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  • 30 Nov 2016
  • OECD
  • Pages: 48

Pension Markets in Focus provides detailed and comparable statistics on retirement savings around the world. This annual statistical report contributes to the effort of making data on retirement savings available, as the OECD Core Principles of Private Pension Regulation advocates for, to enable regulators and stakeholders to evaluate the design and operation of pension systems relative to their goals. These statistics can support policy discussions through international comparisons and peer learning, and are the basis of policy recommendations in the OECD series of Pension Reviews. These statistics can also be helpful to private sector representatives, journalists, academics and anyone interested in funded pension systems.

  • 30 Nov 2016
  • OECD
  • Pages: 180

The world is getting more violent, and violence is occurring in surprising places. Over the past 15 years, 3.34 billion people, or almost half of the world’s population, have been affected by violence. The number of violent conflicts is decreasing, but conflicts are killing more people: conflict-related deaths have tripled since 2003. Violent extremism and terrorism are also on the rise. The economic cost of violence is rising too: the global economic impact of violence is a staggering USD 13.6 trillion, equivalent to 13.3% of Global GDP. And civilians, especially children and women, are most at risk.

States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence takes a long hard look at violence in the world – and what we should do about it. The report showcases emerging thinking about violence, presents a new risk-based approach to monitoring various dimensions of fragility, and looks at financial flows in support of fragile contexts. Understanding Violence finds that development, peace and security efforts in the developing world have not kept pace with the new reality of violence. We need to dedicate more resources and attention to violence. And to be effective, we need to put people – especially youth – at the centre of our efforts.

French

This OECD Public Governance Review of Peru analyses key areas of public governance in Peru and identifies opportunities for improving the performance of the state in delivering better outcomes for all citizens. It examines co-ordination from the centre of government, evidence-based strategic planning and the decentralisation process to improve co-ordination across levels of government. It assesses the management of the civil service, legal and regulatory frameworks to implement digital government, and open-government and transparency policies. This review provides recommendations to assist the government in its objective of bolstering the state’s agility to set, steer and implement a national medium-term strategy for achieving inclusive growth and prosperity for all.

Spanish

This publication compiles comparable tax revenue statistics for Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. The model is the OECD Revenue Statistics database – a fundamental reference, backed by a well-established methodology, for OECD member countries. Extending the OECD methodology to Asian countries enables comparisons about tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among Asian economies and between OECD and Asian economies. This work has been is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and the OECD Development Centre.

  • 28 Nov 2016
  • OECD
  • Pages: 132

To ensure that the tests used to address the safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials are consistent and defensible; the OECD launched the Sponsorship Programme for the Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials (Testing Programme) in November 2007. This Testing Programme verifies the testing methods used on Manufactured Nanomaterials by pooling the expertise of OECD member countries, some non-member countries and other stakeholders to fund the safety testing of specific Manufactured Nanomaterials. The present document summarises the information that was delivered by participating countries and stakeholders until the deadline for the dossier compilation of the TiO2 dossier of the OECD Sponsorship Programme.

Uno de los principales retos a los que se enfrentan las administraciones tributarias de todo el mundo es la falta de información exhaustiva y pertinente sobre las estrategias de planificación fiscal agresiva. Los regímenes de declaración obligatoria brindan a los países la oportunidad de responder con prontitud a eventuales riesgos fiscales proporcionando un acceso rápido y tempestivo a este tipo de información. El presente informe incluye una descripción general de los regímenes de declaración obligatoria aprovechando las experiencias de los países que ya cuentan con tales sistemas de normas y formula recomendaciones relativas a un marco modular diseñado para que aquellos países que deseen implementar o modificar las normas de declaración obligatoria puedan obtener información pertinente y temprana sobre eventuales estrategias de planificación fiscal agresiva o abusiva y los sujetos que las articulan. Dichas recomendaciones entrañan un grado de flexibilidad suficiente para establecer el justo equilibrio entre la necesidad que tiene todo país de disponer de información más completa y relevante y la carga potencial de cumplimiento que recae sobre los contribuyentes. Asimismo, el informe establece recomendaciones específicas para el diseño de normas que regulen las estructuras de planificación internacional, así como para la consolidación y puesta en práctica de un intercambio de información más eficaz y una colaboración reforzada entre administraciones tributarias.

Korean, English, French

Los regímenes preferenciales siguen siendo un tema candente que suscita controversias. Los motivos de preocupación actuales están motivados fundamentalmente por el riesgo que supone la utilización de regímenes fiscales preferenciales para transferir artificialmente los beneficios y por la falta de transparencia en lo que respecta a ciertas fórmulas de  tax ruling o de acuerdos previos entre la administración tributaria competente y el contribuyente en cuestión. El informe conexo a la presente acción establece una metodología consensuada para evaluar y determinar si existe o no actividad sustancial. En el contexto de los regímenes de propiedad intelectual (PI) –tales como los patent boxes o regímenes aplicables a las patentes–, se alcanzó un acuerdo en torno a la existencia de nexo o criterio de sujeción que se remite al gasto en cuanto indicador de una actividad sustancial y permite a cualquier contribuyente acogerse a un régimen de PI únicamente cuando éste haya incurrido en gastos asociados a actividades de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) efectivamente desarrolladas por aquél. Este mismo principio puede aplicarse igualmente a otros regímenes preferenciales, para cuya instauración se exige que existan actividades sustanciales de las que cualquier contribuyente obtenga rendimientos o generen rentas. En lo concerniente a la transparencia, se ha acordado implantar un marco de referencia bajo el que se incluyan todos aquellos acuerdos previos entre la administración tributaria competente y un determinado contribuyente que puedan suscitar preocupación por posibles prácticas elusivas BEPS ante la falta de un intercambio espontáneo de información relevante con carácter obligatorio siempre que haya información disponible o cuando existan dichos datos. El informe refleja los resultados de aplicar tanto los referidos factores como los criterios desarrollados de actividad sustancial y transparencia a diversos regímenes preferenciales por parte del Foro sobre Prácticas Fiscales Perniciosas.

German, English, French

Basándose en las competencias de expertos en Derecho Internacional Público y Derecho Tributario, el informe inherente a esta acción examina la viabilidad técnica de elaborar un instrumento multilateral que modifique los convenios fiscales con el fin de aplicar eficazmente las medidas de lucha contra la erosión de las bases imponibles y el traslado de beneficios contempladas en los convenios fiscales. Por último, el informe concluye no sólo que un instrumento multilateral de esa índole es recomendable y posible, sino también que las negociaciones relativas a dicho instrumento deberían dar comienzo con carácter inmediato. Atendiendo al presente análisis, se aprobó la decisión de constituir un grupo especial de expertos que está abierto a la participación, en igualdad de condiciones, de todos los países interesados con el firme propósito de llevar a término la tarea que le fue encomendada, esto es, desarrollar dicho instrumento multilateral y abrirlo a la firma en 2016.

English, French

Twenty years into its membership in the OECD, Poland has achieved impressive progress in terms of the living standards of its citizens. The country did not only manage to significantly reduce the GDP per capita gap with other OECD countries, but it also caught up with respect to several other dimensions of well-being. To ensure further widespread improvements in living standards, Poland needs to continue to move towards higher-technology production, boosting productivity and improving access to high-quality jobs and good pay. This report reviews recently implemented and planned reforms that aim to achieve these goals and proposes further policy measures to help Poland make the shift towards a more knowledge-based economy. To safeguard inclusiveness, it is crucial that the government also put in place appropriate policies to ensure that no one is left behind during this transformation and that all firms and all citizens can equally participate in and benefit from it.

Polish

El trabajo incardinado en esta acción presenta en forma de módulos o bloques funcionales las distintas recomendaciones inherentes al diseño de normas CFC de transparencia fiscal internacional eficaces. Dichas recomendaciones han sido concebidas para garantizar que las jurisdicciones que opten por implementarlas apliquen normas que impidan de manera más efectiva que los contribuyentes trasladen sus rentas u otros rendimientos a filiales situadas en el extranjero. A continuación se enumeran los seis módulos o bloques funcionales para el diseño de normas CFC eficaces que establece el informe: 1) definición de «sociedad extranjera controlada (SEC)»; 2) exenciones aplicables a las SEC y determinación de umbrales impositivos; 3) definición de «rentas SEC»; 4) cómputo de rentas; 5) atribución de rentas, y 6) prevención y eliminación de la doble imposición. Partiendo de que cada país otorga una prioridad distinta a los propios objetivos políticos, las recomendaciones presentes en el informe conciben un cierto grado de flexibilidad de cara a la aplicación de las normas CFC destinadas a luchar contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios preservando la coherencia de y compatibilidad con los objetivos políticos del sistema tributario al completo, junto con las obligaciones jurídicas a nivel internacional del país en cuestión.

English, French
  • 25 Nov 2016
  • OECD
  • Pages: 168

Skills are central to Peru’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. Peru's economic development to date has largely been driven by abundant natural resources and high commodity prices in the global market. The goal for the future is to ensure productive diversification, expand export capacity and take part in global value chains with more complex goods and services.  Boosting the development, activation and use of skills will be key to achieving these ambitions. As demonstrated by the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), which Peru is currently deploying, higher skills levels are not only associated with higher productivity and earnings, but also with other important outcomes, such as better health, higher levels of trust and greater propensity to contribute to society through volunteering.

 

The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Peru sets out nine skills challenges for Peru. These challenges were identified through two interactive workshops with stakeholders as well as through analysis of the OECD and other data sources. The first six challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next three challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions that strengthen the overall skills system.

Job displacement (involuntary job loss due to firm closure or downsizing) affects many workers over their lifetime. Displaced workers may face long periods of unemployment and, even when they find new jobs, tend to be paid less  and have fewer benefits than in their prior jobs. Helping them get back into good jobs quickly should be a key goal of labour market policy. This report is part of a series of nine reports looking at how this challenge is being tackled in a number of OECD countries. It shows that Finland has a higher rate of job displacement than most OECD countries but that most of these workers find a new job again relatively quickly. However, those who do not face a considerable risk of long-term unemployment; with older displaced workers and those with a low level of education facing the highest risk. While labour market institutions in Finland serve most displaced jobseekers well, there is room to improve policies for those at risk of long-term unemployment or inactivity who would benefit from earlier identification of their problems and early, effective and well-targeted counselling and intervention.

  • 23 Nov 2016
  • OECD, European Union
  • Pages: 200

This fourth edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents key indicators of health and health systems in the 28 EU countries, 5 candidate countries to the EU and 3 EFTA countries. This 2016 edition contains two main new features: two thematic chapters analyse the links between population health and labour market outcomes, and the important challenge of strengthening primary care systems in European countries; and a new chapter on the resilience, efficiency and sustainability of health systems in Europe, in order to align the content of this publication more closely with the 2014 European Commission Communication on effective, accessible and resilient health systems. This publication is the result of a renewed collaboration between the OECD and the European Commission under the broader "State of Health in the EU" initiative, designed to support EU member states in their evidence-based policy making.

 

Cette étude met à jour des travaux antérieurs en analysant les répercussions des politiques actuelles et des réformes à la lumière des changements survenus depuis 2000 sur les marchés et dans l’action publique. Les évaluations ont été réalisées à l’aide du modèle d’équilibre général calculable METRO de l’OCDE et du modèle AGLINK-COSIMO utilisé pour établir les perspectives agricoles.

English

This report aims to shed light on how EECCA countries and development co-operation partners are working together to finance climate actions, using the OECD DAC database to examine finance flows by provider, sector, financial instrument, channel, etc. A significant amount was committed by international public sources to the 11 countries comprising the EECCA in 2013 and 2014 (i.e. USD 3.3 billion per year), but the scale of such finance varies considerably from country to country and is insufficient to achieve and strengthen their climate targets communicated through the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions COP21.

In addition, while a range of climate-related policies have already been developed by the EECCA countries, the extent to which such policies are being effectively implemented and conducive to attracting climate finance is still unclear. In this respect, this report proposes a set of questions for the EECCA countries to self-assess their readiness to seize opportunities to access scaled-up climate finance from various sources: public, private, international and domestic.

Russian
  • 23 Nov 2016
  • OECD, World Health Organization
  • Pages: 112

This fourth edition of Health at a Glance Asia/Pacific presents a set of key indicators of health status, the determinants of health, health care resources and utilisation, health care expenditure and financing and health care quality across 27 Asia-Pacific countries and economies. Drawing on a wide range of data sources, it builds on the format used in previous editions of Health at a Glance, and gives readers a better understanding of the factors that affect the health of populations and the performance of health systems in these countries and economies.

Each of the indicators is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of charts illustrating variations across countries and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings conveyed by the data, and a methodological box on the definition of the indicator and any limitations in data comparability. An annex provides additional information on the demographic context in which health systems operate.

This edition is a joint OECD, WHO/WPRO and WHO/SEARO publication.

 

Korean

Un manejo macroeconómico prudente y reformas estructurales recientes han ayudado a Colombia a resistir los efectos de la crisis financiera global. El Gobierno de Colombia ha puesto un énfasis particular en la simplificación de trámites que impactan a empresas y ciudadanos. Además, ha puesto en marcha diversas iniciativas para hacer a la administración más transparente y accesible para los ciudadanos.  Sin embargo, después de varios años en operación, este enfoque debe ajustarse para abordar los antecedentes de la regulación. Colombia aun carece de una política de mejora regulatoria con un enfoque de gobierno completo y requiere repensar el diseño institucional para una implementación coherente de diferentes herramientas regulatorias. También necesita adoptar un enfoque sistemático para controlar y revisar la justificación y la lógica detrás de los trámites y, sobre todo, de las regulaciones. Finalmente, como en muchos otros países, el desarrollo y aplicación de una política integral de gobernanza regulatoria para los gobiernos subnacionales y la coordinación multi-nivel son temas pendientes.

English
  • 22 Nov 2016
  • Paulo Santiago, Beatrice Ávalos, Tracey Burns, Alejandro Morduchowicz, Thomas Radinger
  • Pages: 276

The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education.
The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders and education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment; and other resources, such as learning time.
This series offers timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It includes both country reports and thematic studies.

  • 22 Nov 2016
  • International Energy Agency
  • Pages: 115

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are expected to play a significant part in the global climate response. Following the ratification of the Paris Agreement, the ability of CCS to reduce emissions from fossil fuel use in power generation and industrial processes – including from existing facilities – will be crucial to limiting future temperature increases to “well below 2°C,” as laid out in the Agreement. CCS technology will also be needed to deliver “negative emissions” in the second half of the century if these ambitious goals are to be achieved.

CCS technologies are not new. This year is the 20th year of operation of the Sleipner CCS Project in Norway, which has captured almost 17 million tonnes of CO2 from an offshore natural gas production facility and permanently stored them in a sandstone formation deep under the seabed. Individual applications of CCS have been used in industrial processes for decades, and projects injecting CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) have been operating in the United States since the early 1970s.

This publication reviews progress with CCS technologies over the past 20 years and examines their role in achieving 2°C and well below 2°C targets. Based on the International Energy Agency’s 2°C scenario, it also considers the implications for climate change if CCS was not a part of the response. And it examines opportunities to accelerate future deployment of CCS to meet the climate goals set in the Paris Agreement.

L'Étude économique de l'OCDE pour la Lituanie 2016 examine les récents développements économiques, politiques, et les perspectives et jette un regard plus détaillé sur la convergence de la productivité et la croissance inclusive.

English
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