Browse by: "2016"

This report examines the key design and implementation features that need to be considered to ensure that biodiversity offset programmes are environmentally effective, economically efficient, and distributionally equitable. Biodiversity offsets are being increasingly used in a wide range of sectors as a mechanism to help compensate for the adverse effects caused by development projects in a variety of ecosystems. In this report, insights and lessons learned are drawn from more than 40 case studies from around the world, with an additional 3 in-depth country case studies from the United States, Germany and Mexico.

This OECD publication includes statistics by detailed type of service on international trade in services for the 35 OECD countries, the European Union, the Euro area, Colombia and the Russian Federation.

Les informations contenues dans cette publication rassemblent les statistiques sur les échanges internationaux par catégories détaillées de services pour les 35 pays de l’OCDE, l’Union européenne, la zone euro, la Colombie et la Fédération de Russie.

The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examines not just what students know in science, reading and mathematics, but what they can do with what they know. Results from PISA show educators and policy makers the quality and equity of learning outcomes achieved elsewhere, and allow them to learn from the policies and practices applied in other countries. PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools, is one of five volumes that present the results of the PISA 2015 survey, the sixth round of the triennial assessment. It examines how student performance is associated with various characteristics of individual schools and school systems, including the resources allocated to education, the learning environment and how school systems select students into different schools, programmes and classes.

The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examines not just what students know in science, reading and mathematics, but what they can do with what they know. Results from PISA show educators and policy makers the quality and equity of learning outcomes achieved elsewhere, and allow them to learn from the policies and practices applied in other countries. PISA 2015 Results (Volume I): Excellence and Equity in Education, is one of five volumes that present the results of the PISA 2015 survey, the sixth round of the triennial assessment. It summarises student performance in science, reading and mathematics, and defines and measures equity in education. It focuses on students’ attitudes towards learning science, including their expectations of working in science-related careers. The volume also discusses how performance and equity have evolved across PISA-participating countries and economies over recent years.

Le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) cherche non seulement à évaluer ce que les élèves savent en sciences, en compréhension de l’écrit et en mathématiques, mais aussi à déterminer ce qu’ils sont capables de faire avec ces connaissances. Les résultats de l’enquête PISA révèlent la qualité et l’équité de l’apprentissage dans le monde entier, et offrent aux professionnels de l’éducation et aux responsables politiques la possibilité de découvrir les politiques et pratiques d’autres pays et de s’en inspirer. Vous avez entre les mains l’un des cinq volumes qui présentent les résultats de l’évaluation PISA 2015, la sixième édition de cette enquête triennale.
Le volume I, L’excellence et l’équité dans l’éducation, résume la performance des élèves en sciences, en compréhension de l’écrit et en mathématiques, et définit et mesure l’équité dans l’éducation. Il se concentre sur les attitudes des élèves à l’égard de l’apprentissage en sciences et analyse leur aspiration à embrasser une carrière scientifique. Il examine aussi l’évolution de la performance et de l’équité ces dernières années dans les pays et économies participant à l’enquête PISA.
Le volume II, Politiques et pratiques pour des établissements performants, examine les liens entre la performance des élèves et diverses caractéristiques des établissements et des systèmes d’éducation, notamment les ressources affectées à l’éducation, l’environnement d’apprentissage et les critères de sélection des élèves entre les établissements, les filières d’enseignement et les classes.
Le volume III, Le bien-être des élèves, décrit la relation entre les résultats scolaires des élèves de 15 ans et leur vie sociale et leurs attitudes à l’égard de l’apprentissage.
Le volume IV, La culture financière des élèves, analyse les connaissances et l’expérience des élèves dans les matières financières.
Le volume V, La résolution collaborative de problèmes, analyse la capacité des élèves à travailler à plusieurs pour la résolution de problèmes. Il examine aussi le rôle de l’éducation dans le développement de la capacité des jeunes à résoudre des problèmes en équipe.

Job displacement (involuntary job loss due to firm closure or downsizing) affects many workers over their lifetime. Displaced workers may face long periods of unemployment and, even when they find new jobs, tend to be paid less and have fewer benefits than in their prior jobs. Helping them get back into good jobs quickly should be a key goal of labour market policy. This report is part of a series of nine reports looking at how this challenge is being tackled in a number of OECD countries. It shows that the United States has a relatively high rate of job displacement and that only one in two affected workers find a new job within one year. Older displaced workers and those with a low level of education fare worst. Contrary to most other OECD countries, displaced workers have long been a target group for policy intervention, and a number of system features, like rapid response services, are promising. But the success of US policies is limited because overall funding for the workforce development system is insufficient and because only trade-related job displacement comes with generous entitlement for training and better benefits.

This publication helps policy makers to better understand annuity products and the guarantees they provide in order to optimise the role that these products can play in financing retirement. Product design is a crucial factor in the potential role of annuity products within the pension system, along with the cost and demand for these products, and the resulting risks that are borne by the annuity providers. Increasingly complex products, however, pose additional challenges concerning consumer protection. Consumers need to be aware of their options and have access to unbiased and comprehensible advice and information about these products.

The OECD Pensions Outlook 2016 assesses policy issues regarding strengthening pension systems and, in particular, funded pension plans.  It covers defined benefits and defined contribution pension plans; fiscal incentives to save for retirement; policy measures to improve the financial advice for retirement; annuity products and their guarantees; pension design and financial education; and the pension arrangements for public-sector workers, including a comparison with those for private sector workers.

Young men and women in the MENA region are facing the highest youth unemployment levels in the world and express lower levels of trust in government than their parents. Since young people 15-29 years old exceed 30% of the working-age population in most MENA countries, governments urgently need to develop and implement strategies focused on fully engaging youth in the economy and society. This report is the first of its kind to apply a “youth lens” to public governance arrangements. It provides recommendations for adjusting legal frameworks, institutions and policies to give young people a greater voice in shaping better policy outcomes.

This report examines the Province of Córdoba, Argentina, and provides recommendations for the design of a regional competitiveness strategy as well as the governance structure needed to implement it. Over the past decade, Córdoba has experienced sustained economic growth and widespread improvements in the standard of living. However, the provincial economy is at a pivotal point: it is still highly reliant on traditional manufacturing and commodities, a model that may no longer be sufficient for the future. Córdoba’s challenges and opportunities are the same as those found in many OECD regions and require a renewed development strategy, one that builds on key assets and focusses on closing crucial infrastructure gaps. Investments in skills, research, and innovation are essential to propel the province into higher-value-added segments of production chains. At the same time, Córdoba needs to shift from a sectoral approach to an integrated, activity-focused strategic plan, in which the entire territory (cities and regions) becomes a platform for innovation and fosters new economic opportunities.

The costs of a persistent misalignment between the supply and demand for skills are substantial, ranging from lost wages for workers to lower productivity for firms and countries. Addressing skills imbalances has become even more of a concern as OECD governments reflect on the implications of technological progress, digitisation, demographic change and globalisation for jobs and work organisation. In light of these challenges, OECD has undertaken new research to shed light on how countries measure changing skill needs while ensuring that employment, training and migration institutions are responsive to the emergence of new skill requirements. The Getting Skills Right in Sweden review offers an in-depth analysis of the key areas where policy action is required to spur the development of an efficient system for skills assessment and anticipation to inform policy in the country. The report provides an assessment of practices in the following areas: i) the collection of information on existing and future skill needs; ii) the use of skill needs information to guide policy development in the areas of labour, education and migration; and iii) the existence of effective governance arrangements to ensure good co-ordination among the key stakeholders in the collection and use of skill needs information.

Data on government sector receipts, and on taxes in particular, are basic inputs to most structural economic descriptions and economic analyses and are increasingly used in economic comparisons.  This annual publication gives a conceptual framework to define which government receipts should be regarded as taxes.  It presents a unique set of detailed an internationally comparable tax data in a common format for all OECD countries from 1965 onwards.

Consumption Tax Trends provides information on Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax (VAT/GST) and excise duty rates in OECD member countries. It also contains information about indirect tax topics such as international aspects of VAT/GST developments and the efficiency of this tax. It also describes a range of taxation provisions such as the taxation of motor vehicles, tobacco and alcoholic beverages.

El Estudio sobre la Gobernanza Pública del Perú analiza las áreas clave de la gobernanza pública del país e identifica diferentes oportunidades para mejorar la performance del Estado en la prestación de mejores políticas y servicios para todos los ciudadanos. Para ello, examina dimensiones como la capacidad de coordinación del Centro de Gobierno, la planificación estratégica basada en la evidencia y los procesos de descentralización para mejorar la coordinación entre todos los niveles de gobierno. Asimismo, evalúa la gestión del servicio civil y los marcos legales y regulatorios para implementar políticas de gobierno digital, gobierno abierto y transparencia. Finalmente, el Estudio provee recomendaciones para apoyar al gobierno en su objetivo de mejorar la agilidad del Estado para establecer, dirigir e implementar una estrategia nacional de mediano plazo para lograr un crecimiento inclusivo y próspero.

La colaboración entre gobiernos, sociedad civil y empresas es una estrategia que tiene cada día más peso en la agenda internacional para la solución de los problemas complejos que actualmente aquejan a nuestras sociedades. Es cada vez más claro que temas como el cambio climático, la persistencia de la pobreza, la creciente desigualdad, la exclusión social y otros grandes desafíos contemporáneos no podrán ser enfrentados por un sector de manera aislada. Ante esta realidad, resulta positivo constatar el crecimiento de iniciativas donde diversas formas de colaboración y coordinación social se ponen en acción para enfrentar las grandes problemáticas sociales. Sin embargo, a pesar de esos avances, es limitado el conocimiento que se tiene sobre estos fenómenos en diversos países. El presente estudio buscó contribuir a llenar este vacío en el campo de la colaboración entre las fundaciones y las agencias del Gobierno Federal (GF) en México. El propósito del estudio fue elaborar un diagnóstico y generar recomendaciones sobre las Directrices para un compromiso filantrópico eficaz, basadas en tres pilares: diálogo, intercambio de información y construcción de alianzas.