types of bank accounts (e.g. sight deposits, term deposits) to very board items which include sophisticated products like financial derivatives.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      In other words, narrow money measures cover highly liquid forms of money (money as a means of exchange) while broad money includes the less liquid forms (money as a store of value). There were no internationally recognised standards for compiling monetary aggregates until the IMF published its Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual in 2000 (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/mfs/manual/index.htm). Cross-country comparability suffered as a result.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Now, notably, the European Central Bank’s framework for constructing Euro area monetary aggregates is consistent with IMF principles and non-euro EU countries are also required to report data to ECB according to the framework as are EU candidate countries as part of their application process. A useful IMF link for national methodologies is http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/sddscountrylist/ .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      In MEI, a general definition of narrow money – M1 is: currency i.e. banknotes and coins, plus overnight deposits. M2 is: the sum of M1, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to two years and deposits redeemable at notice of up to three months. And broad money – M3 is: the sum of M2, repurchase agreements, money market fund shares/units and debt securities up to two years.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The narrow and broad money indices are calculated by OECD from the national stock series. Country indices are calculated by first estimating period averages where the country only supplies end-of-period stock data. The figure for the end of the previous period is taken as the opening stock for the current period. The arithmetic average of the two is the estimate for the period average. These, or true monthly averages where available, are divided by the annual average of the monthly data in the base period to obtain the index.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Monetary aggregates are monitored by analysts because they measure the amount of money an economy currently needs. This means they reflect the state of that economy in terms of current activity and price levels. The modern model, “inflation targeting”, is for governments to “contract out” inflation control by explicitly setting the central bank this task. The central bank uses key policy “directive” interest rates as its main tool to lever the financial sector’s actions. Here, the levels of the money stock are seen as outcomes of policy decision, not tools in themselves and monetary aggregates take on lower importance. In many countries monetary aggregates became some of the most important and widely used government data in economic and financial research, not least because of the influence of monetarist thinking on macroeconomic policies in the 1980s. Relationships among monetary measures and other macroeconomic variables are studied in order to describe and to forecast changes in economic activity, interest rates and inflation. However, developments in financial markets, including financial deregulation and innovation, and major tax and interest rate changes, have altered the demand for money (and credit) and thus affected linkages to other economic variables such as income, employment and prices. As a consequence, for some analyses there has been a movement away from monetary aggregates towards a greater focus on more structural indicators. At times, governments have attempted to control the economy, particularly changes in price levels (.i.e. inflation) by directly limiting the money supply. A good example is the German Bundesbank prior to European Monetary Union. In such a scenario, inflation is controlled indirectly and monetary aggregates are key policy statistics.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Quality comments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Monetary aggregates are also referred to as money supply or money stock series. This is because they measure the amount of money “supplied” to an economy to satisfy its current monetary needs and since the data are taken from the liabilities side of the consolidated balance sheet of the banking system, they are “stock” (rather than “flow”) measures.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components > Narrow money and components [MANM]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Monetary aggregates are compiled by central banks on the basis of surveys of monetary and financial institutions.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Monetary aggregates are cumulative monthly stock figures.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Geographic coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The OECD does not collect monetary aggregates for European countries that are part of the Euro area; aggregated figures for the Euro area are therefore taken from the European Central Bank.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Monetary aggregates measure the amount of money circulating in an economy. National series are loaded into MEI as national currency stock series. Mostly, these are end-of-month. A few countries compile data more frequently e.g. weekly which enables them to calculate “average for the month” data. Series are also presented in index form, calculated by OECD.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Monetary aggregates are always expressed in current price (“nominal” terms) because the amount of money required by an economy reflects current levels of economic activity and price. In MEI, they are presented both as stock series in national currency and as indices in the OECD standard base year.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      There are many monetary aggregates. Statistically, they are items in the balance sheet of the banking system. They may be taken from either side (since credit series, which are banking assets, are sometimes labeled monetary aggregates) but are normally taken from the liabilities side. In the balance sheet the liabilities items are ordered, starting with very narrow definitions of money (such as notes and coin) and gradually widening through various types of bank accounts (e.g. sight deposits, term deposits) to very board items which include sophisticated products like financial derivatives.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      In other words, narrow money measures cover highly liquid forms of money (money as a means of exchange) while broad money includes the less liquid forms (money as a store of value). There were no internationally recognised standards for compiling monetary aggregates until the IMF published its Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual in 2000 (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/mfs/manual/index.htm). Cross-country comparability suffered as a result.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Now, notably, the European Central Bank’s framework for constructing Euro area monetary aggregates is consistent with IMF principles and non-euro EU countries are also required to report data to ECB according to the framework as are EU candidate countries as part of their application process. A useful IMF link for national methodologies is http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/sddscountrylist/ .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      In MEI, a general definition of narrow money – M1 is: currency i.e. banknotes and coins, plus overnight deposits. M2 is: the sum of M1, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to two years and deposits redeemable at notice of up to three months. And broad money – M3 is: the sum of M2, repurchase agreements, money market fund shares/units and debt securities up to two years.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The narrow and broad money indices are calculated by OECD from the national stock series. Country indices are calculated by first estimating period averages where the country only supplies end-of-period stock data. The figure for the end of the previous period is taken as the opening stock for the current period. The arithmetic average of the two is the estimate for the period average. These, or true monthly averages where available, are divided by the annual average of the monthly data in the base period to obtain the index.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Narrow money M1 is: currency i.e. banknotes and coins, plus overnight deposits.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Monetary aggregates are monitored by analysts because they measure the amount of money an economy currently needs. This means they reflect the state of that economy in terms of current activity and price levels. The modern model, “inflation targeting”, is for governments to “contract out” inflation control by explicitly setting the central bank this task. The central bank uses key policy “directive” interest rates as its main tool to lever the financial sector’s actions. Here, the levels of the money stock are seen as outcomes of policy decision, not tools in themselves and monetary aggregates take on lower importance. In many countries monetary aggregates became some of the most important and widely used government data in economic and financial research, not least because of the influence of monetarist thinking on macroeconomic policies in the 1980s. Relationships among monetary measures and other macroeconomic variables are studied in order to describe and to forecast changes in economic activity, interest rates and inflation. However, developments in financial markets, including financial deregulation and innovation, and major tax and interest rate changes, have altered the demand for money (and credit) and thus affected linkages to other economic variables such as income, employment and prices. As a consequence, for some analyses there has been a movement away from monetary aggregates towards a greater focus on more structural indicators. At times, governments have attempted to control the economy, particularly changes in price levels (.i.e. inflation) by directly limiting the money supply. A good example is the German Bundesbank prior to European Monetary Union. In such a scenario, inflation is controlled indirectly and monetary aggregates are key policy statistics.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Quality comments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Monetary aggregates are also referred to as money supply or money stock series. This is because they measure the amount of money “supplied” to an economy to satisfy its current monetary needs and since the data are taken from the liabilities side of the consolidated balance sheet of the banking system, they are “stock” (rather than “flow”) measures.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Subject: Monetary aggregates and their components > Broad money and components [MABM]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Monetary aggregates are compiled by central banks on the basis of surveys of monetary and financial institutions.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Monetary aggregates are cumulative monthly stock figures.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Population & Scope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Geographic coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The OECD does not collect monetary aggregates for European countries that are part of the Euro area; aggregated figures for the Euro area are therefore taken from the European Central Bank.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Monetary aggregates measure the amount of money circulating in an economy. National series are loaded into MEI as national currency stock series. Mostly, these are end-of-month. A few countries compile data more frequently e.g. weekly which enables them to calculate “average for the month” data. Series are also presented in index form, calculated by OECD.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Monetary aggregates are always expressed in current price (“nominal” terms) because the amount of money required by an economy reflects current levels of economic activity and price. In MEI, they are presented both as stock series in national currency and as indices in the OECD standard base year.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        There are many monetary aggregates. Statistically, they are items in the balance sheet of the banking system. They may be taken from either side (since credit series, which are banking assets, are sometimes labeled monetary aggregates) but are normally taken from the liabilities side. In the balance sheet the liabilities items are ordered, starting with very narrow definitions of money (such as notes and coin) and gradually widening through various types of bank accounts (e.g. sight deposits, term deposits) to very board items which include sophisticated products like financial derivatives.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        In other words, narrow money measures cover highly liquid forms of money (money as a means of exchange) while broad money includes the less liquid forms (money as a store of value). There were no internationally recognised standards for compiling monetary aggregates until the IMF published its Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual in 2000 (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/mfs/manual/index.htm). Cross-country comparability suffered as a result.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Now, notably, the European Central Bank’s framework for constructing Euro area monetary aggregates is consistent with IMF principles and non-euro EU countries are also required to report data to ECB according to the framework as are EU candidate countries as part of their application process. A useful IMF link for national methodologies is http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/sddscountrylist/ .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        In MEI, a general definition of narrow money – M1 is: currency i.e. banknotes and coins, plus overnight deposits. M2 is: the sum of M1, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to two years and deposits redeemable at notice of up to three months. And broad money – M3 is: the sum of M2, repurchase agreements, money market fund shares/units and debt securities up to two years.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Other manipulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The narrow and broad money indices are calculated by OECD from the national stock series. Country indices are calculated by first estimating period averages where the country only supplies end-of-period stock data. The figure for the end of the previous period is taken as the opening stock for the current period. The arithmetic average of the two is the estimate for the period average. These, or true monthly averages where available, are divided by the annual average of the monthly data in the base period to obtain the index.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Broad money is the sum of M2, repurchase agreements, money market fund shares/units and debt securities up to two years.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Monetary aggregates are monitored by analysts because they measure the amount of money an economy currently needs. This means they reflect the state of that economy in terms of current activity and price levels. The modern model, “inflation targeting”, is for governments to “contract out” inflation control by explicitly setting the central bank this task. The central bank uses key policy “directive” interest rates as its main tool to lever the financial sector’s actions. Here, the levels of the money stock are seen as outcomes of policy decision, not tools in themselves and monetary aggregates take on lower importance. In many countries monetary aggregates became some of the most important and widely used government data in economic and financial research, not least because of the influence of monetarist thinking on macroeconomic policies in the 1980s. Relationships among monetary measures and other macroeconomic variables are studied in order to describe and to forecast changes in economic activity, interest rates and inflation. However, developments in financial markets, including financial deregulation and innovation, and major tax and interest rate changes, have altered the demand for money (and credit) and thus affected linkages to other economic variables such as income, employment and prices. As a consequence, for some analyses there has been a movement away from monetary aggregates towards a greater focus on more structural indicators. At times, governments have attempted to control the economy, particularly changes in price levels (.i.e. inflation) by directly limiting the money supply. A good example is the German Bundesbank prior to European Monetary Union. In such a scenario, inflation is controlled indirectly and monetary aggregates are key policy statistics.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Quality comments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Monetary aggregates are also referred to as money supply or money stock series. This is because they measure the amount of money “supplied” to an economy to satisfy its current monetary needs and since the data are taken from the liabilities side of the consolidated balance sheet of the banking system, they are “stock” (rather than “flow”) measures.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Subject: Interest Rates [IR]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  In nearly all instances, data are provided by the national central bank.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Interest can be said to be the price paid by the borrower for the use of funds saved by the lender and the compensation to the lender for his deferring expenditures. This compensation comprises two elements, namely a payment equal to the loss of purchasing power of the principal during the term of the loan and a balance that represents the real interest accruing to the lender. However this simplicity does not extend into the area of rate determination since rates vary not only because of inflation, as implied above, but also because of a number of other influences, including:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      - The amount, purpose and period of the transaction;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      - The credit-worthiness of the borrower;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      - The collateral offered and/or other guarantees/guarantors available;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      - The competition for the transaction;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      - Government policy.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      As a consequence, there will be numerous rates applying to the large number of transactions that are in effect at any one time in any one country. While efforts have been made in the rate selection to ensure as much international comparability as possible, the fact remains that the institutional features of each member’s financial markets are distinct and often markedly different from those of other members. However, the intent is to present for each country a range of rates, from ‘overnight’ through ‘short-term’ to ‘long-term’. In general, ‘overnight’ and ‘short term’ rates relate to money market instruments, while ‘long term’ rates are secondary market yields of long term (usually 10 year) bonds.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Monthly figures shown are calculated as the average of weighted or unweighted arithmetic rates relating to all days or specified days in the month or they refer to a day at or near month’s end. For short and long term interest rates, annual and quarterly data are normally averages of monthly figures, while for ‘overnight’ rates, annual and quarterly data usually refer to the figure for the final month of the period.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Subject: Interest Rates > Immediate rates (< 24 hrs) [IRST]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          In nearly all instances, data are provided by the national central bank.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Interest can be said to be the price paid by the borrower for the use of funds saved by the lender and the compensation to the lender for his deferring expenditures. This compensation comprises two elements, namely a payment equal to the loss of purchasing power of the principal during the term of the loan and a balance that represents the real interest accruing to the lender. However this simplicity does not extend into the area of rate determination since rates vary not only because of inflation, as implied above, but also because of a number of other influences, including:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              - The amount, purpose and period of the transaction;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              - The credit-worthiness of the borrower;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              - The collateral offered and/or other guarantees/guarantors available;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              - The competition for the transaction;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              - Government policy.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              As a consequence, there will be numerous rates applying to the large number of transactions that are in effect at any one time in any one country. While efforts have been made in the rate selection to ensure as much international comparability as possible, the fact remains that the institutional features of each member’s financial markets are distinct and often markedly different from those of other members. However, the intent is to present for each country a range of rates, from ‘overnight’ through ‘short-term’ to ‘long-term’. In general, ‘overnight’ and ‘short term’ rates relate to money market instruments, while ‘long term’ rates are secondary market yields of long term (usually 10 year) bonds.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Monthly figures shown are calculated as the average of weighted or unweighted arithmetic rates relating to all days or specified days in the month or they refer to a day at or near month’s end. For short and long term interest rates, annual and quarterly data are normally averages of monthly figures, while for ‘overnight’ rates, annual and quarterly data usually refer to the figure for the final month of the period.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Overnight or Immediate Rate here is used as a term to describe official discount rates and call-money rates. The official discount rate is the rate at which central banks make advances to, or discount eligible bills of exchange for, selected banks and other financial intermediaries. There are often strict rules regarding the quality of securities which will be accepted as collateral for the advances and regarding the eligibility of bills of exchange to be discounted. In the case of the latter, normally they must be of limited duration to maturity, commercial and not financial paper, and guaranteed by parties known to be solvent. Additionally, there are limits on the amount of credit available. Call money and day-to-day loans play a predominant role in interbank money dealings and between banks and money market dealers. Day-to-day loans usually refer to operations on the money market between banks to balance temporary surpluses and shortages of liquidity. These operations are sometimes conducted through the central bank. Call money generally refers to secured or unsecured ‘at-call’ loans made by banks to money market dealers. It is occasionally used for the flow of funds from financial institutions with an excess of their own funds and deposits (in relation to customers’ demands) to institutions with a shortage.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Subject: Interest Rates > 3-month or 90-day rates and yields [IR3T]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    In nearly all instances, data are provided by the national central bank.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Interest can be said to be the price paid by the borrower for the use of funds saved by the lender and the compensation to the lender for his deferring expenditures. This compensation comprises two elements, namely a payment equal to the loss of purchasing power of the principal during the term of the loan and a balance that represents the real interest accruing to the lender. However this simplicity does not extend into the area of rate determination since rates vary not only because of inflation, as implied above, but also because of a number of other influences, including:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - The amount, purpose and period of the transaction;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - The credit-worthiness of the borrower;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - The collateral offered and/or other guarantees/guarantors available;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - The competition for the transaction;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        - Government policy.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        As a consequence, there will be numerous rates applying to the large number of transactions that are in effect at any one time in any one country. While efforts have been made in the rate selection to ensure as much international comparability as possible, the fact remains that the institutional features of each member’s financial markets are distinct and often markedly different from those of other members. However, the intent is to present for each country a range of rates, from ‘overnight’ through ‘short-term’ to ‘long-term’. In general, ‘overnight’ and ‘short term’ rates relate to money market instruments, while ‘long term’ rates are secondary market yields of long term (usually 10 year) bonds.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Monthly figures shown are calculated as the average of weighted or unweighted arithmetic rates relating to all days or specified days in the month or they refer to a day at or near month’s end. For short and long term interest rates, annual and quarterly data are normally averages of monthly figures, while for ‘overnight’ rates, annual and quarterly data usually refer to the figure for the final month of the period.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Short term rates are usually either the three month interbank offer rate attaching to loans given and taken amongst banks for any excess or shortage of liquidity over several months or the rate associated with Treasury bills, Certificates of Deposit or comparable instruments, each of three month maturity.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            For Euro Area countries the 3-month "European Interbank Offered Rate" is used from the date the country joined the euro.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Subject: Interest Rates > Long-term government bond yields [IRLT]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              In nearly all instances, data are provided by the national central bank.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Interest can be said to be the price paid by the borrower for the use of funds saved by the lender and the compensation to the lender for his deferring expenditures. This compensation comprises two elements, namely a payment equal to the loss of purchasing power of the principal during the term of the loan and a balance that represents the real interest accruing to the lender. However this simplicity does not extend into the area of rate determination since rates vary not only because of inflation, as implied above, but also because of a number of other influences, including:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  - The amount, purpose and period of the transaction;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  - The credit-worthiness of the borrower;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  - The collateral offered and/or other guarantees/guarantors available;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  - The competition for the transaction;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  - Government policy.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  As a consequence, there will be numerous rates applying to the large number of transactions that are in effect at any one time in any one country. While efforts have been made in the rate selection to ensure as much international comparability as possible, the fact remains that the institutional features of each member’s financial markets are distinct and often markedly different from those of other members. However, the intent is to present for each country a range of rates, from ‘overnight’ through ‘short-term’ to ‘long-term’. In general, ‘overnight’ and ‘short term’ rates relate to money market instruments, while ‘long term’ rates are secondary market yields of long term (usually 10 year) bonds.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Aggregation and consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Monthly figures shown are calculated as the average of weighted or unweighted arithmetic rates relating to all days or specified days in the month or they refer to a day at or near month’s end. For short and long term interest rates, annual and quarterly data are normally averages of monthly figures, while for ‘overnight’ rates, annual and quarterly data usually refer to the figure for the final month of the period.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Long term (in most cases 10 year) government bonds are the instrument whose yield is used as the representative ‘interest rate’ for this area. Generally the yield is calculated at the pre-tax level and before deductions for brokerage costs and commissions and is derived from the relationship between the present market value of the bond and that at maturity, taking into account also interest payments paid through to maturity.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Share Prices [SP]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Share price indices are usually calculated by the stock exchange, although occasionally agencies such as central banks will compile them.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Monthly data are averages of daily quotations, quarterly and annual data are averages of monthly figures.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The Main Economic Indicator share indices are targeted to be national, all-share or broad, price indices and use the closing daily values for the monthly data, normally expressed as simple arithmetic averages of the daily data. What each share price index measures is determined by its construction. A major distinction is between a price index, which measures changes in the market capitalisation of the basket of shares in the index, and a return index, which adds on to the price index the value of dividend payments (and assumes they are reinvested in the same stocks). A price index measures how the value of the stocks in the index is changing, a return index tells the investor what their “return” is, i.e. how much money they would make as a result of investing in that basket of shares. Other terms for “return” are “performance” and “accumulation”.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Other components that determine what an index measures are: Geographic coverage, Market coverage, Sector coverage, Threshold for inclusion in the basket, and Corrections for “anomalies” (e.g. splits, market consolidations). There are literally thousands of stock market indices available world-wide because indices are tailored to meet the specific needs of investors and other market observers. They may cover specific industries (e.g. engineering goods), sectors (e.g. telecom, energy or health care), whole markets (e.g. all shares indices) and may be local, national, multinational or even global. They can be calculated and distributed as frequently as on a “real-time” basis of every few minutes but are at least available on a daily basis. In recent years there has been a tendency for stock exchanges to co-operate on index methodology with major financial houses such as Standard & Poor’s, FTSE, Dow-Jones. When an agency sponsors index calculation, its name is often included in the official index name. The statistical methodologies used to calculate the indices are well developed.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The compiling agency usually makes detailed information available on its website. Links are included in the country/subject texts where available. Investment in ICT has largely eliminated the need for physical proximity for trading, and the trend is now for markets to merge cross-nationally (e.g. Euronext).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Because a stock market’s valuation reflects investors’ confidence in it and therefore captures perceptions about its future viability, share prices indices have a strong forward-looking component. For this reason, and because the speed with which they are calculated and published means they are available immediately after the end of the reference period, they are frequently used in the construction of forward-looking indicators. Although primarily designed as measurements of market performance for use by individual investors and investment fund managers, share price indices are also used as indicators of economic activity by business and government analysts.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                They also have a crucial role as a component in the construction of the CLIs series. Leading indicators are aggregate time series displaying a reasonably consistent advance relationship with a reference series measuring the economic cycle of a country, usually the index of industrial production. Will indices continue to play a significant role as economic activity indicators? As movement towards liberalization and harmonization of stock exchange activity gains momentum, trading in London may influence, say, the opening trading of the Tokyo exchange and thus the Tokyo index. Such price changes are still the result of a change in investors’ views.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                This development of having a company’s stock traded on more than one exchange may well mean that the index for a country’s exchange is increasingly less reflective of that domestic economy, given the inclusion of foreign stock. Another development could be the possibility of smaller exchanges being forced out of business as the more successful, bigger exchanges enjoy an increasing share of a global market in security trading.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                One viewpoint of this development may be that integration of exchange activity is proceeding alongside the integration of national economies and that each of the surviving indices could reflect to a certain degree a number of individual national economies. Or again, additional new indices may be compiled that relate not to specific exchanges as such, but to specific economies, with the basic information being obtained from more than one exchange. Such a development would involve the conversion, through the use of exchange rates, of the basic information from the national currency (on which the exchange specific indices are presently constructed) into a standard currency, say the U.S. dollar.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                It is interesting to note that some ‘combined’ indices are already being computed, e.g. the FTSE International World Indices. Given that in some countries, overseas investment in certain companies is limited to specific levels, the weighting for these companies in the World Indices is restricted to correspond to the permitted maximum overseas investment.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Subject: Currency Conversions [CC]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The nominal exchanges rate is the price of one currency in terms of another.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Subject: Currency Conversions > Real effective exchange rates [CCRE]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Economics Department
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Annual and quarterly data are averages of monthly figures.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The nominal exchanges rate is the price of one currency in terms of another.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Competitiveness-weighted relative consumer prices and unit labour costs for the overall economy in dollar terms. Competitiveness weights take into account the structure of competition in both export and import markets of the goods sector of 49 countries. An increase in the index indicates a real effective appreciation and a corresponding deterioration of the competitive position. For details on the method of calculation, see  OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods (http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods.htm).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Relative unit labour costs build by far the best established indicator of international competitiveness (Boltho, 1996 and Neary, 2006). This index avoids measurement problems seen in the relative consumer price index such as shifts in composition of trade flows.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Subject: International Trade [XT]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Direct source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Generally, national statistical institutes are the source for data. It should be noted that for EU member states, the source is Eurostat.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                When not provided by countries, annual and quarterly data are sum of monthly values.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Contact person
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  OECD statistics contact: stat.contact@oecd.org
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The published international trade data show seasonally adjusted imports and exports data in billions of US dollars. Imports consist of: (i) imports for direct domestic consumption; (ii) withdrawals from bonded warehouses and free zones for domestic consumption (special trade only); and (iii) imports into bonded warehouses and free zones (general trade only).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Exports consist of: (i) exports of national products; (ii) exports without transformation of goods which had already been counted as special imports; and (iii) exports from bonded warehouses or free zones of goods which have not been transformed since import (general trade only).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Recommended uses and limitations

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      In all OECD countries statistics on imports and exports of goods (merchandise trade) are regarded as among the most important economic statistics. The primary uses of short-term merchandise trade statistics as published in the Main Economic Indicators are:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • as a short-term economic indicator;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • as an input to the compilation of import or export components of various price indices; and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • as an input to the compilation of balance of payments statistics and national accounts. In addition to the above, merchandise trade statistics are an important input to the development of trade policy, including fiscal, monetary, structural and sectoral issues.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      For instance,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Customs duties collected on imports are a major source of government revenue.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Foreign trade statistics provide important market information for the business sector. At the detailed level, they can be used to identify the types of products that are presently being imported but which could be produced domestically; to help importers identify sources of supply; and to help exporters find new foreign markets.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Foreign demand for a country's exports may have a significant impact on domestic incomes. Levels and changes in exports are thus an important indicator of earnings, tax revenues and living standards.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • To operate their exchange rate policies, governments need to know the levels and trends of imports and exports because exchange rates are determined by the demand for different currencies, a large part of which comes from the demand for exports and imports.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      OECD Member countries in the main follow the United Nations guidelines quite closely. As their economies are closely linked through trade flows, it is in their interests to use the same definitions and standards for trade statistics. However, there may be practical difficulties relating to the recording of trade in military goods and the valuation of trade between related enterprises.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Subject: Balance of Payments (archive) [BP]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Contact person/organisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Name of collection/source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The Balance of Payments statistics are derived from a combination of direct business enterprise /establishment surveys conducted by the Direct source and other government agencies, and other sources such as banks' international transaction reporting systems (ITRS) and customs clearance data (administrative data)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Source Periodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Data are compiled quarterly (and in some cases monthly) on a transactions basis.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The balance of payments is a statistical statement that provides a systematic summary of economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world, for a specific time period. The transactions are for the most part between residents and non-residents of the economy. A transaction is defined as an economic flow that reflects the creation, transformation, exchange, transfer, or extinction of economic value and involves changes in ownership, of goods or assets, the provision of services, labour or capital.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              For countries compiling Balance of Payments Statistics in accordance with the 6th edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual published by the IMF (BPM6) - the list is provided below -, the transactions included comprise: the goods and services accounts, the primary income account (the income account in BPM5), the secondary income account (the transfers in BPM5), the capital account, and the financial account.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              For countries compiling Balance of Payments statistics in accordance with the 5th edition on the Balance of Payments Manual, the transactions included comprise: goods, services, and income; those involving financial claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and transfers. Changes in BPM6 compared to BPM5 are often a consequence of a stricter application of the change of ownership principle in particular in the goods and services accounts. They relate to transactions on goods and services (merchanting, goods for processing, Insurance), income (investment income), and financial opérations (direct investment)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              OECD country data presented according to the BPM6 format: Australia, Canada.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Balance of payments statistics are used as a key economic indicator due to the close relationship between domestic economic and external developments. This relationship has strengthened over the last two decades with the growing interdependence of the world's economies. Balance of payments and related trade and financial statistics are used by agencies responsible for the formulation of policy on issues such as causes of payments imbalances, adjustment measures, merchandise trade, trade in services, financial flows, financial stability and foreign direct investment, etc. In principle as part of a double entry accounting system the balance of payments should balance, but as the components are independently derived from (many) different sources, they do not in practice balance. The residual imbalance is described by the term "net errors and omissions".
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Subject: Balance of Payments BPM6 > Financial Account [B6FA]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  In the financial account, for net values, a positive sign indicates a net (in)flow from the domestic economy to the rest of the world (i.e. a lending to the rest of the world) and a negative sign, a net (out)flow from the rest of the world to the domestic economy (i.e. a net borrowing from the rest of the world). At the level of the sub items (investment abroad investment; in the reporting economy etc.), a positive sign indicates an increase of the sub item under consideration and a negative sign a decrease. These conventions are imposed by the BPM6.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Subject: National Accounts [NA]     [Expand/Collapse]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Concepts & Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Key statistical concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD Quarterly National Accounts provide comparable macroeconomic data for countries on a quarterly basis. They are more timely than annual accounts and have a very important role in economic policy making. They provide timely indicators of economic developments and enable detailed analysis of the behaviour of economies around turning points in the business cycle. Annual accounts tend to hide the pattern of growth around turning points because peaks or troughs in economic activity generally cut across years.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Quarterly national accounts (QNA) feed directly into OECD's modelling, forecasting and analytical work and are widely used by outside researchers for the same purpose. They are, however, less detailed than annual accounts and not all series are available for all member countries. QNA are collected from countries on the basis of a standard questionnaire for European Member countries and on the basis of countries' own definitions and classifications for non-European Member countries. Most countries' quarterly accounts by 2015 should be consistent with the 2008 System of National Accounts (2008 SNA).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OECD quarterly national accounts comprise some area totals and a set of volume and price indices as well as time series from countries' quarterly national accounts for the following accounts:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - GDP by type of expenditure, by cost structure and by industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - Gross fixed capital formation by product and by institutional sector
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - Components of disposable income
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    - Saving and net lending/borrowing.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Other Aspects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Recommended uses and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      National accounts data are taken from the OECD Quarterly National Accounts: www.oecd.org/std/qna. They are based on each country's own system of national accounts. All OECD member countries compile data according to the SNA 1993, and by 2015 should have moved to SNA 2008.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Data for individual countries are seasonally adjusted growth and volume indices. Data are at market prices in national currency. Area total estimates are calculated by aggregating country data at price levels for a common year converted from national currencies by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Estimates are made by the Secretariat as part of the aggregation process.
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