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OECD Environmental Performance Reviews provide independent assessments of countries’ progress towards their environmental policy objectives. Reviews promote peer learning, enhance government accountability, and provide targeted recommendations aimed at improving environmental performance, individually and collectively. They are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data, and evidence-based analysis. Each cycle of Environmental Performance Reviews covers all OECD countries and selected partner economies. The most recent reviews include Chile and France (2016).
This report is the first Environmental Performance Review of Estonia. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on waste and materials management, and mining and the environment.
Australia’s economy has enjoyed considerable success in recent decades, reflecting strong macroeconomic policy, structural reform and the long commodity boom. Living standards and well-being are generally high, though challenges remain in gender gaps and in GHG emissions. The economy is now rebalancing following the end of the commodity boom, supported by an accommodative macroeconomic stance and currency depreciation. The strengthening non-mining sector is projected to support output growth and spur further reductions in unemployment. Low interest rates have supported aggregate demand but are ramping up investor risk taking and putting pressure on the housing market.
Improving competition and other framework conditions that influence the absorption and development of innovation are key for restoring productivity growth. Innovation requires labour and capital markets that facilitate new business models. Productivity growth could be boosted through stronger collaboration between business and research sectors in R&D activity.
Australia’s adjustment to the end of the commodity boom has not been painless. Unemployment has risen, and inequality is rising. In addition, large socioeconomic gaps between Australia's indigenous community and the rest of the population remain. Developing innovation-related skills will be important for the underprivileged and those displaced by economic restructuring and can help reduce gender wage gaps.
SPECIAL FEATURES: INNOVATION-DRIVEN PRODUCTIVITY; BOOSTING R&D OUTCOMES
In many ways, primary care in Denmark performs well. Danish primary care is trusted and valued by patients, and is relatively inexpensive. But there are important areas where it needs to be strengthened. Most critically, Danish primary care is relatively opaque in terms of the performance data available at local level. Greater transparency is vital in the next phase of reform and sector strengthening. Robust information on quality and outcomes empowers patients and gives them choice. It can support GPs to benchmark themselves, and engage in continuous quality improvement. It also allows the authorities to better understand where they should direct additional resources. This report draws on evidence and best practice from across OECD health systems to support Denmark in: agreeing on the steps that will strengthen its primary care sector, delivering high-quality, patient-centred care, and establishing a sustainable footing as the foundation for a high-performing health system.
Ce présent guide a pour objectif de formuler des orientations pour la promotion et le contrôle de la conformité, qui s’adressent notamment aux autorités chargées de la régelementation des pesticides, y compris à celles qui ne disposeraient pas de prescriptions, orientations, ou politiques propres dans ce domaine
La conformité est d’une grande importance pour la réduction des risques liés aux pesticides et pour le bon fonctionnement des systèmes de réglementation des pesticides qui pourraient être compromis en cas de non-conformité. Le présent document traite des aspects suivants du cycle de vie des pesticides: fabrication et intégrité du produit, distribution (transport et vente compris), utilisation du produit, stockage du produit et le recyclage et élimination des contenants.
This year marks a new period of oil market management by leading oil producers, who put together in late 2016 the most comprehensive agreement to limit oil output seen since 2009. The reason was to ensure that oil prices were stabilised to avoid economic dislocation in producing countries and to provide a platform for gradual growth. The agreement brought to an end a two-year free market window in which producers competed to secure outlets for their oil.
This agreement provides the backdrop to the latest IEA five-year oil market forecast, which was renamed Market Report Series: Oil 2017 (formerly known as the Medium-Term Oil Market Report). While we cannot know how long the deal will last, it provides clear trends to guide our view of the next five years.
- Oil demand is expected to grow strongly at least to 2022 with the main developing economies leading the way.
- The need for more production capacity becomes apparent by the end of the decade, even if supply appears plentiful today.
- It is not clear that upstream projects will be completed in time given the unprecedented two-year fall in investment in 2015 and 2016 although major reductions in costs will help.
- There is a risk of prices rising more sharply by 2022 if the spare production cushion is eroded.
The Oil 2017 report, which provides market analysis and forecasts to 2022, sets the scene for what promises to be a transformative period in the history of oil.
Sweden has long given priority to promoting both sustainable economic growth in its regions and equity among them. This report looks at the progress Sweden has made in its regional growth policy, multi-level governance system and rural policy. It also takes a more in-depth look at two topics of increasing importance: whether rural Sweden has been “left behind”, and issues of regional and municipal governance. The report suggests steps Sweden can take to address its regional and rural policy challenges. It also assesses to what degree Sweden has implemented the recommendations made in the 2010 OECD Territorial Review of Sweden.
La sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition sont des préoccupations majeures au niveau international, en particulier dans les zones rurales. Ces sujets ont attiré beaucoup d’attention ainsi que de nombreux investissements, toutefois, les résultats ont jusqu’à présent été mitigés. Dans certains pays les moyennes nationales ont progressé, mais pour autant, de nombreux citoyens souffrent toujours d’insécurité alimentaire, ces derniers sont souvent concentrés géographiquement. L’insécurité alimentaire et la pauvreté sont fortement liées et ont une forte dimension territoriale. Afin de résoudre ces problèmes durablement, les réponses en termes de politiques publiques doivent être adaptées aux défis de chaque territoire en adaptant une approche multidimensionnelle qui prenne en compte la disponibilité d’aliments, leur accessibilité, leur utilisation et stabilité. Ce rapport, sur la base de cinq études de cas ainsi que du Nouveau Paradigme Rural de l’OCDE, propose une démarche effective pour lutter contre l’insécurité alimentaire et la malnutrition.
Giving people better opportunities to participate actively in the labour market improves well-being. It also helps countries to cope with rapid population ageing by mobilising more fully each country’s potential labour resources. Weak labour market attachment of some groups in society reflects a range of barriers to working or moving up the jobs ladder. This report on Australia is the third country study published in a series of reports looking into strategies to encourage greater labour market participation of all groups in society with a special focus on the most disadvantaged. Labour market and activation policies are well developed in Australia. However, the gap in employment rates is still considerable for some groups of the population, including women with young children, disadvantaged youth, people with disability, people with mental health problems and the indigenous population. This report discusses the size of the gap and the - often multiple - barriers underlying low labour market participation of these groups, and it provides a non-exhaustive number of good practice policies and measures from other OECD countries which could guide Australia's policy development in the coming years.
Esta nueva edición de Panorama de la Salud presenta la más reciente información comparable sobre el desempeño de los sistemas de salud en países de la OCDE. Donde es posible, contiene información de países socios (Brasil,China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Letonia, Lituania, la Federación Rusa y Sudáfrica). En comparación con la edición anterior, esta nueva edición incluye un juego de tablas de indicadores de salud para resumir de manera clara y amigable las fortalezas y debilidades relativas de los países de la OCDE en diferentes indicadores clave de salud y desempeño de sistemas de salud, además de un enfoque especial en el sector farmacéutico. Esta edición también contiene nuevos indicadores sobre la migración de la fuerza laboral en salud y la calidad de la atención en salud.
Cette publication, issue du Programme d’indicateurs de l’entrepreneuriat OCDE-Eurostat, présente une collection originale d’indicateurs pour mesurer l’état de l’entrepreneuriat et ses déterminants. L’édition 2016 présente les données d’une nouvelle enquête en ligne sur les petites et moyennes entreprises conçue par Facebook en collaboration avec l’OCDE et la Banque Mondiale. Elle contient aussi un chapitre spécial sur la productivité des PME, et des indicateurs permettant de suivre les différences hommes-femmes en matière d’entrepreneuriat.
The OECD has been developing guidance documents and tools for the use of alternative methods such as (Q)SAR, chemical categories and Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) as a part of Integrated Approaches for Testing and Assessment (IATA). However, there is a need for a systematic framework to characterise the individual biological and toxicological relevance of alternative methods in assessing chemicals in predicting toxicological endpoints. This framework could also inform their potential use in combination with other tools and methods to benefit from an integrated approach by applying mechanistic knowledge and understanding. This document outlines an approach for the use of the AOP concept in developing IATA. It builds upon the workshop held in 2014 on a framework for the development and use of IATA and experience to date with the development of IATA.
The northern sparsely populated areas (NSPA) of Finland, Norway and Sweden are becoming increasingly important to the geopolitical and economic interests of these countries and the European Union. These regions have unique geographical characteristics - low population density and a harsh climate - and face specific challenges due to an ageing population, long distances from markets, and high-cost land transport. However, high productivity growth is possible in low-density regions. This report sets out policy recommendations at cross-border, national and regional scales to enhance prosperity and well-being across the NSPA. This includes closer co-operation with national governments to address shared challenges and opportunities such as improving east-west transport connections and reducing occupational and skills barriers to labour mobility, and addressing barriers to business growth such as access to finance.
This first review of Mexico’s energy policies by the International Energy Agency comes at a momentous time for the country’s energy sector. The broad-based Energy Reform, beginning with the Constitutional changes of December 2013, has continued at a steady and impressive pace. Its reach and scope amounts to one of the most ambitious energy system transformations in decades. The IEA applauds the government of Mexico for the progress made to date.
Starting from a largely closed and monopoly-driven energy market, the reform has taken concrete steps to harness market forces to attract investments and increase production while ensuring transparency and rule of law, improving energy security and strengthening the environmental sustainability of the energy sector.
Some policy areas, such as promoting competition and redesigning emergency preparedness, will have to remain a priority. The transition to open energy markets should continue in a transparent manner, and with regulatory certainty. The new roles and responsibilities for the public and private entities, in particular for energy supply emergencies and energy data collection, should be defined well. It is also critical to ensure sufficient resources for the several new or strengthened regulatory authorities.
For the long term, as Mexico’s population, cities and economy are projected to grow strongly, a cross-sectoral approach is required to limit the increase in energy demand and energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Mexico and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure, sustainable and affordable energy future.
Uspešni izobraževalni sistemi spodbujajo vodenje na vseh ravneh in s tem spodbujajo učitelje in ravnatelje, ne glede na njihov formalni položaj, da so inovativni v razredu in šoli ter v sistemu kot celoti. Ta publikacija predstavlja povzetek ugotovitev mednarodne raziskave poučevanja in učenja TALIS in programa mednarodne primerjave dosežkov učenk in učencev PISA, ki so bila temelj mednarodnega srečanja na vrhu o učiteljskem poklicu 2015 s tremi temami: vodenje šol, samoučinkovitost učiteljev in inovativnost v izobraževanju. Vsebuje tudi primere z vsega sveta, kako nekatere šole uvajajo inovativne načine poučevanja in učenja, da bi učence bolje opremile z veščinami, ki jih potrebujejo za polno vključitev v globalna gospodarstva 21. stoletja.
The report provides a brief overview of the characteristics of recently arrived asylum seekers and discusses current labour market conditions and the outlook for integration. In the preparation of this report, extensive consultations with employers were undertaken. Recent policy initiatives are assessed against good practices from other OECD countries.
Spain is enjoying a robust recovery from a deep recession and a wide range of structural reforms has contributed to sustainable rises in living standards. Highly accommodative euro-area monetary policy, low oil prices and, more recently, expansionary fiscal policy have all supported domestic demand. Exports have been a particular bright spot, as Spain has resisted the slowdown in global export growth. However, raising well-being and GDP per capita, particularly via productivity increases, and making growth more inclusive remains a challenge. Spain has long suffered from very low productivity growth, which has restrained increases in living standards. Misallocation of capital towards low productivity firms and underinvestment in innovation have dragged down productivity, although more recently capital allocation has been improving. Policies to foster a better allocation of capital and higher productivity include reducing regulatory barriers in product markets that are holding back competition, encouraging higher investment in R&D and innovation and ensuring that capital goes to a wider set of innovative firms. Reducing entry barriers and improving framework conditions would also help to foster green investment. The unemployment rate is gradually falling down thanks to stronger growth, but it remains very high, particularly among the young and long-term unemployed. The high share of long-term unemployed risks loss of skills, disaffection and alienation. Poverty has also risen, mainly due to lack of quality jobs that provide enough hours of paid work to support decent incomes. Part of the answer is continued strong economic growth, but strengthening training and job placement and better minimum income support are crucial.
SPECIAL FEATURES: IMPROVING JOB QUALITY; INNOVATIVE BUSINESS INVESTMENT
Tras haber experimentado una recesión profunda, España disfruta de una sólida recuperación al tiempo que la amplia batería de reformas estructurales acometidas ha contribuido al aumento sostenible de los niveles de vida. La política monetaria altamente acomodaticia de la zona del euro, el bajo precio del petróleo y, más recientemente, la política fiscal expansiva han servido de apoyo a la demanda interna. Las exportaciones han destacado especialmente, ya que España ha resistido la ralentización del crecimiento mundial de las exportaciones. No obstante, sigue siendo complicado conseguir un aumento del bienestar y del PIB per cápita, sobre todo mediante incrementos de la productividad, así como generar un crecimiento más inclusivo.
España lleva tiempo padeciendo un crecimiento muy bajo de la productividad, lo cual ha limitado el aumento de los niveles de vida. La asignación de capital hacia empresas de baja productividad y la escasez de inversión en innovación han lastrado la productividad, aunque recientemente la asignación de capital ha mejorado. Entre las políticas que favorecen una mejor asignación del capital y una mayor productividad se incluyen la reducción de los obstáculos regulatorios en los mercados de bienes que lastran la competencia, la promoción de mayores inversiones en I+D+i, y garantías de que el capital se dirija a un espectro más amplio de empresas innovadoras. La reducción de las barreras de entrada y la mejora de las condiciones estructurales para la creación de empresas también contribuirían a impulsar las inversiones respetuosas con el medio ambiente.
La tasa de desempleo disminuye progresivamente gracias al mayor crecimiento económico pero sigue situándose en niveles muy elevados, sobre todo entre los jóvenes y los desempleados de larga duración. Hay una elevada proporción de desempleados de larga duración que corre el riesgo de perder habilidades, lo que puede llevar a la desafección y alienación. La pobreza también ha aumentado, debido principalmente a la falta de empleo de calidad que proporcione suficientes horas de trabajo remunerado y unos ingresos adecuados. Parte de la respuesta a estas dificultades es la continuación de un crecimiento económico sólido, pero también es fundamental reforzar la formación y la asistencia en la búsqueda de empleo, así como mejorar la protección social con un mayor apoyo en materia de ingresos mínimos.
CAPÍTULOS ESPECIALES: MEJORAR LA CALIDAD DEL TRABAJO; INVERSIÓN EMPRESARIAL INNOVADORA
This report points to the growing number of labor migrants in Asia and examines the policy question of how to best safeguard their rights. Governments and stakeholders in both origin and destination countries have largely recognized their mutual interest in safeguarding labor migrants. Multilateral frameworks have also put this in focus, with safe and orderly migration seen as important. This report examines some of the key policy questions in protecting migrant workers, including how to promote fair recruitment of less skilled workers, and how to address vulnerable groups such as irregular migrants and domestic workers. The four chapters in this report draw on issues raised and discussed during the Sixth Roundtable on Labor Migration in Asia: Safeguarding Labor Migrants from Home to Workplace that was held in Tokyo from 3 to 5 February 2016. The event brought together regional experts and policy makers and was co-organized by the Asian Development Bank Institute, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the International Labour Organization. The report’s introductory chapter reviews recent regional migration trends. Two statistical annexes provide an overview of migration flows within Asia and between Asia and other regions.
This paper describes and provides guidance on policy and practice relating to financial education for MSMEs and potential entrepreneurs in Asia, with a particular focus on Indonesia.
Higher education policy is the key to lifelong learning and this is particularly important as the ageing population is increasing in many countries. It is a major driver of economic competitiveness in an increasingly knowledge-driven global economy and it also brings social cohesion and well-being. Countries are increasingly aware that higher education institutions need to foster the skills required to sustain a globally competitive research base and improve knowledge dissemination to the benefit of society. Kazakhstan’s higher education system has made progress over the past ten years. However, there is scope for improvement in delivering labour-market relevant skills to Kazakhstanis, and in supporting economic growth through research and innovation.
In examining the higher education system in Kazakhstan, this report builds on a 2007 joint OECD/World Bank review: Reviews of National Policies for Education: Higher Education in Kazakhstan 2007. Each chapter presents an overview of progress made in the past decade across the main areas explored in the 2007 report. These include quality and relevance, access and equity, internationalisation, research and innovation, financing and governance. The report also examines policy responses to evolving dynamics in higher education and the wider socio-economic changes.