Browse by: "2024"

Total support to the agricultural sector across the 54 countries covered by this report averaged USD 842 billion per year during 2021-23. Many of the countries covered by the OECD Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation report provide support to their sectors, using policies that include market price support (tariffs and other border measures, MPS) that changes the price farmers receive for their products, or via various forms of budgetary transfers, such as output or input subsidies, payments for environmental services, or general services such as infrastructure development.

Le soutien total au secteur agricole dans les 54 pays couverts par le rapport s’est élevé à 842 milliards USD par an en moyenne sur la période 2021-23. Parmi les pays couverts dans le rapport Politiques agricoles : suivi et évaluation, beaucoup soutiennent leur secteur agricole au travers de mesures comprenant le soutien des prix du marché (via des droits de douane et d’autres mesures à la frontière), qui modifie les prix perçus par les agriculteurs, ainsi que diverses formes de transferts budgétaires, dont les subventions au titre de la production ou des intrants, les paiements pour services environnementaux ou la fourniture de services d’intérêt général comme la mise en place d’infrastructures.

Digital technologies are reshaping our lives, with significant impacts on personal and societal well-being. As these technologies are increasingly integrated into everyday life, it is crucial to raise awareness on their positive and negative impacts which are reviewed in this paper. While innovations like AI in healthcare and assistive devices empower individuals and improve access, they also introduce risks such as mental health challenges, misinformation, and privacy breaches. Raising awareness around digital risks helps individuals make smarter, safer decisions. At the same time, empowerment is about more than just awareness; it involves giving users control over their digital experiences, equipping them with the skills to harness technology for education, employment, and personal growth. Ultimately, responsible digital use is essential for safeguarding data privacy, supporting democratic values and respecting ethical standards. While digital technologies have the power to level the playing field, they can deepen existing inequalities if access and skills are unevenly distributed. Bridging digital divides through tailored inclusive solutions is equally important. Understanding the relationship between technology use and well-being is therefore key, but further research is needed to fully grasp these dynamics.

La pandémie de la COVID-19, la crise du coût de la vie et les risques et conflits géopolitiques émergents ont considérablement perturbé les économies et affecté la vie des gens. Comment va la vie ? 2024 – Bien-être et résilience en temps de crise, la 6e édition de la série de rapports Comment va la vie ?, fournit une boussole pour comprendre dans quelle mesure les gouvernements de l'OCDE font face à ces défis interconnectés. Elle présente les dernières données tirées de plus de 80 indicateurs du cadre de mesure du bien-être de l'OCDE et évalue les résultats sociaux, économiques et environnementaux qui comptent le plus dans la vie des gens. Elle identifie les défis actuels en matière de société, d'inclusion et de durabilité, et met en évidence les domaines politiques clés et les risques émergents qui nécessitent une attention particulière. Cette synthèse résume les principales conclusions de Comment va la vie ? 2024.

The COVID-19 pandemic, cost-of-living crisis and emerging geopolitical risks and conflicts have significantly disrupted economies and impacted people's lives. How’s Life? 2024 - Well-being and Resilience in Times of Crisis, the 6th edition of the How's Life? report series, provides a compass to understand how well OECD governments are navigating these interconnected challenges. It presents the latest insights from over 80 indicators in the OECD Well-being Framework and assesses the social, economic, and environmental outcomes that matter most to people’s lives. It identifies current social, inclusion and sustainability challenges, and highlights key policy areas and emerging risks needing further attention. The main findings of How's Life? 2024 are summarised in this policy insights.

In 2023, the German-speaking Community of Belgium laid out an ambitious vision for its education system, designed to guide policy development until 2040 (“Bildungsvision 2040 – Meine Bildung. Meine Zukunft!”). This policy perspective draws on research evidence and the experience of international education systems to support the German-speaking Community in translating this vision into an actionable strategy and implementation plan. It focuses on two of the vision’s central priorities: Strengthening students’ foundational skills alongside “21st century skills” and promoting effective pedagogical practices in schools. The document has four sections: 1) A description of the German-speaking Community’s education system and ongoing reforms; 2) Students’ core foundations and competencies in the German-speaking Community; 3) A review of evidence on the design and successful implementation of 21st century curricula; and 4) Policies to promote effective classroom practices in a context of pedagogical autonomy.

The share of migrants in the total population in OECD countries has gradually risen to 11% in 2022. However, not all places experience migration to the same extent. Migration is significantly shaped by geography, and migrant shares can vary significantly across cities and regions within countries. The lack of geographically detailed data has made it difficult to fully understand how migrants settle within countries. The new OECD Municipal Migration Database (MMD) aims to fill this gap by gathering and organising detailed data for 22 OECD countries from 1991 to 2022. In addition to collecting information at the municipal level, the database also harmonises this information according to OECD regional typologies and functional urban areas (FUAs), enabling cross-country comparisons of the presence of migrants in consistently defined regional units or local labour markets. Key findings from the data reveal a notable concentration of migrants in large metropolitan regions, where approximately six out of ten migrants reside, compared to only five out of ten native-borns. Moreover, settlement patterns differ between cities in and outside of Europe, as well as between migrants from the European Union (EU) and non-EU countries in Western Europe, showcasing distinct migration dynamics.

Prepared under the auspices of the Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (IFCMA), this report presents an overview of the main approaches to, and challenges faced when, calculating product-level carbon intensity metrics, including those applicable to collecting and verifying information along the supply chain. It provides insights on how to minimise duplication among various initiatives, minimise compliance and reporting costs for firms, and avoid possible disruptions to trade.

Ce rapport qui a été préparé sous l’égide du Forum inclusif sur les approches d’atténuation des émissions de carbone (Forum inclusif), propose une vue d’ensemble des principales approches utilisées pour le calcul des indicateurs de l’intensité carbone des produits ainsi que des difficultés rencontrées, notamment en ce qui concerne la collecte et la vérification des informations dans l’ensemble de la chaîne d’approvisionnement. Ces travaux apportent des éclairages utiles sur la manière de limiter les doublons entre les différentes initiatives, de diminuer les coûts de mise en conformité et de notification supportés par les entreprises, et d’éviter de perturber les échanges commerciaux.

This paper examines how different socio-demographic groups experience AI at work. As AI can automate non-routine, cognitive tasks, tertiary-educated workers in “white-collar” occupations will likely face disruption, even if empirical analysis does not suggest that overall employment levels have fallen due to AI, even in “white-collar” occupations. The main risk for those without tertiary education, female and older workers is that they lose out due to lower access to AI-related employment opportunities and to productivity-enhancing AI tools in the workplace. By identifying the main risks and opportunities associated with different socio-demographic groups, the ultimate aim is to allow policy makers to target supports and to capture the benefits of AI (increased productivity and economic growth) without increasing inequalities and societal resistance to technological progress.

A economia azul é um importante impulsionador de crescimento econômico no Estado e na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, respondendo por cerca de 27 a 44% do PIB estadual, com atividades altamente concentradas na região metropolitana. O governo estadual está atualmente implementando várias políticas relacionadas à economia azul, incluindo uma Política Estadual de Economia do Mar, um Projeto de Gestão da Economia Azul e programas que promovem a inovação azul e a boa governança da Baía de Guanabara. No entanto, lacunas relacionadas à elaboração, coerência e implementação de políticas precisam ser abordadas para liberar o potencial de uma economia azul mais resiliente, inclusiva, sustentável e circular (à prova de RISC) na região metropolitana. Com base em um diálogo político com a Secretaria de Estado do Ambiente e Sustentabilidade e mais de 100 partes interessadas dos setores público, privado e sem fins lucrativos, este documento analisa a situação da economia azul no estado e na região metropolitana, identifica as principais lacunas de governança e recomenda um plano de ação para uma economia azul à prova de RISC na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro.

The blue economy is a significant driver of economic growth in the State and Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, accounting for an estimated 27-44% of state GDP, with activities highly concentrated in the metropolitan region. The state government is currently implementing several blue economy policies, including a State Policy on the Sea Economy, a Blue Economy Management Project, and programmes fostering blue innovation and good governance of the Guanabara Bay. However, gaps related to policy making, coherence and implementation need to be addressed to unlock the potential of a more resilient, inclusive, sustainable and circular (RISC-proof) blue economy in the metropolitan region. Based on a policy dialogue with the State Secretariat of Environment and Sustainability and 100+ stakeholders from the public, private and non-profit sectors, this policy paper analyses the state of play of the blue economy in the state and metropolitan region, identifies the main governance gaps, and recommends an action plan towards a RISC-proof blue economy in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro.

This paper explores the role of competition and regulation in shaping the outcomes and consumer experiences of the care industry (early childhood care and long-term care). Both services are vital to economic and social well-being, particularly in light of demographic change and the cross-cutting implications for other aspects of the economy, such as women’s participation in the labour market. This paper analyses how competition and regulation can drive quality and market outcomes, whilst addressing market failures and equity concerns within the industry, to arrive at a conclusion on the role competition authorities can play.

Under the Paris Agreement, Parties are to put forward their next nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in February 2025. The outcomes of the first global stocktake (GST1) provides key signals to inform this next round of NDCs, including the adoption of economy-wide emission reduction targets, as well as global calls to achieve net-zero emissions in the energy sector by mid-century and halt deforestation and forest degradation by 2030. This paper explores how Parties can take forward these global calls in their next NDCs. Information provided by Parties in their NDCs and biennial transparency reports (BTRs) on their responses to the global energy and forestry calls will be important for assessing collective ambition and progress towards the GST1 mitigation outcomes. Drawing on lessons from experiences, this paper also explores how to gear the next NDCs towards implementation and investment. Underpinning NDCs with more granular information, whether in the NDC or in subsequent documents, establishing robust whole-of-government approaches and inclusive stakeholder engagement processes, can help to meet the needs of different actors, unlock finance and investment, and support the delivery of climate actions.

Missions are nested entities involving multiple interventions at different levels and unclear and evolving boundaries, making traditional evaluation approaches ill-suited to capturing their additionality. This paper proposes mission-evaluation processes and tools that are consistent with their specific features. It notably proposes mission criteria related to their different expected systemic effects; a mission theory of action to support a developmental evaluation that tracks the evolution of the mission design and processes; and a monitoring tool to assess and compare mission-readiness levels across missions and at different stages of the mission life cycle.

This paper provides an insight into the policy landscape for sustainable infrastructure in Indonesia. It identifies opportunities for promoting responsible business conduct (RBC) in infrastructure development in the country and includes policy considerations on how to use RBC frameworks to further facilitate sustainable infrastructure investment. This paper is one of four papers analysing the role of responsible business conduct in enabling sustainable infrastructure.

In an increasingly globalised and digitised world economy, the number of mergers transactions that impact more than one country has also increased. For competition authorities responsible for reviewing merger transactions, this has created new challenges and introduced more complexity to their merger review procedures and analyses. This paper surveys these challenges, explains the reasons why competition authorities may arrive at different decisions, and discusses the role that international co-operation plays in each phase of a cross-border merger review. Drawing from a range of case studies across both OECD and non-OECD member countries, the paper highlights practical tools competition authorities can use to improve the effectiveness of their cross-border mergers.

This guide presents the Trade in Employment by workforce characteristics (TiMBC) database developed by the OECD to help inform cross-country, cross-industry discussions of issues such as gender and trade, skills and global value chains (GVCs), and the economic effects of an ageing population. It is an extension of the Trade in Employment (TiM) database, whereby indicators that provide insights into the different relations between GVC integration and employment by industry are further decomposed by workforce characteristics - namely age, gender, occupation, and education. To achieve this, statistics on employment by workforce characteristics, mainly Labour Force Surveys (LFS), are combined with existing TiM indicators. These novel indicators by workforce characteristics cover 43 countries and 12 unique industries, for the period 2008 to 2018. This guide presents the database, the sources and methods used, and a brief analysis showcasing indicators.

Universities play an important role in driving innovation and economic growth within their own regions across England and Wales. By engaging with local partners, they help address societal challenges and support regional development. Yet, integrating a territorial dimension in research, innovation and engagement agendas can be challenging. The report, The Geography of Higher Education in England and Wales, draws on insights from the OECD Entrepreneurship Education Collaboration and Engagement (EECOLE) platform. Focusing on the National Civic Impact Accelerator (NCIA), established by the Civic University Network, it explores how universities are aligning their research and innovation efforts with regional priorities to strengthen entrepreneurial ecosystems. The report also highlights the importance of stronger partnerships with local stakeholders, including SMEs, to enhance the impact of the NCIA on regional innovation and prosperity.

Adapting to growing climate change risks and achieving climate resilient development requires making finance consistent with this goal, as called for by Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement. To assess progress and help inform policies to increase the climate resilience of finance flows and stocks, major conceptual and data gaps need to be filled. This paper explores possible methods, data and metrics to help fill those gaps. It takes stock of existing approaches and data to assess physical climate risks in finance, and then identifies complementary analytical dimensions, data and information needed for assessing the alignment of finance flows and stocks with climate resilience policy goals. In this context, the paper proposes actions that policymakers, researchers and market players can take to support credible and comparable assessments, as well as identifies the need for pilot studies to help adjust and refine the approach while identifying feasible and practical indicators.