Browse by: "2017"
Index
Title Index
Year Index
There are more than 200 shipbuilding and repair companies in Portugal, most of them small- to medium-sized firms engaging mainly in ship repair and maintenance. Some are very small facilities, with minimal activity, focused on local clients, predominantly in repair work. The Portuguese government considered that the shipbuilding industry in Portugal is limited to around five yards with the infrastructure and conditions to compete on the global market in commercial construction.
Norway is a very open country where labour costs are higher than in most other maritime economies and where labour costs in the maritime sector are higher than the average of manufacturing sectors in Norway’s competitive advantage is based on high investment in research and development. The Norwegian shipbuilding industry is part of a maritime cluster which also includes international shipping companies (6th largest fleet in the world), equipment manufacturers, classification societies, ship designers, brokers, and providers of insurance and financial services. In the context of the lower demand for offshore vessels, the Norwegian shipbuilding industry focuses on the production of other vessel types including fishing vessels and fish carrying vessels and the upgrading of other segments, such as specialized vessels and workboats.
Despite increased funding and many reforms, most education systems are still seeking ways to better prepare their students for a world in which technological change and the digital revolution are changing the way we work, live and relate to one another. Education systems that have succeeded in improving student outcomes show that the way forward is by making teachers the top priority. The adaptability of education systems and their ability to evolve ultimately depends on enabling teachers to transform what and how students learn. This requires strong support and training for teachers, both before and after they enter the profession, with new forms of professional development to help teachers engage in more direct instruction and adapt it to the needs of their diverse classrooms. Education systems need to perform well in two dimensions: excellence and equity. Many high performers do well on both, demonstrating that they are not mutually exclusive. To do so requires specific measures to overcome factors that can hinder student performance, such as socio-economic background, immigrant status and gender.
La Norme Commune de Déclaration (NCD/CRS) qui a été développée en réponse à la demande des dirigeants du G20 et approuvée par le Conseil de l’OCDE le 15 juillet 2014, invite les juridictions à obtenir des informations de leurs institutions fiscales et à échanger automatiquement ces informations chaque année avec les autres juridictions. Elle définit les informations de comptes financiers à échanger, les institutions financières qui sont en demeure de les déclarer, les différents types de comptes et les contribuables concernés, ainsi que les procédures communes de diligence raisonnable qui doivent être suivies par les institutions financières.
Cette publication comprend les quatre éléments suivants : Un Modèle d’Accord entre Autorités (AAC) pour l’échange automatique de renseignements NCD ; la Norme Commune de Déclaration; les Commentaires sur le AAC et la NCD; et le guide d’utilisation du Schéma XML de la NCD.
Cette édition contient des recommandations techniques sur la manière de procéder aux corrections et annulations dans le cadre du schéma XML de la NCD ainsi qu’un ensemble révisé et étendu d’exemples de corrections. Les autres parties de la Norme restent inchangées par rapport à la première édition de 2014.
The Common Reporting Standard (CRS), developed in response to the G20 request and approved by the OECD Council on 15 July 2014, calls on jurisdictions to obtain information from their financial institutions and automatically exchange that information with other jurisdictions on an annual basis. It sets out the financial account information to be exchanged, the financial institutions required to report, the different types of accounts and taxpayers covered, as well as common due diligence procedures to be followed by financial institutions.
This publication contains the following four parts: A model Competent Authority Agreement (CAA) for the automatic exchange of CRS information; the Common Reporting Standard; the Commentaries on the CAA and the CRS; and the CRS XML Schema User Guide.
This edition expands the last part on the CRS XML Schema User Guide. It contains additional technical guidance on the handling of corrections and cancellations within the CRS XML Schema, as well as a revised and expanded set of correction examples. The other parts remain unchanged relative to the first edition issued in 2014.
El Estándar Común de Reporte (ECR/CRS), que fue desarrollado en respuesta al llamamiento de los líderes del G-20 y aprobado por el Consejo de la OCDE el 15 de julio de 2014, insta a las jurisdicciones a obtener información sobre sus instituciones financieras e a intercambiar automáticamente esta información con otras jurisdicciones anualmente. Define el tipo de información financiera que se debe intercambiar, las instituciones financieras llamadas a transmitir dicha información, los distintos tipos de cuentas, los contribuyentes implicados, así como los procedimientos de diligencia común razonables que las instituciones financieras deben seguir.
Esta publicación incluye los cuatro elementos siguientes: un modelo de Acuerdo entre Autoridades Competentes (modelo AAC) para el intercambio automático de información ECR; el Estandar Común de Reporte; los comentarios sobre el AAC y el ECR; y La Guída del usuario del esquema del XML del ECR.
Esta edición amplía la última parte sobre la Guía del usuario del esquema del XML del ECR y contiene recomendaciones técnicas sobre el tratamiento de correcciones y cancelaciones dentro del esquema del XML del CRS y un conjunto revisado y ampliado de ejemplos de correcciones. Las otras partes permanecen invariables en comparación con la primera edición publicada en 2014 (en inglés y francés).
Trust plays a very tangible role in the effectiveness of government. Few perceptions are more palpable than that of trust or its absence. Governments ignore this at their peril. Yet, public trust has been eroding just when policy makers need it most, given persistent unemployment, rising inequality and a variety of global pressures. This report examines the influence of trust on policy making and explores some of the steps governments can take to strengthen public trust.
Education in Ukraine is marked by integrity violations from early childhood education and care through postgraduate study. In the past decade policy makers and civic organisations have made progress in addressing these challenges. However, much remains to be done. OECD Reviews of Integrity in Education: Ukraine 2017 aims to support these efforts.
The review examines systemic integrity violations in Ukraine. These include: preferential access to school and pre-school education through favours and bribes; misappropriation of parental contributions to schools; undue recognition of learning achievement in schools; paid supplementary tutoring by classroom teachers; textbook procurement fraud; and, in higher education, corrupt access, academic dishonesty, and unwarranted recognition of academic work.
The report identifies how policy shortcomings create incentives for misconduct and provide opportunities for educators and students to act on these incentives. It presents recommendations to address these weaknesses and strengthen public trust in a merit-based education system. The audience of this report is policy makers, opinion leaders and educators in Ukraine.
Recent years have witnessed a constant rise in the spread of ICT (information and communication technologies) infrastructure and a growing demand for ICT goods. The production of these goods is knowledge intensive and the industry relies extensively on intellectual property (IP) rights. This strong and growing demand for ICT goods, and their IP dependence, makes them an attractive target for counterfeiters. This study looks at the trade in counterfeit ICT goods, including the size of the trade, the main sources of fake goods, and the countries whose companies are most affected.
This report analyses the relationship between urban transport and inclusive development in Korea. First, it looks at how Korea is shifting from car-centered transport towards people-centered mobility. It discusses opportunities and challenges posed by current urban transport arrangements in Korea, and proposes options for improving urban transport governance. Second, the report uses advanced data analysis and space syntax methods to examine how accessibility to public transport shapes inclusiveness in Korean metropolitan areas. Third, it analyses public transport in four selected Korean cities (Seoul, Suwon, Changwon and Sejong), which offer interesting insights into how public transport policies can be tailored to local socio-economic profiles and urban landscapes.
Emerging and developing countries have grown faster than advanced countries since the 2000s. This shifting weight of global economic activity from 'the West' to 'East and South' is referred to as 'shifting wealth'. But in recent years, a number of factors, such as lower commodity prices, seem to have brought this movement to a pause. Is the period of rapid growth in the emerging world over? This anthology takes stock of the situation and goes beyond the 'shifting wealth' narrative. It offers a forward-looking perspective on global risks and development opportunities over the next 15 years. It collects the perspectives of thought leaders from developing and emerging economies, offering their views and solutions on the most pressing global development challenges.
The first chapter provides the OECD Development Centre's analysis of major development trends. These trends include: slowing growth in China, the end of the commodity super cycle, increasing difficulty accessing global financial markets, demographic transitions, faltering job creation, rapid urbanisation, the negative effects of climate change and conflict and security. These challenges also provide development opportunities. Twelve thought leaders and development practitioners from the global South explore these opportunities in four thematic chapters. They deal with issues such as: structural transformation in a new macro environment; inclusive societies; energy and the environment; and new forms of development co-operation.
The anthology provides a starting point for dialogue and exchange on these risks and challenges as well as potential solutions to them.
Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development in Georgia is the result of a project carried out by the Caucasus Research Resource Center (CRRC-Georgia) and the OECD Development Centre, in collaboration with the State Commission on Migration Issues (SCMI) and with support from the European Union. The project aimed to provide policy makers with evidence on the way migration influences specific sectors – the labour market, agriculture, education and investment and financial services – and, in turn, how sectoral policies affect migration. The report addresses three dimensions of the migration cycle that have changed remarkably in Georgia over the last 20 years: emigration, remittances and return.
The results of the empirical work confirm that even though migration contributes to the development of Georgia, the potential of migration is not fully exploited. One explanation is that, despite headway in the field of migration and development through the creation of the SCMI, not all policy makers in Georgia take migration sufficiently into account in their respective policy areas. Georgian authorities therefore need to adopt a more coherent policy agenda and better integrate migration into their sectoral strategies to enhance the contribution of migration to development in the country.
National schools of government operate in a context of rapidly changing needs and expectations for governments, citizens and civil servants. Drawing on a 2014 survey, the report reviews how schools of government are adapting to address countries’ most pressing political and economic challenges. It analyses best practices, and includes recommendations on designing and implementing whole-of-government and organisation-specific civil service learning and development strategies. The report suggests ways to align learning programmes with the priorities of national governments, to enhance innovative techniques in the delivery and content of learning, and to ensure their stable and adequate funding.
This report exposes how “policy capture”, where public decisions over policies are consistently or repeatedly directed away from the public interest towards a specific interest, can exacerbate inequalities and undermine democratic values, economic growth and trust in government. It maps out the different mechanisms and risks of policy capture, and provides guidance for policy makers on how to mitigate these risks through four complementary strategies: engaging stakeholders with diverging interests; ensuring transparency and access to information; promoting accountability; and identifying and mitigating the risk of capture through organisational integrity policies.
The OECD's Integrity Review of Mexico is one of the first peer reviews to apply the new 2017 Recommendation of the Council on Public Integrity. It assesses (i) the coherence and comprehensiveness of the evolving public integrity system; (ii) the extent to which Mexico’s new reforms cultivate a culture of integrity across the public sector; and (iii) the effectiveness of increasingly stringent accountability mechanisms. In addition, the Review includes a sectoral focus on public procurement, one of the largest areas of government spending in the country and is considered a high-risk government activity for fraud and corruption. The Review provides several proposals for strengthening institutional arrangements and improving vertical and horizontal co-ordination, closing remaining gaps in various existing legal/policy frameworks, instilling integrity values and ensuring the sustainability of reforms.
Principy správy a řízení společností zemí G20 a OECD pomáhají regulátorům trhu vyhodnotit a zlepšit právní, regulační a institucionální rámec pro řízení podniků. Posky- tují také vodítko pro burzy, investory, korporace a jiné, které hrají roli v procesu vytvá- ření dobré správy a řízení společnosti. Principy byly poprvé vydány v roce 1999 a staly se mezinárodním měřítkem pro corporate governance. Byly přijaty jako jeden z Klíčových standardů Finanční rady pro stabilitu pro zdravé finanční systémy a schváleny skupi- nou G20. Originál anglického vydání z roku 2015 zohledňuje vývoj, který může mít vliv na účinnost a význam pro postupy a strategie při správě a řízení společností, jak ve fi- nančním, tak ve firemním sektoru.
This publication focuses on business dynamics across eight countries (Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, United Kingdom) and over time, building upon the evidence collected in the framework of the OECD DynEmp project for 22 countries. It provides new evidence on firms’ heterogeneous responses to shocks (notably the recent financial crisis) in order to evaluate how policies and framework conditions across different firms and countries can foster both employment and productivity growth.
Como “árbitros del mercado”, los órganos reguladores necesitan estar constantemente en alerta, dar seguimiento a las tendencias y evaluar el impacto de sus decisiones. ¿Qué debería medirse? ¿Es posible atribuir las consecuencias a las decisiones de los órganos reguladores? ¿Cómo hacer un uso eficaz de lo que se mide? ¿Cómo optimizar la gobernanza y la estructura organizacional del regulador? Abordar estas preguntas con eficacia puede determinar en última instancia si los trenes llegarán a tiempo, si sale agua limpia en la llave, si las luces encienden, si el teléfono y el internet funcionan y si hay dinero en los cajeros automáticos. Para ayudar a los reguladores a definir cómo evaluar mejor su desempeño, la OCDE ha desarrollado un Marco para la Evaluación del Desempeño de los Reguladores Económicos (PAFER, por sus siglas en inglés) que observa a las instituciones, los procesos y las prácticas que ayudan a los reguladores a mejorar su impacto.
Este informe aplica el PAFER a la gobernanza externa del sector energético de México y a sus tres órganos reguladores: la Agencia de Seguridad, Energía y Ambiente (ASEA), la Comisión Nacional de Hidrocarburos (CNH) y la Comisión Reguladora de Energía (CRE), luego de una reforma estructural del sector y de sus instituciones reguladoras. Lo complementan estudios de la gobernanza interna de los tres órganos reguladores, constituyendo una estructura integral y única sobre la gobernanza regulatoria del sector energético de México. Es parte de la serie La gobernanza de los reguladores, que conjunta investigación y recomendaciones para ser “órganos reguladores de clase mundial”, recurriendo a experiencias de más de 70 reguladores económicos de los sectores de energía, comunicaciones, transporte, agua y sistemas de pagos.
Contenido
Evaluación y recomendaciones
Capítulo 1. Metodología y enfoque
Capítulo 2. Contexto del sector
Capítulo 3. Gobernanza externa del sector energético
While the number of migrants in Finland remains small, the relatively short history of migration in Finland has led to a number of integration challenges.