Browse by: "2024"

In 2020, the Azerbaijan Investment Holding (AIH) was established to professionalise and improve the governance and performance of Azerbaijan’s key state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This review describes and assesses the corporate governance framework of AIH and its portfolio companies against the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-owned Enterprises. It makes recommendations to help the Azerbaijani authorities reform their state-owned sector and align the exercise of state ownership and the governance of SOEs with international best practices.

Ageing populations, changing labour markets, and climate change are affecting economies and societies across OECD countries. What challenges do these “megatrends” pose for social protection systems? What are the implications of these trends for the coverage, the effectiveness, and – critically – the funding of social protection today and tomorrow? With an eye towards informing future reforms, this report presents a broad stocktaking of population ageing, changing patterns of labour supply, new and emerging employment forms, changes in household composition and unpaid work, the effects of new technologies on employment and wages, and the effects of climate change and the net zero transition on social protection systems in OECD countries.

This edition of Pension Markets in Focus provides detailed and comparable statistics on asset-backed pension systems around the world, with data up to end-2023. It builds upon preliminary data released in June 2024 and explores whether the growth in assets earmarked for retirement in 2023 was sufficient to offset the investment losses incurred in 2022, and how this growth in assets fits with the long-term trend.

Cancer causes one in four premature deaths in OECD countries. It damages people’s quality of life, their ability to work, and their incomes. Cancer increases health expenditure and harms the economy through reduced labour force participation and productivity. The economic and social costs of cancer will grow as populations age and cancer treatment costs increase. This report demonstrates the strong economic and societal case for investing in cancer policies. Microsimulation modelling for 51 countries (including OECD, European Union and G20 countries), shows that stronger action on cancer would yield broad benefits. If all countries did as well as the best performing country in cancer care, a quarter of premature cancer deaths would be prevented. Addressing key cancer risk factors – including tobacco, harmful alcohol use, unhealthy diet, air pollution, overweight and physical inactivity – would lower cancer rates and health expenditure, while also increasing workforce productivity. Co-benefits of such policies include improving road safety and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Vaccination for human papillomavirus will protect future generations from cervical cancer.

The fiscal cost of government support for fossil fuels fell by around one third in 2023 to USD 1.1 trillion, reflecting largely a decline in energy supply costs from 2022. Yet, with many measures supporting production or consumption of fossil fuels still in place, this fiscal cost remains elevated relative to its historical average. Moreover, direct budgetary transfers for fossil fuels and low fossil fuel excise rates weakened the economic incentives to decarbonise measured by Net Effective carbon rates (Net ECR) compared with 2021 levels. The high fiscal cost of government support for fossil fuels and low Net ECR highlight the challenges of staying on track with net zero commitments. Going forward, reforms should focus on better targeting those most in need and phasing out inefficient support for fossil fuels as soon as possible to enable the release of much-needed resources for the net zero transition and energy efficiency innovation.

En la última década, los países han reconocido cada vez más el espacio cívico como una piedra angular para el funcionamiento de las democracias. Esta Guía práctica para responsables políticos se basa en el informe de la OCDE publicado en 2022 "La Protección y la Promoción del Espacio Cívico. Fortalecer la alineación de estándares y lineamientos internacionales ". Este informe presenta una perspectiva comparativa sobre la protección y promoción del espacio cívico, basada en datos recopilados de 52 miembros y no miembros de la OCDE, y ofrece 10 recomendaciones de alto nivel. Esta guía para responsables políticos proporciona orientaciones prácticas para la implementación de estas recomendaciones, destacando los actores, las políticas públicas y las prácticas pertinentes. Incluye tablas explicativas, listas de comprobación y figuras para ayudar a los funcionarios públicos a tomar medidas concretas en diversas áreas que afectan al espacio cívico.

Over the past decade, countries have increasingly recognised civic space as a cornerstone of functioning democracies. This Practical Guide for Policymakers builds on the 2022 OECD global report "The Protection and Promotion of Civic Space: Strengthening Alignment with International Standards and Guidance". The global report presents a comparative perspective on the protection and promotion of civic space, based on data collected from 52 OECD and partner countries, and offers 10 high-level recommendations. This guide for policymakers provides specific guidance for implementing these recommendations, highlighting relevant actors, policies, and practices. It includes tables, checklists, and figures to help public officials take concrete steps in various areas that affect civic space.

The report assesses Kyrgyzstan’s anti-corruption reforms against a set of indicators and benchmarks under nine performance areas that focus on anti-corruption policy, prevention of corruption and enforcement of criminal liability for corruption offences. The report analyses Kyrgyzstan’s efforts to amend its laws and build anti-corruption institutions to prevent and address corruption, and its measures to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption cases identifying areas for improvement and follow up.

The report assesses Kazakhstan’s anti-corruption reforms against a set of indicators and benchmarks under nine performance areas that focus on anti-corruption policy, prevention of corruption and enforcement of criminal liability for corruption offences. The report analyses Kazakhstan’s efforts to amend its laws and build anti-corruption institutions to prevent and address corruption, and its measures to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption cases identifying areas for improvement and follow up.

Rapid technological changes characterise the most recent phase of digital transformation, bringing opportunities and risks for the economy and society. Volume 2 of the OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2024 examines new directions in digital priorities, policies and governance across countries. It further analyses developments in the foundations that support digital transformation, drive digital innovation and foster trust in the digital age. Toward this end, Volume 2 assesses access and connectivity trends, and the skills needed to thrive in a digital economy and society. It also explores how to push out the digital technology frontier by harnessing the untapped potential of women. Moreover, it considers how technological innovations can help reach net-zero targets and contribute to protecting the planet. Finally, Volume 2 examines digital security developments and presents new trends in media consumption and trust, attitudes toward privacy and control over personal data, and insights into how exposure to additional context influences the ability of individuals to identify the veracity of information on line. A Statistical Annex completes the volume.

Ce rapport présente les développements récents en matière de fiscalité internationale y compris en ce qui concerne la Solution reposant sur deux piliers pour résoudre les défis fiscaux soulevés par la numérisation de l’économie. Il couvre également les avancées réalisées concernant la mise en œuvre des standards minimums du BEPS et de transparence fiscale, ainsi que des mises à jour sur la politique fiscale, la fiscalité et inégalités et l’administration fiscale.

This report sets out recent developments in international tax reform, including on the Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy. It also covers progress made on the implementation of the BEPS minimum standards and tax transparency, as well as updates on tax policy, tax and inequality and tax administration.

The report assesses Tajikistan’s anti-corruption reforms against a set of indicators and benchmarks under nine performance areas that focus on anti-corruption policy, prevention of corruption and enforcement of criminal liability for corruption offences. The report analyses Tajikistan’s efforts to amend its laws and build anti-corruption institutions to prevent and address corruption, and its measures to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption cases identifying areas for improvement and follow up.

Dans ces rapports, le Secrétaire général de l'OCDE, Mathias Cormann, présente les derniers développements du Forum inclusif sur les approches d'atténuation du carbone (IFCMA).

The 2024 edition of Health at a Glance: Europe examines the major challenges facing European health systems in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The report includes two thematic chapters. The first chapter provides a comprehensive examination of health workforce shortages in Europe, a long-standing problem exacerbated by the immense strain the pandemic placed on health systems. It explores the factors behind these shortages and proposes policy strategies to attract, train and retain the workforce needed to build resilient health systems. The second chapter reviews the most recent trends in the health of Europe’s ageing population. With life expectancy continuing to rise and the share of the population over 65 growing steadily, the chapter discusses priorities to promote healthy longevity to reduce demands on health and long-term care systems. The remaining chapters provide a comparative overview of the latest data on health status, risk factors and health system performance across the 27 EU member states, 9 EU candidate countries, 3 European Free Trade Association countries and the United Kingdom. Health at a Glance: Europe 2024 is the first step in the State of Health in the EU cycle.

This report presents methodological considerations and main findings from the development of a pilot database on subnational public employment (SUBEMP) for OECD and EU countries. The result of a joint OECD-EC project, it aims to provide granular information on the characteristics (gender, age, education, employment conditions, occupation and policy areas) of subnational public sector employees, in order to assess their capacity and potential to deliver public services and infrastructure. The report also features guidelines to assist the development of high-quality comparable subnational public employment data, outlining the methodological challenges and success factors, such as stakeholder engagement and data dissemination strategies. It closes with a section on avenues for further research and potential for expanding the database in the future.

This report features the main findings and lessons learnt from the development of the regional and municipal government finance databases (REGOFI and MUNIFI). The result of a joint OECD-EC project conducted between 2022 and 2024, it provides unique fiscal data at the aggregated and disaggregated municipal and regional levels. These databases aim to facilitate research and analysis on various policy areas such as public finances and decentralisation, health, climate, infrastructure, and social protection. The report begins by covering the development of the common methodology and taxonomy, in collaboration with National Statistical Institutes and other stakeholders. It continues by harnessing the comparable nature of the municipal and regional public finance data via analyses within and across countries. Finally, the report looks at next steps for the database, potential research and policymaking insights, and challenges associated with developing a database at this level of granularity, including addressing data availability, harmonisation, and capacity constraints.

This report presents the Working Group on Bribery’s summary and conclusions on Portugal’s progress on its implementation of Phase 4 recommendations, its foreign bribery enforcement actions, and developments related to the follow-up issues. It was adopted by the OECD Working Group on Bribery during its plenary meeting on 8-11 October 2024.

A green and just transition – i.e. concerted global and national efforts to achieve worldwide carbon neutrality by or around the mid-century globally, in an inclusive manner and adapted to each national context – requires an active co-operation of all countries, developed and developing. It also entails ensuring that no one is left behind, and offering support to those in need, including least developed countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Guided by the preamble of the Paris Agreement, this report proposes ways for G20 and developing countries to enhance the coherence of their policies towards that vision, deepen their co-operation and render the international architecture better suited to the implementation of green and just transitions.