Browse by: "2021"
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The OECD Career Readiness project makes use of quantitative evidence to investigate how career-related aspects of teenage lives are associated with better adult employment outcomes. Review of multiple national longitudinal datasets confirms 11 indicators of better outcomes linked to the ways in which teenagers while in secondary education explore, experience and think about their potential futures in work. The aim of this policy brief is to explore the policy implications of international indicators of career readiness confirmed in the research, to share evidence from OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 on the extent to which young people are meeting the indicators and examples of practice that align with the empirical findings. It concludes with insights from the research for guidance policy (including 14 questions for schools) and, acknowledging the limitations of the new evidence, provides guidance on how the evidence base can be further strengthened.
This paper explores the interaction between the governmental policies adopted to face the COVID-19 emergency and competition policy. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the role of competition policy in promoting economic recovery held in December 2020.
This paper explores the relationship between competition law and economic regulation from the angle of competition enforcement. It was prepared as background for a discussion on Competition enforcement and regulatory alternatives held in June 2021.
This paper explores the interaction between the governmental policies adopted to face the COVID-19 emergency and competition policy. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the role of competition policy in promoting economic recovery held in December 2020.
This paper explores the interaction between competition law and policy and sustainability. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held in December 2020.
This paper explores the use of market studies with the specific objective of addressing emerging competition issues. It was prepared as background for the discussion "Using Market Studies to Tackle Emerging Competition Issues" held at the 2020 OECD Global Forum on Competition.
This paper provides an overview of how digital advertising markets work, to look at the state of competition in these markets, and to identify what responses various jurisdictions are considering to address competition concerns in these markets. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held in June 2021.
This paper considers the benefits of extending the timeframe used to evaluate potential competition and reviews the tools that are available to assess it. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held in June 2021.
Economic analysis is central to effective merger review. This paper was prepared as background for a discussion on Economic Analysis in Merger Investigations held at the 2020 OECD Global Forum on Competition.
This paper describes the role that data portability and interoperability measures can play in promoting competition both within and among digital platforms. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held in June 2021.
The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) calls for a comprehensive response to refugee situations, including easing the pressure on refugee hosting countries, burden and responsibility sharing by the international community, and promoting self-reliance of refugees and hosting communities. As a pledge to the GCR, the OECD launched the 2020 survey on refugee financing. This report measures progress towards the responsibility-sharing goal of the GCR, and examines the strengths and challenges of donor practises when it comes to official development assistance (ODA) for refugees and hosting communities. It situates actual financing flows in 2018-19 in the broader agenda of strengthening the application of the Humanitarian-Development-Peace (HDP) Nexus for refugees and hosting communities. The report constitutes the first comprehensive baseline of bilateral ODA financing to refugee situations globally, after an initial refugee financing survey carried out in 2018, which was more limited in scope. It also includes a segment on the engagement of multilateral development banks (MDBs) in refugee situations. The financing data is informed by 36 respondents to the refugee financing survey, including 28 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members, 4 other bilateral ODA donors, and 4 multilateral development banks (MDBs).
Trade negotiations are frequently accompanied by sustainability impact assessment (SIA) to evaluate the potential economic, environmental, social and human rights effects of a possible agreement. SIAs can help promote environmental protection, and support the better integration of women, vulnerable populations, and small businesses into the global economy, as well as address growing concerns from civil society. They provide a critical opportunity for dialogue among stakeholders and trade policy makers, and thereby help to rebuild confidence in the trading system. However, SIA approaches ‒ including economic modelling, qualitative causal chain analysis and stakeholder consultations ‒ each have their strengths, challenges and limitations. Those need to be understood by policy makers if reliable and policy relevant conclusions are to be provided. This paper offers a perspective on the challenges and opportunities of various approaches and discusses best practices for assessing the sustainability impact of trade and trade agreements.
Asset tokenisation can generally be described as the digital representation of physical assets on distributed ledgers (also referred to as digital twins) or the issuance of native tokens on the blockchain. Although initially associated with mostly non-compliant initial coin offerings over the period 2017-18, currently tokenisation represents one of the most prominent cases of distributed ledger technologies in financial markets. This Going Digital Toolkit note identifies the different approaches that policy makers have adopted around tokenised assets and the markets for such instruments, and provides examples of these approaches. These approaches are not mutually exclusive and policy makers may differ in the way they address asset tokenisation, participants of tokenised markets, and risks arising in these markets. This Toolkit note does not classify approaches into categories, but rather describes elements and characteristics of different jurisdictional approaches to asset tokenisation, some of which can co-exist.
The OECD Career Readiness project makes use of quantitative evidence to investigate how teenage career-related activities and attitudes are associated with better adult employment outcomes. Review of multiple national longitudinal datasets confirms 11 indicators of better outcomes linked to the ways in which teenagers explore, experience and think about their potential futures in work while in secondary education. This Policy Brief summarises findings from three OECD working papers. It describes the project methodology and results.
The OECD Career Readiness project makes use of quantitative evidence to investigate how teenage career-related activities and attitudes are associated with better adult employment outcomes. Review of multiple national longitudinal datasets confirms 11 indicators of better outcomes linked to the ways in which teenagers explore, experience and think about their potential futures in work while in secondary education. This Policy Brief summarises findings and draws out implications for secondary schools, including 14 questions for consideration by guidance counsellors and school leaders linked to the indicators.
One of the key objectives of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is to instigate design for the environment. In collective EPR schemes, the fee schedule set by Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs) is typically quite simple and provides weak incentives for design change by producers. Fee modulation, changing fees paid by producers in a collective EPR scheme based on product design, can provide producers with stronger design incentives, but adds complexity to the system. The paper defines a classification for fee modulation (by criteria and methodology) and discusses potential challenges and opportunities. It concludes with key policy insights that can further stimulate this emerging policy approach.
The OECD Career Readiness project makes use of quantitative evidence to identify how teenage career-related activities and attitudes are linked with better adult employment outcomes. Review of multiple national longitudinal datasets confirms that teenage experiences of the workplace through part-time working and volunteering are routinely associated with better prospects in work during adulthood. While the evidence base is much weaker, it is also likely that students who undertake workplace placements through their schools can have much to gain. This policy brief draws on evidence from longitudinal studies and beyond to explore the following questions:
Why is it important for secondary school students to have first-hand experience of work?
What difference does workplace experience make?
And how can schools and education systems best optimise its benefits?
The paper analyses the role of loan guarantee programmes following the COVID-19 outbreak in alleviating firm distress as well as their broader impacts on productivity via reallocation, relying on a simulation model and econometric estimations. The simulation exercise relies on a simple cash-flow accounting model, a large dataset reporting balance sheets of firms located in 14 countries and granular data on the magnitude of the COVID-19 shock. Our findings suggest that i) the COVID-19 shock had the potential to seriously distort market selection; and ii) policy actions corrected up to 30% of the inefficiency of market selection in the short-term, shielding many high productive firms from distress and supporting zombie firms only to a limited extent. The econometric exercise, based on historical data and standard models of dynamic allocative efficiency, examines how loan guarantees may shape the efficiency through which resources are allocated across firms of different productivity levels over the medium-term. Results suggest that, over the 2007-2018 period, increases in large-scale loan guarantee schemes were associated with weaker reallocation of credit and labour from low to high productivity firms. However, these effects are found to be more benign in intangible-intensive sectors and even positive for smaller scale programmes. Overall, engineering an effective exit strategy from these schemes, preserving their benefits while reducing their drawbacks through a gradual and state contingent phasing out, is critical to foster the recovery of the corporate sector. Further, monitoring debt overhang risks and facilitating firms’ entry and digital diffusion are relevant complementary challenges to address once COVID-19 related support is withdrawn.