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In 2024, education and training systems have a ‘unique potential’ to build the foundations of equitable, sustainable societies. In the OECD National Survey for Comparative Policy Analysis 2023: Empowering Learners to go Green, 90% of participating systems identified environmental sustainability as a key priority for 2024. There is no trade-off between addressing the biggest challenge facing people and the planet and responding to other external shocks and long-term evolutions, especially since these will only become increasingly interdependent. This implies empowering lifelong learners, institutions and education systems with the agency required to act, today. Building on the OECD’s Framework of Responsiveness and Resilience in Education Policy, survey responses from 36 education systems and international policy analysis, this report explores how education systems can: 1) translate learners’ awareness into environmental action; 2) provide learners with experiences to shape the green economy; and 3) position education as a strategic sector for the green transition. By exploring these areas, the report aims to support countries to follow up on the goals established by the 2022 OECD Declaration on Building Equitable Societies Through Education. The report is part of the Education Policy Outlook series—the OECD’s analytical observatory of education policy.
Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions and combatting the climate crisis. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.
This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Estonia and the IEA. It draws on the IEA's extensive knowledge and the inputs of expert peers from IEA member countries to assess Estonia’s most pressing energy sector challenges and provide recommendations on how to address them, backed by international best practices. The report also highlights areas where Estonia’s leadership can serve as an example in promoting secure clean energy transitions. It also promotes the exchange of best practices among countries to foster learning, build consensus and strengthen political will for a sustainable and affordable clean energy future.
When it comes to high-tech innovations, the United States leads the path amongst OECD economies. However, in the context of the national record-breaking activities in high tech innovation, there lies distinct and growing geographical disparities. This report dives into strategies for better understanding innovation that occurs in rural places, and places outside major metropolitan areas, often going beyond science and technology. It provides analysis and recommendations to support regional development initiatives aimed at closing the gaps in innovation between rural and urban areas. The report includes a special topic chapter on the role of broadband and education in rural areas, exploring trends and providing policy recommendations to enhance rural innovation through these specific and critical framework conditions.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are contaminants of emerging environmental and health concern that have been detected in freshwater, wastewater and drinking water. They interfere with the endocrine system in humans and wildlife, and produce adverse effects such as developmental, reproductive, neurological and immune effects. Their presence in water raises concerns for the integrity of ecosystems and biodiversity. Addressing the challenges of EDCs in water is particularly complex due to their ability to trigger adverse effects at very low concentrations, their potency in mixtures with other chemicals, and the vast range of sources and entryways of this group of chemicals into the environment. This report presents new water quality monitoring methods, such as bioassays and non-targeted analysis, that are well equipped to capture the impacts of EDCs in water. These new methods supplement the traditional substance-by-substance chemical analysis of water quality. The report also outlines policy instruments to manage the chemicals’ lifecycle from source to end-of-pipe. It proposes tools and regulations that respond to the negative effects of endocrine disruption, even if the culprit chemical is still unknown. The analysis draws on case studies from OECD countries to provide practical examples and concrete policy actions.
A future with net zero emissions requires scaling up improvements in energy efficiency, electrification of end uses and renewable energy generation. For the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a growing population and rising standards of living will massively increase future energy demand. Mitigating growing electricity demand and integrating renewable energy into electricity generation will therefore be paramount for the region’s clean energy transition and avoid lock-in of additional fossil fuel generation. The intermittent nature of variable renewable energy and increasing deployment of distributed energy resources are putting additional pressure on existing grids. In response to these challenges, this report explores the opportunities and challenges for efficient grid-interactive buildings in the ASEAN region.
Such buildings are becoming a crucial element for the global ambition to attain net zero emissions, as they can combine enhanced energy efficiency, advanced smart digital technologies and decarbonised electricity generation. This integration creates the potential for buildings to shift from energy-intensive consumers to low-carbon prosumers, empowered by digital technologies that can offer flexibility benefits to the electricity grids. With the ability to produce, consume, store, sell and buy energy, buildings become active participants in the building-to-grid ecosystem.
Drawing on relevant international trends and best practices, the current report lays out an analytical framework to assess a variety of factors that can enable a building to become energy efficient and grid-interactive. The framework is used to analyse the current situation in countries of the ASEAN region. The report provides policy-oriented recommendations and guidelines tailored to different stages of the process for adopting efficient grid-interactive solutions in buildings. These recommendations can support ASEAN policy makers in their policy development to create an energy-efficient and grid-interactive built environment, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.
The Going for Growth report, updated biennially, looks at structural reforms in policy areas that have been identified as priorities to boost growth in OECD and selected non-OECD countries. The selection of priorities is supported by internationally comparable indicators that enable countries to assess their economic performance and structural policies in a wide range of areas. For this edition, Going for Growth advises on country-specific structural policy priorities to strengthen growth fundamentals and pave the way for successful green and digital transitions. Four key policy areas are identified: enhancing the design of social support programs; lifting potential growth by removing obstacles to effective resource utilisation; securing faster progress towards decarbonization; making the digital transformation a driver of productivity growth.
Scotland (UK) is a strong innovator, ranking among the top 20% of economies among European regions, with strengths in university-firm collaborations and skills for innovation. With close to two-thirds of all growth in productivity from 2010 to 2018 coming from better use of resources in remote rural areas, rural areas are critical to economic prosperity.
In addition to the valuable heritage that they offer, rural areas in Scotland have had remarkable achievements over the past decade in terms of economic growth, social innovation and progress for climate mitigation. Unlike the demographic decline perceived in OECD countries, the decline in rural areas of Scotland is much slower. In the case of accessible rural areas, the population is still growing. In part, much of the progress of ensuring well-being in rural areas, is supported by mechanisms to link entrepreneurs with researchers, regional support for entrepreneurs and an established system of social entrepreneurship.
This report sets the scene, reviews main policies and programmes impacting rural innovation, and explores the importance of social innovation in rural areas. It provides recommendations to reinforce some of the good practices in Scotland, which is particularly important as the government implements the new National Innovation Strategy.
El sólido marco macroeconómico de Perú ha impulsado un crecimiento económico sustancial y la reducción de la pobreza en las últimas dos décadas. Si bien la economía se recuperó rápidamente de la pandemia, esta reveló debilidades estructurales, como la alta informalidad y marcadas disparidades regionales en el acceso a servicios públicos. Más recientemente, el crecimiento se ha desacelerado y la inflación sigue siendo alta aunque está disminuyendo. Mirando hacia el futuro, los principales desafíos para aumentar la productividad y la inversión incluyen fortalecer la competencia, mejorar el marco regulatorio, diversificar las exportaciones y mejorar la infraestructura. Mejoras en la gobernanza y el estado de derecho son pilares esenciales para lograr un crecimiento sostenible a largo plazo y la cohesión social. Expandir el acceso a una educación de calidad, reducir las contribuciones sociales, especialmente para los trabajadores de bajos ingresos, y proporcionar un nivel básico de protección social universal para todos los trabajadores, formales e informales por igual, ayudaría a reducir la amplia informalidad y las desigualdades. Esto requerirá aumentar los ingresos tributarios y mejorar la eficiencia del gasto. Los desafíos y riesgos ambientales son importantes, pero también ofrecen oportunidades significativas para el futuro. Para abordar los desafíos ambientales, Perú necesita frenar la deforestación y aprovechar su potencial de energía renovable para reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles.
CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECIALES: AUMENTAR LA PRODUCTIVIDAD, AMPLIAR LA PROTECCIÓN SOCIAL, REDUCIR LA INFORMALIDAD LABORAL
This report aims to highlight the needs of integral experiments in the field of nuclear criticality safety, and to identify the available experimental facilities where such experiments could be performed.
In order to identify existing experimental needs, the NEA surveyed international nuclear criticality safety (NCS) practitioners and members of the Working Party on Nuclear Criticality Safety (WPNCS). Responses were received from eight organisations and five countries (Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Japan and the United States); additional responses were also sent by four organisations in two countries (Switzerland and the United Kingdom).
The survey results were examined by the WPNCS Subgroup on Experimental Needs for Criticality Safety Purposes (SG-5), which ranked the 25 identified needs in terms of priority as well as describing these needs in detail. A dedicated section of the report describes the existing proprietary experiments that might be used to meet some of the identified needs. Another section highlights some of the many facilities available to perform some of the prioritised criticality experiments.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the ability of microbes to resist antimicrobials – remains an alarming global health threat. This is despite the efforts made by OECD and EU/EEA countries to curtail it. Unless additional effective interventions are scaled up quickly, AMR rates are forecasted to increase in the next three decades across OECD and EU/EEA countries, with costs exceeding the healthcare expenditure on the COVID-19 pandemic. Using microsimulation and machine-learning techniques, this report analyses critical policy levers to inform the next generation of AMR initiatives. It shows that tackling the detrimental health and economic impact of AMR requires embracing a One Health framework – a collaborative, trans-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approach that promotes close co-operation and collaboration across human health, animal health, agrifood systems and the environment. This report identifies 11 One Health “best buys” that, if implemented systematically, would improve population health, reduce health expenditure and generate positive returns for the economy.
Education at a Glance is the authoritative source for information on the state of education around the world. It provides data on the structure, finances and performance of education systems across OECD countries and a number of accession and partner countries. More than 100 charts and tables in this publication – as well as links to much more available on the educational database – provide key information on the output of educational institutions; the impact of learning across countries; access, participation and progression in education; the financial resources invested in education; and teachers, the learning environment and the organisation of schools.
The 2023 edition includes a focus on vocational education and training (VET), examining participation in VET and the structure of VET programmes. This edition also includes a new chapter - Ensuring continued learning for Ukrainian refugees - which presents the results of an OECD 2023 survey that collected data on measures taken by OECD countries to integrate Ukrainian refugees into their education systems.
This publication provides additional reference material for Education at a Glance 2023, the authoritative source for data on the state of education around the world. It provides guidance on the data and methodology used to calculate each indicator. It also contains references to the sources and specific notes for each country.
The OECD’s Early Awareness and Action System for Advanced Materials (Early4AdMa) is a pre-regulatory and anticipatory risk governance approach for Advanced Materials. Early4AdMa help users (e.g., regulators) to identify potential issues of an advanced material, related to their safety, sustainability and/ or regulatory needs, at the early stages of its development or use. The document explains the rationale behind and gives instructions for the use of Early4AdMa. It is accompanied by the Early4AdMa Excel tool so that it can be easily applied.
The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a regular publication on regional economic growth and development in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. It also addresses relevant economic issues in China and India to fully reflect developments in the region. This Update presents the region’s economic outlook, depicting rapidly changing trends and macroeconomic challenges amidst external headwinds.
La República Dominicana ha experimentado importantes avances socioeconómicos en las últimas décadas. El país ha sido una de las principales economías de América Latina y el Caribe en términos de crecimiento económico, alcanzando el estatus de economía de ingreso medio-alto en 2011. Sin embargo, los avances en las diferentes dimensiones del bienestar han sido insuficientes. En particular, las disparidades socioeconómicas y territoriales siguen siendo importantes, y las instituciones públicas aún enfrentan desafíos relevantes. Para que la República Dominicana avance en una senda de desarrollo más inclusivo y sostenible, es necesario abordar tres dimensiones críticas. En primer lugar, proporcionar empleos de calidad para todos, con especial énfasis en impulsar la formalización y la transformación productiva. En segundo lugar, movilizar más financiamiento público y privado para el desarrollo, con sistemas fiscales más progresivos y eficaces, un gasto público más eficiente, y mercados de capitales más profundos. En tercer lugar, acelerar la transformación digital para impulsar la productividad, mejorar la inclusión y apoyar la creación de empleo.
Following a request from the Indian G20 Presidency, this report examines the current state of tax transparency concerning foreign-owned real estate. It also explores how recent advancements in other tax transparency frameworks, such as the OECD/G20 Common Reporting Standard, and broader policy developments, such as the Financial Action Task Force’s work on beneficial ownership, could inform possible improvements to tax transparency in the area of real estate on a voluntary basis. The report is set out in three main sections. The first addresses the potential tax compliance risks in the area of foreign real estate holdings and highlights the benefits of enhanced tax transparency in this area. The second outlines the key domestic and international features required for a successful tax transparency framework. The final section identifies potential short-term and structural improvements to the existing architecture.
Environment at a Glance in Latin America and the Caribbean: Spotlight on Climate Change focusses on climate change, looking at trends in greenhouse gas emissions, exposure to climate-related hazards and climate policies. It provides key messages on past progress and remaining efforts to be made in Latin America and the Caribbean. The report draws on the OECD’s expertise in environmental data and indicators, on the work of the International Programme for Action on Climate (IPAC) and is part of the OECD Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Programme. The indicators presented come from OECD and other international databases, and reveal substantive gaps in the availability of data on the environment and climate in the region. This interactive report allows users to play with the data and graphics and to download and share them.
Like other Nordic countries Norway has been investing heavily in family policy to enable combining work and family life. Nevertheless, between 2009 and 2022 the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Norway dropped from 2 children to 1.4 children per woman. What is happening, and why? Can Norwegian parents still reconcile work and family commitments? What role do demographic trends play for the future of the Norwegian society? Should we worry? These are some of the questions that this study addresses. It illustrates various aspects of fertility trends, as well as changes in the Norwegian labour market as well as in Norway’s comprehensive system of public family support. The study also looks at social attitudes and how these might be affecting family formation and fertility trends. The final chapter projects demographic, economic, fiscal and social outcomes under different fertility trend scenarios.
Este informe proporciona una serie de recomendaciones de política pública sobre cómo mejorar los beneficios económicos, sociales y medioambientales derivados de la inversión extranjera directa (IED). Ofrece una evaluación exhaustiva sobre cómo la IED contribuye a la diversificación económica de Chile a través de actividades sostenibles e intensivas en conocimiento (por ejemplo, hidrógeno verde, tecnología de la información), y también evalúa el marco político y normativo por el que se rige el impacto de la IED en el desarrollo sostenible de Chile.