Browse by: "2020"
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Consumption Tax Trends provides information on Value Added Taxes/Goods and Services Taxes (VAT/GST) and excise duty rates in OECD member countries. It also contains information about international aspects of VAT/GST developments and the efficiency of this tax. It describes a range of other consumption taxation provisions on tobacco, alcoholic beverages, motor vehicles and aviation fuels.
Les données sur les recettes des administrations publiques, et sur le produit de la fiscalité en particulier, constituent la base de la plupart des travaux de description des structures économiques et d’analyse économique, et sont de plus en plus utilisées pour comparaisons internationales. Cette publication annuelle présente un cadre conceptuel dont le but est de définir les recettes publiques devant être assimilées à des impôts et de classifier les différentes catégories d’impôts. Elle constitue également un ensemble unique de statistiques fiscales détaillées et comparables au niveau international, utilisant une présentation identique pour tous les pays de l’OCDE depuis 1965.
The Western Balkans region has clear aspirations to improve its economic competitiveness and integrate further into Europe. A highly skilled population is critical to achieving these goals, which makes creating and maintaining high quality and equitable education systems a vital part of regional development efforts. Results from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) show that learning outcomes in the region have improved over time, but that the improvement has not been equitable. Some students are performing similarly to students from countries in the European Union, while others are lagging further behind.
This report, developed in co-operation with the European Commission and UNICEF, analyses PISA data in detail to identify the strengths, challenges and unique features of education systems in the Western Balkans. Drawing upon a rich knowledge base of education policy and practice in the region, it makes recommendations about how systems in the region can improve learning for all students. This report will be of interest to regional policy-makers as well as individuals who wish to learn more about education in the Western Balkans.
Estos Principios de 2019 ayudan a los actores de la cooperación al desarrollo y humanitaria a afrontar la complejidad de los desafios del desarrollo sostenible y lograr los resultados planeados. Estos princípios ahondan sus raíces en los principios de Gestión para Resultados de Desarrollo que fueran respaldados por las agencias de desarrollo en la mesa redonda internacional sobre resultados en Marrakech (febrero de 2004), y establecen una práctica actualizada, que tiene en cuenta tanto el cambiante contexto global y como la creciente diversidad de actores en el desarrollo.
Esses Princípios de 2019 ajudam os provedores de desenvolvimento e cooperação humanitária a enfrentar desafios complexos para alcançar os resultados esperados em termos de desenvolvimento sustentável. Com base nos princípios de Gestão para Resultados de Desenvolvimento endossados por agências de desenvolvimento na mesa redonda internacional sobre resultados em Marrakesh (fevereiro de 2004), eles estabelecem uma prática renovada que leva em consideração o contexto global em mudança e o conjunto crescente de atores.
This joint OECD and ADB report on Leveraging Technology and Innovation for Disaster Risk Management and Financing examines how emerging technologies and innovation can improve the management of disaster and climate risks and the availability and affordability of financial protection tools.
La pandémie de COVID-19 laissera de longues traces dans toutes les économies du monde, et les incertitudes qui entourent les perspectives économiques restent très élevées. La présente édition des Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE analyse les impacts de la pandémie du COVID-19 sur l’économie et propose un ensemble de projections concernant la production, l’emploi, les prix et balances des opérations courantes et budgétaires.
Cette édition comporte une évaluation générale de la situation macroéconomique, une série de notes de réflexion axées sur les défis politiques actuels liés à la pandémie de COVID-19 et un chapitre résumant les tendances économiques et fournissant des projections par pays. Tous les pays membres de l’OCDE y sont examinés, ainsi que certaines économies non membres.
The COVID-19 pandemic will cast a long shadow over the world’s economies and the economic outlook is very uncertain. This issue of the OECD Economic Outlook analyses the impacts of COVID-19 on the economy and puts forward projections for output, employment, prices, fiscal and current account balances.
This issue includes a general assessment of the macroeconomic situation, a series of notes on the current policy challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic and a chapter summarising developments and providing projections for each individual country. Coverage is provided for all OECD members as well as for selected partner economies.
Pension Markets in Focus provides detailed and comparable statistics on retirement savings around the world. This annual statistical report contributes to the effort of making data on retirement savings available, as the OECD Core Principles of Private Pension Regulation advocates for, to enable regulators and stakeholders to evaluate the design and operation of pension systems relative to their goals. These statistics can support policy discussions through international comparisons and peer learning, and are the basis of policy recommendations in the OECD series of Pension Reviews. These statistics can also be helpful to private sector representatives, journalists, academics and anyone interested in funded pension systems.
Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020 provides a comprehensive assessment of how regions and cities across the OECD are progressing towards stronger, more sustainable and more resilient economies and societies. The publication provides a unique comparative picture in a number of aspects connected to economic development, health, well-being and net zero-carbon transition across regions and cities in OECD and selected non-OECD countries. In the light of the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the report analyses outcomes and drivers of social, economic and environmental resilience.
This edition provides several new features. First, an extended set of health-related indicators, including excess mortality, morbidity rates, and air quality. Second, novel indicators on the potential of regions and cities to remote working, as well as on trade openness and access to digital infrastructure enrich the economic chapter. Third, the report offers a number of new climate-and environment-related indicators, including on sustainable electricity production and related carbon emissions. The report shows population trends in over nine thousands cities and metropolitan areas across the entire world. Finally, the last chapter presents new indicators on spending and revenues capacity of regional governments in OECD countries.
The COVID-19 crisis has severely hit Mongolia’s economy and SMEs have been hit hardest. Strengthening SMEs is a policy priority that Mongolia has clearly recognised, as their growth can contribute to the diversification of employment and exports, and therefore reduce dependence on extractive sectors. Access to finance in particular hinders firm growth, despite the development of several public financial instruments. This Policy Insight discusses these challenges, and suggests five sets of policy actions for the Mongolian government to ease access to finance for SMEs: (1) continue to strengthen the regulatory framework and data collection for SMEs, (2) develop the provision of credit guarantees, (3) improve governance and credit processing procedures in public financial instruments, (4) enhance financial literacy of entrepreneurs, and (5) accelerate the digitalisation of procedures.
The work of early childhood education and care (ECEC) professionals is the major driver of the quality of an ECEC system. As evidence accumulates on the strong benefits of investing in early education, countries need effective policies to attract, maintain and retain a highly skilled workforce in the sector. This report looks at the makeup of the early childhood education and care workforce across countries, assessing how initial preparation programmes compare across different systems, what types of in-service training and informal learning activities help staff to upgrade their skills, and what staff say about their working conditions, as well as identifying policies that can reduce staff stress levels and increase well-being at work. The report also looks at which leadership and managerial practices in ECEC centres contribute to improving the skills, working conditions and working methods of staff.
The OECD Starting Strong Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS Starting Strong) is the first international survey that focuses on the early childhood education and care workforce. It offers an opportunity to learn about the characteristics of ECEC staff and centre leaders, their practices at work, and their views on the profession and the sector. This second volume of findings, Building a High-Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Workforce, examines factors that influence the skills development of ECEC professionals, their working conditions and well-being at work, and leadership in ECEC centres.
Ковид-19 хямралын улмаас Монгол улсын эдийн засаг хүнд цохилтонд орж, ялангуяа ЖДҮ-үүд хамгийн ихээр хохирч байна. ЖДҮ-ийг хөгжүүлэх нь ажил эрхлэлт, экспортын төрөлжилтөнд хувь нэмэр оруулах, түүнчилэн олборлолтын салбараас хэт хамааралтай байдлыг бууруулах эн тэргүүний бодлого хэмээн Монгол улс хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн. Санхүүгийн хүртээмж нь төрийн санхүүгийн арга хэрэгсэлийг үр харгалзан үйлдвэрийн өсөлтийг нэмэгдүүлэхэд тусгайлан хувь нэмэр оруулдаг. Энэхүү бодлогын чиглэл нь дараах сорилтуудыг хэлэлцэж, ЖДҮ-ийн санхүүгийн хүртээмжийг хялбаршуулах таван багц бодлогын үйл ажиллагааг Монгол улсын засгийн газарт санал болгож байна: (1) ЖДҮ-ийн мэдээллийн сан, зохицуулалтын хүрээг үргэлжлүүлэн бэхжүүлэх; (2) Зээлийн батлан даалтыг хөгжүүлэх; (3) Засаглал болон зээлийн үйл явцыг сайжруулах; (4) Бизнес эрхлэгчдийн санхүүгийн боловсролыг нэмэгдүүлэх; (5) Аливаа журам, үйл явцыг цахимжуулах ажлыг хурдасгах.
The OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2020 examines trends and analyses emerging opportunities and challenges in the digital economy. It highlights how OECD countries and partner economies are taking advantage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet to meet their public policy objectives. Through comparative evidence, it informs policy makers of regulatory practices and policy options to help maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth.
This third edition of the OECD Digital Economy Outlook provides a holistic overview of converging trends, policy developments and data on both the supply and demand sides of the digital economy. It illustrates how the digital transformation is affecting economies and societies. Finally, it provides a special focus on how the COVID-19 pandemic is amplifying opportunities and challenges from the digital transformation.
This sixth edition of Health at a Glance Asia/Pacific presents a set of key indicators of health status, the determinants of health, health care resources and utilisation, health care expenditure and financing and quality of care across 27 Asia-Pacific countries and territories. It also provides a series of dashboards to compare performance across countries and territories, and a thematic analysis on the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on Asia/Pacific health systems. Drawing on a wide range of data sources, it builds on the format used in previous editions of Health at a Glance, and gives readers a better understanding of the factors that affect the health of populations and the performance of health systems in these countries and territories. Each of the indicators is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of charts illustrating variations across countries and territories and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings conveyed by the data, and a methodological box on the definition of the indicators and any limitations in data comparability. An annex provides additional information on the demographic and economic context in which health systems operate.
Public policies and services, such as education, health, welfare, infrastructure and sanitation, are increasingly developed and provided via different levels of government (national, regional and local), creating co-ordination and governance challenges. This report describes how Brazil’s 33 courts of accounts can use their oversight function – including audits – to help make such decentralised policies more effective and coherent. It presents the results of a 3-year project to improve how the courts can work together, using the area of education as a pilot for testing the use of indicators in the strategic selection of audits. The report offers a model for audit institutions to assess multi-level governance, and explores governance models for stronger collaboration among the courts of accounts in Brazil. These approaches may inspire and inform other supreme audit institutions with responsibilities for auditing decentralised policies and programmes involving central, regional and local governments.
Políticas e serviços públicos, como educação, saúde, previdência, infraestrutura e saneamento, são cada vez mais formulados e prestados por meio de diferentes níveis de governo (nacional, regional e local), criando desafios de coordenação e governança. O presente relatório descreve como os 33 tribunais de contas brasileiros podem aplicar a função de controle – como auditorias – para contribuir para maior eficácia e coerência das políticas públicas descentralizadas. O relatório apresenta os resultados de um projeto de 3 anos que visou aprimorar a atuação conjunta dos tribunais de contas, focando no setor da educação como área piloto para o teste da aplicação de indicadores na seleção estratégica de auditorias. O relatório propõe um referencial para que as instituições de auditoria possam avaliar a governança multinível e explora modelos de governança que podem ser adotados para garantir a colaboração entre os tribunais. Tais abordagens podem inspirar e informar outras entidades fiscalizadoras superiores que também sejam responsáveis por auditar políticas públicas e programas descentralizados envolvendo governos central, regional e local.
This report provides a detailed review of the tax treatment of philanthropic entities and philanthropic giving in 40 OECD member and participating countries. The report first examines the various arguments for and against the provision of preferential tax treatment for philanthropy. It then reviews the tax treatment of philanthropic entities and giving in the 40 participating countries, in both a domestic and cross-border context. Drawing on this analysis, the report then highlights a range of potential tax policy options for countries to consider.
For the first time, the OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 project conducted comprehensive curriculum analyses through the co-creation of new knowledge with a wide range of stakeholders including policy makers, academic experts, school leaders, teachers, NGOs, other social partners and, most importantly, students. This report is one of six in a series presenting the first-ever comparative data on curriculum at the content level summarising existing literature, examining trends in curriculum change with challenges and strategies, and suggesting lessons learned from unintended consequences countries experienced with their curriculum reforms.
Schools are constantly under pressure to keep up with the pace of changes in society. In parallel, societal demands for what schools should teach are also constantly changing; often driven by political agendas, ideologies, or parental pressures, to add global competency, digital literacy, data literacy, environmental literacy, media literacy, social-emotional skills, etc. This “curriculum expansion” puts pressure on policy makers and schools to add new contents to already crowded curriculum. This report aims to support reflecting on questions such as “how to avoid creating a ‘mile wide – inch deep’ curriculum?” and “how to shift a paradigm to curriculum centred around student well-being?” It also discusses the trade-offs tied to design choices.