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This report, commissioned by the XIX Government of Portugal, provides an evaluation of the comprehensive labour market reforms undertaken in Portugal over the period 2011-2015. It describes reforms in the areas of employment protection legislation, unemployment benefits, activation, collective bargaining, minimum wages and working time. The report reviews the reforms in detail and assesses the available evidence on the impact they have had on the labour market. The report concludes that the Portuguese labour market reforms were a move in the right direction. However, despite the progress made, many challenges remain and some of the reforms may not have gone far enough. Unemployment remains high and this situation has fuelled an increase in both poverty and long-term unemployment The labour market remains highly segmented and, in the context of very low inflation, the presence of downward nominal wage rigidity is likely to remain a barrier to the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy – unless productivity growth is strengthened.
Près de 3 millions de personnes qui sont nées au Maroc vivaient dans un pays de l’OCDE en 2010/11. Pour évaluer le potentiel que ce groupe représente pour l’économie marocaine, cette revue établit la répartition des émigrés marocains sur les pays de l’OCDE, ainsi que leur âge, leur sexe et leur niveau d’éducation. Les résultats sur le marché du travail des émigrés marocains sont analysés, de même que sont documentées les caractéristiques des émigrés marocains qui retournent vivre au Maroc. La plus grande diaspora marocaine réside en France, suivie par l’Espagne et l’Italie, où leur nombre a fortement augmenté avant que les flux migratoires ne soient affectés par la crise économique. Les émigrés marocains ont un faible niveau d’éducation, et connaissent une intégration sur le marché du travail moins favorable que les natifs dans les pays de destination, et une grande partie travaille dans des professions peu qualifiées. Ceux qui sont retournés vivre au Maroc sont souvent retraités, mais sont aussi particulièrement susceptibles de devenir entrepreneurs.
Highly qualified and competent teachers are fundamental for equitable and effective education systems. Teachers today are facing higher and more complex expectations to help students reach their full potential and become valuable members of 21st century society. The nature and variety of these demands imply that teachers, more than ever before, must be professionals who make decisions based on a robust and updated knowledge base.
This publication presents research and ideas from multiple perspectives on pedagogical knowledge - the knowledge of teaching and learning - and the changing nature of the teaching profession. It provides a modern account of teachers’ professional competence, and how this relates to student learning. The report looks at knowledge dynamics in the teaching profession and investigates how teachers’ knowledge can be measured. It provides precious insights into 21st century demands on teacher knowledge.
This volume also offers a conceptual base for a future empirical study on teachers’ knowledge. It will be a useful resource for those interested in understanding the different factors underlying high quality teaching through examining and outlining the complexity of the teaching profession. In particular, this publication will be of interest to teacher educators, educational leaders, policy makers and the research community.
Les Comptes nationaux des pays de l'OCDE, Tableaux Détaillés fournissent, en plus des principaux agrégats, des comptes nationaux détaillés pour les dépenses de consommation finale des ménages par fonction, les comptes simplifiés des trois principaux secteurs : administrations publiques, sociétés et ménages. Les données sont montrées pour 35 pays de l'OCDE et la Zone euro depuis 2007. Les données sont exprimées en monnaie nationale. Les données sont basées sur le Système de Comptabilité Nationale de 2008 (SCN 2008) pour tous les pays sauf le Chili, le Japon et la Turquie (SCN 1993).
Cette publication est également disponible sous forme de base de données en ligne qui permet aux utilisateurs d’extraire des données et de construire des tableaux et graphiques. Elle est disponible via www.oecd-ilibrary.org sous le titre Statistiques de l'OCDE sur les comptes nationaux (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/na-data-fr).
The National Accounts of OECD Countries, Detailed Tables includes, in addition to main aggregates including GDP, final consumption expenditure of households by purpose, simplified accounts for three main sectors: general government, corporations and households. Data are shown for 34 OECD countries and the Euro area back to 2007. Country tables are expressed in national currency. Data are based on the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA) for all countries except Chile, Japan and Turkey which are presented on the basis of the 1993 SNA.
Coal dominates the power sector of Poland, where it is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions as well as a major employer. Whether coal continues to fuel the economy over the longer term will be one of the central issues addressed in an update to Poland’s long-term energy strategy, which is expected in 2017.
The country’s new energy plan will prioritise long-term energy security, placing a strong emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, increasing energy efficiency and decarbonising the transport system. Nuclear power could play a significant role in the country’s energy supply. While the country has experienced strong growth in renewable energy over the past decade, the future looks uncertain.
Given these possible changes, the new energy strategy will require significant investments to reduce the share of carbon-intensive power plants and increase the share of low-carbon energy. While Polish energy infrastructure has been modernised, further investments are needed to strengthen integration with neighbouring markets.
In this context, this latest IEA review of the energy policies of Poland examines the present landscape and makes recommendations for further improvements – recommendations that are intended to guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
Since the last IEA in-depth review in 2010, New Zealand has further developed its energy policy, as reflected in its energy strategy to 2021 and new rules for more competitive electricity markets.
With its unique resource base, New Zealand is a success story for the development of renewable energy, notably hydro and geothermal, without government subsidies. Geographically isolated, New Zealand has developed robust policies for security of supply. Outside of its largely low-carbon power sector, managing the economy’s energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions while still remaining competitive and growing remains a challenge.
The IEA review highlights the areas that are critical to the success of the energy policy agenda in New Zealand.
To support sustainable growth in line with the Paris Agreement, the government should facilitate technology opportunities for renewable energy and energy efficiency, in buildings, industrial heat, transport and agriculture.
The government has ambitious plans to boost the share of electric vehicles and renewable energy. The country has a flexible power system, but future growth requires fine-tuning of market rules in favour of even more flexibility, demand response, smart and effective electricity retail and distribution.
While security of supply is well ensured by effective markets, an energy-constraint system can benefit from market-based risk managements tools, including a safety net for dry years as well as access to global LNG markets.
This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing New Zealand and provides recommendations to help guide the country towards a more secure, sustainable and affordable energy future.
Financial reporting is one of the foundations of good fiscal management. High-quality financial reports are essential to ensure that a government’s fiscal decisions are based on the most up-to-date and accurate understanding of its financial position. Financial reports are also the mechanism through which legislatures, auditors, and the public at large hold governments accountable for their financial performance. Over the past two decades, a growing number of governments have begun moving away from pure cash accounting toward accrual accounting to improve transparency and accountability and better inform fiscal decision making. This study reviews and compares accounting and budgeting practices at the national government level in OECD countries. It also discusses both the challenges and benefits of accruals reforms. Finally, it looks at some steps countries are taking to make better use of accrual information in the future. This is a joint publication with the International Federation of Accountants and the OECD.
La violence progresse, et elle survient là où on ne l’attend pas. Ces 15 dernières années, elle a touché 3.34 milliards d’individus, soit près de la moitié de la population de la planète. Si le nombre de conflits violents régresse, davantage d’individus meurent à cause de conflits. Les violences qui transparaissent dans les conflits armés, dans le nombre de tués et dans les flux de réfugiés sont à leur niveau le plus élevé depuis plus de 20 ans. L’extrémisme violent et le terrorisme sont eux aussi en hausse. De surcroît, le coût économique de la violence s’alourdit : l’impact économique mondial de la violence atteint le chiffre impressionnant de 13 600 milliards USD, soit l’équivalent de 13.3 % du PIB mondial. Et les personnes les plus exposées à la violence sont les civils, en particulier les enfants et les femmes.
États de fragilité 2016 : Comprendre la violence examine de très près la violence dans le monde – et ce qu’il faudrait faire face à ce phénomène. Ce rapport met en lumière les dernières réflexions sur la violence, présente une nouvelle approche fondée sur les risques permettant le suivi des différentes dimensions de la fragilité et étudie les flux financiers destinés aux contextes de fragilité. Il ressort de ce rapport que les efforts déployés en matière de développement, de paix et de sécurité dans le monde en développement n’ont pas été suffisants au regard de la nouvelle réalité de la violence. Il nous faut consacrer davantage de ressources et d’attention à la lutte contre la violence. Et si nous voulons être efficaces, il nous faut mettre les individus, et en particulier les jeunes, au centre de nos efforts.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are an important vehicle for private participation in infrastructure investment, delivery and management. Renegotiations are an integral part of the PPP process but their prevalence varies markedly in different parts of the world. Renegotiations can be usefully employed to adjust the PPP contract to unforeseeable events, beyond the control of contractual parties. There is also a danger, however, that they will be used to change the initial balance of costs and benefits in the contract.
The purpose of this report was to provide an overview of the nature of PPP renegotiations in different regions of the world and at different times to help understand when PPP contract renegotiations are desirable and when they are not. In general it is concluded that when contracts are set up well, renegotiations should be few and far between.
Ce rapport formule des recommandations en vue d’élaborer des règles nationales qui neutraliseront l’effet de dispositifs hybrides, et prévoit d’apporter des modifications au Modèle de Convention fiscale de l’OCDE pour lutter contre ces dispositifs. Une fois transposées dans le droit interne, les recommandations figurant dans la première partie du rapport neutraliseront les effets des dispositifs hybrides transnationaux qui permettent de multiples déductions au titre d’une même dépense ou des déductions opérées dans un pays sans imposition correspondante dans l’autre pays. La première partie préconise d’établir des règles permettant de contrer les asymétries des régimes fiscaux concernant des paiements effectués au titre d’un instrument financier hybride ou effectués par une entité hybride ou en sa faveur. Elle recommande aussi d’adopter des règles qui ciblent les asymétries indirectes qui surviennent lorsque les effets d’un dispositif hybride sont importés dans un pays tiers. Ces recommandations s’accompagnent de commentaires et d’exemples qui illustrent comment elles doivent être appliquées. La deuxième partie du rapport décrit les modifications proposées au Modèle de Convention fiscale pour faire en sorte que les avantages des conventions fiscales soient octroyés aux entités hybrides (y compris aux entités à double résidence) uniquement lorsque les circonstances s’y prêtent. Cette partie examine également les interactions entre le Modèle de Convention fiscale de l’OCDE et les recommandations relatives au droit interne qui font l’objet de la première partie.
Ex-post evaluation is important to improving the delivery of transport policy objectives. It can be used for multiple purposes at the core of which is the improvement of ex-ante assessment. A small number of jurisdictions employ ex-post evaluation systematically and leading experience is reviewed in this report.
One reason ex-post analysis is not more widely employed is a number of methodological and data challenges. Several approaches have been developed to tackle these, including advanced statistical approaches, establishment of transport observatories to retain data that would otherwise be lost and a case study approach to compare similar locations subject to different investment and policy treatments.
This report examines examples of best practice, discussing the potential of different approaches and how they can be used to complement each other.
This report examines how land is governed in France. It describes the laws, policies and practices that shape spatial and land-use planning in the country as a whole, and provides a detailed assessment of specific governance arrangements and practices in two metropolitan areas: Clermont-Ferrand, a mid-range urban agglomeration in south-central France; and Nantes Saint-Nazaire, the 6th largest urban agglomeration in the country, located in the north-west. These case studies highlight the trends and challenges faced in each region—such as the need to protect fragile environments from growing peri-urbanisation—and the unique approaches that have been adopted to manage land-use issues across a large number of communes. The report offers recommendations on how to strengthen the capacity and effectiveness of the spatial planning system in order to ensure that land is used in an effective and sustainable way.
The General Guide on the Public Procurement Legislative Environment in Bulgaria is an informative document which tackles the fundamentals of public procurement by providing references to the applicable rule of law as well as containing interpretations on specific practical and legal aspects. As one of the key deliverables of this Project, the General Guide on the Public Procurement Legislative Environment in Bulgaria targets public procurement officers with various professional backgrounds from the public and the private sector. It will facilitate training of public procurement officials and increase professionalization. It is an easy-to-use reference manual for public purchasing carried out by classic contracting authorities.
The first part of this report provides an overview of key institutional actors in Bulgaria responsible for investing, purchasing, managing, monitoring and/or auditing under the ESIF framework. The second part assesses the needs of procurement officials and defines training priorities. This component includes the identification of the main capacity gaps within public procurement in Bulgaria, taking into consideration the overall procurement process and the ex-ante conditionality. The report assesses how Bulgaria stands in relation to these conditions. Thirdly, the report reviews the training of training programme developed by the OECD, its results and the pilot studies. Concluding, this report outlines a plan detailing training priorities, target audiences, training methodologies, a training curricula and key components of a training plan.
Public sector integrity is crucial for sustained socioeconomic development. This report assesses Peru's integrity system at both the central and subnational levels of government. It provides a set of recommendations to strengthen and consolidate this system, instil a culture of integrity, and ensure accountability through control and enforcement. Beyond reviewing the institutional arrangement of the system, the report analyses the policies and practices related to political finance, the promotion of public ethics and the management of conflict of interests, lobbying, whistleblower protection, internal control and risk management, as well as the disciplinary regime and the role of the criminal justice system in containing corruption.
La integridad del sector público es un factor crucial para el desarrollo socioeconómico sostenible. Este reporte evalúa el sistema de integridad del Perú, tanto a nivel central como en los niveles subnacionales de gobierno. Proporciona una serie de recomendaciones para fortalecer y consolidar el sistema, inculcar una cultura de integridad y asegurar la rendición de cuentas mediante el control y el cumplimiento de las normas. Asimismo, además de analizar los mecanismos institucionales del sistema, el estudio analiza las políticas y prácticas relacionadas al financiamiento de la política, la promoción de la ética pública y la gestión de los conflictos de intereses, el lobby, la protección de denunciantes, el control interno y la gestión de riesgos, así como el régimen disciplinario y el rol del sistema de justicia criminal en la contención de la corrupción.
India is the fastest-growing G20 economy, thanks to ambitious structural reforms and low commodity prices. Deregulation and improvement in the ease of doing business have boosted foreign investment. However, investment is still held back by the relatively high corporate income tax rates, slow land acquisition processes, stringent regulations, weak corporate balance sheets, high non-performing loans and infrastructure bottlenecks. Quality job creation has been low, due to complex labour laws. A comprehensive tax reform would promote inclusive growth: implementation of the Goods and Services Tax would support competitiveness, investment and economic growth as will reducing the corporate income tax rate and broadening the base. Property and personal income taxes could be reformed to raise more revenue, promote social justice and empower sub-national governments. Ensuring clarity and certainty in tax legislation and employing more skilled tax officers would strengthen the tax administration. Spatial disparities in living standards are large. India is reforming relations across levels of government to empower the states and make policies more responsive to local conditions. Some states have taken the lead in improving the ease of doing business and now enjoy higher productivity and income. In rural areas, poverty rates are high and access to core public services is often poor. Farm productivity is low owing to small and fragmented land holdings, poor input management, and inefficient market conditions. In urban areas, agglomeration benefits are quickly reduced by congestion costs, in particular air pollution and long commuting time.
SPECIAL FEATURES: TAX REFORM; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
“Behavioural insights”, or insights derived from the behavioural and social sciences, including decision making, psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, organisational and group behaviour, are being applied by governments with the aim of making public policies work better. As their use has become more widespread, however, questions are being raised about their effectiveness as well as their philosophical underpinnings. This report discusses the use and reach of behavioural insights, drawing on a comprehensive collection of over 100 applications across the world and policy sectors, including consumer protection, education, energy, environment, finance, health and safety, labour market policies, public service delivery, taxes and telecommunications. It suggests ways to ensure that this experimental approach can be successfully and sustainably used as a public policy tool.