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This report builds on the OECD’s longstanding work measuring government support in agriculture, fossil fuels, and fisheries in order to estimate support and related market distortions in the aluminium value chain. Results show that non-market forces, and government support in particular, appear to explain some of the recent increases in aluminium-smelting capacity. While government support is commonly found throughout the aluminium value chain, it is especially heavy in the People’s Republic of China and countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Looking across the whole value chain also shows subsidies upstream to confer significant support to downstream activities, such as the production of semi-fabricated products of aluminium. Overall, market distortions appear to be a genuine concern in the aluminium industry, and one that has implications for global competition and the design of trade rules disciplining government support.

L’avenir du tourisme sera soumis à des changements sociaux, économiques, politiques, environnementaux et technologiques de grande ampleur apportant de nouveaux défis, souvent méconnus, ainsi que, de nouvelles menaces et opportunités. Ces mégatendances se forment lentement mais une fois implantées, excercent une influence considérable et durable sur les activités humaines, les processus et les percéptions, y compris sur le tourisme. Quatre mégatendances sont susceptibles d'avoir des impacts importants et une pertinence pour le tourisme : i) l’évolution de la demande touristique ; ii) l’essor du tourisme durable ; iii) les technologies structurantes et iv) la mobilité des voyageurs. Explorer les implications multidimensionnelles de ces mégatendances à l’horizon 2040 est nécessaire pour guider les politiques et orienter l’avenir du tourisme. Ce document développe une série de scénarios plausibles et de réponses publiques possibles aux mégatendances mentionnées ci-dessus, il examine ensuite la manière dont les responsables des politiques publiques peuvent mieux se préparer aux mégatendances, et présente un ensemble de lignes directrices pour une prospective stratégique efficace en matière de tourisme.

German, English

This paper presents key findings for financial education, drawn from the IOSCO/OECD joint report “The Application of Behavioural Insights to Financial Literacy and Investor Education Programmes and Initiatives”. It gives a short overview of the ways in which behavioural insights are relevant for financial education and then summarises five key lessons that policy makers can follow, illustrated with the experiences of OECD/INFE members.

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